Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
REFERENCE NOTE .
No.27/RN/Ref./2013
Senior Citizens:
Problems and Welfare
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------The reference material is for personal use of the Members in the discharge of their Parliamentary duties, and
is not for publication. This Service is not to be quoted as the source of the information as it is based on the
sources indicated at the end/in the text. This Service does not accept any responsibility for the accuracy or
veracity of the information or views contained in the note/collection.
1.
INTRODUCTION
Elderly or old age consists of ages nearing or surpassing the average life span of
human beings. The boundary of old age cannot be defined exactly because it does not
have the same meaning in all societies. Government of India had adopted National
Policy on Older Persons in January, 1999. The policy defines senior citizen or elderly
as a person who is of age 60 years or above1.
2.
GLOBAL SCENARIO
The aging of populations is one of the glaring consequences of demographic
transition. The advanced countries of the world have developed policies and
programmes to avert crises and promote economic growth. The developing economies
such as South Asia are also well on their way along a similar course, and are either
prepared to face the consequences or to manage the growing number of the elderly
through appropriate policies.
The worlds population is expected to increase to 9.4 billion by 2050 from the
current 7.3 billion. During the same period, the proportion of the elderly population is
expected to increases from 10.4 per cent to 21.7 per cent. Among the elderly, it is the
oldest among the old whose numbers will increase most rapidly over time, or about 320
million by 2050. The likely scenario of the global population projected by the United
Nations (2005) for the period 2005 to 2150 is presented in the following table 2:Future Scenario of the Global Population Projected by UN
2005
Total
population
(in billion)
7.3
60 years and
above
(per cent)
10.4
65 years and
above
(per cent)
7.4
80 yeas and
above
(per cent )
1.3
2025
8.1
15.1
11.2
2.4
2050
9.4
21.7
15.8
4.3
2075
10.1
26.5
19.5
6.0
2100
10.5
29.2
22.5
7.5
2125
10.6
30.2
24.1
9.3
2150
10.9
31.8
25.6
10.8
India, Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Situation Analysis of the Elderly in India,
2011, p. (iii)
2
Social Security for the Elderly: Experiences from South Asia, Edited by S. Irudaya Rajan, 2005, pp. 1-2
-2-
3.
4.
INDIAN SCENARIO
As per 2001 Census, total population of Senior Citizens (60+) was 7.7 crore, of
which population of males and females was 3.8 crore and 3.9 crore, respectively. The
share of people aged 60 years and above in the total population as per Census 2001 is
given below:
Population (2001)
(Fig. in crore)
Persons
Males
Females
All India
102.9
53.2
49.7
7.7
3.8
3.9
As % of total
7.5
7.1
7.8
The share of people aged 60 years and above in the total population is highest in
Kerala (8.82%), closely followed by Himachal Pradesh, (8.12 %) and Punjab (7.84 %).
The Andaman and Nicobar Island has the lowest percentage (3.4 %) of people aged 60
years and above out of the total population. In rural areas, the percentage share of
elderly population in total population is highest in the state of Kerala (8.9%) followed by
Punjab (8.5%). Andaman & Nicobar Islands has the lowest share (3.7%) of elderly
population in rural areas followed by Delhi (3.9%). In urban areas, Kerala has the
highest proportion of elderly population (8.59%) followed by Pondicherry (7.43%). The
3
India, National Human Rights Commission Report on Elderly People 2011, pp. 17-18.
-3-
lowest figures in urban areas are observed in Arunachal Pradesh (1.5%) followed by
Nagaland (2.01%)4.
The projected population aged 60+ and their percentage share in the total
projected population of the country, for the year 2006 to 2026 (as on 1 March) as per
the May 2006 Report of the Technical Group on Population Projections constituted by
the National Commission on Population published by the Office of the Registrar General
of India, is as under5:
Projected Population of Senior Citizens and
Their % share in Total Projected Population
The following table shows the emerging aging scenario of India in the first half of
the twenty-first century (2001-2051). Towards this end, elderly population of India for
the next fifty years has been projected. The table gives a profile of the elderly classified
by ages 60 years and above, 70 years and above and 80 years and above in terms of
size, proportion and gender6.
