Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
com
+1.
Ch ng (subject)
+2.
ng t ( verb)
2.1.2
2.1.3
2.1.4
2.2 Qu kh ( Past)
2.2.1
2.2.2
2.2.3
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2.2.4
2.3.2
2.3.3
+3.
S ho hp gia ch ng v ng t.
+4.
i t
+5.
ng t dng lm tn ng
5.1 ng t nguyn th lm tn ng
5.2 Ving dng lm tn ng
5.3 3 ng t c bit
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+6.
6.1 need
6.2 Dare
+7.
+8.
8.1 Cu hi yes v no
8.2 Cu hi thng bo
8.2.1
8.2.2
Whom v what l tn ng ca cu hi
8.2.3
+9.
Li ni ph ho khng nh v ph nh.
+10.
Cu ph nh
+11.
11.1
11.2
+12.
ng t khim khuyt.
12.1
12.2
Din t cu iu kin.
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12.2.1
12.2.2
12.2.3
12.2.4
if
+13.
13.1
13.2
Thi qu kh.
+14.
14.1
14.2
Thi hin ti
14.3
Thi qu kh.
+15.
15.1
used to.
15.2
+16.
16.1
Loi cu c mt ch ng.
16.2
Loi cu c 2 ch ng
+17.
+18.
ti.
18.1
Could/may/might.
18.2
Should
18.3
Must
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+19.
+20.
+21.
ng t ni.
+22.
22.1
So snh bng.
22.2
So snh hn, km
22.3
So snh hp l
22.4
22.5
So snh a b
22.6
22.7
No sooner ... than (va mi ... th; chng bao lu ... th)
+23.
+24.
+25.
+26.
Cc t ni ch nguyn nhn
26.1
Because/ because of
26.2
Mc ch v kt qu (so that- )
26.3
+27.
+28.
Cu b ng
+29.
ng t gy nguyn nhn
29.1
29.2
Let
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29.3
Help
+30.
Ba ng t c bit
+31.
31.1
That v Which lm ch ng ca cu ph
31.2
That v wich lm tn ng ca cu ph
31.3
Who lm ch ng ca cu ph
31.4
Whom lm tn ng ca cu ph
31.5
31.6
31.7
31.8
What v whose
+32.
+33.
+34.
+35.
35.1
35.2
Mnh c that
+36.
Cu gi nh
36.1
36.2
36.3
Cu gi nh dng vi tnh t
36.4
36.5
Cu gi nh dng vi it is time
+37.
Li ni bao hm
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37.1
37.2
37.3
+38.
+39.
Mnh nhng b
39.1
39.2
+40.
Nhng ng t d gy nhm ln
+41.
Mt s ng t c bit khc.
Phn II
+42.
+43.
+44.
+45.
+46.
S ho hp ca thi ng t
Cch s dng to say, to tell
T i trc gii thiu
i t nhn xng one v you
Cch s dng phn t m u cho mnh ph
46.1
V+ing m u mnh ph
46.2
Phn t 2 m u mnh ph ch b ng
46.3
46.4
+47.
47.1
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47.2
+48.
+49.
+50.
Tha (redundancy)
Cu trc cu song song
Thng tin trc tip v thng tin gin tip
50.1
50.2
50.3
+51.
+52.
Ph t o ln u cu
Cch chn nhng cu tr li ng
+53.
Nhng t d gy nhm ln
+54.
54.1
54.2
54.3
54.4
by
54.5
54.6
on
54.7
+55.
+56.
Ng ng t
S kt hp ca cc danh t, ng t v tnh t vi cc gii t
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GRAMMAR REVIEW
Cu trc cu ting Anh
Subject + Verb as predicate + Complement + Modifier.
Ch ng
ng t v ng
tn ng
b ng
1. Ch ng (subject)
woman women
mouse - mice
foot feet
tooth - teeth
man - men.
soap
physics
mathematics
News
mumps
Air
politics
measles
information
Meat
homework
food
economics
advertising*
money
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- Danh t time nu dng vi ngha thi gian l khng m c nhng nu dng vi ngha s ln hoc
thi i li l danh t m c.
V d:
We have spent too much time on this homework.
She has been late for class six times this semester.
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We go
to church ( cu nguyn)
to court ( kin tng)
to hospital (cha bnh)
to prison (i t)
to school / college/ university ( hc)
Tng t
We can be
in bed
at church
in court
in hospital
at school/ college/ university
We can be / get back (hoc be/ get home) from school/ college/university.
We can
leave school
leave hospital
be released from prison.
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Trc tn cc dy ni.
V d:
The Rockey Moutains.
Trc tn 1 vt th duy nht trn th gii hoc
v tr.
V d:
The earth, the moon, the Great Wall
Trc cc s th t + noun.
V d:
The first world war.
The third chapter.
Trc cc cuc chin tranh khu vc vi iu
Trc tn 1 ngn ni
V d:
Mount Mckinley
Trc tn cc hnh tinh hoc cc chm sao
V d:
Venus, Mars, Earth, Orion.
Trc tn cc trng ny khi trc n l 1 tn
ring.
V d:
Coopers Art school, Stetson University.
Trc cc danh t m sau n l 1 s m.
V d:
World war one
chapter three.
Khng nn dng trc tn cc cuc chin
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tr Great Britain.
Trc tn cc nc c 1 t nh : Sweden,
Venezuela v cc nc c ng trc bi
new hoc tnh t ch phng hng.
V d:
The United States, the United Kingdom, the
V d: New Zealand, South Africa.
Central Africal Republic.
Trc tn cc nc c coi l 1 qun o.
V d: The Philipin.
Trc tn cc lc a, tiu bang, tnh, thnh
ph, qun, huyn.
V d: Europe, California.
Trc cc ti liu hoc s kin mang tnh lch
s.
Trc tn bt c mn th thao no.
V d: The constitution, the Magna Carta.
V d:
Base ball, basket ball.
Trc tn cc nhm dn tc thiu s.
V d:
Trc tn cc danh t mang tnh tru tng
The Indians, the Aztecs.
tr nhng trng hp c bit.
V d: Freedom, happiness.
Nn dng trc tn cc nhc c.
V d:
Trc tn cc mn hc chung.
To play the piano.
V d:
Mathematics, Sociology.
Trc tn cc mn hc c th.
V d:
Trc tn cc ngy l, tt.
The applied Math.
V d:
The theoretical Physics.
Christmas, thanksgiving.
- Another v other l khng xc nh trong khi the other l xc nh. Nu danh t hoc ch ng trn
c hiu hoc c nhc n, ch cn dng another v other nh 1 i t l .
V d:
I dont want this book. Please give me another.
- Nu danh t c thay th l s nhiu th other c s dng theo 1 trong 2 cch (other + nouns hoc
others) m khng bao gi c s dng (others + DTSN).
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- C th dng i t thay th one hoc ones cho danh t sau another, the other v other.
Lu rng this v that c th dng vi i t one nhng these v those tuyt i khng dng vi ones.
1.5 S hu cch
The + nouns + noun.
- Ch c dng trong cc danh t ch ngi hoc ng vt, khng dng cho bt ng vt.
V d:
The students book.
The cats legs.
- Nu c 2 danh t cng ng s hu cch th danh t no ng gn danh t b s hu nht s mang
du s hu.
V d:
Tom and Marks house.
- i vi nhng danh t s nhiu c s th ch cn t du l .
V d:
The students books.
- Nhng i vi nhng danh t c s nhiu c bit khng c s ti ui vn phi dng nguyn du s
hu.
V d:
The childrens toys.
- N c dng cho thi gian (nm thng, th k, thin nin k.)
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V d:
The 1980 events.
The 21 st centurys prospect.
- N c dng cho cc ma trong nm ngoi tr ma Xun v ma Thu. Nu dng s hu cch cho
ma Xun v ma Thu tc l ta ang nhn cch ho ma .
V d:
The summers hot days.
The winters cold days.
The springs coming back = Nng Xun ang tr v.
The autunms leaving = s ra i ca Nng Thu.
Trng hp ny hin nay t dng. i vi mt s danh t bt ng vt ch dng trong 1 s trng hp
tht c bit khi danh t nm trong cc thnh ng.
V d:
A stones throw.
- i khi i vi nhng danh t ch ni chn hoc a im ch cn dng s hu cch cho danh t
m khng cn danh t theo sau.
V d:
At the hairdressers
At the butchers
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V d:
I havent any matches.
- Vi hardly, barely, scarely ( cc ph t ny u mang ngha ph nh)
V d:
I have hardly any spare time.
- Vi without khi without any ... = with no ...
V d:
He crossed the frontier without any difficulty/ with no difficulty.
- Vi cc cu hi
Have you got any fish?
Did he catch any fish?
- Sau if/ whether cc thnh ng mang tnh nghi ng.
V d:
If you need any more money, please let me know.
I dont think there is any petrol in the tank.
2. ng t ( verb)
ng t trong ting Anh chia lm 3 thi chnh:
- Qu kh.
- Hin ti.
- Tng lai.
Mi thi chnh li chia ra lm nhiu thi nh xc nh chnh xc thi gian ca hnh ng.
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Subject +
am
is
are
- N dng din t 1 hnh ng ang xy ra thi hin ti. Thi gian c xc nh c th bng cc
ph t nh now, right now, presently.
- N dng thay th cho thi tng lai gn.
V d:
He is learning in the US.
Lu : phn bit tng lai gn v hnh ng ang xy ra cn cn c vo ph t trong cu)
V d:
The committee members are examining the material now. ( hin ti ang kim tra)
George is leaving for France tomorrow. (tng lai gn - s ri ti Php vo ngy mai)
Subject +
has
V d:
We have already written our reports.
I have already read the entire book.
Sam has already recorded the results of the experiment.
- Dng vi yet trong cu ph nh v cu nghi vn ph nh, yet thng xuyn ng cui cu, cng
thc sau:
have
not + P2 ...+ yet ...
Subject +
has
V d:
John hasnt written his report yet.
The president hasnt decided what to do yet.
We havent called on our teacher yet.
