NOTES ON COHERENT STATES

ANNA VERSHYNINA

Contents
1. Canonical Coherent States
1.1. Eigenproperties of |zi
1.2. Diagonal representation of operators
2. Bloch Coherent States
2.1. Eigenpropoerties of |i
2.2. Upper and lower symbols
2.3. Table
2.4. Remarks
3. Lower bound to the quantum partition function
4. Upper bound to the quantum partition function
5. Thermodynamics limit
6. Appendix
References

1
2
3
5
6
6
9
9
10
11
13
16
17

1. Canonical Coherent States

We start with a brief description of the coherent states generated by a canonical
annihilation and creation operators a and a . They satisfy canonical commutation
relation [a, a ] = I. We introduce the vacuum state |0i with the property
a |0i = 0
and define the state space as that spanned by repeated action of a on |0i.
The canonical coherent states are defined for each complex number z C by
unitary transformation of the vacuum state

|zi = eza
=e

za

|0i

|z|/2 za
za

|0i

= e|z|/2 eza |0i

(1.1)

= e|z|/2

X
1
z n |ni .
n!
n=0

Here to obtain the second line we used the Baker-Campbell-Hausdorff formula

eA+B = a1/2[A,B] eA eB ,
Date: May 15, 2012.
1

A. VERSHYNINA

when [A, B] commutes with both A and B. In the last line we introduced the
orthonormal vectors |ni = 1n! (a )n |0i, which are the eigenstates of the number
operator N = a a.
From the definition it follows that for any two complex numbers z1 and z2
2

hz1 | |z2 i = e1/2|z2 |

1

= e 2 |z1 |

(1.2)

1/2|z1 |2

X
1 n n
z1 z2 hn| |ni
n!
n=0

+z1 z2 12 |z2 |2

This shows that the states |zi are not orthogonal.

Let us denote d2 z = d( Re z)d( Im z), then consider
Z
1 |zi hz| d2 z
X 1 Z
2
1

e|z| zn z m |mi hn| d( Re z)d( Im z).

=
n!m!
n,m
Introduce polar coordinates z = |z|ei , then d2 z = |z|d|z|d. continuing the calculation
X 1 Z
2

e|z| |z|n+m eimn |mi hn| |z|d|z|d.

= 1
n!m!
n,m
Since

R 2
0

ei(mn)d=n,m 2 and d|z|2 = 2|z|d|z| the last expression simplifies

X 1 Z
2
e|z| |z|2n |ni hn| d|z|2
=
n!
n
X
=
|ni hn| = I.
n

Here we used that 0 ex xn dx = n!.

Therefore we have the resolution of the identity
Z
(1.3)
1 |zi hz| d2 z = I.

1.1. Eigenproperties of |zi. From the CCR it is clear that eza aez = a + z.
Then from the definition of the canonical coherent states

a |zi = e1/2|z| aeza |0i

1

= e 2 |z| eza (a + z) |0i

= e 2 |z| eza |0i
= z |zi ,
since a |0i = 0.
It follows that hz| a |zi = z, so we may interpret the label z by saying it is the
mean of a in the coherent state |zi.

NOTES ON COHERENT STATES

1.2. Diagonal representation of operators. For any bounded operator or a

polynomial in a and a , B we may calculate
(1.4)

hz| B |z 0 i = e 2 |z|

12 |z 0 |2

n,m

1
m
hn| B |mi zn z 0 .
n!m!

This series defined an entire function of two variables z and z 0 . It is uniquely

determined by its diagonal elements z = z 0 [2]. For example, every monomial zn z m
can be written as a polynomial in x and y, z = x + iy and then uniquely extended
m
m
to zn z 0 , by determining the coefficients in zn z m and use them to construct zn z 0 .
Note that for the conventional basis this is never true.
Define the lower symbol of the operator
b(z) := hz| B |zi ,

(1.5)

which uniquely determine the operator B.

The trace of the operator B may be calculated by
Tr(B) =

hn| B |ni

Z
=

d2 z

d2 z 0

d2 z 0

hn| |zi hz| B |z 0 i hz 0 | |ni

Z
=

d2 z

e 2 |z|

12 |z 0 |2

Z
=

d z
Z

=
Z
=
Z
=

d2 z

2 0 21 |z|2 12 |z 0 |2 +z z0

d ze
Z

1 n 0n
z z hz| B |z 0 i
n!
hz| B |z 0 i

d2 z 0 hz 0 | |zi hz| B |z 0 i

d2 z hz| B |zi
b(z)d2 z.

