Dynamic Analysis 3

University of Alberta
Tutorial
Structural Dynamic Analysis of a Cantilever Beam
written by: Amir Muradali
The purpose of this tutorial is to explore the dynamic analysis capabilities of
ANSYS. These capabilities include
Modal Analysis: Determining the mode frequencies and mode shapes of structures.
Harmonic Analysis: Analysing the steadystate
behavior of a structure subject to cyclic loads.
Transient Analysis: Determining the dynamic response of a structure under more g
eneral timedependant
loads.
Spectral Analysis: Studying the response of structures under the action of loads
with known "spectra" (eg. random
loading conditions).
The ANSYS version 5.2 was used to develop this tutorial.
Introducing the Problem
A full dynamic analysis will be done for the cantilever beam shown below. The be
am has a square cross section and is made
of steel.
ANSYS Structural Dynamic Modelling Tutorials
Building the Model
We will model a cantilever beam with Beam2D Elastic elements.
Select Preprocessor from the ANSYS Main Menu . We will follow the order presente
d in the Preprocessor Menu beginning
with selecting the element type.
Choosing Element type: Element type -> Choose Beam 2D Elastic element.
Setting Constants for Chosen Element type: Real constants -> enter crosssectiona
l
properties (of the beam) in the
dialog box as shown below.
06/09/2015 Dynamic Analysis
http://www.mece.ualberta.ca/tutorials/ansys/AT/Dynamic/Dynamic.html 2/26
Specifying Material Properties for Chosen Element type: Material Properties -> e
nter material properties as
shown below
Note: For dynamic analysis, both the stiffness and the material density have to
be specified.
Creating the Geometry of Cantilever: Modelling -> Create -> Keypoints -> In Acti
ve CS.. -> specify 2
keypoints (the ends of the cantilever beam) as follows:
keypoint x y z
1 0 0 0
2 1 0 0
Join the two keypoints with a line. Modelling -> Create -> Lines -> Straight lin
e -> Click on both keypoints.
Setting Meshing Options: Meshing -> Shape & Size -> for picked lines -> select t
he line and then specify 10
element divisions in the dialog box that pops up.
Meshing the line: Meshing -> mesh -> lines -> pick the line and click OK.
Dynamic Analysis
We are now ready to perform full dynamic analysis on the beam.
Modal Analysis of a Cantilever Beam
We are going to determine the first 5 modes and the respective frequencies of th
e cantilever beam.
Modal Analysis in ANSYS is done in 4 steps:
Building the model (Preprocessing)
Applying loads and obtaining solution (Solution)