- Trong 1 s trng hp yet c th o ln ng sau to have v ng php c thay i. Not mt i v
phn t 2 tr v dng nguyn th c to.
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have
Subject +
V d:
John has yet to learn the material. = John hasnt learned the material yet.
We have yet to decide what to do with the money. = We havent decided what to do with the money
yet.
Ch : Cn thn s dng yet trong mu cu ko nhm vi yet trong mu cu c yet lm t ni mang
ngha nhng
V d:
I dont have the money, yet I really need the computer.
My neighbors never have the time, yet they always want to do something on Saturday nights.
Mt s th d
Jorge has already walked to school. (thi gian khng xc nh)
He has been to California three times. (hn 1 ln)
Mary has seen this movie before. (thi gian khng xc nh)
They have been at home all day.
We havent gone to the store yet. (thi gian khng xc nh).
John has worked in Washington for three years.
Hoc
John has been working in Washington for three years.
(vn cha kt thc - John vn ang lm vic Washington).
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qu r rt.
V d:
I have waited for you for half an hour (now I
stop waiting)
vy khng c kt qu r rt.
V d:
I have been waiting for you for half an hour.
(and continue waiting hoping that you will
come)
2.2 Qu kh ( Past)
2.2.1 Qu kh n gin (simple past)
Verb + ed
- Mt s ng t trong ting Anh c qu kh c bit v ng thi cng c phn t 2 c bit.
- Mt s cc ng t c c 2 dng:
V d:
Light - lighted - lighted
lit
- lit
Ngi Anh a dng qu kh thng khi chia ng t v phn t 2 c bit.
V d:
He lighted the candle on his birthday cake.
N thp ngn nn trn chic bnh sinh nht
Nhng
I can see the lit house from a distance.
Ti c th nhn thy t xa ngi nh sng nh in.
Thi gian hnh ng trong cu l rt r rng, n thng dng vi mt s ph t ch thi gian nh:
yesterday, at that moment, last + thi gian nh:
Last
night
month
week vv...
Lu : Nu thi gian trong cu l khng r rng th phi dng present perfect.
V d:
John went to Spain last year.
Bob bought a new bicycle yesterday.
Maria did her homework last night.
Mark washed the dishes after dinner.
We drove to grocery store this afternoon.
George cooked dinner for his family Saturday night.
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- Dng din t 1 hnh ng xy ra trc 1 hnh ng khc trong qu kh. (trong cu bao gi cng
c 2 hnh ng: 1 trc v 1 sau.
- Dng kt hp vi 1 simple past thng qua 2 gii t ch thi gian before v after.
Subject + past perfect + before + subject + past simple
V d:
I had gone to the store before I went home.
The professor had reviewed the material before he gave the quiz.
Before Ali went to sleep, he had called his family.
George had worked at the university for forty-five years before he retired.
The doctor had examined the patient thoroughly before he prescribed the medication.
V d:
John went home after he had gone to the store.
After the committee members had considered the consequences, they voted on the proposal.
- Mnh c before v after c th ng u hoc cui cu nhng sau before nht thit phi l 1 simple
past v sau after nht thit phi l 1 past perfect.
- Before v after c th c thay bng when m khng s b nhm ln v trong cu bao gi cng c 2
hnh ng: 1 trc v 1 sau.
V d:
The police cars came to the scene when the robbers had gone away.
( trong cu ny when c ngha l after v sau when l past perfect.)
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3. S ho hp gia ch ng v ng t.
Thng thng th ng t ng lin ngay vi ch ng v phi chia theo ngi ch ng. Song c nhng
trng hp khng phi nh vy.
singular verb
plural verb
singular verb
singular verb
plural verb
The fear of rape and robbery has caused many people to flee the cities.
Singular subject
singular verb
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Together with
along with
accompanied by
as well as
V d:
The actress, along with her manager and some friends, is going to a party tonight.
Singular subject
singular verb
singular verb
no + danh t s t
Some + danh t s t
anybody
nobody
somebody
anyone
no one
someone
anything
nothing
something
every + danh t s it
each + danh t s t
everybody
everyone
either*
everything
neither*
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+ singular verb
non-count noun
V d:
No example is relevant to this case.
- nhng nu sau no l 1 danh t m c s nhiu th ng t phi chia ngi th 3 s nhiu.
nor
+ noun
either
V d:
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Singular noun
singular verb
Neither
nor
+ noun
either
or
V d:
Neither Maria nor her friends are going to class today.
Plural
plural
Lu :
Khi ch ng l 1 verbing th ng t phi chia ngi th 3 s t.
3.5 Cc danh t tp th
l nhng danh t trong bng di y dng ch mt nhm ngi hoc 1 t chc. Cho d vy,
chng vn c xem l danh t s t v do , cc ng t v i t i cng vi chng phi ngi th 3
s t.
congress
family
group
committee
class
organization
team
army
club
crowd
government
jury
majority*
minority
public
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herd of cattle
pack of dogs
school of fish
pride of lions
V d:
The flock of birds is circling overhead.
The herd of cattle is breaking away.
A school of fish is being attacked by sharks.
Lu : Tt c cc danh t tp hp ch thi gian, tin bc, s o u i hi cc ng t - i t - b
ng i cng n phi ngi s t.
(TOEFL bt li ny).
V d:
He has contributed $50 and now he wants to contribute another fifty.
Twenty-five dollars is too much to pay for that shirt.
Fifty minutes isnt enough time to finish this test.
Twenty dollars is all I can afford to pay for that recorder.
Two miles is too much to run in one day.
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eyeglasses
scissors- ci ko
pants- qun
tongs - ci kp
tweezers- ci nhp
pliers - ci km
V d:
The pants are in the drawer.
A pair of pants is in the drawer.
Cc danh t trn thng xuyn dng s nhiu v chng bao gm 2 thc th, do vy cc ng t v i
t i cng chng phi ngi th 3 s nhiu.
V d:
The pliers are on the table.
These scissors are dull.
- Nu mun bin chng thnh s t dng a pair of ... v lc ng t v i t i cng vi chng phi
ngi th 3 s t.
V d:
This pair of scissors is dull.
The pair of pliers is on the table.
ch s tn ti (existance)
To have ch s s hu (possession)
To possess (get, hold instinctively).
- Ch ng tht ca thnh ng ny i ng sau ng t to be. Nu danh t l s nhiu th ng t chia
s nhiu v ngc li.
- Mi bin i v thi v th u nhm vo ng t to be cn phn t 2 th da vo tr ng t to have/
has been.
there is
there was
there has been
there are
there were
there have been
V d:
There is a storm approaching.
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singular
singular
plural
singular
plural
plural
non-count
4. i t
i t trong ting Anh chia 5 loi c cc chc nng ring bit.
we
you
they
Chc nng:
- ng u cu lm ch ng trong cu v quyt nh vic chia ng t.
- ng ng sau ng t to be.
V d: The teachers who were invited to the party were George, Batty.
- ng ng sau cc ph t so snh nh than, as. Tuyt i khng c dng i t nhn xng tn ng
trong trng hp ny.
V d: He is taller than I (am) - khng c dng me.
She is as beautiful as my girlfriend.
- i vi cc i t nhn xng ch ng nh we, you v i t nhn xng tn ng nh us c th dng 1
danh t s nhiu ngay sau .
V d: We students, you teachers, us workers.
Cc i t nh all, both c th c dng theo li ny vi cc ngi s nhiu.
we
you
all/ both
they
V d:
I am going to the store.
We have lived here for twenty years.
It was she who called you. (sau ng t be)
George and I would like to leave now.
We students are going to have a party.
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us
you
them
Lu : Nn nh rng nhiu gii t c th c chc nng nh cc thnh phn khc trong cu, chng hn
nh ph t hoc lin t. V vy, ta cn phi xc nh cc xem chng ng vai tr g - cn da vo ng
cnh ch khng phi da vo s hiu bit bnh thng v chc nng ca chng.
V d:
him.
Janet will make her presentation after
preposition complement pronoun
clause
4.3 Tnh t s hu
my
your
his
her
its
our
your
their
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4.4 i t s hu
mine
yours
his
hers
its
ours
yours
theirs
- N c th c ng lm ch ng trong cu.
- ng ng sau ng t to be.
- N c th lm tn ng khi i sau 1 ng t hoc sau 1 gii t.
Do you remember to take your money?
- ng ng sau cc ph t so snh nh than, as.
Your book is as good as mine.
Mt s th d:
This is my book = This is mine.
Your teacher is the same as his teacher = Yours is as the same as his.
Her dress is green and my dress is red = Hers is green is green and mine is red.
Our books are heavy = Ours are heavy.
Their coasts are too small. Theirs are too small.
I forgot my homework = I forgot mine.
ourselves
yourselves
themselves
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Chc nng:
- Ch ch ng lm vic g cho chnh mnh. Trong trng hp ny n ng ngay sau ng t hoc
ng cui cu sau gii t for hoc to.
V d:
He sent the letter to himself.
You can see the differences for yourselves.
- Ch ch ng t thn lm ly 1 vic g. Trong trng hp ny n ng ng sau ch ng hoc cui cu
khi ni.
V d:
I myself believe that the proposal is good.
He himself set out to break the long distance flying record.
She prepared the nine-course meal herself.
The students themselves decorated the room.
You yourself must do this homework.
John himself bought this gifts.
By + one-self = alone.
V d:
John washed the dishes by himself = John washed the dishes alone.
5. ng t dng lm tn ng
- Khng phi bt c ng t no trong ting Anh cng i hi 1 danh t hoc i t theo sau n lm tn
ng. C mt s ng t li yu cu tn ng sau n phi l mt ng t khc. Chng chia lm 2 loi sau:
5.1 ng t nguyn th lm tn ng
Bng sau l nhng ng t i hi tn ng sau n phi l mt ng t khc. Chng tun theo mu cu
nh sau:
agree to do something.
desire to do something.
decide to do something.
agree
desire
hope
plan
strive
attempt
expect
intend
prepare
tend
claim
fail
learn
pretend
want
decide
forget
need
refuse
wish
demand
hesitate
offer
seem
V d:
John expects to begin studying law next semester.
