POWER SYSTEM LABORATORY

MANUAL

Dr. Anil Swarnkar, Dr. KusumVerma

Assistant Professor, EED
(Lab In-charge)

Department of Electrical Engineering

MALAVIYA NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
JAIPUR

Prerequisites:
1. The knowledge of basic concepts of power system protection schemes.
2. The knowledge of the Electrical Power Transmission Systems.
3. The knowledge of modelling and performance of Transmission Lines.

List of Experiments:
Rotor 1
Expt. No.

Title of the Experiment

To find out the dielectric strength of the transformer oil.

To study and plot the characteristic of fuse and Miniature Circuit Breaker
(MCB).

2
3

To study and evaluate the performance of small and medium ( and T

models) transmission lines.

To study the operation of inverse time overcurrent relay.

To study the operation of instantaneous under voltage relay.

Rotor 2
Expt. No.

Title of the Experiment

To study and verify the operation of Inverse Definite Minimum Time

(IDMT) overcurrent relay for different current and Time Setting
Multiplier (TSM).

To observe the operation of overcurrent and earth fault relay for protection
of 3-phase feeder under (i) LG (ii) LL (iii) LLG (iv) LLL (v) LLLG faults.

4
5

(a) To study and evaluate the performance parameters of long

transmission lines ( and T models).
(b) To study the current in neutral conductor for different unbalanced
conditions and draw the phasor diagrams.
To study and verify the protection of a parallel feeder by using directional
overcurrent relay.
To observe and verify the current grading and time grading protection of
radial feeder.

Lab Guidelines and Instructions

Introduction:
The experiments in this laboratory course are designed to cover the theoretical
and analytical concepts of UG courses- Electrical Power Transmission
Systems(EET-212) &Power System Switchgear and Protection (EET-301). The
objective of the experiments is to enhance the students' understanding of important
analytical principles developed in these courses by engaging them in the real-world
application of these principles in the laboratory. In addition to further develop the
students' laboratory practice for experimentally testing and evaluating performance
of power systems employing different relays, switchgears and other protective
devices and to become familiar with modeling and analysis of power systems
under various operating conditions.
Instructions to Students:
Each lab session lasts two hours and starts promptly at the scheduled time. A
brief introduction and guide line for the experiments will be given by the instructor
at the beginning of the each lab section.
1. Preparing the lab is very important as it will save the time and allows the
student to work more efficiently. The pre-lab includes reading and
understanding each lab experiment in advance.
2. Review the material prior to coming to the lab; consult the textbook(s) if
required. Draw the connection diagram for the experiments, sketch anticipated
graphical results, and get an idea of the approximate range and scale of the
quantities you will be measuring.
3. Before coming to the lab, prepare an Issue Slip for conducting the experiment.
This should include the title of the experiment, list of equipments required and
circuit diagram. Write the names of the students performing the experiment. Get
the Issue Slip checked by the Faculty. The lab technician will issue the required
apparatus.
4. Each lab will be performed in the group of two/three students. The team
approach encourages interaction and helps with the debugging and data
collection. Each student required to have one lab notebook and is responsible
for recording the measurement data and any observations which will be helpful
for writing the lab report. Copying of data from other groups or submitting

artificial or altered information is in violation of the Code of Academic

Integrity and will result in a zero grade for the course. The lab report is an
individual effort and each student should present his or her own report.
5. Each lab notebook will be reviewed and signed and dated by the Lab
Technician or TA/ Faculty before leaving the lab.
6. Do not switch on the circuit/experiment until you get it checked once by
Technician/Instructor.
7. Leave your workplace at least as clean and tidy as you found it. Please put
everything back in its proper place before you leaving the Lab.
8. Be on time to the laboratory, late coming between 10 to 20 minutes will be
recorded and after 20 minutes you will be not allowed to start your lab and you
need to make an arrangement to come and makeup the lab with 25% penalty.
9. At the end of the class hour:
a. Clean up your table.
b. Switch off all equipment.
c. Hand in all components issued to you for the hour to the technician.
d. See that the instructor/Grad. Asst/lab technician has signed your data
sheet of the experiment done on that day.
e. Check what you have to do for your next experiment.
f. Get your table checked by the technician before you leave.
g. Put the stools, used by you to sit, back in the appropriate places.
10. Cell-phone ringing or use is not allowed in the lab.
Grading/Evaluation Policy:
Laboratory Component = 100 marks
Credits: 1 (0-0-2)
PRS: 60 Marks
PRE: 40 Marks
Lab Work Makeup Policy:
All laboratory work has to be completed during the designated lab period.
Students who miss a lab session due to a documented emergency are expected to
schedule a makeup time with Lab Technician or TA/ Faculty to conduct the missed
lab work.

