mohd faisol mansor/chemistry form 4/chapter 7

CHAPTER 7
ACIDS AND BASES

Arrhenius Theory

A base defined as a
chemical substance
that can neutralise an
acid to produce a
salt and water.

An acid is a chemical
compound that
produces hydrogen ions,
H+ or hydroxonium ions
H3O+ when dissolve in
water.

An alkali is defined as
a chemical
compound that
dissolve in water to
produce hydroxide
ions, OH- .

Example
HCl (g)

H2O

H+ (aq) + Cl- (aq)

NaOH(s)

H2O

Na+(aq) + OH-(aq)

The role of water

In the presence of water an acid will ionise to form hydrogen ion and
alkaline will dissociate into hydroxide ions, OH-.
Therefore, water is essential for the formation of hydrogen ions, H+
that cause acidity and hydroxide ions, OH- that cause alkalinity.

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BASICITY OF AN ACID
Is the number of ionisable hydrogen atoms per molecule of an
acid.

Monoprotic Acid

Diprotic Acid

Triprotic Acid

Acid which produces

1 hydrogen ion when
one molecule of an
acid ionises in H2O.

Example: a) CH3COOH? (ethanoic acid) =

b) H2SO4? (sulphuric acid )

c) HNO3? (Nitric acid)

d) H3PO4? (Phosphoric acid)

STRENGTH OF ACID & ALKALI

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mohd faisol mansor/chemistry form 4/chapter 7

STRONG ACID

WEAK ACID

Strong acid will dissociate or ionize

completely in water to produce
hydrogen, H+ ions.
Degree of dissociation is higher.
Thus, higher concentration of
hydrogen ions in aqueous acid
solution.
Therefore, low pH value of the acid
solution.
STRONG ALKALI

WEAK ALKALI

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PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF ACID & ALKALI

pH Value

Conduct
electricity

Litmus paper

ALKALI
Litmus paper
pH Value

ACID
Taste

Corrosive

Corrosive

Taste
Conduct
electricity

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mohd faisol mansor/chemistry form 4/chapter 7

CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF ACID & ALKALI

Acids can react with,
i) bases to produce salts and water
eg :
ii) metal to produce salts and hydrogen gas
eg :
iii) metal carbonates to produce salts, carbon dioxide
and water
eg :
iv) alkali to produce salts and water (neutralization)
eg :

Alkali can react with,

i) acid to produce salts and water (neutralization)
eg :
ii) ammonium salt to produce salts, water and ammonia
gas
eg :

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mohd faisol mansor/chemistry form 4/chapter 7

The concentration of acid and alkali

Concentration are measurement of the quantity of solutes dissolved
in a quantity of solvent.

Moles per dm3

( mol dm-3)

dm3

Grams per
( g dm-3)

*known as Molarity

Concentration
Unit Conversion
Grams per
dm3 ( g dm-3)

molar mass
molar mass

Moles per dm3

( mol dm-3)

Example
1. The molarity of a bottle of nitric acid, HNO3 solution is 2.0 mol dm-3.
What is the concentration of the solution in g dm-3?
[RAM: H, 1 ; N, 14 ; O , 16]

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mohd faisol mansor/chemistry form 4/chapter 7

2. Calculate the molarity of a sodium sulphate, Na2SO4 solution with

a concentration of 28.4 g dm-3. [RAM: O, 16 ; Na, 23 ; S, 32]

Calculating Involving Concentration and Molarity

3
No of mole = Molarity x Volume ( cm )
1000
MV
n=
1000

1.

5.00 g of copper (II) sulphate is dissolved in water to form 500

cm3 solution. Calculate the concentration of copper (II) sulphate
in g dm-3.

2.

A 250 cm3 nitric acid solution contains 0.4 moles. Calculate the
molarity of the nitric acid.

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mohd faisol mansor/chemistry form 4/chapter 7

3.

What is the mass of sodium carbonate required to dissolve in

water to prepare 200 cm3 solution contains 50 g dm-3.

4.

Calculate the number of moles of ammonia in 150 cm3 of 2 mol

dm-3 aqueous ammonia.

5.

Calculate the volume in dm3 of a 0.8 mol dm-3 sulphuric acid

that contains 0.2 mol.

6.

4.0 g sodium carbonate powder, Na2CO3 is dissolved in water

and made up to 250 cm3. What is the molarity of the sodium
carbonate solution. [RAM: C,12;O,16;Na,23]

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mohd faisol mansor/chemistry form 4/chapter 7

7.

Dilute hydrochloric acid used in the school laboratories usually

has a concentration of 2.0mol dm-3. Calculate the mass of
hydrogen chloride that found in 250 cm3 of the hydrochloric
acid? [RAM : H,1; Cl,35.5]

8.

The concentration of a potassium hydroxide solution is

84.0 g dm-3. Calculate the number of moles of potassium
hydroxide present in 300 cm3 of the solution. [RAM: K,39,H,1 O,16]

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mohd faisol mansor/chemistry form 4/chapter 7

9.

Calculate the number of moles of hydrogen ions present in

200 cm3 of 0.5 mol dm-3 sulphuric acid.