Mary learned to swim when she was very young.
The budget committee decided to postpone this meeting.
The president will attempt to reduce inflation in the next your years.
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admit
delay
miss
report
suggest
enjoy
practice
resist
cant help
finish
appreciate
deny
postpone
resent
avoid
quit
resume
consider
mind
recall
risk
cant stand
like
start
continue
love
try
dread
prefer
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5.3 3 ng t c bit
l cc ng t m ng ngha ca chng thay i khi tn ng sau n l 1 nguyn th hoc 1 Ving.
Stop to do smth : dng li lm g.
V d:
He stops to get gasoline.
Stop doing smth : dng vic g ang lm li.
V d:
He stops writing and goes out.
Remember to do smth : nh s phi lm g.
V d:
I remember to send a letter at the post office.
Remember doing smth : nh lm g.
V d:
I remember locking the door before leaving but I cant find the key.
Forget to do smth : qun s phi lm g.
V d:
He forgets to call his friend this afternoon.
Forget doing smth : qun lm g.
V d:
I forget doing the homework yesterday.
Lu : ng t forget trong mu cu mang ngha ph nh.
I forget getting to the airport to meet my girl-friend this morning.
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be better off:
insist on: ni n
succeed in: thnh cng trong
count on = rely on
keep on = continue
think about
think of
depend on
put off: tr hon
method of
intention of
method for
excuse for
reason for
V d:
George has no excuse for dropping out of school.
There is a possibility of acquiring this property at a good price.
There is no reason for leaving this early.
Connie has developed a method for evaluating this problem.
Tnh t + gii t + Ving (bng sau)
accustomed to
intent on
afraid of
interested in
capable of
successful in
fond of
tired of
V d:
Mitch is afraid of getting married now.
We are accustomed to sleeping late on weekends.
Jean is not capable of understanding the predicament.
Alvaro is intent on finishing school next year.
Craig is fond of dancing.
We are interested in seeing this film.
- Khng phi bt c tnh t no trong ting Anh cng i hi ng sau n phi l 1 gii t, c mt s
tnh t li i hi ng sau n l mt ng t nguyn th (xem bng sau).
anxious
eager: ho hc
pleased
usual
boring
easy
prepared
common
dangerous
good
ready
difficult
hard
strange
able*
eager to do smth: ho hc lm g.
hard to do smth : kh lm g.
* able :
able
capable
of doing smth
unable to do smth = incapable
V d:
These students are not yet able to handle such difficult problems.
These students are not yet capable of handling such difficult problems.
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Mt s th d:
Mohammad is eager to see his family.
It is dangerous to drive in this weather
We are ready to leave now.
It is difficult to pass this test.
It is uncommon to find such good crops in this section of the country.
Ritsuko was pleased to be admitted to the college.
Lu :
- Mt s cc ng t ting Anh thng c gii t i km pha sau. Khng c nhm ln gii t
vi to ca ng t nguyn th. Chng hn mt s ng t trong bng sau:
object to: phn i
confess to : th nhn lm g
V d:
John gave up smoking because of his doctors advice.
Mary insisted on taking the bus instead of the plane.
Fred confessed to stealing the jewels.
We are not looking forward to going back to school.
Henry is thinking of going to France in August.
You would be better off leaving now instead of tomorrow.
ask
order
urge
beg
permit
want
convince
persuade
expect
instruct
prepare
promise
V d:
Joe asked Mary to call him when he woke up.
We ordered him to appear in court.
I urge you to consider your decision.
They were trying to persuade him to change his mind.
The teacher permitted them to turn their assignments in late.
You should prepare your son to take this examination.
Tuy nhin, ng trc 1 Ving lm tn ng th dng ca danh t hoc i t phi dng s hu.
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dng s hu ca danh t
Ch ng + ng t +
V d:
We understand your not being able to stay longer.
He regrets her leaving.
We are looking forward to their coming next year.
We dont approve of Johns buying this house.
We resent the teachers not announcing the test sooner.
We object to their calling at this hour.
V d:
I need to clean my house.
John and his brother need to paint the house.
My friend needs to learn Spanish.
He will need to drive alone tonight.
-Tuy nhin khi ch ng l mt bt ng vt (unliving thing) th ng t sau need s i khc.
Subject as unliving thing + need + [Verb + ing]
to be + P2
V d:
The grass needs to be cut. Hoc The grass needs cutting.
The television needs repairing. Hoc The television need to be repaired.
The composition needs rewriting. Hoc The composition needs to be rewritten.
Lu :
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6.2 Dare
- Dare khng c dng nhiu khng nh. N ch c dng ph nh v nghi vn. ng t sau n
theo l thuyt l c to nhng trn thc t thng b to. N c th dng vi tr ng t to do hoc dng
trc tip.
He doesnt dare (to) say anything
= He dares not (to) say anything.
Does he dare (to) say anything = Dares he (to) say anything.
- Dare khng c dng th khng nh tr trng hp - I dare say mang 2 ngha:
- Ti cho l.
V d: I dare say there will be a restaurant car at the end of the train.
- Ti cng nhn l.
V d: I dare say you are right. Ti tha nhn l anh ng.
- How dare (dared) + subject ... (sao dm).
V d:
How dare you open my letter? Sao cu dm bc th ca ti ra th ?
- Dare cn c dng nh 1 ngoi ng t mang ngha dm, thch theo mu cu sau:
To dare smb to do smth
(thch ai lm g)
They dare the boy to swim across the river in the cold weather.
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V d:
Something must be done quickly if extinct birds are to be saved
He said if he fall asleep at the wheel, we were to wake him up.
- truyn t mt d nh.
V d:
She is to be married next month.
(c y s ci vo thng ti)
The expedition is to start in a weeks time.
Cu trc ny rt thng dng trong bo ch v nu n l ta bo th ngi ta b be i tit kim ch.
V d:
The Prime Minister is to make a statement tomorrow.
= The Prime Minister to make a statement tomorrow.
- Was/ were + infinitive
din t 1 tng v s mnh.
V d:
They said good bye without knowing that they were never to meet again.
(h chia tay nhau m khng bit rng s chng bao gi h gp li nhau)
- To be about to + verb = near future = to be in the point of Ving.
8. Cu hi
8.1 Cu hi yes v no
S d gi l nh vy v trong cu tr li c th dng yes hoc no u cu. Nn nh rng:
Yes + positive verb
No + negative verb.
Khng c nhm ln dng cu tr li ting vit.
auxiliary
be
do, does, did
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8.2 Cu hi thng bo
L loi cu hi m trong cu tr li ngoi yes hoc no ra cn phi thm mt s cc thng tin khc. Cc
cu hi ny dng vi mt s cc i t nghi vn.
auxiliary
+
what
Ch :
Mc d trong vn ni, nhiu ngi s dng who thay cho whom trong loi cu hi ny nhng tuyt i
khng c dng nh vy trong vn vit (li c bn)
V d:
Whom does Ahmad know from Venezuela? ( Ahmad know someone from Venezuela)
What did George buy at the store? ( George bought something at the store)
Auxiliary
be
do, does, did
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subject
verb phrase
subject
phrase
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9. Li ni ph ho khng nh v ph nh.
9.1 Li ni ph ho khng nh.
- Dng ph ho li khng nh ca mt ngi khc tng ng vi cu ting vit cng th v
ngi ta s dng so v too trong cu trc ny.
- ng t to be c php dng trc tip, cc ng t thng dng vi tr ng t to do, cc ng t
thi kp (future, perfect, progressive) dng vi chnh ng t ca n.
- Khi be c s dng trong mnh chnh th thi ca ng t be s dng trong cu ph ho cng
phi cng thi vi be mnh chnh.
Subject + verb(be) + too
Affirmative statement (be) + and +
So + verb(be) + subject
V d:
I am happy, and you are too.
I am happy, and so are you.
- Khi mt ng t th kp (auxilary + verb), v d, will go, should do, has done, have written, must
examine, vv... xut hin trong mnh chnh th tr ng t ca mnh chnh c s dng dng
khng nh, v ch ng v ng t phi ho hp.
Subject + auxiliary only + too
Affirmative statement + and +
(ng t th kp)
V d:
They will work in the lab tomorrow, and you will too.
They will work in the lab tomorrow, and so will you.
Subject +do, does, or did + too.
Affirmative statement + and +
(ng t n tr be)
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V d:
Jane goes to that school, and my sister does too.
Jane goes to that school, and so does my sister.
John went to the mountains on his vacation, and we did too.
John went to the mountains on his vacation, and so did we.
I will be in New Mexico in August, and they will too.
I will be in New Mexico in August, and so will they.
He has seen her plays, and the girls have too.
He has seen her plays, and so have the girls.
We are going to the movies tonight, and Suzy is too.
We are going to the movies tonight, and so is Suzy.
She will wear a costume to the party, and we will too.
She will wear a costume to the party, and so will we.
9.2 Li ni ph ho ph nh
- Dng ph ho li ph nh ca ngi khc, tng ng vi cu ting vit cng khng.
- Cu trc dng cho loi cu ny l either v neither.
Nn nh rng: Not ... either / Neither ... positive verb.
Cc trng hp dng ging ht cng thc khng nh.
Subject + negative auxiliary or be + either .
Negative statement + and +
Neither + positive auxiliary or be + subject.
V d:
I didnt see Mary this morning. John didnt see Mary this morning.
I didnt see Mary this morning, and John didnt either.
I didnt see Mary this morning, and neither did John.
She wont be going to the conference. Her colleagues wont be going to the conference.
She wont be going to the conference, and her colleagues wont either.
She wont be going to the conference, and neither will her colleagues.
John hasnt seen the new movie yet. I havent seen the new movie yet.
John hasnt seen the new movie yet, and I havent ether.
John hasnt seen the new movie yet, and neither have I.
10. Cu ph nh
thnh lp cu ph nh ngi ta t not vo sau ng t to be, tr ng t to do ca ng t thng,
v cc tr ng t ca ng t thi kp.
- t any ng trc danh t nhn mnh cho ph nh.