Number, Proportion and Sex Ratio of the Elderly, India 2001-2051
2001
2011
2021
2031
2041
2051
60 and above
Number (in Million)
Percentage to the total population
Sex Ration (males per 1000 females)
77
7.5
1028
96
8.2
1034
133
9.9
1004
179
11.9
964
236
14.5
1008
301
17.3
1007
70 and above
Number (in Million)
Percentage to the total population
Sex Ration (males per 1000 females)
29
2.9
991
36
3.1
966
51
3.8
970
73
4.8
930
98
6.0
891
132
7.6
954
80 and above
Number (in Million)
Percentage to the total population
Sex Ration(males per 1000 females)
8
0.5
1051
9
0.7
884
11
0.8
866
16
1.0
843
23
1.4
774
32
1.8
732
Note:
According to the 2001 Census, India was administratively divided into twenty-eight states and
seven Union Territories
India, Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment, Annual Report 2011-12, p. 204
Ibid
6
Op.cit., Social Security for the Elderly, p. 43
5
-4-
5.
Economic Problems: As far as economic problems are concerned, they are very
basic to all the other problems faced by the aged. With superannuation, a person
has to retire from the service, which not only results in loss of employment and
social status but also a substantial reduction in his income level. Majority of the
elderly face acute financial problems, which makes older persons economically
insecure.
Housing related Problems: Housing for the aged should be suitable not only to the
living pattern which they have established in optimum health, but also to conditions
of failing health and illness, commonly associated with later years of life such as,
failing eye sight of hearing, slowing and unsureness of step, diminishing energy and
more acute disabilities, such as blindness, forgetfulness etc. On this pattern, the
housing available to a majority of the senior citizens may be found inappropriate and
unsuitable to their requirement. The sizeable populations of older widows as well as
the older males have been facing the problem of where to live peacefully.
Problem of Elder Abuse: Elder abuse is usually defined as any ill treatment to an
older person. It refers to infliction of physical, emotional or psychological harm on
an older adult. Around 81 per cent of the elderly persons face the problem of verbal
abuse, while 53 per cent of them face neglect followed by material abuse (37 per
cent) and physical abuse (23 per cent)7.
CONSTITUTIONAL PROVISIONS
Article 41 of the Constitution provides that the State shall, within the limits of its
economic capacity and development, make effective provision for securing the right to
work, to education and to public assistance in cases of unemployment, old age,
sickness and disablement, and in other cases of undeserved want.
Article 47 provides that the State shall regard the raising of the level of nutrition
and the standard of living of its people and the improvement of public health as among
7
-5-
6.
LEGISLATIVE PROVISIONS
8
9
-6-
7.
8.
10
11
Ibid, p.19
Lok Sabha Starred Question No. 117 dated 5.3.2013
-7-
(ii) Central Sector Scheme of Integrated Programme for Older Persons (IPOP)
An Integrated Programme for Older Persons (IPOP) is being implemented since
1992 with the objective of improving the quality of life of senior citizens by providing
basic amenities like shelter, food, medical care and entertainment opportunities and by
encouraging productive and active ageing through providing support for capacity
building of Government/ Non-Governmental Organizations/Panchayati Raj Institutions/
local bodies and the Community at large. Under the Scheme, financial assistance up to
90% of the project cost is provided to non-governmental organizations for establishing
and maintaining old age homes, day care centres and mobile medicare units (see
Annexure III) 12.
12
-8-
30% and 50% concession have been provided in rail fare for male and female senior
citizen respectively of 60 years and above respectively16.
16
India, Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment, Annual Report 2011-12, p. 211
-9-
to design their products in such a way that various options are available to policy
holders so that those who are unable to pay can go for reduced premium with
reduced sum assured.
