Representation of

Data
WEEK 4A
Representation of Data
 Select a suitable way of presenting raw statistical data, and discuss
advantages and/or disadvantages that particular representations may
have;
 Construct and interpret stem-and-leaf diagrams, box-and-whisker plots,
histograms and cumulative frequency graphs
 Understand and use different measures of central tendency (mean,
median and mode) and variation (range, interquartile range, standard
deviation) e.g. in comparing and contrasting sets of data
 Use a cumulative frequency graph to estimate the median value, the
quartiles and the interquartile a range of a set of data
 Calculate the mean and standard deviation of a set of data (incl.
grouped data) either from the data itself or from given totals such as 𝑥
and 𝑥 2 , or (𝑥 − 𝑎) and 𝑥 − 𝑎 2
Representation of Data
Height (cm) Height (cm) Height (to the nearest cm)
119.5 ≤ 𝑥 < 124.5 119.5 − 124.5 120 − 124
124.5 ≤ 𝑥 < 129.5 124.5 − 129.5 125 − 129
129.5 ≤ 𝑥 < 134.5 129.5 − 134.5 130 − 134
134.5 ≤ 𝑥 < 139.5 134.5 − 139.5 135 − 139

 119.5, 124.5, 129.5… are class boundaries / interval boundaries

 Width of interval = Upper class boundary – lower class boundary
Representation of Data
Stem and leaf diagrams: 84 17 38 45 47 53 76 54 75 22
 Group data into classes 66 65 55 54 51 44 39 19 54 72
 Retain the original data Stem Leaf Stem Leaf
1 7 9 1 7 9
Steps: 2 2 2 2
3 8 3 9 3 3 8 9
 Find lowest and highest mark (17 and 4 5 7 4 5 7
84, resp.) 5 3 4 5 4 1 4 5 1 3 4 4 4 5
 All intervals must be equal width (10- 6 6 5 6 5 6
19, 20-29, …) 7 6 5 2 7 2 5 6
8 4 8 4
 Write down your key!
Results: Key: 1|7 means 17 marks Key: 1|7 means 17 marks
 Can easily see largest and smallest
values, mode, and modal class
Representation of Data
Stem and leaf diagrams: 19 23 19 19 20 12 19 22 22 16
 Group data into classes 18 16 19 20 17 13 14 12 15 17 16
 Retain the original data 17 19 22 22 20 19 19 20 20

Stem Leaf
Steps: 1 2 2 3
 Find lowest and highest mark
1 4 5
 All intervals must be equal width (12-
13, 14-15, 16-17, 18-19…)
1 6 6 6 7 7 7
 Write down your key! 1 8 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9
Results: 2 0 0 0 0 0
 Can easily see largest and smallest 2 2 2 2 2 3
values, mode, and modal class

Key: 1|2 means 12 degrees Celcius

Representation of Data
Steps: 21 19 6 12 8 18 9 8 11 17 15 13
 Find lowest and highest mark 16 9 17 18 9 24 17 7 8 17 17 8 7
 All intervals must be equal width 11 16 17 8 5 13 22 20 16 20 13
 Write down your key! Stem Leaf
0 5 6 7 7 8 8 8 8 8 9 9 9
1 1 1 2 3 3 3
Use intervals: 1 5 6 6 6 7 7 7 7 7 7 8 8 9
2 0 0 1 2 4
 5 − 9, 10 − 14, 15 − 19, 20 − 24
Key: 1|6 means 16
 4 − 6, 7 − 9, 10 − 12, 13 − 15, 16 −
Stem Leaf
18, 19 − 21, 22 − 24 5 0 1 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 4 4 4
10 1 1 2 3 3 3
15 0 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 4
20 0 0 1 2 4

Key: 15|1 means 16

Representation of Data
Steps: 21 19 6 12 8 18 9 8 11 17 15 13
 Find lowest and highest mark 16 9 17 18 9 24 17 7 8 17 17 8 7
 All intervals must be equal width 11 16 17 8 5 13 22 20 16 20 13
 Write down your key! Stem Leaf
4 1 2
Use intervals: 7 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2
10 1 1 2
 5 − 9, 10 − 14, 15 − 19, 20 − 24
13 0 0 0 2
 4 − 6, 7 − 9, 10 − 12, 13 − 15, 16 − 16 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2
18, 19 − 21, 22 − 24
19 0 1 1 2
22 0 2