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V d:
Hardly
Scarcely
Barely
Hardly ever
Rarely
Seldom
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Lu : Barely v scarcely i khi mang ngha va , va son (just enough). Phi cn c theo ng
cnh ca cu hoc cc cu tr li di phn nghe tm ra ngha ng.
V d:
He scarcely has money for the tuition fee and not any coins left.
(N va tin tr hc ph v khng cn xu no c.)
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V d:
Lets go now (chng ta i thi) khc vi Let us go, please. ( xin hy cho chng ti i)
Will be able to
can
Will be allowed to
may
V d:
If I have the money, I will buy a new car.
If you try more, you will improve your English.
We will have plenty of time to finish the project before dinner if it is only ten oclock now.
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V d:
If I had enough money now, I would buy this house
( but now I dont have enough money.)
If I had the time, I would go to the beach with you this weekend.
(but I dont have the time.) ( Im not going to the beach with you.)
He would tell you about it if he were here.
( he wont tell you about it.) ( He is not here).
If he didnt speak so quickly, you could understand him.
(He speaks very quickly.) (You cant understand him.)
Lu :
ng t to be sau if mu cu ny phi chia lm were tt c cc ngi.
I... they were.
V d:
If I were you, I wouldnt do such a thing.
(but Im not you.)
+ have + P2
could / might
V d:
If we hadnt lost the way we could have been here in time.
(but in fact we lost the way, so we were late.)
If we had known that you were there, we would have written you a letter.
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(We didnt know that you were there.) ( we didnt write you a letter.)
She would have sold the house if she had found the right buyer.
(She didnt sell the house.) (She didnt find the right buyer.)
If we hadnt lost the way, we would have arrived sooner.
(We lost our way.) (we didnt arrive early.)
Cu iu kin khng phi lc no cng tun theo ng cng thc trn, trong mt s trng hp 1 v
ca cu iu kin qu kh cn mt v li hin ti do thi gian ca tng mnh quy nh.
V d:
If she had caught the flight she would be here by now.
Lu :
Trong mt s trng hp cu iu kin khng th thc hin c thi qu kh, ngi ta b
if i v o had ln u cu nhng ngha vn gi nguyn.
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V d:
The old lady dresses as if it were winter even in the summer.
Hin ti
qu kh
qu kh
qu kh
V d:
Betty talked about the contest as if she had won the grand prize.
Past simple
past perfect
past perfect
past perfect
Lu :
Trong mt s trng hp nu iu kin l c tht th 2 cng thc trn khng c tun theo. ng t
li tr v dng bnh thng theo din bin ca cu.
V d:
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Could + verb
would + verb
were + Ving
+ ...
V d:
I wish that I had enough time to finish my homework. ( I dont have enough time.)
We wish that he were old enough to come with us. ( He is not old enough.)
They wish that they didnt have to go to class today. ( They have to go to class.)
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V d:
I wish that I had washed the clothes yesterday. ( I didnt wash the clothes yesterday.)
She wish that she could have been there. ( She couldnt be there.)
We wish that we had had more time last night. ( We didnt have more time.)
Lu :
ng t wish ch c th nh hng n mnh ng sau n bng cch buc mnh phi
iu kin khng th thc hin c. Nhng iu kin thi no li do thi gian ca mnh
quyt nh khng h ph thuc vo thi ca ng t to wish.
V d:
He wished that he could come to the party next week.
Qu kh
Tng lai
Ph hp v thi
The photographer wished that we stood closer together than we are standing now.
Qu kh
iu kin hin ti
hin ti
Ph hp v thi
(*)
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V d:
When David was young, did he use to swim once a day?
used he to swim once a day?
Cu ph nh:
Subject + didnt + use to + Verb
= Subject + used not to + verb.
V d:
When David was young, he didnt use to swim once a day.
he used not to swim once a day.
(noun)
Lu : Trong cng thc (*) c th thay used to = Would nhng d nhm ln.
ng sau would rather phi l mt ng t nguyn th b to (bare infinitive) nhng ng sau prefer phi l mt verb+ing.
V d:
John would rather drink Coca-Cola than orange juice.
John prefer drinking Coca-Cola to drinking orange juice.
Lu :
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(1)
V d:
Jim would rather go to class tomorrow
Trong cu ny ngi ni mun ni Jim thch n lp vo ngy mai (ch hm nay Jim khng mun)
2.
Thi qu kh.
thi qu kh sau would rather l have + past participle (hay cn gi l phn t 2 - P2) - Cng thc 2.
(2)
V d:
John would rather have gone to class yesterday than today ( John thch i hc vo ngy hm qua hn
ngy hm nay).
16.2 Loi cu c 2 ch ng
loi cu ny thnh ng c s dng s l Would rather that (c g, mong g) v chia lm
nhng mu cu nh sau:
1. Cu gi nh
L loi cu din t ngi th nht mun ngi th 2 lm mt vic g , nhng lm hay
khng cn tu thuc vo vo pha ngi th 2. Do vy cu trc ng t sau ch ng 2 phi l nguyn
th b to - Cng thc 1.
(1)
V d:
I would rather that Jones call me tomorrow ( Ti mun Johnes gi in cho ti vo ngy mai - Nhng
Jones c gi in cho ngi ni hay khng cn tu vo Jones).
We would rather that he take this train. (p chuyn tu hay khng cn tu vo anh y - H ch
mun vy).
2. iu kin khng thc hin c hin ti (ngha ca cu tri vi thc t).
ng t sau ch ng 2 s chia Simple past, ng t to be s phi c chia thnh Were tt c cc
ngi - Cng thc 2
Subject1 + would rather that + Subject2 + Simple past...
V d:
Henry would rather that his girlfriend worked in the same department as he does
(In fact his girlfriend doesnt work in the same department.)
(2)
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(1)
V d:
Jim would rather that Jill had gone to class yesterday.
(nhng trong thc t th Jill khng ti lp ngy hm qua v ngi ni ch ly lm tic l Jill
khng ti lp vo ngy hm qua.)
Nhn xt: Trn thc t ngha ca to wish v would rather that (vi ngha c, mong mun) trong
trng hp trn l ging nhau nhng Wish c s dng trong ting Anh bnh dn (hng ngy). Cn
Would rather that mang kch tnh nhiu hn.
V d:
Would you like to dance with me?
I would like to visit Hongkong.
We would like to order now, please.
The president would like to be re-elected.
They would like to study at the university.
Would you like to see a movie tonight?
Lu :
- Nu hnh ng c xc nh c th v mt thi gian hoc thi gian l hin ti th dng ng
t nguyn th sau like.
- Nhng nu thi gian l khng xc nh th phi dng Verb+ing.
V d:
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18. Cch s dng cc ng t khim khuyt din t cc trng thi hin ti.
18.1 Could/may/might.
Could/may/might + [Verb in simple form]
C th /c l.
Ch mt kh nng c th xy ra hin ti song ngi ni khng chc. C 3 ng t c gi tr
nh nhau.
V d:
It might rain tomorrow
It will possibly rain tomorrow
It may rain tomorrow
=
OR
It could rain tomorrow
Maybe it will rain tomorrow
Ch :
Maybe l s kt hp ca may v be, nhng n l mt t v khng phi l tr ng t. N ng ngha vi
perhaps.
Mt s v d v Could, may, v might:
The president said that there might be a strike next month.
I dont know what Im doing tomorrow. I may go to the beach or I may stay home.
(Lu l ngi Anh thng ni l stay at home nhng ngi M li ni l stay home.)
It might be warmer tomorrow.
I may not be able to go with you tonight.
I dont know where Jaime is. He could be at home.
18.2 Should
Should + [Verb in simple form]
Ngha l :
- Nn ( din t mt li khuyn, ngh hoc bt buc nhng khng mnh lm)
- C khi - dng din t mong mun iu g xy ra.
V d:
It should rain tomorrow ( I expect it to rain tomorrow)
My check should arrive next week. ( I expect it to arrive next week).
Lu :
- Had better, ought to, be supposed to ni chung l ng ngha vi should vi iu kin l ng t to be
phi chia thi hin ti.
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- be supposed to ngoi ngha tng ng vi should cn mang ngha quy nh phi, bt buc phi.
V d:
We are supposed to have a math test this afternoon, but it was postponed because the Professor had to
attend a science conference.
( Theo quy nh l ....)
18.3 Must
Must + [verb in simple form]
Ngha l :
- Phi - bt buc rt mnh (ngi b bt buc khng c s la chn no khc)
V d:
One must endorse a check before one cashes it. (ngi ta phi k sau tm sc trc khi rt
tin).
George must call his insurance agent today.
A pharmacist must keep a record of the prescriptions that are filled.
An automobile must have gasoline to run.
An attorney must pass an examination before practising law.
This freezer must be kept at -200.
- Hn l - din t mt s suy lun c logic da trn nhng hin tng c tht hin ti.
V d:
Johns lights are out. He must be asleep.
(We assume that John is asleep because the lights are out.)
The grass is wet. It must be raining.
(We assume that it is raining because the grass is wet.)
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MUST HAVE P2 - Hn l
(Ch s suy lun logic da trn nhng hin tng c tht trong qu kh)
V d:
Paul did so well in his speech today that he could have rehearsed it many times this past week.
(Hm nay Paul c li pht biu rt hay, hn l tun qua n din tp rt nhiu ln ).
MIGHT HAVE BEEN VERB+ ING - c l lc y ang
(Ch s suy lun logic da trn nhng hin tng c tht trong qu kh)
V d:
I didnt hear the telephone ring, I might have been sleeping at that time.
I didnt watch that scene on television, I might have been paying attention to the argument.
MUST HAVE BEEN VERB+ ING - chc hn lc y ang
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(Ch s suy lun logic da trn nhng hin tng c tht trong qu kh)
V d:
I didnt hear you knock, I must have been sleeping at that time.
I didnt see him this morning, he must have been working in the office.
V d:
There are errors galore in the final exam.
- Mt ph t bao gi cng b ngha cho:
+ Mt ng t - mt tnh t - v mt ph t khc.