Preparation of Standard Solution

A solution in which its concentration is accurately known is a

standard solution.
Preparation of a solution by dilution method
Adding water to a concentrated solution changes the concentration
of the solution but does not change the amount solutes ( number of
moles)of solution present in solution.

Stock solution

Add water
Dilute solution

Moles of stock solution = moles of dilute solution

n1 = n2
M1V1 = M2V2

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mohd faisol mansor/chemistry form 4/chapter 7

Exercise

1.

Find the volume of 2.0 mol dm-3 sulphuric acid, H2SO4 needed to
prepare 100 cm3 of 1.0 mol dm-3 sulphuric acid, H2SO4.

2.

Calculate the volume of a concentrated solution needed to

prepare each of the following dilute solution:
a)

50 cm3 of 0.1 mol dm-3 sodium hydroxide, NaOH solution

from 2.0 mol dm-3 sodium hydroxide, NaOH solution.

b)

100 cm3 of 0.5 mol dm-3 potassium manganate(VII),

KMnO4 solution from 1.0 mol dm-3 potassium
manganate(VII), KMnO4 solution.

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mohd faisol mansor/chemistry form 4/chapter 7

3.

Calculate the volume of 2.0 mol dm-3 sulphuric acid, H2SO4

needed to prepare 2.5 dm3 of 0.5 mol dm-3 of the same acid
solution.

4.

Calculate the molarity of potassium hydroxide, KOH, solution if

200 cm3 of 2.0 mol dm-3 potassium hydroxide, KOH, solution is
added to 200 cm3 of water.

5.

60 cm3 of 0.5 mol dm-3 sodium hydroxide, NaOH, solution is

diluted with 30 cm3 of water. Calculate the molarity of the
solution produced.

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mohd faisol mansor/chemistry form 4/chapter 7

The pH Values and Molarity

As the molarity of an acid increases, the pH value of the acid
decreases, however the pH value of an alkali increases when the
molarity of the alkali increases.

Neutralisation
Acid-base titration
Reaction of an acid
and a base that
produce salt and
water.

Titration is a very useful

laboratory technique in
which one solution is
used to analyse another
solution.

Acid-base indicator is
used to detect the end
of titration.
Eg: methyl orange,
phenolphthalein and
litmus.

An acid of known
concentration is
carefully delivered from
burette to completely
neutralise a known
volume of an alkali in a
conical flask.

The point at which the

colour of the solution
change is called the
end point.

Titration using
phenolphthalein

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mohd faisol mansor/chemistry form 4/chapter 7

NEUTRALISATION

ACID-BASE
TITRATION

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mohd faisol mansor/chemistry form 4/chapter 7

Example
1.

Write a balanced equation for the neutralization of each of the

following:
a) Sulphuric acid, H2SO4 and barium hydroxide, Ba(OH)2
solution.

b) Nitric acid, HNO3 and calcium hydroxide, Ca(OH)2 solution.

c) Ethanoic acid, CH3COOH and potassium hydroxide, KOH

solution.

Acid-base Indicator
Indicator

Colour in
alkalis

Colour in neutral
solution

Colour in
acids

Methyl orange
phenolphthalein
litmus

The end-point of neutralisation also can determined by another two

method:i) Measurement of pH values by computer
ii) Measurement of electrical conductivity during titration
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mohd faisol mansor/chemistry form 4/chapter 7

Numerical Problem involving Neutralisation

Say the balance equation is
aA + bB

product

which,
A = acid
a = no of mole of acid
B = base
b = no of mole of base
MAVA = a
Therefore

and
MAVA
MBVB

MBVB = b
a
b

Exercise
1.

In an experiment, 25.0 cm3 of a sodium hydroxide solution of

unknown concentration required 26.50 cm3 of 1.0 mol dm-3
sulphuric acid to complete a reaction in titration. Calculate the
molarity of sodium hydroxide.

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mohd faisol mansor/chemistry form 4/chapter 7

2.

What is the volume of 0.5 mol dm-3 sulphuric acid, H2SO4 needed
to neutralize 25.0 cm3 of 0.8 mol dm-3 ammonia, NH3 solution?

3.

A sample of copper(II) oxide, CuO was found to completely

neutralize 100 cm3 of 0.5 mol dm-3 hydrochloric acid, HCl.
Calculate the mass of the sample. [RAM: O, 16 ; Cu, 64]

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mohd faisol mansor/chemistry form 4/chapter 7

4.

The volume of 0.15 mol dm-3 sulphuric acid, H2SO4 required to

completely neutralize 25.0 cm3 of potassium hydroxide, KOH
solution is 30.5 cm3. Calculate the molarity of the potassium
hydroxide, KOH solution.

5.

A student dissolved 3.65 g of hydrogen chloride gas, HCl in water

to make 1.0 dm3 of solution. Calculate the volume of a 0.1 mol
dm-3 barium hydroxide, Ba(OH)2 solution required to completely
neutralize 25.0 cm3 of the acid solution. [RAM : H, 1 ; Cl, 35.5]

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