Here in the second line we used the resolution of the identity (1.3) twice and again
to get to the last line.
We look at the operators that admit diagonal representation:
(1.6)

B = 1

B(z) |zi hz| d2 z,

where B(z) is called the upper symbol of the operator B.

Example 1.1. Consider the polynomial in creation and annihilation operators
B=

X
m,n

dm,n am a n .

A. VERSHYNINA

Then
B=

Z X

dm,n am |zi hz| a n d2 z

m,n

Z X
1
[
dm,n z m zn ] |zi hz| d2 z
=
m,n

= 1
where we take B(z) =

m,n

B(z) |zi hz| d2 z,

dm,n z m zn .

It follows that
b(z 0 ) = hz 0 | B |z 0 i
Z
= 1 B(z)| hz 0 | |zi |2 d2 z.
From (1.2) we have
2

| hz 0 | |zi |2 = e|z|
0

|z 0 |2 +2 Re z0 z
2

= e|z z| .
Therefore
b(z) = 1

B(z)e|z z| d2 z

The trace of B may be represented by

Z
TrB = 1 b(z)d2 z
Z
Z
0
2
1
2
1
=
d z
d2 z 0 B(z 0 )e|z z|
Z
Z
0
2
= 1 d2 z 0 B(z 0 ) 1 d2 ze|z z|
Z
= 1 B(z)d2 z.
R
0
2
To get to the last line we calculated the integral 1 d2 ze|z z| = (z z 0 ).
And more generally,
Z
TrAB = 1 hz| AB |zi
Z
Z
1
2
1
=
d z
d2 z 0 A(z 0 ) hz| |z 0 i hz 0 | B |zi
Z
= 1 A(z)b(z)d2 z
Z
1
and similarly =
a(z)B(z)d2 z.
Further reading [1].

NOTES ON COHERENT STATES

2. Bloch Coherent States

The Bloch coherent states (also called Spin coherent states) are similar to the
canonical coherent states. Their definition uses the angular momentum operators. We consider a single quantum spin of fixed total angular-momentum J,
J = 0, 12 , 1, 32 , ... and shall denote by S = (Sx , Sy , Sz ) the usual angular momentum
operators with commutation relations:
[Sx , Sy ] = iSz , and cyclically.
And
S2 = Sx2 + Sy2 + Sz2 = J(J + 1)I.
Define
S = Sx iSy ,
then
[Sz , S ] = S , and [S+ , S ] = Sz .
The Hilbert space on which these operators act is C2J+1 .
We denote by S the unit sphere in three dimensions:
S = {(x, y, z)|x2 + y 2 + z 2 = 1},
and by L2 (S) the space of square integrable function on S with the measure
(2.1)

= (, ), 0 , 0 2,

(2.2)

d = sin dd,
x = sin cos , y = sin sin , z = cos .

The eigenstates of Sz are

Sz |si = s |si , s = J, ..., J.
Let us chose s = J then the state |Ji C2J+1 satisfies
Sz |Ji = J |Ji
and
S+ |Ji = 0 and S |Ji = |J 1i .
Define the Bloch state |i C2J+1 by
(2.3)

|i = e 2 e

S 12 ei S+
2

= ezS e ln(1+|z|
where z
account

= tan 2 ei . See Appendix

that S+ annihilates |Ji we

|Ji

)Sz
z S+

|Ji ,

on how to get to the second line. Taking into

obtain

|i = (1 + |z|2 )J ezS |Ji

= (1 + |z|2 )J
2 J

= (1 + |z| )

2J
X
zn
|J ni
n!
n=0
J
X

z Jm

m=J

(2.4)

2 J

= (1 + |z| )

J
X
M =J

|mi
(J m)!

JM

2J
J +M

1/2
|M i ,

A. VERSHYNINA

where |M i is the normalized state


1/2
2J
1
(2.5)
|M i =
S JM |Ji
J +M
(J M )!
such that
Sz |M i = M |M i .
Writing z in terms of and we obtain

1/2 
J
X
JM i(JM )
J+M 
2J
sin
|i =
cos
e
|M i .
2
2
J +M
M =J

2.1. Eigenpropoerties of |i. Note that the operator

1

R, = e 2 e

S 21 ei S+

is a rotation through an angle about an axis n = (sin , cos , 0).