Key: 13|2 means 15

Representation of Data
Steps: French 75 69 58 58 46 44 32 50 53 78 81
61 61 45 31 44 53 66 47 57
 Find lowest and highest mark
English 52 58 68 77 38 85 43 44 56 65 65
 All intervals must be equal width 79 44 71 84 72 63 69 72 79
 Write down your key!
French Stem English
2 1 3 8
Use a stem and leaf diagram to 7 6 5 4 4 4 3 4 4
compare the examination marks 8 8 7 3 3 0 5 2 6 8
9 6 1 1 6 3 5 5 8 9
in French and English for a class of
8 5 7 1 2 2 7 9 9
20 pupils. 1 8 4 5

Key (French): 8|5 means 58

Key (English): 6|3 means 63

Key: 8|5|2 means 58 for French and 52 for English

Circular Diagrams
The table shows, in millions of pounds, Year Africa America Asia Europe
the sales of company in two successive First 5.5 6.7 13.2 19.6
years. Second 5.8 15.2 9.2 29.8
Draw two pie charts which allow the
Year Africa America Asia Europe
total annual sales to be compared.
First 44𝑜 53.6𝑜 55.2𝑜 105.6𝑜
Second 34.8𝑜 91.2𝑜 178.8𝑜 156.8𝑜
Steps:
First year: 45, second year: 60
 Area of each pie is in proportion to
𝑟1 𝐹1 45 3
the population sizes  = = =
𝑟2 𝐹2 60 4
Sales in second year
 π𝑟12 : π𝑟22 = 𝐹1 : 𝐹2
Sales in first year
 Radii should be chosen such that
𝑟1 𝐹1
=
𝑟2 𝐹2

Africa America Asia Europe

Africa America Asia Europe
Circular Diagrams
On a particular Wednesday the sales of sugar  Let mass of small packet be 𝑥
from a supermarket consisted of 250 large 2.5𝑥 5
packets, 210 medium packets and 225 small  Mass of medium packet = = 𝑥
1.5 3
packets. The mass of sugar in a large packet is Packet Mass Angle
1.5 times that in a medium packet and 2.5 times
Small 225𝑥 67.5𝑜
that in a small packet. Calculate the angles
needed to draw a pie chart representing the Medium 5𝑥 105𝑜
210 ∗ = 350𝑥
total masses of sugar sold in large, medium and 3
small packets. Large 5𝑥 187.5𝑜
250 ∗ = 625𝑥
2

 𝐹𝑤 : packets sold on Wednesday

The radius of the corresponding pie chart for the
following Saturday’s sales of sugar was double  𝐹𝑠 : packets sold on Saturday
that for the Wednesday’s sales. On the Saturday 𝑟𝑠 2 𝐹𝑠
900 large packets and 900 medium packets  = = ⇒ 𝐹𝑠 = 4 ∗ 685 = 2740
𝑟𝑤 1 𝐹𝑤
were sold. Calculate the number of small
packets sold on the Saturday.  No. of small pckts. : 2740 − 1800 = 940
Follow-up:
Current:
 Exercise 1A: Stem plots (pg. 8)
 Exercise 1C: Pie charts (pg. 26) (Q2-Q9)

Later this week:

 Exercise 1B: Histograms and frequency polygons (pg. 21)
 Exercise 1D: The mean (pg. 34)
 Exercise 1E: Weighted means (pg. 36)
 Exercise 1F: Mean and standard deviation (pg. 44)
 Exercise 1G: Mean and standard deviation (pg. 50)
 Exercise 1J: Cumulative frequency, median and quartiles (pg. 73)
 Exercise 1K: Cumulative frequency, median and quartiles (pg. 81) (Q1-10)
 Exercise 1M: Boxplots (pg. 99)
 Miscellaneous exercise 1N (pg. 110) (Optional)