V d:
He runs very fast.
verb
adv
adv
adj
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21. ng t ni.
l cc ng t trong bng sau.
be
become
remain
stay
appear
seem
sound
feel
look
smell
taste
Lu : cc cp ng t
appear
seem =
to happen
to chance
( Dng nh)
- To appear c th thay th cho to seem v ngc li nhng khng th thay th cho to happen v to
chance.
- 3 ng t to be, to become, to remain c nhng trng hp c mt danh t hoc mt ng danh t theo
sau, lc chng mt i chc nng ng t ni.
- 4 ng t to feel, to look, to smell v to taste trong mt s trng hp i hi sau n l danh t lm
tn ng v tr thnh mt ngoi ng t. Lc ny chng mt i chc nng ca mt ng t ni v tr
thnh mt ng t din t hnh ng v c quyn i hi 1 ph t i b tr (chng thay i v mt
ng ngha).
- To feel = s, nn, khm xt.
- to look at : nhn
- to smeel : ngi.
- to taste : nm.
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Cu trc
As ... as
adj
noun
S + verb + as +
+ as +
adv
pronoun
V d:
He is not so tall as his father.
Lu :
Ta cn phi nh rng i t sau as lun dng ch ng.
Peter is as tall as I. You are as old as she.
Mt s th d v so snh bng.
My book is as interesting as your.
Tnh t
His job is not as difficult as mine. Hoc His job is not so difficult as mine.
Tnh t
Tnh t
Danh t cng c th dng so snh cho cu trc ny nhng trc khi so snh phi xc nh chc
chn rng danh t c nhng tnh t tng ng nh trong bng sau:
Tnh t
heavy, light
wide, narrow
deep, shallow
long, short
big, small
Danh t
weight
width
depth
length
size
V d:
My house is as high as his
My house is the same height as his.
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Lu :
- Do tnh cht phc tp ca loi cng thc ny nn vic s dng b hp vo trong bng trn.
- The same as >< different from.
My nationality is different from hers.
Our climate is different from Canadas.
- Trong ting Anh ca ngi M c th dng different than nu sau l c mt cu hon chnh (khng
ph bin).
V d:
His appearance is different from what I have expected.
= His appearance is different than I have expected.
- From c th thay th bng to.
Subject + verb +
adj + er
adv + er*
more + adj/ adv
less + adj
+ than +
noun
pronoun
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Lu :
- ng sau ph t so snh nh than v as phi l i t nhn xng ch ng, khng c php l i t
nhn xng tn ng ( li c bn).
V d:
Johns grades are higher than his sisters.
Today is hotter than yesterday.
This chair is more comfortable than the other.
He speaks Spanish more fluently than I .
He visits his family less frequently than she does.
This years exhibit is less impressive than last years.
- nhn mnh cho tnh t v ph t so snh ngi ta dng far hoc much trc so snh.
adv
far
Subject + verb +
noun
adj
much
pronoun
adj
more
far
Subject + verb +
+ than
+er
adv
less
much
noun
+ than
+
pronoun
adv
adj
V d:
Harrys watch is far more expensive than mine.
That movie we saw last night was much less interesting than the one on television.
A watermelon is much sweeter than a lemon.
She dances much more artistically than her predecessor.
He speaks English much more rapidly than he does Spanish.
His car is far better than yours.
Danh t cng c th c dng so snh trong cc cu trc bng hoc hn, km.
- Trong cu trc so snh bng ch cn xc nh xem danh t l m c hay khng m c v
trc chng c mt s nh ng dng vi 2 loi danh t .
- Trong cu trc so snh hn km cng cn phi xc nh xem danh t l m c hay khng m
c v ng trc chng c dng fewer (cho m c), less (khng m c) v more dng chung
cho c 2 (cng thc di y). Do cu trc ny khng phc tp nn c dng rng ri hn so vi cu
trc so snh bng.
Subject + verb + as +
hoc
many
much
little
few
+ noun + as +
noun
pronoun
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Subject + verb +
more
fewer
less
+ noun + than +
noun
pronoun
V d:
I have more books than she.
February has fewer days than March.
He earns as much money as his brother.
They have as few class as we.
Their job allows them less freedom than ours does.
Before pay-day, I have as little money as my brother.
22.3 So snh hp l
Khi so snh nn nh rng cc mc t dng so snh phi tng ng vi nhau v bn cht ng php
( ngi vi ngi, vt vi vt). Do vy 3 mc so snh hp l s l:
s hu cch
that of (cho s t)
Cu sai: His drawings are as perfect as his instructor (cu ny so snh drawings vi instructor)
Cu ng : His drawings are as perfect as his instructors (instructors = instructors drawings)
Cu sai: The salary of a professor is higher than a secretary. (cu ny so snh gia lng ca 1 ng gio
s vi mt c th k)
Cu ng: The salary of a professor is higher than that of a secretary. ( that of = that salary of)
Cu sai : The duties of a policeman are more dangerous than a teacher. (cu ny so snh gia duties vi
teacher)
Cu ng: The duties of a policeman are more dangerous than those of a teacher. (those of = those duties of).
Mt s th d v so snh hp l.
Johns car runs better than Marys.
(Marys = Marys car)
The climate in Florida is as mild as that of California.
(that of = that climate of )
Classes in the university are more difficult than those in the college.
(those in = the classes in )
The basketball games at the university are better than those of the high school.
(those of = the games of)
Your accent is not as strong as my mothers.
(my mothers = my mothers accent)
My sewing machine is better than Janes.
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so snh hn km
farther
further
less
so snh nht
farthest
furthest
least
much
many
more
most
good
well
better
best
bad
badly
worse
worst
little
22.5 So snh a b
L loi so snh gp ri, gp i, gp 3. Nn nh rng trong cu trc ny khng c dng so snh hn
km m phi dng so snh bng.
noun
much
Subject + verb + bi s + as +
+ noun + as +
many
pronoun
V d:
This encyclopedia costs twice as much as the other one.
At the clambake last week, Fred ate three times as many oysters as Barney.
Jerome has half as many records now as I had last year.
Lu :
- Khi dng so snh loi ny phi xc nh r danh t l m c hay khng m c v ng trc
chng c much v many.
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V d:
The hotter it is, the more miserable I feel.
The higher we flew, the worse Edna felt.
The bigger they are, the harder they fall.
The sooner you take your medicine, the better you will feel.
The sooner you leave, the earlier you will arrive at your destination.
The more + subject +verb + the + comparative + subject + verb
22.7 No sooner ... than (va mi ... th; chng bao lu ... th)
Nu thnh ng no sooner xut hin u cu th than phi u cho mnh 2. Lu rng tr ng t
phi ng trc ch ng theo cng thc sau:
No sooner + auxiliary + subject + verb + than + subject + verb
V d:
No sooner had they started out for California than it started to rain.
No sooner will he arrived than he will want to leave.
No sooner had she entered the building than she felt the presence of somebody else.
Lu :
No longer ngha l not any more (khng cn... na). Khng bao gi c s dng not longer trong cu
m ngha ca n nh vy.
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so snh
hotter
more interesting
sicker
more colorful
so snh nht
hottest
most interesting
sickest
most colorful
- Dng nguyn khng ch s so snh. N ch m t phm cht n thun ca 1 ngi, 1 vt, hay mt
nhm (ngi hoc vt).
V d:
The house is big.
The flowers are fragrant.
- Dng so snh hn ch ra mc mnh hn hay yu hn v s khc nhau gia 2 ngi (2 vt).
V d:
My dog is smarter than yours.
Bob is more atheletic than Richard.
Spinach is less appealing than carrots.
* Ta cng c th so snh 2 thc th (ngi hoc vt) m khng s dng than. Trong trng hp ny
thnh ng of the two s c s dng trong cu (n c th ng u cu v sau danh t phi c du
phy, hoc ng cui - Xem 2 cng thc di y).
Subject + verb + the + comparative + of the two + (noun)
hoc
of the two + (noun), + Subject + verb + the + comparative
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adj+ est
most + adj
least + adj
In + dt2 s t
of + dt2 s nhiu
Dng nguyn
carefully
So snh hn
more carefully
less carefully
So snh hn nht
most carefully
least carefully
cautiously
more cautiously
less cautiously
most cautiously
least cautiously
V d:
Sal drove more cautiously than Bob.
Joe dances more gracefully than his partner.
That child behaves the most carelessly of all.
Irene plays the most recklessly of all.
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noun
noun
noun
noun
enough + noun
Lu :
Danh t m enough b ngha i khi khng cn thit c mt trong cu m khng lm thay i
ngha ca cu.
I forgot my money. Do you have enough?
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Lu :
Because of c th thay th cho thnh ng due to.
Jan was worried because it had started to rain.
Subject
verb
subject
subject
Lu :
Mc d trong vn ni c th chp nhn khng c that nhng trong vn vit buc phi c that.
He studied very hard so that he could pass the test.
(n hc rt chm ch c th qua c k thi)
She is sending the package early so that it will arrive in time for her sisters birthday.
Damien is practicing the guitar so that he can play for the dance.
I am learning German so that I will be able to speak it when I go to Austria next summer.
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Susan drove to Miami instead of flying so that she could save money.
Will you let me know about the party so that I can make plans to attend?
adjective
adverb
Lu : Khng s dng mt danh t sau so. Cn mun dng danh t th xem cc cu trc di y.
The soprano sang so well that she received a standing ovation.
Terry ran so fast that he broke the previous speed record.
Judy worked so diligently that she received an increase in salary.
The soup tastes so good that every one will ask for more.
The little boy looks so unhappy that we all feel sorry for him.
The students had behaved so badly that he was dismissed from the class.
Cc cu trc cha cc b ng cng :
Subject + verb + so +
many
few
The Smiths had so many children that they formed their own baseball team.
I had so few job offers that it wasnt difficult to select one.
Subject + verb + so +
much
little
He has invested so much money in the project that he cannot abandon it now.
The grass received so little water that it turned brown in the heat.
Subject + verb + such + a + adjective + dt 2 s t + that ...
hoc
Subject + verb + so + adjective + a + dt 2 s t + that ...
Lu :
Such + a + adjective thng c dng nhiu hn trong 2 cu trc trn.