Since |Ji is an eigenstate of Sz , |i is an eigenstate of the rotated Sz
1
(R, Sz R,
) |i = J |i ,

(2.6)

since |i = R, |Ji.
The overlap between two Bloch states is given by
(2.7)

KJ (0 , ) = h0 | |i

0
cos + ei( ) sin sin )2J .
2
2
2
2
In particular |i is normalized since KJ (, ) = 1.
We also have
0

0
| cos cos + ei( ) sin sin )|2
2
2
2
2

0
= (cos cos + cos( 0 ) sin sin ))2 + (sin( 0 ) sin sin ))2
2
2
2
2
2
2
1 + cos cos 0 + sin sin 0 cos( 0 )
=
2
1 + cos
2 1
= cos ,
=
2
2
where cos = cos cos 0 + sin sin 0 cos( 0 ) is the cosine of the angle between
and 0 . Therefore

1 4J
|KJ (0 , )|2 = cos
.
2

= (cos

2.2. Upper and lower symbols. Let M2J+1 be the set of linear transformation
on C2J+1 . Define the linear transformation on C2J+1 and, for a given F L1 (S),
define AF M2J+1 by
Z
2J + 1
dF () |i h| .
(2.8)
AF =
4
In fact, every operator in A M2J+1 can be written in the form (2.8). In
particular,
Z
2J + 1
(2.9)
1l =
d |i h| .
4

NOTES ON COHERENT STATES

The function F corresponding to the operator A is called the upper symbol.

Thus, to every operator A there correspond two functions: GA () and the lower
symbol
gA () = h| A |i

(2.10)

In the next theorem we show how the find the upper symbol for a particular
operator.
Theorem 2.1. Every operator A in spin space can be expanded in the following
manner:
Z
2J + 1
(2.11)
A=
dFA () |i h| ,
4
where FA () = Tr[AJ ()] and for z = tan 2 ei
(2.12)
J
X

(1)2J
J () =
(2J + 1)!

J+N
X JN
X

s
|N i hK|

N,K=J

(1)r+m

(J N )!(J + N )! N K
z

(J K)!(J + K)!



|z|2r
J +K
J K
(2J + 1 + m + r)!
.
m!r!
(1 + |z|2 )m+r
J +N m J N r

m=0 r=0

Proof. Define the integral

IK0 ,N0

2J + 1
=
4

Z
d hN0 | J () |K0 i |i h| .

Observe that from d = sin dd (2.2), we have

Z 
Z
z j zk
2mjk 
j+k
=
sin
d
ei(jk) d
cos
sin
(1 + |z|2 )m
2
2
Z 
2(mj) 
2j
= 2j,k
cos
sin
d(cos )
2
2
Z 
1 + cos mj  1 + sin j
= 2j,k
d(cos )
2
2
Z 1
= 4j,k
xmj (1 x)j dx

(2.13)

j!(m j)!
= 4j,k
.
(m + 1)!

From the definition of the Bloch coherent state the projection can be written
(2.14)

1/2 
1/2
J
X
1
2J
2J
|i h| =
z JM zJL |M i hL| .
(1 + |z|2 )2J
J +M
J +L
M,L=J

A. VERSHYNINA

Therefore from (2.13) and (2.12) we get

s
(1)2J
(J N0 )!(J + N0 )!
IK0 ,N0 =
4(2J)! (J K0 )!(J + K0 )!

J+N
X0 JN
X0
m=0

2J
J +L

m=0

J+N
X0 JN
X0

Z
d

(1)2J
=
4(2J)!

(1)

r=0
1/2

J + K0
J + N0 m


1/2

2J
J K0
(2J + 1 + m + r)!

m!r!
J +M
J N0 r

J
X

|M i hL|

M,L=J

J + K0
J + N0 m

4M,K0 N0 +L
s



|M i hL|

M,L=J

z JM +r zJL+N K+r
(1 + |z|2 )m+r+2J

(1)r+m

2J
J +L

(J N0 )!(J + N0 )!
(J K0 )!(J + K0 )!

r=0
1/2

= (1)2J

r+m

J
X




1/2

2J
J K0
(2J + 1 + m + r)!

m!r!
J +M
J N0 r

(J + M + m)!(J M + r)!
(2J + 1 + M + r)!

(J N0 )!(J + N0 )!
(J K0 )!(J + K0 )!