Expanding the modes (Solution)
Reviewing the results (Post Processing)
Building the Model If
not already completed, link to this section to build the model.
Applying Loads and Obtaining a Solution
Open the Solution menu from the ANSYS Main Menu.
Choosing Analysis type: New Analysis ... -> Modal
Setting Options for Chosen Analysis type: Analysis options.. -> The following di
alog box will open up
Select the Subspace method and enter 5 at No. of modes to extract as shown above
and click on OK.
Note that the default mode extraction method chosen is the Reduced Method. This
is the fastest method as it reduces
the system matrices to only consider the Master Degrees of Freedom (see below) a
nd is the only other option
applicable for this problem. The Subspace Method on the other hand extracts mode
s for all DOF's. It is more exact
and easier to use, however it also takes long to compute (especially when the ge
ometry of the problem is increased).
The following window will then open up requesting for options for the Subspace m
ethod. For a better understanding
of these options see the Commands manual. For this problem, we will live with th
e default options so click on OK.
Applying constraints: Loads -> apply -> displacements -> Constrain the left most
node in all DOF (specify a
displacement value of 0).
Obtaining the solution: Select Solve -> Current LS
When ANSYS has completed the solution, close the Solution menu and issue FINISH
at the bottom of the ANSYS Main
Menu .
Expanding the Modes
This is when the mode shapes are written to the results files for review in the
post processing stage.
Open the Solution menu again.
Select expansion pass... -> Switch EXPASS to "ON"
Setting Options for Expansion Pass: -load step opts - expansion pass -> We want
the first 5 modes, so fill in the
dialog box as shown.
Solving: Solve -> Current LS
After ANSYS has finished expanding the modes, close the Solution menu.
Reviewing the Results (Post Processing)
Open up the General Post Processing menu. We will first verify that 5 modes have
been extracted, and will also compare
these values to theoretical values.
Listing Results: list results -> results summary -> You should see the following
window pop up. Note you can
either print this list or save it to a file.
Comparing to Theory: The following table compares the mode frequencies in Hz pre
dicted by theory and ANSYS.
Mode Theory ANSYS
1 8.311 8.302
2 51.94 52.02
3 145.68 145.67
4 285.69 285.57
5 472.22 472.64
Note: To obtain accurate higher mode frequencies, this mesh would have to be ref
ined even more (i.e. instead of 10
elements, we would have to model the cantilever using 15 or more elements depend
ing upon the highest mode
frequency of interest).
To view the first mode shape, select - read results - First Set (1st Mode) from
the Post Processing menu.
To view the deformed shape, select plot results -> Deformed shape
To animate the mode shape, select Plot Ctrls from the ANSYS Utility Menu (Blue m
enu at the top). Then select
Animate -> Mode Shape
To view the next mode shape, select - read results - Next Set from the Post Proc
essing . You can then view the
mode shape or animate it using the same procedure as above.
The first four mode shapes should look like the following:
The animated mode shapes are shown below.
Mode 1
Mode 2
Mode 3
Mode 4
Using the Reduced Method for Modal Analysis
This method employs the use of Master Degrees of Freedom. These are degrees of f
reedom that govern the dynamic
characteristics of a structure. For example, the Master Degrees of Freedom for t
he bending modes of cantilever beam are
For this option, a detailed understanding of the dynamic behavior of a structure
is required. However, going this route means
a smaller (reduced) stiffness matrix, and thus faster calculations.
The steps for using this option are quite simple.
Instead of specifying the Subspace method, select the Reduced method and specify
5 modes for extraction.
Click OK and another window should open up for options for the Reduced method. W
e already specified 5 modes to
be extracted, however we could also specify a frequency range within which all m
odes of interest lie. This window
looks like the following
Note: For this example both the number of modes and frequency range was specifie
d. ANSYS then extracts the
minimum number of modes between the two.
Select Master DOF -> -User Selected- Define -> Select all nodes except the left
most node (to be constrained later).
Then select UY as the 1st degree of freedom (shown below).
After we have selected our MDOFs we can now apply constraints and obtain the sol
ution using the same steps as
shown in the example above.
Modal Analysis of a Clamped Plate
Here is another problem for which the first 8 modes were calculated. The clamped
plate is shown below together with the
material properties.
See if you can obtain the first 8 modes of this structure. These modes should lo
ok like the following. The contours represent
relative stress distribution.
Modes 1 to 4
Modes 5 to 8
The first 8 mode frequencies are
Harmonic Analysis of a Cantilever Beam
For this problem, we will conduct a harmonic forced response test on a cantileve
r beam. We will do this by applying a cyclic
load (harmonic) at the end of the beam and observing the response at that locati
on. The frequency of the load will be varied
from 1 100
Hz. The figure below depicts the beam with the application of the load.
ANSYS provides 3 methods for conducting a harmonic analysis. These 3 methods are
the Full , Reduced and Modal
Superposition methods.
This example demonstrates the Full method because it is simple and easy to use a
s compared to the other two methods.
However, this method makes use of the full stiffness and mass matrices and thus
is the slower and costlier option.
There are 3 steps involved for the Full Harmonic Response Analysis of a structur
e. These steps are:
Building the Model
Applying Loads and Constraints
Reviewing the Results
Applying Loads and Constraints
Open up the Solution Menu, and select New Analysis...-> Harmonic
Click on Analysis Options... The following window will open showing the methods
available for harmonic analysis.
Select Full.
We will now constrain the beam and apply a harmonic load at the end of the beam.
Applying Constrains: Click Apply -> Displacement -> On Nodes and click on the no
de at x=0. Constrain all the
degrees of freedom at this node.
Applying Load: From the Apply menu, click on Force/Moment -> On Nodes and click
the node at x=1. Apply a load in
the Y direction with a real value of 100 and an imaginary value of 0.
Note: By specifying a real and imaginary value of the load we are providing info
rmation on magnitude and phase of
the load. In this case the magnitude of the load is 100 N and its phase is 0. Ph
ase information is important when you
have two or more cyclic loads being applied to the structure as these loads coul
d be in or out of phase. For harmonic
analysis, all loads applied to a structure must have the SAME FREQUENCY.
We have not yet set the frequency of the load. For harmonic analysis we can obse
rve the structural response to a load over a
range of frequencies.
To do this, select Time/Frequency below the -Load Step Opts- (Solution Menu). Se
lect Freq & Substeps... and
specify a frequency range of 0 100Hz
with 100 substeps.
By doing this we will be subjecting the beam to loads at 1 Hz, 2 Hz, 3 Hz, .....
100 Hz. We will specify a stepped
boundary condition (KBC) as this will ensure that the same amplitude (100 N) wil
l be applyed for each of the
frequencies. The ramped option, on the other hand, would ramp up the amplitude w
here at 1 Hz the amplitude would
be 1 N and at 100 Hz the amplitude would be 100 N.
You should see the following in the ANSYS Graphics window
We can now solve the problem. -Solve- Current LS
We want to observe the response at x=1 (where the load was applyed) as a functio
n of frequency. We cannot do this with
General PostProcessing (POST1), rather we must use TimeHist PostProcessing (POST
26). POST26 is mainly used to
observe certain variables as a function of either time or frequency.
Enter POST26 by selecting TimeHist Postprocessing from the ANSYS Main Menu.
In here we have to define variables that we want to see plotted. By default, Var
iable 1 is assigned either Time or
Frequency. In our case it will be assigned Frequency. We want to see the displac
ement UY at the node at x=1, which
is node #2. (To get a list of nodes and their attributes, select List -> nodes f
rom the Utility Menu).
Select Define Variables... and the following window should pop up.
Select Add.. from this window and the following window should appear
We are interested in the Nodal DOF solution at node 2, so click OK. For stresses
, we would have to select Element
Results in this window.
The following dialog box will open up. Enter values as shown below (note UY has
been selected).
Thus far we have only pointed the variables to the results we would like to see.
We now have to store the data under
the variable names into memory.
Click on Store Data.. in the TimeHist PostProcessing menu.
The following dialog box will appear. By default the merge with existing data op
tion will be selected. We don't have
any data stored in memory so we could just click on OK. However, change the opti
on to Replace. This will erase all
of the previously "stored" data in the memory. This option was chosen for demons
tration purposes because numerous
results from an ANSYS job may be of interest, however, only a limited number of
variables can be stored in memory.
We now should have 2 variables in memory, frequency (1) and UY at node 2 (2).
To view these variables select List Variables... and set variable 1 as the first
variable to list and variable 2 as the
second. You should see the following window with the values of both variables li
sted.
Note that by default ANSYS names variable number 1 as Time, whether the variable
is time or frequency.
We now want to plot UY vs. frequency. To do this select Graph Variables.. and se
lect variable 2 as the first
variable to plot. You should see the following figure.
Note that we get peaks at the right frequencies (from the modal analysis) at app
roximately 8.3 and 51 Hz.
To get a better view of the response, we should be viewing the log scale of UY.
To do this enter the following in the
ANSYS Input Window
/gropt,logy,1
/replot
You should now see the following
This is the response at node 2 for the cyclic load applied at this node from 0 1
00
Hz.
Harmonic Analysis using the Reduced and Modal Superposition Methods.
These other methods available for harmonic analysis are a bit more involved and
require a good physical understanding of
the problem at hand.
The Reduced Method employs the use of Master Degrees of Freedom. The dynamic beh
avior of the structure should be
known before assumptions can be made as to which degrees of freedom can be assig
ned as MDOF. The steps involved in
using this method are
Building the Model (Preprocessing).
Selecting MDOFs and Applying the Loads and Constraints (Solution).
Expanding the Solution or Performing an Expansion Pass (Solution).
Reviewing the Results (TimeHist Postprocessing).
The Modal Superposition Method is the fastest of the three methods. It however i
nvolves several steps including doing a
Modal Analysis on the structure. These steps are
Building the Model (Preprocessing).
Applying Constraints and Calculating the Modes (Solution).
Applying Loads and Obtaining the Harmonic Solution (Solution).
Performing an Expansion Pass (Solution).
Reviewing the Results (TimeHist Postprocessing).
Transient Dynamic Analysis
Transient dynamic analysis is a technique used to determine the dynamic response
of a structure under a timevarying
load.
The time frame for this type of analysis is such that inertia or damping effects
of the structure are considered to be important.
Cases where such effects play a major role are under step or impulse loading con
ditions, for example, where there is a sharp
load change in a fraction of time.
If inertia effects are negligible for the loading conditions being considered, a
static analysis may be used instead.
For our case, we will impact the end of the beam with an impulse force and view
the response at the location of impact.
Since an ideal impulse force excites all modes of a structure, the response of t
he beam should contain all mode frequencies.
However, we cannot produce an ideal impulse force numerically. We have to apply
a load over a discrete amount of time dt.
After the application of the load, we track the response of the beam at discrete
time points for as long as we like (depending
on what it is that we are looking for in the response).
The size of the time step is governed by the maximum mode frequency of the struc
ture we wish to capture. The smaller the
time step, the higher the mode frequency we will capture. The rule of thumb in A
NSYS is
time_step = 1 / 20f
where f is the highest mode frequency we wish to capture. In other words, we mus
t resolve our step size such that we will
have 20 discrete points per period of the highest mode frequency.
It should be noted that a transient analysis is more involved than a static or h
armonic analysis. It requires a good