% pension to
be added
20
30
40
50
100
17
18
-10-
Conclusion
Health care services should be based on the felt needs of the elderly population,
which would involve a comprehensive baseline morbidity survey and functional
assessment in health areas that are perceived to be important to them. Education,
training and information needs of older persons will also have to be met. The main
thrust of welfare should be to identify the more vulnerable among the older persons
such as the poor, the disabled, the infirm, the chronically sick and those without family
support, and provide welfare services to them on a priority basis.
Voluntary
organizations will have to be encouraged and assisted to organize services such as day
care, multi-service citizens centres, outreach services, supply of disability related aids
and appliances, assistances to old persons to learn to use them, short term stay
services and friendly home visits by social workers.
19
th
India, Planning Commission, 12 Five Year Plan 2012-2017, Vol. 3, pp. 270-271
Annexures-I
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
State/UT
India
Andhra Pradesh
A& N Islands
Arunachal Pradesh
Assam
Bihar
Chandigarh
Chhattisgarh
Dadra & Nagar Haveli
Daman & Diu
Delhi
Goa
Gujarat
Haryana
Himachal Pradesh
Jammu & Kashmir
Jharkhand
Karnataka
Kerala
Lakshadweep
Madhya Pradesh
Maharashtra
Manipur
Meghalaya
Mizoram
Nagaland
Orissa
Puducherry
Punjab
Rajasthan
Sikkim
Tamil Nadu
Tripura
Uttar Pradesh
Uttarakhand
West Bengal
Urban
19177
1282
4
4
199
535
42
234
2
4
677
51
1180
392
37
160
304
1172
857
2
1016
2746
43
20
23
9
355
54
611
786
2
2285
42
2025
131
1892
Total
76622
5788
17
50
1560
5501
45
1504
9
8
720
112
3499
1584
548
675
1579
4062
3336
4
4281
8455
145
106
49
90
3039
81
2192
3810
29
5507
233
11649
654
5700
-12-
Annexures-II
State-wise proposals received and assisted with respect to the Scheme of Integrated Programme for Older Persons
S.No.
Name of State/UT
1 Andhra Pradesh
2 Bihar
3 Chhattisgarh
4 Goa
5 Gujarat
6 Haryana
7 Himachal Pradesh
8 Jammu & Kashmir
9 Jharkhand
10 Karnataka
11 Kerala
12 Madhya Pradesh
13 Maharashtra
14 Orissa
15 Punjab
16 Rajasthan
17 Tamil Nadu
18 Uttar Pradesh
19 Uttarakhand
20 West Bengal
Union Territories
21 Delhi
22 Puducherry
23 A & N Islands
24 Chandigarh
25 Dadra & Nagar Haveli
26 Daman & Diu
27 Lakshadweep
North Eastern Region
28 Arunachal Pradesh
29 Assam
30
31
32
33
34
35
Manipur
Meghalaya
Mizoram
Nagaland
Sikkim
Tripura
Total
13
0
0
0
0
0
0
3
0
0
0
0
0
0
13
0
0
0
0
0
0
3
0
0
0
0
0
0
6
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
30
38
1
29
39
27
21
0
0
0
0
3
595
33
0
2
0
0
4
615*
1
21
31
0
2
0
0
2
658
37
0
2
0
0
3
538
0
19
32
0
2
0
0
3
519
0
0
0
0
2
496
-13-
Annexures-III
Statement showing State/UT-wise funds sanctioned/ released under the various Schemes
during each of the last three years and current year
Sl.
No.
Integrated Programme
for Older Persons
2009-10
2010-11
2011-12
2012-13*
2009-10
2010-11
2011-12
2012-13
36443.00
39667.00
40949.02
39481.19
454.26
423.82
478.74
131.86
1.
Andhra Pradesh
2.
Arunachal Pradesh
365.00
285.00
504.12
704.33
0.00
1.49
0.00
4.08
3.