Guidelines for Writing Lab Reports:

Each student is required to maintain a laboratory notebook which is used to take
notes during the lab session, record, data, circuit analyses, calculations, graphs, etc.
The goal of the lab notebook is to keep complete and accurate records of your
work in the lab. The lab reports will be graded according to the experimental
procedure, clarity of presentation, neatness, data recording, analysis, calculation,
and discussion of the results. Reports are to be neatly hand written and should
contain the following information.
1. Write your names, student ID, date, Lab section, course title and code on the
front page.
2. Title of the experiment.
3. Object of the lab experiment.
4. List of Apparatus required.
5. Theory related to the experiment.
6. Experimental procedure.
7. Show the experiment measurement set-up (schematics); record the data with
proper units, sketches and observations.
8. Graphs must be in standard form with proper paper, label, title, and units.
Measured data points should be clearly visible even if a line has been
interpolated through the data points.
9. Tables must have column headings and units.
10.Compare the measured results with the expected ones. Explain any deviations
between the theoretical and experimental results.
11.Discussions and conclusions: This is an important part of the report. The
conclusion should contain the Summary of the results.
******

Rotor-1

EXPERIMENT NO.1
AIM: To find out the dielectric strength of the transformer oil.
Apparatus Required:
S.No.
1.
2.
3.

Name of Apparatus
Motorized oil testing set
Pure insulating oil
Insulating oil sample

Quantity
1
1
1

Theory:
The fault free operation of power transformers is a factor of major economic
importance and safety in power supply utilities and industrial consumers of
electricity. In the current economic climate, industries/supply utilities tighten their
control on capital spending and make cutbacks in maintenance, an increased
awareness is placed on the reliability of the existing electric power supply. Down
time is at a premium. Often, the loading is increase on present units, as this will
defer purchasing additional plant capacity. Thus the stress on the transformer
increases. The net total effect of the thermal, electrical and mechanical stress
brought on by increased service needs to be monitored to ensure reliability.
Regular sampling and testing of insulation oil taken from transformers is a
valuable technique in a preventative maintenance program. If a proactive approach
is adopted based on the condition of the transformer oil, the life of the transformer
can be extended.
The dielectric strength: Dielectric strength of any insulating material indicates
the maximum applied electric field strength for which the insulation property
works fine. Imagine, you have a insulated wire and a voltage source. When you are
applying a huge voltage across the wire you will find that the wire is heated up and
after a certain point, the insulation coating is melted. Here, the voltage that causes
to demolish the insulation is referred as the dielectric strength of the insulating
material. Similarly for transformer, the insulating oil can withstand up to a certain
voltage level. After that, the insulation breakdown occurs. Generally, transformer
oil with minimum dielectric strength for 30 KV is used in power transformer and it
is the minimum safe level of insulating oil. So, before using, the oil is tested and
this procedure is termed as Transformer oil testing or Breakdown voltage testing of
transformer oil or simply the BDV test of transformer. High dielectric strength is a
desirable parameter of transformer insulating oil.

Dielectric dissipation factor: Suppose, you have a piece of insulated wire.

Whenever, you are applying some potential difference across the two terminals,
current starts flowing through the conductor. But you will also notice that, a little
amount of current is flowing through the insulation part also. This current is called
the leakage current. In ideal dielectric material, this leakage current leads the
applied voltage by the angle of 90. This angle is termed as Delta and denoted by
. In case of transformer, the insulating oil is also a dielectric material. But, as it is
not a ideal one, so the angle in which the current leads the voltage is lesser than
90. The tangent of this angle (tan) is termed as the Dielectric dissipation factor of
transformer oil. The current has two components; namely reactive component and
resistive component. High value of the resistive component indicates the high
strength of the insulator. Therefore, smaller dielectric dissipation factor is the
desirable parameter of transformer oil.
Resistivity: Resistivity means the effective resistance of the transformer oil.
Resistivity of any material is inversely proportional with the temperature.
Generally the temperature of a transformer is more or less same as the ambient
temperature. But, during full load condition or faulty condition, this temperature
goes to a very high value. So, there may be a chance of decreasing the effective
resistance of transformer oil and hence, this may leads to weaken the insulation.
Therefore, transformer oil with higher resistivity is always preferred. The
resistivity of transformer oil is measured in normal temperature as well as in high
temperature (90) to ensure the safety for both normal and full load operation. The
minimum resistivity of Transformer Oil is 1500*1012 cm at 27 C and
35*1012 cm at 90 C. This is the standard for transformer oil resistivity.
Uses of transformer oil: There are two types of transformer oil namely Paraffin
based transformer oil and Naphtha based transformer oil. Naphtha based
transformer oil is more popular. The value of pour point and flash point is higher in
Paraffin based oil. The classical insulating oils are naphtha based but in modern
era, Paraffin based oils becoming more and more popular in India as well as in
foreign countries. Naphtha based oils are costly as compared to Paraffin based oils.
In large power transformers, Paraffin based oils is recommended for smoother
operation. The transformer oils mainly serve the following purposes:
Insulating: Being dielectric in nature, the transformer oil provide superior
insulation for the transformer core. It also protects the paper insulation which
ensures the safety of a transformer.
Arc quenching: Good transformer oil has a capability of suppressing the
spark generated. So, it is another safety measure which ensures the automatic
arc quenching in a transformer.

Cooling: During the full load operation, the temperature becomes very high.
This necessitates a sophisticated transformer cooling arrangement. In the full
load condition, the transformer oil flows throughout the transformer by
convection process and in this way, generated heat is absorbed by the oil. So,
transformer oil is used as the coolant.