J
X

M,K0 N0 +L |M i hL|

(J + M )!(J M )!(J + L)!(J L)!




J+N
X0 JN
X0
J + K0
J K0
(J + M + m)!(J M + r)!
r+m
.

(1)
m!r!
J + N0 m J N0 r
m=0 r=0
p

M,L=J

Note that there is a relation between binomial coefficients





N
X
k
(n + r)!
kn1
r
(1)
= n!
.
N r
r!
N
r=0
Therefore using this relation for r and m we obtain
s
J
(J N0 )!(J + N0 )! X
2J
IK0 ,N0 = (1)
M,K0 N0 +L |M i hL|
(J K0 )!(J + K0 )!
M,L=J
s



(J M )!(J + M )! N0 L 1 L N0 1

,
(J L)!(J + L)!
J + N0
J N0
where we used the fact that M K0 = L N0 from the Kronecker symbol.
Since



N0 L 1 L N0 1
= (1)2J N0 ,L ,
J + N0
J N0
we have
2J + 1
4

Z
d hN0 | J () |K0 i |i h| = |N0 i hK0 | .

And from here

2J + 1
K,K0 N, N0 =
4

Z
d hN0 | J () |K0 i hK| |i h| |N i .

NOTES ON COHERENT STATES

Multiplying both sides by |N0 i hK0 | and summing it over N0 , K0

X
|N i hK| =
K,K0 N, N0 |N0 i hK0 |
N0 ,K0

X 2J + 1 Z
=
d hN0 | J () |K0 i hK| |i h| |N i |N0 i hK0 |
4
N0 ,K0
Z
2J + 1
=
d hK| |i h| |N i J (),
4
since every operator can be written as a sum of its matrix elements
A=

J
X

hN | A |Ki |N i hK| .

N,K=J

Therefore
2J + 1
4

2J + 1
4
The proof is based on [4].

|N i hK| =

dTr[|N i hK| J ()] |i h|

and so
dTr[AJ ()] |i h| .

A=

2.3. Table. In the following table we list some function and their upper and lower
symbols
Operator g()
G()
Sz
Sx
Sy
Sz2

J cos
J sin cos
J sin sin
J(J 21 )(cos )2 +

J
2

(J
(J
(J
(J

+ 1) cos
+ 1) sin cos
+ 1) sin cos
+ 1)(J + 23 )(cos )2 12 (J + 1)

2.4. Remarks. Some final remarks. First, if we consider |0 i h| M2J+1 then

as may be seen from (2.4)
Tr |i h0 | =
(2.15)

J
X

hM | |i h0 | |M i

M =J
0

= h | |i = KJ (0 , ).

Hence from (2.8)

(2.16)

TrAG =

2J + 1
4

Z
dG().

The second remark is that from the resolution of the identity (2.9) and the
definition of KJ (2.7)
Z
2J + 1
(2.17)
dKJ (0 , )KJ (, 00 ) = KJ (0 , 00 ).
4
Thus, KJ reproduces itself under convolution.

10

A. VERSHYNINA

The third remark is that for any A M2J+1 we can use the resolution of identity
(2.9) to obtain
Z
2J + 1
TrA =
dTr |i h| A
4
Z
J
X
2J + 1
=
d
hM | |i h| A |M i
4
M =J
Z
2J + 1
(2.18)
d h| A |i
=
4
Z
2J + 1
=
gA ()d.
4
3. Lower bound to the quantum partition function
We consider a system of N quantum spins. The Hilbert space is
HN =

N
O

Hi =

i=1

N
O

C2J

+1

i=1

The Hamiltonian, H, can be general, but can always be written as a polynomial in

the 3N spin operators.
The partition function is
(3.1)

Z Q = N TreH ,

QN
where N = i=1 (2J i + 1)1 is a normalization factor, which is not essential here.
We denote by
(3.2)

|N i =

N
O
 i

i=1

the complete, normalized set of states on HN .

Using (2.18),
Z
 
Z Q = (4)N dN hN | eH N .
By the Peierls-Bogoliubov inequality
h| eX |i exp h| X |i
for any normalized HN and X selfadjoint. Thus,
Z
Q
N
(3.3)
Z (4)
dN exp{ hN | H |N i}.
We suppose that the Hamiltonian is H is linear in the operators Si of each
spin. That is we allow multiple site interactions of arbitrary complexity such as
Sx1 Sy2 s3y Sz4 , but do not allow monomials such as (Sx1 )2 or Sx1 Sy1 . We shall refer to
this case as the normal case.
From the definition of the lower symbol (2.10) and the table of the lower symbols
the right hand side of (3.3) is precisely the classical partition function in which each
Si is replaces by J i times a unit vector in S. I.e.
(3.4)

Si J i (sin i cos i , sin i sin i , cos i ).