Assam
226.29
441.98
0.00
17265.00
16787.00
11207.50
15613.07
94.58
102.32
77.48
20.15
4.
Chhattisgarh
181.22
125.74
229.20
15577.00
17952.00
23506.54
16848.01
5.08
7.76
9.03
12.22
5.
Gujarat
234.77
418.40
225.44
7262.00
84.00
8998.00
11830.37
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
6.
Goa
7.
Haryana
8.
363.41
261.60
871.52
196.00
5871.00
129.00
292.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
78.34
344.54
0.00
3532.00
5324.00
6929.82
5469.18
74.40
56.73
50.73
16.61
Himachal Pradesh
121.06
198.96
0.00
2179.00
2828.00
2934.39
2162.24
0.00
9.51
4.99
6.10
9.
156.37
335.16
0.00
3322.00
2564.00
2372.00
2821.15
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
10.
Jharkhand
0.00
406.44
0.00
23606.00
18166.00
27728.08
18215.64
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
11.
Karnataka
316.21
586.02
0.00
31261.00
32296.00
39782.87
27632.08
213.10
233.40
237.03
139.51
12.
Kerala
139.94
268.82
470.72
5943.00
6615.00
8594.37
9164.00
0.00
21.07
6.90
0.00
13.
Madhya Pradesh
104.10
232.72
391.84
29747.00
34686.00
53973.36
37103.02
13.20
7.25
14.79
12.89
14.
Maharashtra
218.61
237.80
426.96
41540.00
28573.00
20505.99
43866.00
47.07
99.05
133.32
127.66
15.
Manipur
2213.00
1126.00
1893.93
1044.22
118.74
140.73
121.67
94.12
16.
Meghalaya
830.00
1664.00
1486.49
1062.00
17.
Mizoram
578.00
750.00
792.78
580.31
1.29
0.00
6.18
0.00
18.
Nagaland
691.00
1164.00
1027.72
1048.52
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
19.
Orissa
86.82
223.88
374.56
22043.00
37288.00
51086.43
46014.70
330.19
355.50
356.90
134.45
20.
Punjab
103.78
119.22
196.24
3769.00
4845.00
4414.00
4447.20
17.47
15.87
31.62
5.79
21.
Rajasthan
288.05
209.60
711.20
15259.00
14507.00
25538.44
19333.96
16.66
14.89
8.89
0.00
22.
Sikkim
65.22
137.81
0.00
530.00
422.00
455.53
236.00
0.00
0.00
23.
Tamil Nadu
105.54
279.20
344.16
28618.00
22876.00
31909.00
37461.40
260.32
263.80
242.14
232.84
24.
Tripura
3948.00
4370.00
3978.37
2946.85
10.85
13.75
10.81
4.61
25.
Uttarakhand
94.02
50.32
81.04
4745.00
4562.00
7578.09
6108.75
0.00
12.01
5.87
23.22
26.
Uttar Pradesh
0.00
0.00
1855.04
112302.00
110319.00
131679.43
111027.03
87.09
118.68
39.29
59.84
27.
West Bengal
125.54
120.52
231.20
37384.00
39407.00
47504.93
50327.51
205.04
142.82
141.43
36.34
39.00
75.00
198.00
174.00
17.88
25.29
18.76
30.04
0.00
0.00
0.00
2067.47
1999.01
1112.77
Union Territories
A & N Islands
28.
29.
Chandigarh
212.66
145.00
158.00
144.00
30.
Delhi
3995.98
3998.00
3709.00
3240.00
31.
96.00
215.00
238.00
204.00
32.
16.08
17.00
32.00
33.00
33.
Lakshwadweep
2.00
11.00
22.00
21.00
34.
Puducherry
264.00
739.00
682.00
656.00
0.00
3260.86
5222.77
6855.84
515549.72
516200.00
659646.95
585950.22
1972.10
Total Expenditure
* up to December 2012
**up to January 2013
Source: Lok Sabha Starred Question No. 117 dated 5.3.2013
0.00
0.00