Procedure:
1. Rinse the test chamber with pure insulating of oil two times to remove dirt,
carbon etc, from the walls of the cup.
2. Rinse the cup with the oil to be tested.
3. Fill the chamber with the oil to be tested. The oil level should be about 40
mm above the electrodes. Care should be taken that no bubbles are formed
while pouring of oil. If any bubbles are formed, remove them with the glass
rod provided.
4. Open the cover of the oil testing set and place the test chamber properly at
the required position.
5. Adjust the gap between electrodes 4mm by the metal rod provided. The rod
should pass between the electrodes a bit tightly.
6. Close the cover of the testing set properly. If the cover is not closed
properly, the micro-switch provided on the right hand side of the cover will
not operate and the H.T. will not be energized.
7. Switch of the supply of the unit by the circuit breaker provided on the
bottom left side of the unit. This will take LT ON/HT OFF indicator to
glow.
8. See the deflection on the voltmeter. If it is not zero, the H.T. will not be
energized. To make it zero, press REVERSED knob and keep it pressed till
the needle comes to zero. Now release the knob.
9. Press the HT on push button. The HT on indicator will glow while the HT
OFF indicator will turn off.
10. Press the FORWARD knob and keep it pressed till the reading on voltmeter
is 20 KV. Release the knob at this point and wait for one minute.
11. If the oil withstands this voltage, increase the voltage by pressing the
FORWARD knob in steps of 2 KV and wait at level for one minute
breakdown.
12. The dielectric strength of the oil is that highest voltage (in KV) which the
oil can withstand without breakdown for one minute.

13. The breakdown can be observed by flashover between the electrodes and
after which the H.T. trips by itself.
Observations and Results:
1. Once the flashover occurs, read the voltage on the voltmeter and the voltage
reading at this instant will be dielectric strength of test sample of oil.
2. Bring back the voltage to zero by pressing REVERSE knob. Press the HT
OFF switch. The indicators will changeover.
3. Switch off the L.T. supply. Open the cover of the unit and stir the oil by the
glass electrode. Check the gap between the electrodes by the metal rod.
4. Repeat the above procedure 5 times. The average of the different reading
will be the dielectric strength of the oil.
5. Determine the dielectric strength of test sample of oil in KV/cm.
6. Add 2-3 drops of water in the oil and repeat the test for same sample of oil.
7. Determine the dielectric strength of oil in KV/cm.
Discussions: Discuss the results obtained.

EXPERIMENT NO.2
AIM: To plot the characteristic of fuse and Miniature Circuit Breaker (MCB).
Apparatus Required:
S. No.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

Name of Apparatus
Voltmeter
Ammeter
SPST(S/W)
Fuse sample
MCB
Variable load

Specification
(0-300)V
(0-30)A
30A
5A
6A
1 , 15A

Quantity
1
1
1
1
1
1

Theory:
The fuse is the cheapest and simplest form of automatic operating protectingdevice
andis used for protecting low voltage equipments against overloads and/or short
circuits. The fuse is designed to carry the normal working current safely without
overheating. During overload/short circuit conditions fuse gets heated up to
melting point rapidly and isolates the faulty device from the supply circuit.
Minimum fusing current is a value corresponding to operation in an arbitrary time
obtained under prescribed test conditions. The fuse rating is the value of current
which when flows through the element does not melt it. Fusing factor is a ratio of
minimum fusing current to the current rating of fusing element. Fusing factor is
always greater than unity. The prospective current is defined as the Root Mean
Square (RMS) value of current, which would flow in a circuit immediately
following the fuse when a short circuit occurs assuming that the fuse has been
replaced by a link of negligible resistance. The time taken from the instant the
current that causes a break in the fuse wire starts flowing to the instant the arc is
initiated is melting time or pre-arcing time. The time taken from the instant of arc
initiation to the instant of arc being extinguished is arcing time. The sum of prearcing and arcing time is the total operating time of fuse.
The time current characteristics of fuse get deteriorated with time and hence are
not reliable for discrimination purposes. These fuses are mainly used for domestic
and lightning loads. The HRC (High Rupturing Capacity) cartridge fuses are used
to protect important and costly equipments operating at low voltages (up to 33
KV).

A miniature circuit breaker (MCB) is an automatically operated electrical switch

designed to protect an electrical circuit from damage caused due to excessive
current. Its basic function is to detect a fault and, by interrupting continuity to
immediately discontinue electrical flow. Unlike a fuse, which operates once and
then has to be replaced, a circuit breaker can be reset (either manually or
automatically) to resume normal operation. Circuit breakers are made in various
sizes, from small devices used to protect an individual household appliance up to
large switchgear designed to protect high voltage circuits to supply an entire city.
A MCB is a mechanical switching device which is capable of making, carrying for
a specified time and automatically breaking currents under specified abnormal
circuit conditions such as those of short circuit. In short, MCB is a device for
overload and short circuit protection. They are used in residential and commercial
areas.
Circuit Diagram:

Procedure:
1. Do the connections as per the circuit diagram.
2. Increase the load in small steps and set the rated current through fuse in
parallel with SPST switch.
3. Observe that the fuse does not blow off/MCB does not trip for the rated
current.
4. The current is increased in small steps above the rated value and the time
taken for the fuse to blow MCB/to trip is noted starting from opening of SPST
switch.