NOTES ON COHERENT STATES

11

Thus in the normal case,

Z Q Z C (J 1 , ...J N ),

(3.5)

where Z C means the classical partition function for the classical Hamiltonian obtained from the quantum one by the replacing each angular momentum operator
Si by J i times the unit vector (3.4).
4. Upper bound to the quantum partition function
From the definition of the partition function (3.1)
Z Q = lim Z(n),

(4.1)

where
Z(n) = N Tr(1l n1 H)n .

(4.2)

Now denote the upper symbol of the Hamiltonian H by G(N ), so (1 n1 H)

is represented by
Fn (N ) = 1 n1 G(N ).

(4.3)
Therefore by (2.8)
1

(1 n

H) = C

Z
dN 1 ...

Nn

n
Y

Fn (N j ) |N 1 i hN 1 | ... |N n i hN n | ,

j=1

where C is a normalization constant. So taking the trace

Z
Z
n


Y
1
n
n
1
Fn (N j )Tr |N 1 i hN 1 | ... |N n i hN n | .
Tr(1n H) = C dN ... dN
j=1

Calculating the trace

Tr |N 1 i hN 1 | ... |N n i hN n | = Tr

N
O
 i 
i   i 
i 
 1 1  ... N n N n 
N
N
i=1

N
Y
i=1
n
Y

N Y
n

 
 Y


Tr iN 1 iN 1  ... iN n iN n  =
KJ i (ij , ij+1 )
i=1 j=1

LJ (jN , j+1
N ),

j=1

where we defined
(4.4)

LJ (jN , j+1
N )=

N
Y

KJ i (ij , ij+1 ).

i=1

To get the first equality we used the definition of |N i (3.2) and to get to the third
line we used the definition of KJ (2.7) and (2.15).
So Z(n) can be represented as an nN -fold integral
Z
Z
n
Y
(4.5)
Z(n) = N dN 1 ... dN n
Fn (N j )LJ (N j , N j+1 ),
j=1

with n + 1 = 1 in the last factor, and where LJ (N 0 , N ) is defined in (4.4).

12

A. VERSHYNINA

From the definition of LJ (4.4)

1
LJ (N 0 , N ) = (4)N N

(4.6)

and from the convolution property for KJ (2.17)

Z
(4.7)

dN LJ (N 0 , N )LJ (N , N 00 ) = LJ (N 0 , N 00 ).

Now we think of Fn as a multiplication operator and of LJ as an integral kernel

of a compact self-adjoint operator on L2 (S) in (4.5).
Let B be the operator with an integral kernel B(N 1 , N 2 ), then
Z
B(f )(N1 ) =

B(N1 , N2 )f (N2 )dN2 ,

for any f L1 (S). And

Z
(4.8)

TrB =

dN B(N , N ).

The operator B 2 can be calculated

Z
B 2 (f )(N1 ) = B(B(f ))(N1 ) = B(N1 , N2 )B(f )(N2 )dN2
Z
Z
= B(N1 , N2 ) B(N2 , N3 )f (N3 )dN3 dN2
Z hZ
i
=
B(N1 , N2 )B(N2 , N3 )dN2 f (N3 )dN3 ,
so operator B 2 has kernel
B 2 (N 1 , N 3 ) =

Z
dN 2 B(N 1 , N 2 )B(N 2 , N 3 ).

Similarly operator B n has kernel

Z
(4.9)
B n (N 1 , N n+1 ) = dN 2 ...dN n B(N 1 , N 2 )...B(N n , N n+1 ).
Then from (4.5) and (4.8) Zn can be written
(4.10)

Z(n) = N Tr(Fn LJ )n .

In general if m = 2j , j = 0, 1, 2, ... the following inequality can be proven by

induction (see [5])
(4.11)

|Tr(AB)2m | TrA2m B 2m

whenever A and B are self-adjoint operators.