understanding of the dynamic behavior of a structure. A modal analysis of the st
ructure should be initially
performed to provide information about the structure's dynamic behavior.
In ANSYS, transient dynamic analysis can be carried out using 3 methods.
The Full Method: This is the easiest method to use. All types of nonlinearities
are allowed. It is however very CPU
intensive to go this route as full system matrices are used.
The Reduced Method: This method reduces the system matrices to only consider the
Master Degrees of Freedom
(MDOFs). Because of the reduced size of the matrices, the calculations are much
quicker. However, this method
handles only linear problems (like our cantilever case).
The Mode Superposition Method: This method requires a preliminary modal analysis
, as factored mode shapes are
summed to calculate the structure's response. It is the quickest of the three me
thods, but it requires a good deal of
understanding of the problem at hand.
We will use the Reduced Method for conducting our transient analysis. The steps
involved in using this method are
Building the Model.
Apply Loads and Obtain Reduced Solution.
Review the Reduced Results. (View the response at desired locations.)
Expand the Reduced Solution.
Review the Expanded Results.
Usually one need not go further than Reviewing the Reduced Results. However if s
tresses and forces are of interest than, we
would have to Expand the Reduced Solution.
Applying Loads and Obtaining a Solution.
Click open the Solution Menu and in New Analysis..., select Transient
Then click on Analysis Options and select Reduced. Click on OK and another windo
w will open up. Click on OK in
that window.
From the Solution Menu, click on Master DOFs -> (-User Selected-) Define and sel
ect all nodes except the left most
node (at x=0). The following window will open, choose UY as the first dof in thi
s window
For an explanation on Master DOFs, see the section on Using the Reduced Method f
or modal analysis.
We will now begin applying the loads. We will define our impulse load using Load
Steps. The following time history
curve shows our load steps and time steps. Note that for the reduced method, a c
onstant time step is required
throughout the time range.
We can define each load step (load and time at the end of load segment) and save
them in a file for future solution
purposes. This is highly recommended especially when we have many load steps and
we wish to rerun
our solution.
We can also solve for each load step after we define it. We will go ahead and sa
ve each load step in a file for later use,
at the same time solve for each load step after we are done defining it.
Load Step 1
From the Solution Menu, click on (-Loads-) Apply -> Displacement -> On nodes and
select the left most node.
Constrain all DOFs at this node.
In the Solution Menu from the Load