5. Readings are taken for different settings of current above rated value of
Fuse/MCB.
6. The experimental procedure is repeated for Fuse and MCB separate.
Observations and Results:
S. No.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Voltage (V)

Discussions: Discuss the results obtained.

Current(A)

Time(sec)

EXPERIMENT NO.3
AIM: To study and evaluate the performance of short and medium ( and T
models) transmission lines.
Apparatus Required:
S. No.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Name of Apparatus
Ammeter
Voltmeter
Wattmeter
Rheostat
Connecting Wires

Range
(0-1)A
(0-250)V
(0-250)W
1.7A,300
-

Quantity
5
3
1
1
-

Theory:
In this section we shall discuss the various models of the line. The line models are
classified by their length. These classifications are
Short lines.
Medium lines.
Long lines (Discussed in rotor 2).
1. Short Transmission Line:
When the length of an overhead line is upto 80 km and line voltage is
comparatively low (<20 KV) it is usually considered as a short transmission line.
Due to smaller length and lower voltage the capacitance effect between ground and
conductor can be neglected. So, only inductance and resistance of line are taken
into account (as shown in figure 3.1). The sending end voltage and current for this
approximation are given by
Vs = VR + ZIR
Is = IR

Fig. 3.1 Short line model

2. Medium Transmission Line:

When the length of an overhead transmission line is about 80-200 km and the
line voltage is moderate high (>20 kV but less than 100 kV) it is considered as
medium transmission line. The capacitance effect is taken into account for
purpose of calculations. Medium transmission line can be studied by two
methods.
(i) Nominal- model:
The capacitance is divided into two equal parts and in between them the total
inductance of line is placed. Let us define three currents I1, I2 and I3 as indicated
in Fig. 3.2. Applying KCL at nodes M and N we get

Is = I1 + I2 = I1 + IR + I3

= +
2

+ and

Fig. 3.2 Medium T line model

(ii) Nominal-T model:

In this the capacitance is lumped at one place and the inductance of
transmission line is divided into two equal parts and placed on either sides of
the capacitor.
Circuit Diagrams:

Fig.1. Medium T line model

Fig.2. Medium line model

Procedure:
2) Medium T Line:
1. Connect the circuit as shown in the figure 1. Connect an inductive load
across the line output terminals (13 and 14) and a wattmeter in the load
circuit.
2. Select position on switch 1 and medium distance on switch 2.
3. Close MCB and adjust the load to provide a suitable load current and power
factor (e.g 0.8 -0.9).
4. Measure the voltage drop across the receiving end impedance Vd1 (terminals
4 and 5), and sending end impedance Vd2 (terminals 2 and 3). Record the
values of the listed reading as indicated in the table 1 below.

5. Calculate the receiving end power factor by using the reading from the
wattmeter and the receiving end voltage and current (e.g = W/IRVR).
6. Determine the line regulation and transmission efficiency.
3) Medium Line:
1. Connect the circuit as shown in the figure 2. Connect an inductive load
across the line output terminals (13 and 14) and a wattmeter in the load
circuit.
2. Select position on switch 1 and medium distance on switch 2.
3. Close MCB and adjust the load to provide a suitable load current and power
factor (e.g 0.8-0.9). Measure the voltage drop across the line impedance,
(terminal 2 and 5).Record the values of the sending end current I5 (terminal
11 and 12), receiving end capacitor current IC1 (terminals 19and 20),sending
end capacitor current IC2 (terminal 15 and 16), the line current IL(terminal 3
and 4) and the voltages VS and VR.
4. Record the values of the listed reading as indicated in the table 2 shown
below.
5. Determine the line regulation and transmission efficiency.
4) Short Line:
1. Connect the circuit as shown in the figure 3. Connect an inductive load
across the line output terminals (13 and 14) and a wattmeter in the load
circuit.
2. Close MCB and adjust the load to provide a suitable load current and power
factor (e.g 0.8-0.9). Measure the voltage drop across the line impedance,
(terminal 2 and 5) and the line current IL(terminal 3 and 4) and the voltages
VS and VR.
3. Record the values of the listed reading as indicated in the table 3 shown
below.
4. Determine the line regulation and transmission efficiency.

Observations and Results:

Table-1 Medium Transmission Line (Nominal T Model)
Readings
Receiving end impedance
Sending end impedance
Sending end current
Receiving end current
Capacitor current
Sending end voltage
Capacitor voltage
Receiving end voltage
Sending end power
Receiving end power
Sending end power factor
Receiving end power factor

Value

Table-2 Medium Transmission Line (Nominal PI Model)

Readings
Line impedance
Sending end current
Receiving end current
Receiving end capacitor current
Sending end capacitor current
Line current
Sending end voltage
Receiving end voltage
Sending end power
Receiving end power
Sending end power factor
Receiving end power factor

Value

Table-3 Short Transmission Line

Readings
Line impedance
Sending end current
Receiving end current
Line current
Sending end voltage
Receiving end voltage
Sending end power
Receiving end power
Sending end power factor
Receiving end power factor

Line regulation =

Value

100

Transmission efficiency =

cos
cos

100

Discussions: Discuss the results obtained.