It was such a hot day that we decided to stay indoors.
Hoc
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dt 2 s nhiu
+ that + subject + verb
dt khng 2
They are such beautiful pictures that everybody will want one.
dt m c s nhiu
Perry has had such bad luck that hes decided not to gamble.
dt khng m c
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My car broke down, but for that I could have come in time.
qu kh
otherwise
+ conditional sentence
Nhn xt.
Trong ting Anh hng ngy, ngi ta dng or... else thay th cho otherwise.
Provided/providing (that)
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a ra s thch thc
If only +
Simple present
= hope that
will + verb
Hy vng l...
If only he comes in time (hy vng anh y n ng gi)
If only he will head your advice.
If only +
Simple past
= wish that
past perfect
Gi m - tri vi thc t.
If only he didnt smoke. (but he doesnt)
If only she had come in time. (but she didnt)
if only + would verb - c sao, mong sao
- dng din t mt c mun hin ti
If only he would drive more slowly (but he drive so fast)
hoc mt c mun v vng tng lai.
If only it would stop raining.
Mong sao tri ng ma na - nhng thc t th tri ang ma rt to.
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28. Cu b ng
Cu b ng c s dng nhm nhn mnh vo hnh ng ca tn ng ch khng nhn mnh vo
hnh ng ca ch ng trong cu ch ng.
be + P2
Phng php chuyn i t cu ch ng sang cu b ng.
- a tn ng ca cu ch ng ln lm ch ng. Trong trng hp nu c 2 tn ng ( 1 trc tip, 1
gin tip), mun nhn mnh vo tn ng no th ngi ta a n ln lm ch ng ( nhng thng l tn
ng gin tip lm ch ng).
V d:
I gave him a book.
hay I gave a book to him.
Trong cu ny book l tn ng trc tip, him l tn ng gin tip, ta i:
He was given a book by me.
- Thi ca ng t cu b ng phi tun theo thi ca ng t cu ch ng.
- t by + tn ng mi ng sau tt c cc tn ng khc.
- to be made, to be made of c lm bng - ch mt vt c lm bng 1 th nguyn vt liu.
This table is made of wood.
- to be made from: c lm bng - ch mt vt c lm bng 2 th nguyn vt liu tr ln.
- to be made out of: c lm bng ( dng cho thc phm)
This cake is made out of flour, egg, butter and sugar.
- Mi bin i v thi v th u nhm vo ng t to be, cn phn t 2 gi nguyn (xem cc cng
thc di y.)
present
complement
be
past participle
past
complement
be
past participle
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was
were
Ch ng : The committee is considering several new proposals.
Subject
present progressive
complement
subject
auxiliary
be
past participle
past progressive
complement
auxiliary
be
past participle
had
present perfect
complement
auxiliary
be
past participle
Ch ng : The company had ordered some new equipment before the strike began.
subject
past perfect
complement
B ng : Some new equipment had been ordered by the company before the strike began.
Singular subject
auxiliary be
past participle
modal + verb
complement
modal
be past participle
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modal + perfect
modal + have + been + [ verb in past participle]
modal + perfect
complement
modal
have
be past participle
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V d:
The robber forced the teller to give him the money.
= The robber made the teller give him the money.
ng t to make v to cause cn c dng theo mu sau:
To make/ to cause
smb
smth
+ P2
29.2 Let
Let thng c b sung v danh sch cc ng t gy nguyn nhn trong cc sch ng php. Nhng
thc cht th n khng phi l ng t gy nguyn nhn. N ngha l allow hay permit. Ta hy lu s
khc nhau v mt ng php khi s dng to let v to allow hay permit.
Let sb do smth = to
permit
allow
sb to do smth
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29.3 Help
Help thc cht cng khng phi l mt ng t gy nguyn nhn, nhng ni chung c xem xt cng
vi cc ng t gy nguyn nhn trong cc sch ng php. N thng i vi ng t dng simple
form (tc l ng t nguyn th b to), nhng c th i vi ng t nguyn th trong mt s trng
hp.
To help smb
to do smth
do smth
(gip ai lm g)
V d:
John helped Mary wash the dishes.
Jorge helped the old woman with the packages (to) find a taxi.
The teacher helped Carolina find the research materials.
- Nu tn ng sau help l mt i t v nhn xng mang ngha ngi ta th ngi ta b i v v b lun
c to ca ng t ng sau.
V d:
This wonderful drug helps (people to) recover more quickly.
- Nu tn ng ca help v tn ng th 2 ca ng t ng sau trng hp nhau th ngi ta b tn ng
sau help v b lun c to ca ng t ng sau.
V d:
The body fat of the bear will help (him to) keep him alive during hibernation.
30. Ba ng t c bit
- l nhng ng t m ngha ca chng s hi bin i nu ng t ng sau tn ng ca n l mt
nguyn th b to hay verbing.
hear
to watch somebody do something
- Hnh ng trn vn t u ti cui.
see
hear
to watch somebody doing something - Hnh ng c tnh nht thi, khng trn vn.
see
V d:
I didnt hear the telephone ring.
I didnt hear the telephone ringing.
I see her sing./ I see her singing.
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31.3 Who lm ch ng ca cu ph
N thay th cho danh t ch ngi hoc ng vt ng trc n v lm ch ng ca cu ph. Do , n
khng th b i c.
Lu : Tuyt i khng c dng that thay cho who trong trng hp ny mc d n c th c chp
nhn trong vn ni.
31.4 Whom lm tn ng ca cu ph
N thay th cho danh t ch ngi hoc ng vt ng ngay trc n nhng lm tn ng ca cu ph.
Do , n c th b i c.
V d:
The man (whom) I dont like are angry.
Lu : Tuyt i khng c dng who thay th cho whom trong vn vit mc d trong vn ni c th
c chp nhn.
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dependent clause
main verb
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31.7 Cch s dng All / both/ several / most ... + of + whom / which.
Khng c s dng i t nhn xng tn ng trong loi cu ny.
V d:
Her sons, both of whom are working abroad, ring her up everynight.
The buses, all of which are full of passingers, begin pulling out of the station.
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Hoc
The girl running down the street might be in trouble.
Ngoi ra, trong mt s trng hp ngi ta c th loi b i t quan h thay th v ng t chnh,
thay vo bng 1 Ving nu nh i t quan h ng st ngay danh t m n b ngha.
V d:
Weeds that float on the surface should be removed before they decay.
Weeds floating on the surface should be removed before they decay.
- i vi mnh ph khng bt buc ta c th loi b i t quan h v ng t to be khi n ng
trc mt ng danh t, nhng phn ng danh t cn li vn phi ng trong 2 du phy.
V d:
Mr. Jackson, who is a professor, is traveling in the Mideast this year.
hoc
Mr. Jackson, a professor, is traveling in the Mideast this year.
- Ngoi ra, ta cn c th loi b i t quan h v ng t chnh v thay vo bng 1 Ving khi n i
b ngha cho 1 tn ng.
V d:
The president made a speech for the famous man who visited him.
Hay
The president made a speech for the famous man visiting him.
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Neednt + have + P2
(l ra khng cn phi)
V d:
You neednt have hurried, we still have enough time now.
V d:
It is well known that many residents of third world countries are dying.
Hay
That many residents of third world countries are dying is well known.
Lu : Nu mt cu bt u bng 1 mnh that, ta phi chc chn rng c 2 mnh cng cha 1
ng t.
It surprises me that John would do such a thing.
Hay
That John would do such a thing surprises me.
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It wasnt believed until the fifteenth century that the earth revolves around the sun.
hay
That the earth revolves around the sun wasnt believed until the fifteenth century.
It is obvious that the Williams boy is abusing drugs.
Hay
That the Williams boy is abusing drugs is obvious.
Nhn xt: Ch ng gi it thng c dng trong vn ni cn that ng u cu c dng trong vn
vit.
36. Cu gi nh
L loi cu m ngi th nht mun ngi th 2 lm mt vic g cho mnh, nhng lm hay khng cn
tu thuc vo pha ngi th 2.
demand
insist
move
order
prefer
propose
recommend
request
require
stipulate
suggest
urge
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necessary
obligatory
proposed
recommended
required
suggested
urgent
imperative
Trong cng thc sau, adjective ch nh mt trong cc tnh t c trong bng trn.
it + be + adjective + that + subject + [verb in simple form ]...
( any tense)
Mt s v d:
It is necessary that he find the books.
It was urgent that she leave at once.
It has been proposed that we change the topic.
It is important that you remember this question.
It has been suggested that he forget the election.
It was recommended that we wait for the authorities.
Trong mt s trng hp c th dng danh t tng ng vi cc tnh t trn theo cng thc sau.
it + be + noun + that + subject + [verb in simple form ]...
( any tense)
V d:
It is a recommendation from a doctor that the patient stop smoking.
If need be : nu cn
V d:
If need be we can take another road.
- Dng vi if this be trong trng hp mun nu ra mt gi nh t pha ngi ni nhng khng tht
chc chn lm v kh nng.
V d:
If this be proven right, you would be considered innocent.
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37. Li ni bao hm
l li ni kt hp 2 trong cu li lm mt thng qua mt s thnh ng.
37.1 Not only ... but also (khng nhng ... m cn)
Cc thnh phn i sau 2 thnh ng ny phi tng ng vi nhau v mt ng php, tc l danh - danh,
tnh t - tnh t...
Noun
adj
adv
ng gii t
+ but also +
noun
adj
adv
ng gii t
Lu : Thng thng thnh phn sau but also s quyt nh thnh phn sau not only.
V d:
He is not only handsome but also talented.
tnh t
tnh t
Beth plays not only the guitar but also the violin.
Danh t
danh t
adv
ng gii t
Paul Anka not only plays the piano but also composes music.
ng t
ng t
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noun
adj
Subject + verb + not only +
adv
ng gii t
+ but also +
noun
adj
adv
ng gii t
hoc
subject + verb + as well as + verb ...
V d:
Robert is talented as well as handsome.