Step Optssection,
select Time/Frequenc -> Time & Time Step.. and enter
0.001 at the time step size box. From the ANSYS rule of thumb, we should achieve
accurate results up to 50 Hz
with this time step size.
In the Solution Menu, select Write LS File ... and enter 1 in the box. ANSYS wil
l go ahead and save this load
step in a file jobname.s01.
Click on (-Solve-) Current LS
Load Step 2
Click on (-Loads-) Apply -> Force/Moment -> On nodes and select the right most n
ode (at x=1). Enter a force
in the FY direction of value 100 N.
Click on Time/Frequenc -> Time & Time step .. and set a time of 0.001 for the en
d of the load step.
Load Step 3
Click on (-Loads-) Apply -> On nodes and select the right most node. Specify a f
orce FY of value 0. This
renews the force at the end of the beam to a value of 0.
Click on Time/Frequenc -> Time & Time Step.. and enter 1 for the value of time a
t the end of the load step.
We will view the response of node 2 (UY). This is only possible in TimeHist Post
Processing (POST26).
Click on TimeHist Postprocessing from the ANSYS Main Menu and select Define Vari
ables... select Add..
A window will pop up inquiring on the type of variable; we want Nodal DOF result
s which is already selected so click
on OK.
The following dialog box will open up. Enter values as shown below (note UY has
been selected).
Thus far we have only pointed the variables to the results we would like to see.
We now have to store the data under
the variable names into memory.
By default, POST26 looks for the results file (jobname.rst) to read the results
from. We don't have this file yet
because we have not performed an expansion pass. We need to direct POST26 to ano
ther file named jobname.rdsp to
get the results for node 2.
At the ANSYS Input window enter
file,jobname,rdsp
Now that POST26 is directed towards that file, store the data.
From the TimeHist Postprocessing window, select Store Data.. and click on OK in
the window that pops up.
Select Graph variables .. and select variable 2 as the first variable to plot..