EXPERIMENT NO.4
AIM: To study the operation of inverse time over current relay.
Apparatus Required:
S. No.

Name of Apparatus

Quantity

1.
2.
3.
4.

Voltmeter(0-300)V
Rheostat(300, 1.7A)
Auto Transformer(220/0-270)V,50Hz , 1-
Ammeter(0-10)A

1
1
1
1

5.
6.

Bulb(60W,220V)
Trip Coil

1
-

Theory:
Over-current relay operates when the actuating quantity (current) exceeds a
predefined value. This is inherent electromagnetic relay due to saturation of the
magnetic circuit. So, by varying the point of saturation different characteristics are
obtained. The torque Equation of these Relay can be given as T 1 2 sin.
The angle between 1 and 2 or I1 is directly proportional to if one of the
actuating quantities is Voltage. The current flowing in the voltage coils lags behind
voltage by approximately 90.Assume this current to be I2 the load current I(say
I1) lags V by . Then the angle between I1 and I2 is equal to (90-).
T 1 2
Where,
I1=Current flowing in the potential coil of directional element.
I2=Current flowing in the C.T. of directional element.
=Angle between I1 and I2.
I1 V
I2=Current in current coil = I(say)
T

A definite time Over-current relay in a definite time, when the current exceeds its
pick up value.Inverse definite minimum time (IDMT) relay gives an Inverse time
current characteristics of 10 min. values of the fault current for value of plug
setting multiplier (PSM) between 10 and 20 the characteristics tends to be a
straight line.
Current Setting:
The current above which an Over-current relay would operate can be set. Suppose
that relay current isset at 5A,then the relay will not operate.here are toppings on the
current coil.
Circuit Diagram:

Procedure:
1. Connect the circuit as shown in fig.
2. Close the key between 9 and 10 pin.

3. Apply rated voltage in the secondary circuit in which bulb & trip coil is
connected.
4. Set the PSM.
5. Now apply the current slightly greater PSM value.
6. As the key is opened, start the Stop watch.
7. As the graph become parallel to X-axis when the relay operates means trip
the circuit and the bulb is Enlighten.
8. When the bulb glows, stop the stopwatch.
9. Take the current and time reading and Plot the graph between these.

Observations and Results:

S.No.
1.

PSM

Fault current(amp)

Time(Sec)

2.

Discussions: Discuss the results obtained.

Precautions:
1. After each fault, power supply must be turn OFF after taking reading.
2. Time reading should be taken precisely to reduce manual Error.
3. The two auto transformer should be connected to different phase as the need
to bring down the fault current.

EXPERIMENT NO.5
AIM: To study the operation of instantaneous under voltage relay.
Apparatus Required:
S. No.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Name of Apparatus
Voltmeter(0-300)V
Rheostat( 300, 1.7A)
Auto Transformer (220V /0-270)V,50Hz , 1-
Relay
Bulb(60W,220V)

Quantity
1
1
1
1
1

Theory:
Under-voltage relay is one which operates when input voltage drops a predefined
(dropout) value. Under-voltage relays are usually instantaneous devices. Initiated
on instantaneous under-voltage, relays should complete their function every time
input voltage drops below the set point when setting on instantaneous undervoltage relay. The drop out voltage needs to be specified and VI ratio needs to be
documented.
Circuit Diagram:

Procedure:
1. Make all connections according to the circuit diagram.
2. Connect phase at relay point 3 and neutral to the relay point 4 through a bulb.
3. Give a DC supply to the relay points 7& 8 positive and negative respectively.
4. Initially start from 200 volts and slightly decrease the voltage.
5. After a certain voltage, if the voltage is further decreased the bulb will glow.
Observations and Results:
Set tripping voltage of relay =.......
Experimentally observed voltage =.......
Calculated error =.......
Discussions: Discuss the results obtained.

Rotor-2

EXPERIMENT NO.1
AIM: To study and verify the operation of Inverse Definite Minimum Time
(IDMT) over current relay for different current and Time Setting Multiplier
(TSM).
Apparatus Required:
S.No.
1.
2.
3.
4.

Name of Apparatus
Relay test kit
Solid state over current relay
Timer circuit
Bulb

Quantity
1
1
1
1

Theory:
Protective relay or relaying system detect abnormal or faulty condition in electrical
circuit and gives signal to operate automatic switchgear in order to isolate faulty
equipment from the system as quickly as possible. The protective relays are help in
protection of the system by avoiding the damage to the power system equipment
and also prevents from persisting the faults. In short circuit condition in power
systems are accompanied by large increase of the currents. The protective relays
which responds to rise in current flowing through the protected element over
predetermined values is called over current protection and the relay used for this
purpose is called over current relay. Earth fault protection can be provided with
normal over current relays with minimum earth fault current is sufficient in
magnitude to detect earth fault. The design of comprehensive protection in a power
system requires the detailed study of time current characteristics of the various
relays used in the scheme. Thus, it is necessary to obtain the operating time current
characteristics of these relays
Working principle and construction:The over current relay work on the induction principle. The moving system
consists of an aluminum disc fixed on vertical shaft and rotating on two jewel
bearing between the poles and an electromagnet and damping magnet. The
winding of electromagnet provided with generally seven tabs, which are brought
on to the front of panel, and the required tap is selected by a push in type plug. The
pickup current setting can thus be varied by the use of such plug set multiplier. The
pickup current values of earth fault relays are normally is quite low. The operating