NOTES ON COHERENT STATES

13

Hence if we take n = 2j in the the definition of Z(n) (4.2) and use (4.11), we
obtain
Z(n) N Tr(Fnn LnJ )
Z
= dN Fnn (N )LnJ (N , N )
Z
Z
n
= dN Fn (N ) dN 2 ...dN n LJ (N , N 2 )...LJ (N n , N )
Z
= dN Fnn (N )LJ (N , N )
Z
1
= dN Fnn (N )(4)N N
Z
= (4)N dN Fnn (N )
Z
N
= (4)
dN (1 n1 G(N ))n .
where in the second equality we used (4.9), in the third equality we used (4.7) n
times and in the fourth equality we used (4.6) and we used the definition of Fn
(4.3) in the last equality.
Therefore in the limit n we get
Z
Q
N
(4.12)
Z (4)
dN exp[G(N )].
In the normal case, when the Hamiltonian H is linear in each Si , the upper
symbol G(N ) replaces each Si by (J i + 1) times a unit vector in S. Thus
(4.13)

Z Q Z C (J 1 + 1, ...J N + 1).

And putting the upper (4.13) and lower (3.5) bounds together we get the relationship between the quantum and classical partition functions for the normal case
Hamiltonian
(4.14)

Z C (J 1 , ...J N ) Z Q Z C (J 1 + 1, ...J N + 1).

5. Thermodynamics limit

We consider here only the normal case. Let HN be a Hamiltonian of N spins

in which each spin has angular momentum one. Replace each spin operator Si
by J 1 Si and let Si now have angular momentum J. We shall denote the resultQ
ing Hamiltonian by HN
(J) and the corresponding quantum partition function by
Q
ZN (J).
For both quantum and classical partition function ZN (J) we denote the free
energy per spin by
fN (J) = (N )1 ln ZN (J).
Q
which is a polynomial in Si each
Therefore we have the original Hamiltonian HN
of which has angular momentum 1. Replacing each Si by a unit vector ui in S we
C
C
obtain the classical Hamiltonian HN
and corresponding partition function ZN
and
C
the free energy per spin fN .

14

A. VERSHYNINA

Q
From the quantum Hamiltonian HN
(J), that we constructed above as a poly1 i
nomial in J S , we get the classical Hamiltonian by replacing each spin opera i , for ui S and any J.
So the classical Hamiltonian becomes a
tor Si by Ju
J+1 i
J+1
polynomial in J u , denote J = J . Then the classical Hamiltonian is deC
noted by HN
() = P olynom(ui ). The corresponding partition function is deC
C
noted by ZN (J + 1) and the free energy function is denoted by fN
(J ). Note that
C
C
C
C
HN (1) = HN and fN (1) = fN .

Theorem 5.1. For a particular class of Hamiltonians (see Assumption 1 below)

and with the above construction of the classical free energy function in mind, the
following inequality holds
Q
C
lim lim fN
(J) = f C = lim fN
.

(5.1)

J N

Proof. From the previous sections (4.14) we know that

Q
C
C
fN
fN
(J) fN
(J ).

(5.2)

Now we think of J as a variable . Then limJ is the same as lim1 . The

C
() is continuous in since it is a polynomial in .
classical Hamiltonian HN
C
() is equicontinuous in
We consider a class of Hamiltonians such that N 1 HN
N , i.e.
C
C
 > 0 > 0 such that N : kHN
( + x) HN
()k N ,
whenever |x| < ( is independent of N ). The norm is taken the uniform norm on
SN .
For example, it is enough to assume that:
Assumption 1. For every N we assume that the normal case Hamiltonian HN
satisfies the following two conditions
the degree of the Hamiltonian (which is a polynomial in a normal case) do
not exceed some fixed number d and
the sum of coefficients in HN is no greater than N (possibly, times some
fixed constant).
PN
Q
For example, one cane take the Heisenberg Hamiltonian HN
= i=1 Si Si+1 .
C
The uniform norm looks like kHN
()k = supi |P olynom(i )|. Since
(5.3)

|P olynom(( + x)i ) P olynom(i )| |x|d( + 1)d1 N,

the norm can be bounded

C
C
kHN
( + x) HN
()k N 

1 C
whenever |x| < < d(+1)
HN is equicontinuous in N .
d1 . Therefore N
Note that for |x| < , any N and any value of any i

|P olynom(i )| d N,
so
e

eP olynom( ) e

Then
(5.4)

C
| ln ZN
()|

= | ln(4)

dN eP olynom( ) | N d

NOTES ON COHERENT STATES

15

and therefore there is a constant K such that for all N the uniform norm of the
free energy function is bounded above
C
|fN
()| K.
C
So fN
is uniformly bounded.
To show the equicontinuity of the free energy we use the continuity of the logarithm function. From continuity of logarithm, for the inequality to hold
C
C
| ln ZN
( + x) ln ZN
()| N ,

we need the following inequality to be true

(5.5)

C
C
C
|ZN
( + x) ZN
()| |ZN
()| min{eN  1, 1 eN  }.