You should see the following response.
A few things to note in the response curve
There are approximately 8 cycles in this window. This is the first mode of the c
antilever beam and we have been
able to capture it.
We also see another response at a higher frequency. We may have captured some re
sponse at the second mode
at 52 Hz of the beam. By the rule of thumb, the highest frequency we should be a
ble to capture with our step
size (0.001 s) is 50 Hz.
Note that the response does not decay as it should not. We did not specify dampi
ng for our system.
Expanding the Solution
For most problems, one need not go further than Reviewing the Reduced Results as
the response of the structure is of utmost
interest in transient dynamic analysis.
However, if stresses and forces are of interest, we would have to expand the red
uced solution.
Let's say we are interested in the beam's behaviour at peak responses. We should
then expand a few or all solutions around
one peak (or dip). We will expand 10 solutions within the range of 0.08 and 0.11
seconds.
Issue Finish from the ANSYS Main Menu and open up the Solution Menu.
Select ExpansionPass... and switch it to ON in the window that pops open.
In the Load
Step Optssection
select ExpansionPass -> Range of Solu's
Solve Current LS
Reviewing the results in POST1
Review the results using either General Postprocessing (POST1) or TimeHist Postp
rocessing (POST26). For this case, we
can view the deformed shape at each of the 10 solutions we expanded.
Damped Response of the Cantilever Beam
We did not specify damping in our transient analysis of the beam. We specify dam
ping at the same time we specify our time
& time steps for each load step.
We will now rerun
our transient analysis, but now we will consider damping. Here is where the use
of load step files comes
in handy. We can easily change a few values in these files and rerun
our whole solution from these load case files.
Open up the first load step file (jobname.s01) for editing. The file should look
like the following..
/COM,ANSYS REVISION 5.2 14:33:39 01/30/1998
/NOPR
/TITLE,
_LSNUM= 1
BFUNIF,TEMP,_TINY
DELTIM, 1.000000000E-03
KBC, 1
TIME, 0.000000000E+00
TREF, 0.000000000E+00
ALPHAD, 0.000000000E+00
BETAD, 0.00000000E+00
DMPRAT, 0.000000000E+00
TINTP,R5.0, 5.000000000E-03,,,
TINTP,R5.0, .500000000 , .500000000 , .200000000