time of all over current relays tends to become asymptotic to a definite minimum
value with increase in the value of current. This is an inherent property of the
electromagnetic relays due to magnetic saturation of magnetic circuit by varying
the point of magnetic saturation, the different characteristic can be obtain these are:
Characteristics of over current relay:1. Definite Time Over-Current Relay Characteristics.
2. Inverse Definite Minimum Time (IDMT) Characteristics.
The operating torque in over-current relay is proportional to 12sin where
both flux are produced by the same quantity (single quantity relay).In the case of
current or voltage operated, the torque T is proportional to 12 or T KI^2, for coil
current below saturation, if the core is made to saturate at very early stages such
that with increase of I, K decreases so that time of operation remains the same over
the working range. The time current characteristics operand is known as definite
time characteristics.
If the core is made to saturate at a later stage, the characteristics obtained is known
as IDMT. The time current characteristics are inverse over some range and then
offer saturation assume the definite time form in order to ensure selectivity. It is
essential that the time of operation of the relay should be dependent on the severity
of the fault in such a way that more severe fault, the less is the time to operate, this
being called inverse time characteristic. This will also ensure that a relay shall not
operate under normal condition.
It is essential that there shall be definite minimum time of operation, which can be
adjusted to suite the requirement of the particular installation. At low values of
operating current the shape of the curve is determined by the effect of the
restraining force of the control spring, while at high values the effect of saturation
predominates. Different time settings can be obtained by moving a knurled
clamping screw along a calibrated scale graduated from 0.1 to 1.0 in steps of .05
this arrangement is called time multiplier setting and will vary the travel of the disc
required to close the contacts. This will shift the time current characteristics of the
relay parallel to itself. The delaying the saturation to a further point very inverse
and extremely inverse time current characteristics can be obtained.

Circuit Diagram:

Procedure:
1. Study the construction of the relay and identify the various parts.
2. Connect as shown in the circuit diagram.
3. Set the pickup value of the current marked 1A (100% full load current) by
inserting the plug in the groove.
4. Set the TSM initially at 1.0.
5. Adjust the load current to about 1.3 times of full load current by shorting the
switch K. Open the switch K to permit the adjustment current to flow through
the relay and record the time taken for this overload condition.
6. Vary the values of the load current in steps and record the time taken for the
operation of the relay in each case with the help of timer.
7. Repeat steps 5&6 for TMS of 0.2, 0.4 and 0.8.
8. Repeat the above experiment with different pick up current values using the
plug setting bridge.
Observations and Results:
Type of Relay:
Pick up current=..Amps

(PSM=Fault/pick upcurrent)

S. No.

Fault current (Amp)

PSM

Operating time in sec. for

TMS of
0.2

Discussions: Discuss the results obtained.

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

EXPERIMENT NO.2
AIM:To observe the operation of over current and earth fault relay for protection
of 3-phase feeder under
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
(v)

Line to ground (LG) fault.

Line to Line(LL) fault.
Line-line to ground (LLG) fault.
Line-Line-Line (LLL) fault.
Line-Line-Lineto ground (LLLG) faults.

Apparatus Required:
S. No.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.

Name of Apparatus
Induction Disc Type Overcurrent relay
Induction Disc Earth Fault relay
C.T.
Rheostat 9, 12A
3-phase Variac
Bulbs 60W, 230V
Ammeter (0-10)A
Ammeter (0-3)A
Key

Quantity
2
1
3
3
1
3
3
1
4

Theory:
On a three phase system the breakdown of insulation between one of the phases
and ground is known as line to ground fault or a single phase earth fault. The
breakdown of insulation between either of two phases is known as line to line fault,
the breakdown of insulation between two phases and earth is known as double line
to ground fault and the breakdown of insulation between the three phases is known
as three phase fault.
Frequency of different types of faults occurring in our road lines is:
Type of fault
L-G
L-L
L-L-G
L-L-L

% Occurrence
85
8
5
2or less

Line to ground fault occurs most commonly in practice. Two overcurrent and 1
earth fault relays are used for protection of 3 phase feeder under all types of fault.
An earth fault usually involves a partial breakdown of winding insulation to earth.
The resulting leakage current is considerably less than the short circuit current. An
earth fault relay is essentially an overcurrent relay of low setting and operates as
soon as an earth fault takes place. Whenever there is phase to phase to fault then
only overcurrent relay will operate and if there is a balanced earth fault means zero
current in neutral, than earth fault relay will not operate. We create fault by closing
k1 ,k2, k3 and k4.
Circuit Diagram:Rescan from manual

Procedure:
1. Make connections as shown in fig.
2. Adjust auto transformer wheel to obtain 60 V.
3. Earth fault is created by closing key k4 and line faults by closing keys k1 k2
and k3 for R,Y,B phase respectively.
4. To create phase to ground fault (RG) close k1 and k4 and observe the
operation of relays.