Tnh t
tnh t
danh t
ph t
ng gii t
ng t
tnh t
danh t
ph t
ng gii t
ng t
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subject + know +
danh t
ng gii t
cu
Tuy nhin ng sau to know how vn c th dng 1 mnh hon chnh ch kh nng gii quyt
hoc vic bt buc phi lm.
V d:
At a glance, he knew how he could solve this math problem.
Seeing the weather map, the pilot knew how he had to fly at which line.
Mt s th d:
Bill knows how to play tennis well.
Maggie and her sister know how to prepare Chinese food.
Do you know how to get to Jerrys house from here ?
Jason knew the answer to the teachers question.
No one knows about Roys accepting the new position.
I didnt know that you were going to France.
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V d:
Although he has a physical handicap, he has become a successful businessman.
Jane will be admitted to the university even though she has a bad grades.
Lu : Nu though ng cui cu, tch ra khi cu bng 1 du phy. Khi ni hi dng li mt cht,
lc n tng ng vi ngha tuy nhin (however).
V d:
He promised to call me, but till now I havent received any call from him, though.
Mt s th d b tr
In spite of the bad weather, we are going to have a picnic.
The child ate the cookie even though his mother had told him not to.
Although the weather was very bad, we had a picnic.
The committee voted to ratify the amendment despite the objections.
Though he had not finished the paper, he went to sleep.
She attended the class although she did not feel alert.
rise
lie
sit
Raise
lay
set
Ni ng t
rose
risen
lay
lain
sat
sat
Ngoi ng t
raised
raised
laid
laid
set
set
rising
lying
sitting
raising
laying
setting
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To lay off (workers, employees) - Dn th, cho ngh bt, cho tm ngh.
To raise ( plants, animals) for a living: Trng cy, nui gia sc kim sng.
V d :
That farmer raises chickens for a living.
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Mean to do smth: c nh lm g.
V d:
I mean to get to the top of the mount before sunrise.
Propose to do smth: c nh lm g.
V d:
I propose to start tomorrow.
Go on to do smth: Tip tc lm g (vn cng mt ch nhng chuyn sang mt kha cnh khc).
V d:
He goes on to tell about his accident on the trip.
He shows the position of the Island on the map and goes on to talk about its climate.
Phn II
42. S ho hp ca thi ng t.
Trong mt cu ting Anh c 2 thnh phn th thi ca ng t 2 thnh phn phi ho hp vi nhau.
Thi ca ng t mnh chnh s quyt nh thi ca mnh ph.
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MAIN CLAUSE
DEPENDENT CLAUSE
Simple present
Present progressive
Simple present
Simple past
Past progressive
Simple past
Past perfect
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Tell
a story
a joke
a secret
a lie (lies)
the truth
(the) time
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Cu sai : George dislikes politics because he believes that they are corrupt.
(i t they khng c tin s trong cu ny. Politics l s it, v vy they khng th m ch
ti n.)
Cu ng: George dislikes politics because he believes that politicians are corrupt.
Hoc l
George dislikes pliticians because he believes that they are corrupt.
Cc v d v i t c tin s khng r rng:
Cu sai : Mr. Brown told Mr. Adams that he would have to work all night in order to finish the report.
(Khng r rng l he m ch ti Mr. Brown hay Mr. Adams.)
Cu ng : According to Mr.Brown, Mr. Adams will have to work all night in order to finish the report.
Hoc l
Mr. Brown said that, in order to finish the report, Mr. Adams would have to work all night.
Cu sai : Janet visited her friend every day while she was on vacation.
(i t she c th m ch ti c Janet ln bn ca c y)
Cu ng : While Janet was on vacation, she visited her friend every day.
+ (verb) ...
your
V d:
If you take this exam without studying, you are likely to fail.
You should always do your homework.
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If one takes this exam without studying, you are likely to fail.
Ngi th 3
Ngi th 2
If one takes this exam without studying, they are likely to fail.
S t
S nhiu
Cc v d b tr cho c 2 dng:
One should never tell his secrets to a gossip if he wishes them to remain secret.
You should always look both ways before you cross the street.
If ones knowledge of English is complete, he will be able to pass TOEFL.
If you do not want your test scores reported, you must request that they be canceled.
One should always remember his family.
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Hnh ng phi th ch ng
Hnh ng phi th b ng
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return back
revert back
sufficent enough
compete together
Repeat again
new innovations
matinee performance
same identical
Cc t ny ng ngha.
two twins
Mt s v d:
The army advanced after the big battle.
Hay
The army moved forward after the big battle.
The peace talks advanced.
Hay
The peace talks progressed.
We have sufficent money to buy the new dress.
They have enough time to eat a sandwich before going to work.
The teacher proceeded to explain the lesson.
John and his brother are competing in the running games.
The teacher asked us to join the students who were cleaning the room.
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Ph b ngoc kp, chuyn i ton b cc i t nhn xng theo ngi ch ng th nht sang i t
nhn xng ngi th 3.
INDIRECT SPEECH
Simple present
Simple past
Present progressive
Past progressive
Present perfect
Past perfect
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(Progressive)
(Progressive)
Simple past
Past perfect
will /shall
would / should
Can / may
Could / might
That, those
here, overhere
there, overthere
today
that day
yesterday
tomorrow
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Trong ting Anh c nhng loi ng t (trong bng sau)c 2 tn ng v ng thi cng c 2 cch
dng.
Bring
build
buy
cut
draw
feed
tell
find
get
give
hand
leave
lend
write
make
offer
owe
paint
pass
pay
promiss
read
sell
send
show
teach
- Cch dng gin tip t tn ng trc tip sau ng t ri n gii t for, to v tn ng gin tip (cng
thc sau.)
for
Subject + verb + tn ng trc tip +
+ tn ng gin tip
to
- Cch dng trc tip t tn ng gin tip ngay sau ng t v sau n tn ng trc tip, gii t to
v for mt i, cng thc sau:
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51. Ph t o ln u cu
Trong ting Anh c nhng trng hp ph t khng ng v tr bnh thng ca n m o ln ng
u cu nhm nhn mnh vo hnh ng ca ch ng.
Trong trng hp ng php c thay i, ng sau ph t ng u cu l tr ng t ri mi n
ch ng v ng t chnh (cng thc sau).
hardly
rarely
seldom
never
only ...
V d :
Never have so many people been unemployed as today.
Ph t tr ng t
ch ng
ng t
tt ch ng ng t
we
tr ng t ch ng ng t
tr ng t
ch ng
ng t
we
tr ng t ch ng ng t
(We will be able to accomplish this great task only by hard work.)
Mt s cc ph t c bit ng u cu
IN/ UNDER NO CIRCUMSTANCES : D trong hon cnh no cng khng.
V d:
In / under no circumstances should you lend him the money.
(d trong bt c trng hp no anh cng khng nn cho n vay tin.)
ON NO ACCOUNT : D bt c l do no cng khng.
V d:
On no account must this switch be toughed.
(d vi bt c l do no anh cng khng c ng vo cm ny)
SO + ADJ + AUXILIARY + S + V + THAT. .... n ni m ....
V d:
So difficult did she get a job that she had to stay home for an year.
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So sure of this were the owners that they provided lifeboats for only 950 of its possible 3,500 passengers. (Nhng ngi ch ca con tu qu tin tng n ni m h ch trang b xung cu m cho
950 trong s 3,500 hnh khch m con tu c th ti c - chch trong bi c v tu Titanic).
(C y kim c vic lm mt cch kh khn n ni c y phi ngi nh 1 nm tri)
ONLY IN THIS WAY : Ch c bng cch ny.
V d:
Only in this way could you solve the problem.
(Ch c bng cch ny th cu mi gii c vn hc ba ny.)
NAGATIVE, ... , NOR + AUXILIARY + S + V.... ( ... m cng chng/ m cng khng ...)
V d:
He didnt have any money, nor did he know anybody from whom he could borrow.
( N chng cn ng no c m n cng chng bit ai m n c th hi vay.)
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An anthropologist, who had worked with the indigenous tribes in Australia, was the principal speaker at
Fridays luncheon.
PRINCIPLE (n) : Nguyn tc, lut l.
V d:
Mr. Connors is a man who believes that truthfulness is the best principle.
QUIET (adj) : yn ng, yn , im lng,tnh mch.
V d:
The night was so quiet that you could hear the breeze blowing.
QUITE (adv) : 1- hon ton.
V d:
Louise is quite capable of taking over the household chores while her mother is away.
2- hi, mt cht.
V d:
He was quite tired after his first day of classes.
QUIT (v) : dng.
V d:
Herman quit smoking on his doctors advice.
STATIONARY (adj) : c nh, khng di chuyn, tnh ti.
V d:
The weatherman said that the warm front would be stationary for several days.
STATIONERY (n) : Giy vit c bit, vn phng phm.
V d:
Lucille used only monogrammed stationary for correspondence.
THAN (lin t) : c s dng trong cu so snh hn.
V d:
Todays weather is better than yesterdays.
THEN (adj) : sau ( c dng sau 1 thi im c cp).
V d:
First, Julie filled out her schedule; then, she paid her fees.
THEIR (adj) : tnh t s hu s nhiu.
V d:
Their team scored the most points during the game.
THERE (adv) : 1- , ng kia.
V d:
Look over there between the trees.
2- c s dng vi be ch ra s hin din, s c mt, s tn ti.
V d:
There is a book on the teachers desk.
THEYRE (i t + ng t): vit tt ca they are.
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V d:
Theyre leaving on the noon flight to Zurich.
TO (gii t) : i ti, cho ti, ti tn lc.
V d:
Go to the blackboard and write out the equation.
TWO (n hoc adj) - hai.
V d:
Two theories have been proposed to explain that incident.
TOO (adv)
1- qu.
V d:
This morning was too cold for the children go to swimming.
2- cng, cng vy.
V d:
Jane went to the movie, and we did too.
WEATHER (n): thi tit.
V d:
Our flight was delayed because of bad weather.
WHETHER (lin t): nn chng (ch ra 1 la chn).
V d:
Because of gas shortage, we do not know whether we will go away for our vacation or stay home.
WHOSE (i t) - tnh t hay i t quan h s hu.