NCNV, 1, 0.000000000E+00, 0, 0.000000000E+00, 0.000000000E+00
ERESX,DEFA
ACEL, 0.000000000E+00, 0.000000000E+00, 0.000000000E+00
OMEGA, 0.000000000E+00, 0.000000000E+00, 0.000000000E+00, 0
DOMEGA, 0.000000000E+00, 0.000000000E+00, 0.000000000E+00
CGLOC, 0.000000000E+00, 0.000000000E+00, 0.000000000E+00
CGOMEGA, 0.000000000E+00, 0.000000000E+00, 0.000000000E+00
DCGOMG, 0.000000000E+00, 0.000000000E+00, 0.000000000E+00
D, 1,UX , 0.000000000E+00, 0.000000000E+00
D, 1,UY , 0.000000000E+00, 0.000000000E+00
D, 1,ROTZ, 0.000000000E+00, 0.000000000E+00
/GOPR
Change the damping value BETAD from 0 to 0.01 in all three load step files.
We will have to rerun
the job for the new load step files. From the Utility Menu go to file and select
Clear and Start
New.
Repeat the steps shown above up to the point where we select MDOFs. After select
ing MDOFs, simply go to (-Solve-)
From LS files ... and in the window that opens up select files from 1 to 3 in st
eps of 1.
After the results have been calculated, plot up the response at node 2 in POST26
. The damped response should look like the
following
Spectral Analysis
Spectral analysis is where the response of a structure to loads with known spect
ra is calculated. Real world applications
include structural response due to random loading conditions such as earth quake
s, wind loads, jet engine thrust, etc.
This type of analysis is beyond the scope of these tutorials, and as such a shor
t description will be provided.
In ANSYS, the types of spectra available for spectrum analysis are
Response Spectrum
The response of mechanical systems can be calculated after specifying one respon
se spectrum curve at a set of points
(SinglePoint
Response Spectrum) i.e. all loading points have the same spectrum, or different
response spectrum
curves at different sets of points (MultiPoint
Response Spectrum). The figure below illustrates the difference between
the two response spectrums.
Power Spectral Density
This type of analysis is used in random vibration analysis. Similar to Response
Spectrum, random vibration analysis
can be singlepoint,
where a single Power Spectral Density curve is specified at a set of points, or
multipoint,
where
different PSD curves are specified at different points.
The most common types of spectrum analysis are singlepoint
response and response due to random vibration. The steps
involved in doing a spectrum analysis are:
Build the Model
Obtain Modal Solution
Expand the Modes
Obtain the Spectrum Solution

Review the Results
Note that the structures mode shapes and frequencies are necessary for spectrum
response calculations.
For more details on conducting a spectral analysis, consult the Procedures manua
l, Section 3.6.

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University of Alberta

Applying loads and obtaining solution (Solution)

armonic analysis. It requires a good

In the Solution Menu from the Load

06/09/2015 Dynamic Analysis

TINTP,R5.0, .500000000 , .500000000 , .200000000

Obtain the Spectrum Solution

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