5. To create line to line fault (eg.RY) close k1 and k2observe the operation of
relays.
6. Similarly create other possible line and ground faults close their respective
key and observe operating relays.
Observations and Results:
S. No.

Fault type

1.

L-G- RG
YG
BG
L-L- RY
YB
RB
L-L-G- RYG
YBG
RBG
L-L-L-RYB

2.

3.

4.
5.
6.

K1

K2

L-L-L-G-RYBG
(balanced)
L-L-L-G-RYBG
(unbalanced)

Discussions: Discuss the results obtained.

K3

K4

O.C.
Relay
1

O.C.
Relay
2

Earth
Fault
Relay

EXPERIMENT NO.3 (a)

AIM: To study and evaluate the performance of long transmission lines ( and T
models)
Apparatus Required:
S. No.
1
2
3
4
5
6

Name of Apparatus
Transmission line panel
Ammeter
Voltmeter
Wattmeter
Rheostat
Connecting wires

Ratings

Quantity

Circuit Diagram:

Theory: Theory related to the experiment.

Procedure:
1. Connect the circuit as shown in the figure, connect an inductive load across
the line output terminals (13 and 14) and a wattmeter in the load circuit.
2. Select position T on switch 1 and long distance on switch 2. Close MCB1 and
adjust the load to provide a suitable load current and power factor(e.g. 0.80.9).end voltage V
3. Measure the voltage drop across the receiving end impedance Vd1 (terminals 8
and 11) and sending end impedance Vd2 (terminals 2 and 5).

4. Record the value of sending end current Is (terminals 11 and 12) capacitor
current Ic (terminals 17 and 18) ,sending end voltage Vs (indicated by
voltmeter Vi)capacitor voltage Vc(indicated by voltmeter V2)., and the
receiving end voltage VR (indicated by voltmeter V3)
Observations and Results:
Required readings
Line Impedance
Sending end current Is
Receiving End current Ir
Receiving end capacitor current Ic1
Sending end Capacitor Current Ic2
Line Current IL
Sending end voltage Vs
Receiving End Voltage VR

Location
Terminal 15 and 19
Terminal 1 and 2
Terminal 11 and 12
Terminal 19 and 20
Terminal 15 and 16

Value

Indicated by Voltmeter V1
Indicated by Voltmeter V3

1. Calculate the receiving end power factor by using readings from the wattmeter
and the receiving end voltage current.
2. Construct the phasor diagram as described previously and determine the line
regulation and transmission efficiency.

Discussions: Discuss the result obtained.

EXPERIMENT NO.3 (b)

AIM: To study the current in neutral conductor for different unbalanced conditions
and draw the phasor diagrams.

Apparatus Required:
S. No.
1
2
3
4
5
6

Name of Apparatus
Transmission line panel
Ammeter
Voltmeter
Wattmeter
Rheostat
Connecting wires

Quantity

Circuit Diagram:check the circuit diagram

Theory: Theory related to the experiment.

Procedure:
1. Connect the circuit as shown in the figure, connect an inductive load across the
line output terminals(13 and 14) and a wattmeter in the load circuit.
2. Select position Ton switch 1 and long distance on switch 2. Close MCB1 and
adjust the load to provide a suitable load current and power factor(e.g. 0.80.9).end voltage V
3. Measure the voltage drop across the receiving end impedance Vd1 (terminals 8
and 11) and sending end impedance Vd2 (terminals 2 and 5).

4. Record the value of sending end current Is (terminals 11 and 12) capacitor
current Ic (terminals 17 and 18),sending end voltage Vs (indicated by voltmeter
Vi), capacitor voltageVc(indicated by voltmeter V2)and the receiving end
voltage VR (indicated by voltmeter V3)
Observations and Results:
Required readings
Receiving End impedance Vd1
Sending end impedance Vd2
sending end current Is
Capacitor Current Ic
Sending end voltage Vs
Capacitor voltage Vc
Receiving End Voltage VR

Location
Terminal 8 and 11
Terminal 2 and 5
Terminal 11 and 12
Terminal 17 and 18
Indicated by Voltmeter V1
Indicated by Voltmeter V2
Indicated by Voltmeter V3

Value

1. Calculate the receiving end power factor by using readings from the wattmeter
and the receiving end voltage current.
2. Construct the phasor diagram as described previously and determine the line
regulation and transmission efficiency.
Discussions: Discuss the result obtained.

EXPERIMENT NO.4
AIM: To study and verify the protection of a parallel feeder by using directional
over current relays.