The left hand side in (5.5) is bounded above similarly to (5.3) by

d

C
C
|ZN
( + x) ZN
()| |x|N d( + 1)d eN (+1) .

The right hand side of (5.5) is bounded below using (5.4) by

d

eN min{e 1, 1 e }.
Therefore from (5.5) we have
d

|x|

1
eN ((+1)
d
d( + 1)
N

d )

min{e 1, 1 e }.

N ((+1)d d )

Since e
as N , for any  > 0 there exists > 0 independent
N
of N such that for any N
C
C
|fN
( + x) fN
()| < 

whenever |x| < .

C
So fN
() is equicontinuous in N .
Hence, by Arzela-Ascoli theorem, the limit function
C
f C () = lim fN
()

(5.6)

exists and is continuous in . Therefore

C
C
lim lim fN
(J ) = lim lim fN
()

(5.7)

J N
C

1 N

= lim f () =: f .
1

Taking = 1 in (5.6)
(5.8)

C
C
lim lim fN
= lim fN
= fC,

J N

then by (5.2), (5.7) and (5.8) we have

C
C
lim lim fN
(J) = f C = lim fN
.

J N


Further reading [3].

16

A. VERSHYNINA

6. Appendix
Consider 2 2 matrix representation:



0 1
0
S+ =
, S =
0 0
1

0
0


, Sz =

1
2


.

1
2

We would like to find the relationship between s and xs in the formula

e+ S+ + S +z Sz = ex S eln xz Sz ex+ S+ .
Writing the exponent as a series
e+ S+ + S +z Sz =

X 1
(+ S+ + S + z Sz ),
n!
n

define A := + S+ + S + z Sz . To find the n-th power of A we first diagonalize

the operator
 1

z +
2
A=
.
12 z
Theeigenvalues 
of A are = K = (+ + 14 z2 )1/2 and eigenvectors are
1
2 z K
.
v1,2 =

Then A = V DV 1 , where
 1



K
0
z + K 12 z K
2
V =
and D =
.
0 K

Then An = V Dn V 1 . Multiplying three matrices

n

A =

K n +(K)n
2

(K)n
n
n 2K
K (K)
2K

+ 12 z K

+ K (K)
2K
n
n
K n +(K)n
12 z K (K)
2
2K

!
.

Therefore
e+ S+ + S +z Sz =

=

X 1
An
n!
n

K
cosh K + 12 z sinh
K
sinh K
2K

K
+ sinh
K
1
K
cosh K 2 z sinh
K


.

Similarly calculating the matrices we find that

1/2

ex S eln xz Sz ex+ S+ =

xz
1/2
x xz

1/2

x+ xz
1/2
1/2
xz
+ x+ x xz

!
.

Therefore we get the relationship between s and xs. In the case of Bloch
coherent states (2.3) we get
1
1
+ = ei , = ei , z = 0
2
2
and

x+ =
z = tan ei , x = z = tan ei , xz = (1 + |z|2 )1 = cos2 .
2
2
2
The proof is based on [6].

NOTES ON COHERENT STATES

17

References
[1] J. R. Klauder, B. S. Skagerstam, Coherent states, World Scientific, 1985.
[2] S. Bochner, W. T. Martin, Several complex variables, Princeton Univer. Press, 1948.
[3] E. H. Lieb, The classical limit of quantum spin systems, Commun. Math. Phys. 31, 327340, (1973).
[4] J. Kutzner, Eine Phasenraumdarstellung fur Spinsysteme, Z. Physik, 259, 177-188,
(1973).
[5] S. Golden Lower bounds for the Helmholtz function, Phys. Rev., B137, 1127-1128, (1965).
[6] F. T. Arecchi, E. Courtens, R. Gilmore, H. Thomas, Atomic coherent states in quantum
optics, Phys. Rev. A, 6, n 6, 2211-2237, (1972)