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The Digestive System
Functions
Mechanical breakdown
Chemical digestion
Absorption of soluble nutrients
Elimination of undigested food
Detoxification of toxins
Elimination
DIGESTIVE PROCESSES
INGESTION - taking in food
MASTICATION - mechanical breakdown; chewing of food with the addition of saliva as
lubricant
DEGLUTITION – swallowing with the help of the tongue and soft palate
DIGESTION – change of food from solid to liauid
ABSORPTION – passage of food from GIT to the blood and lymph
CIRCULATION – transport of absorbed food to the tissues of the body
ASSIMILATION – incorporation of the absorbed food as part of the protoplasm
EGESTION – passing of undigested food or residue through the anus/ removal of wastes
(feces)
MOUTH
PHARYNX-ESOPHAGUS
STOMACH
SMALL INTESTINES- LARGE INSTESTINES
ANUS
INVERTEBRATES
Protozoans: digestive vacoules
:intracellular digestion
Porifera : schizocoel and choanocytes
: intracellular digestion
Coelenterata: gastrovascular cavity(enteron) that serve as incomplete digestive tube
: intracellular and extracellular digestion
Platyhelminths: incomplete, branched digestive tube except for tapeworm that has no
digestive tract, extracellular digestion
Nemathelminthes: complete digestive tube, extracellular digestion
Echinoderms: ring canal
Arthropods: complete
Mollusks: mouth-stomach-intestines, complete
Oral Cavity
Lips
Tongue
Teeth
Hard Palate
Soft Palate
Oropharynx
What Are the Different Parts of a Tooth?
Crown— the top part of the tooth, and the only part you can normally see. The shape of
the crown determines the tooth's function. For example, front teeth are sharp and chisel-
shaped for cutting, while molars have flat surfaces for grinding.
Gumline— where the tooth and the gums meet. Without proper brushing and flossing,
plaque and tartar can build up at the gumline, leading to gingivitis and gum disease.
Root— the part of the tooth that is embedded in bone. The root makes up about two-thirds
of the tooth and holds the tooth in place.
Enamel— the outermost layer of the tooth. Enamel is the hardest, most mineralized
tissue in the body — yet it can be damaged by decay if teeth are not cared for properly.
Dentin— the layer of the tooth under the enamel. If decay is able to progress its way
through the enamel, it next attacks the dentin — where millions of tiny tubes lead directly
to the dental pulp.
Pulp— the soft tissue found in the center of all teeth, where the nerve tissue and blood
vessels are. If tooth decay reaches the pulp, you usually feel pain
Teeth
A. According to size and
shape
1. Homodont
2. Heterodont
B. According to
replacement
1. Diphyodont
2. Polyphyodont
C. According to
attachment
1. Acrodont
2. Pleurodont
3. Thecodont
Pharynx
Function-Common passageway for food and air
Has 6 openings
Oropharynx
Nasopharynx
Eustachian Tubes (2)
Larynx
esophagus
Esophagus
Function – passage of food from the pharynx to the stomach
Contains two layers of muscle:
1) upper part = striated voluntary
2) lower part =smooth involuntary
Peristalsis and segmentation
= moves the food downward along the length of the tube
Non-Ruminant Stomach
Function – partly for digestion (with gastric glands that secrete enzymes) and absorption
(water, drugs and medicines)
Divided into 5 areas
Cardiac - anterior
Fundus – bulge found only in
mammals
Body: lesser and greater curvature
Pylorus - posterior
Ruminant Stomach
Function -
Divided into four chambers
Rumen – compartment with large
cavity containing water and bacteria
(fermentation of solid food like
“grass” )
Reticulum – “honey comb”; where
food is mixed and turned into “ball-
like masses called bolus which is regurgitated back into the mouth where it is
rechewed and thoroughly mixed with saliva, then reswallowed and directed to the
omasum
Omasum – “psalterium”; contains longitudinal folds that serves as strainers
Abomasum – the true stomach due to the presence of gastric glands that secrete
digestive juices.
Swallowing
Voluntary action propelling oral contents toward pharynx
Involuntary contraction of pharynx
Inhibition of respiration and glottic closure
Ansa Spiralis
Accessory Glands
Salivary Glands
Pancreas
Liver
Liver Architecture
The digestive glands
Salivary Glands
- secretion:
1. Psychic Phase – seeing, thinking, smelling, tasting or touching stimulates the
release of saliva
2. Tactile Phase – smooth surfaces stimulate the release of saliva
- 3 salivary glands:
1. parotid – entirely serous and has the Stensen’s duct
2. submaxillary – mainly serous but with large amount of mucus and has the
Wharton duct
3. sublingual – mainly mucus and has the Bartholin duct
Gastric Gland
- secretion:
1. Psychic Phase
2. Gastric Phase – touching and coming in contact of food with walls of the stomach
stimulates the gastric glands to release gastric juices
3. Intestinal Phase – when acidic chyme (partially digested food from the stomach)
touches the wall of the intestine, gastric glands are more stimulated to secrete more gastric juices
as there is food in the stomach and later stopped by enterogastrone
Liver – largest gland of the body that secrete bile (alkaline substance that is color green in
frog and deep yellow in man) that is temporarily stored in the gall bladder.
- bile composition:
1) bile salts – emulsify or reduce fats to minute droplets to be easily acted upon by
enzymes
2) bilirubin
3) cholesterol
4) fatty acids
5) electrolytes of the plasma
- stimulate by secretin and cholecystokinin
- functions:
1) neutralizes the acidity of chyme as it
enters the duodenum
2) aids in absorption of fats
3) stimulates peristalsis
4) store greater percentage of glycogen
5) center of fat and carbohydrate
metabolism
LARGE INTESTINE
Wider and thicker-walled than the small intestine with no villi and digestive enzymes
(except in herbivores, with cellulase)
Glands secrete substances mainly for lubrication
What takes place here:
- absorption of large amount of water, in turn solidify the digestive residue and undigested
materials, forming masses (feces) for expulsion to the anus
- bacterial action results in the production of vitamin K which is then absorbed and brought
to the liver; production of cellulase in herbivores’
- formation of toxic materials, some of which are absorbed, brought to the liver and
detoxified.
Divisions:
caecum – at the junction of the small and large intestines. In man the remnant is the
appendix
1. ascending colon – short vertical part
2. transverse colon – passes horizontally across the abdomen
3. descending colon – vertical part
4. rectum – the last 7 inches of the large intestine
In FROG: it’s an expanded part of GIT, posterior part is the cloaca
MARASMUS
SIGNS:
- extensive tissue and muscle wasting,
- variable edema.
- dry skin, loose skin folds hanging over the glutei, axillae,
- drastic loss of adipose tissue from normal areas of fat deposits like buttocks and thighs.
- The afflicted are often fretful, irritable, and voraciously hungry
DIGESTIVE PROBLEMS