Apparatus Required:
S.No.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7

Name of Apparatus
Induction Disc Type Directional Over Current Relay
Induction Disc Type Over Current Relay
Rheostat (3,18A)
Rheostat (9,12A)
1, Auto-transformer
Bulbs (60W, 230V)
Ammeter (0-10)A

Quantity
2
2
1
2
1
4
2

Theory:
Under normal operating conditions, power flows in the normal direction in the
circuit protected by the relay. Therefore, directional overcurrent relay (upper
element) does not operate, thereby keeping the overcurrent element (lower
element) de-energized. However, when a fault or normal condition e.g. short
circuit occurs, there is a tendency for the current of power to flow in the reverse
direction. In this condition the current flows through relaying coil of the lower
element of the relay and the disc in the lower element rotates to bridge the fixed
contacts 1 and 2. This completes the circuit for overcurrent element i.e. upper
element. The disc in this element rotates and the moving contact attached to it
close the trip circuit. This gives command to operate the circuit breaker which
isolates the faulty section. The two relay elements are so arranged that final
tripping of the current controlled by them is not made till the following conditions
are satisfied.
Current flows in a direction such as to operate the directional element.
Current in the reverse direction exceeds the pre-set value.
Excessive current persist for a period corresponding to the time setting of
overcurrent element.

Construction: It consists of 2 relay elements mounted on a common case viz.

i. Directional element
ii. Non-directional element
Directional Element:
It is essentially a directional power relay which operates when power flows in a
specific direction. The potential coil of this element is connected through a
potential transformer (P.T.) to the system voltage. The current coil of the element
is energized through a C.T. by the circuit current. This winding is carried over the
upper magnet of the non-directional element. The trip contacts (1 and 2) of the
directional element are connected in series with the secondary circuit of the
overcurrent element. Therefore, the latter element cannot start to operate until its
secondary circuit is completed. In other words, the directional element must
operate first (i.e. contacts 1 and 2 should close) in order to operate the overcurrent
element.
Non-Directional Element:
It is an overcurrent element similar in all respects to a non-directional overcurrent
relay. The spindle of disc if this element carries a moving contact which closes the
fixed contacts (trip circuit contacts) after the operation of directional element. It
may be noted that Plug Setting Bridge is also provided in the relay for current
setting bus has been omitted in the figure for clarity and simplicity. The tapping is
provided on the upper magnet of overcurrent element and is connected to the
bridge.

Torque Equation:
In order to operate relay the Directional element of the relay operate first. Torque
developed in the directional element of the relay is given by equation:
T 1 2
Where,
I1=Current flowing in the potential coil of directional element.
I2=Current flowing in the C.T. of directional element.
=Angle between I1 and I2.
I1 V
I2=Current in current coil = I(say)
T

Thus the torque is proportional to the power. The torque rotates the disc and closes
the contacts of directional element, which closes the circuit in overcurrent element
and the relay operate.
Circuit Diagram:

Procedure:
Observations and Results:

Discussions: Discuss the result obtained.

EXPERIMENT NO.5
AIM: To observe and verify the current grading and time grading protection of
radial feeder.
Apparatus Required:
S. No.
1.

Name of Apparatus
Induction Disc Type Overcurrent Relay

Quantity
3

2.

Rheostat 3, 18A

3.

Rheostat 9, 12A

4.

1 Autotransformer

5.

Bulbs 60W,230V

6.

Ammeter

Circuit Diagram:

Theory:
1) Time graded protection system for radial feeder:
The selectivity is achieved based on the time of operation of the relays. The relays
used are simple over current relays. The time of operation of the relays at various
locations is so adjusted that the relay farthest from the source will have minimum
time of operation and as it is approached towards the source the operating time

increases. This is the main drawback of grading the relays in this way because it is
required that the more severe a fault is, lesser should be the operating time of the
relays whereas in this scheme the operating time increases. The main application of
such a grading is done on systems where the fault current does not vary much with
the location of fault and hence the inverse characteristic is not used. For proper
coordination between various relays on a radial feeder the operating time of the
relay farthest from the source should be minimum and it should increase as we go
towards the source. If the time of operation of relay 1 is T1, then the time of
operation of relay 2 must be T2= T1+t where t is the time step between successive
relays and consists of the time of operation of C.B. at 1,over travel of relay at 2 and
factor of safety time.
2)Current grading protection system for radial feeder:
This type of grading is done on a system where the fault current varies appreciably
with the location of the fault. This means as we go towards the source the fault
current increases. With this if the relays are set to pick at a progressively higher
current towards the source, then the disadvantage of the long time delay that occurs
in case of time graded systems can be partially overcome. This is known as current
grading.
For proper coordination between various relays on a radial feeder the pickup of a
relay should be such that it will operate for all short circuits in its own line and
should provide backup protection for short circuits in immediately adjoining line.
According to Indian Standard Specifications the operating value should exceed 1.3
times the setting i.e. minimum short circuit current > 1.3*Isetting.

Procedure:
1) Time graded protection system for radial feeder:
1. Make the connections as per the circuit diagram.
2. The relays are set at a particular value of current.
3. The operating time of the relays for the fault for the particular time is
noted.

4. The time setting is changed and the procedure is repeated for different
values.
5. Plot the characteristics current vs time.
2) Current graded protection system for radial feeder:
1. Make the connections as per the circuit diagram.
2. The relays are set at a particular value of current.
3. The operating time of the relays for the fault for the particular time is
noted.
4. The time setting is changed and the procedure is repeated for different
values.
Observations and Results:
1) Time graded protection system for radial feeder
S. No.

Time (sec)

Current (A)

2) Current graded protection system for radial feeder

S. No.

Time (sec)

Discussions: Discuss the result obtained.

Current (A)