V d:
The person whose name is drawn first will win the grand prize.
WHOS ( i t quan h + ng t) : vit tt ca who + is hoc who + has.
V d:
Whos (who is) your new biology professor ?
Scott is the attorney whos (who has) been reviewing this case.
YOUR (adj) - s hu ca you.
V d:
We are all happy about your accepting the position with the company in Baltimore.
YOURE (i t + ng t) - Vit tt ca you + are.
V d:
Youre going to enjoy the panorama from the top of the hill.
Cc t c im ging nhau d nhm ln.
ACCEPT (v) : chp nhn.
V d:
Professor Perez will accept the chairmanship of the humanities department.
EXCEPT (gt) : ngoi tr (1 vt hay 1 ngi).
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V d:
Everyone is going to the convention exept Bob.
ACCESS (n) : sn c, cch truy cp vo.
V d:
The teacher had no access to the studentsfiles, which were locked in the principals office.
EXCESS (adj) : 1- di do, phong ph, d tha.
We paid a surcharge on our excess baggage.
(n)
2- Lng b xung, ph.
V d:
The demand for funds was in excess of the actual need.
ADVICE (n) : li khuyn, t vn.
V d:
If you heed the teachers advice, you will do well in your studies.
ADVISE (v) : a ra li khuyn, hoc t vn.
The Congress advised the president against signing the treaty at that time.
AFFECT (v) : Tc ng.
V d:
The doctors wanted to see how the medication would affect the patient.
EFFECT (n) :
1- Kt qu hoc hu qu.
V d:
The children suffered no ill effects from their long plane ride.
(v)
2- To hiu qu.
V d:
To effect a change in city government we must all vote on Tuesday.
Again (adv): 1 ln na, lp li ( 1 hnh ng).
V d:
Mike wrote to the publishers again, inquiring about his manuscript.
AGAINST (gii t) :
1- chng li, phn i ai hoc ci g .
V d:
The athletic director was against our dancing in the new gym.
2- k bn, bn cnh.
V d:
The boy standing against the piano is my cousin Bill.
ALREADY (adv) : sn sng.
V d:
Jans plane had already landed before we got to the airport.
ALL READY (noun + adj): chn b sn sng lm g.
V d:
We are all ready to go boating.
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AMONG (gii t): Ch ra mi quan h trong (hoc s la chn t) 3 hay nhiu ngi (nhiu vt) - trong
s.
V d:
It was difficult to select a winner from among so many contestants.
BETWEEN (gii t) : ch ra mi quan h (s la chn) gia 2 thc th.
V d:
Between writing her book and teaching, Mary Ellen had litte time for anything else.
Lu : cu trc between ... and cng c th c dng ch v tr chnh xc ca 1 quc gia nm gia
cc quc gia khc.
V d:
Vitnam lies between China, laos and cambodia.
BESIDE (gii t) : bn cnh .
V d:
There is a small table beside the bed.
BESIDES (gii t hoc ph t): ngoi ra, cng, hn na.
V d:
I have five history books here besides the four that I left at home.
ASIDE (adv) : t sang 1 bn.
V d:
Harry sets money aside every payday for his daughters education.
COMPARE (V) + WITH: so vi ( ch ra s ging nhau, s tng ng).
V d:
Sue compared her new school with the last one she had attended.
CONTRAST (V) + WITH: ch ra s tng phn (khc nhau).
V d:
In her composition, Marta chose to contrast life in a big city with that of a small town.
CONSECUTIVE (adj) : Lin tc ( khng c tnh ngt qung).
V d:
Today is the tenth consecutive day of unbearable heat wave.
SUCCESSIVE (adj) : lin tc (c tnh ngt qung).
V d:
The United States won gold medals in two successive Olympic Games.
CONSIDERABLE (adj): ng k.
V d:
Even thought Marge had considerable experience in the field, she was not hired for the job.
CONSIDERATE (adj): lch s, n cn, chu o, hay quan tm ti ngi khc.
V d:
It was very considerate of Harry to send his hostess a bouquet of flowers.
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My niece loves to go to supermarket because the dairy lady always gives her a sample of cheese.
FORMERLY (adv) : trc y.
V d:
He formerly worked as a professor, but now he is a physicist.
FORMALLY (adj) 1- t chnh (n mc).
V d:
At the resort we were required to dress formally for dinner every night.
ni ng ngi ngi ta yu cu chng ti n mc chnh t vo tt c cc ba n ti.
2- chnh thc.
V d:
She has formally requested a name change.
HARD (adj): 1- kh.
V d: The test was so hard that nobody passed.
2- cng.
V d: The stadiums seats were hard, so we rented a cushion.
3- (ph t) chm ch, rt n lc.
V d: They worked hard on the project.
HARDLY (adv) : hu nh khng.
V d: He had so much work to do after the vacation that he hardly knew where to begin.
HELPLESS (adj) : V vng, tuyt vng.
I could not speak their language, I felt helpless trying to understand the tourists plight.
USELESS (adj) : v dng.
An umbrella is useless in a hurricane.
s tr nn v dng trong trn bo.
HOUSE (n) v Home (n) : nhiu khi c s dng ln ln, nhng c s khc bit v ng ngha.
1- House m ch ti to nh hoc cng trnh kin trc.
The Chapmans are building a new house in Buckingham Estates.
2- Home m ch ti bu khng kh trong ngi nh. Home l ni tri tim .
IMAGINARY (adj): Tng tng, khng c tht.
Since Ralph has no brother or sisters, he has created an imaginary playmate.
IMAGINATIVE (adj) : phong ph tr tng tng, giu tr tng tng.
Star Wars was created by an highly imaginatve writer.
IMMORTAL (adj) : bt t.
The immortal works of Shakespeare are still being read and enjoyed three centuries after their writing.
IMMORAL (adj) : tri vi lun thng o l, i bi.
Their immoral behavior in front of the students cost the teachers their jobs.
IMPLICIT (adj) : ngm, n tng, tim tng, tuyt i, hon ton.
Our supervisor has implicit faith in our ability to finish the project on time.
Ngi gim st d n c nim tin tuyt i vo kh nng hon tt d n ng thi hn ca chng ti.
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I do not remember what time he asked me to call. You dont remember, do you?
Remind (v) : nhc nh ai, lm cho nh li.
Please remind me to call Henry at 7 oclock tonight.
Henry reminds me of my uncle.
Sensible (adj) : c c phn on tt.
When it is raining hard, sensible people stay indoors.
Sensitive (adj) : nhy cm.
Stephen cannot be out in the sun very long because he has very sensitive skin and burns easily.
Special (adj) : c bit.
Meyers Department Store will have a special sale for their charge customers.
Especially (adv) : c bit.
Rita is especially tatented in the fine arts. She has a special talent for playing music by ear.
Use (n): p dng, s dng.
The salesman said that regular use of fertilizer would ensure a greener, healthier lawn.
Usage (n) : cch s dng.
Norm Crosbys usage of English vocabulary in his comedy routine is hilarious.
Above, over
on
to
from
through
into
out of
by
Below, under
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54.4 by
ng t ch chuyn ng + by = i ngang qua.
ng t tnh + by = gn, bn.
by + thi gian c th : trc lc.
V d: We usually eat supper by six oclock in the evening.
By c dng trong cu b ng ch ra ch th gy hnh ng.
V d: Romeo and Juliet was writen by William Shakespeare.
By + phng tin giao thng (bus/ plane/ train/ car/ ship/ bike).
V d: We traveled to Boston by train.
By then : trc lc .
V d: I will graduate from the university in 1997. By then, I hope to have found a job.
By way of = via : theo ng.
V d: We are driving to Atlanta by way of Baton Rouge.
By the way : 1- tnh c.
V d: By the way, Ive got two tickets for Saturdays game. Would you like to go with me?
2- nhn y, tin y.
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In + nm/ thng.
V d: His birthday is in April. I will begen class in 1998.
In the morning / afternoon/ evening : vo bui sng/ bui chiu/ bui ti.
V d: I have a dental appointment in the morning, but I will be free in the afternoon.
In future : t nay tr i.
V d: I will spend much time on learning English in future because the TOEFL test is coming.
In the army/ air force/ navy. Trong qun i/ trong khng lc/ trong hi qun.
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V d: I will give you the key to the house so you will have it in case I arrive a little late.
Be/ get in touch/ contact with : tip xc, lin lc, gp g vi ai.
V d: Its very difficult to get in touch with Jenny because she works all day.
54.6 on
On + a/the + phng tin giao thng (bus/ plane/ train/ ship/ bike).
V d: Its two late to see Jane; shes already on the plane. I came to school this morning on the
bus.
On a street : ti ph.
V d: I lives on 1st Ngc khnh.
at the corner
in the corner
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V d: The present perfect aspect is never used to indicate a specific time; on the other hand, the
simple past tense is.
On sale
On foot: i b.
V d: My car would not start so I came on foot.
At + s nh.
V d: George lives at 565 16th Avenue.
At the beginning/ at the end of : u/ cui ( dng cho a im/ thi gian).
Mt s thnh ng c bit dng vi gii t.
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55. Ng ng t.
l nhng ng t kt hp vi 1,2 hoc i khi 3 gii t. Khi kt hp dng nh vy, ng ngha ca
chng thay i hn so vi ngha ban u.
Call on :
1- yu cu.
V d: The teacher called on James to write the equation on the blackboard.
2- gh thm, n thm.
V d: The new minister called on each of the families of his church in order to become better acquainted with them.
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Check out of : lm th tc ( ra khi khch sn, sn bay, nh ga) >< check into : lm th tc
vo sn bay, khch sn...
Nouns + prepositions
equivalent of
number of
example of
quality of
reason for
exception for
pair of
sample of
possibility of
fear
method
hatred
need
V d:
The quality of this photograph is poor.
I saw a sample of her work and was quite impressed.
means
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They have yet to discover a new method of/ method for analyzing this information.
ng t + gii t.
Decide on
plan on
depend on
detract from
engage in
approve of
emerge from
escape from
succeed in
participate in
remove from
mingle with
confide in
pay for
rely on