Elementary Algebra

Skills
Prime and Composite Numbers
Operations in Whole numbers
Factors- numbers that when multiplied produce a factor
Prime Factorization
Finding Greatest Common Factor
Using Prime Factor
Get the prime factors of both numbers
Get the prime numbers that is both present in the factors of
both numbers
Multiply all the shared prime factors and it will be the GCF
Order of Operations
Grouping symbols (innermost outermost)
Evaluate Powers
Multiply and Divide (from left to right)
Add and Subtract (from left to right)
Operations in Decimals
Adding and Subtracting decimal points are aligned and us zeros
as place holders
Multiplication multiply as you do with whole numbers. The
number of decimal places of the product is equal to the right of
the decimal points of factors.
Division make the divisor a whole number by moving its decimal
place to the right; apply this movement the dividend for equality.
Clustering - estimation
Round
Cluster - finding the common estimate of the decimals.
Front-E
nd Estimation
Operations in Fractions
Adding and Subtracting for common denominator, add/subtract
the numerators and copy the denominators. For different
denominators, get the LCD of the denominators and add/subtract
the numerators and copy the new denominator. For mixed
numbers, separately add/subtract the whole numbers /or convert
it to improper fractions and do steps for adding or subtracting
regular fractions.
Converting Mixed Numbers to Improper Fractions multiply the
whole number and the denominator and then add the numerator;
rewrite with the result over the same denominator.

 Multiplication just multiply the numerators and denominators.

For mixed numbers, convert to their improper fractions add
multiply.
Division multiply the dividend with the reciprocal of the divisor
Divisibility- when you divide as certain number to a number and get a
whole number, then that certain number is divisible to the number you
divide.
For 2- check if the number is even
For 3- the sum of its digits (addition up to units digit) is divisible
by 3
For 5- ends in 0 and 5
For 6- both divisible by 2 and 3
For 10 ends in 0
Ratio, Rates and Proportions
Ratio comparison using division
Rate ratio of different units
Unit Rates rate with denominator of 1
Converting Rates to Unit Rate
Solving Word Problems involving Ratio and Rate
Predicting Rates
Proportions equation of two ratios ; a/b =c/d
Solving Word Problems using proportions.
The Means-Extreme Property (Cross-product)
FUNDAMENTAL ALGEBRA
Measurements
Length
Capacity
Area
Surface Area of Space Figure
Volume of Space figures
Temperature
Real Number System
Rational Numbers are numbers which can be written as {a/b} a
and b are integers where b 0. Can be written as fraction,
decimal or percentage.
Natural Numbers also called as counting numbers; adding
or multiplying two natural numbers gives out a sum or
product which is a natural numbers.
Integers can be positive, negative or zero.

 Set of natural numbers is also called set of positive

integers.
Opposites numbers that has the same distance from zero
but in different sides.
Inequality a mathematical statement containing > <
Distance is always positive (or zero)
Absolute Values of an integer is the distance of it from zero
(origin).
Properties of Real Numbers
Axioms are assumptions that is believed as true
statements
Theorems conclusions of axioms
The Field Axioms
Closure Axioms for Addition real numberism
Closure Axioms for Multiplications
Associative Axioms for Addition and Multiplication
-grouping
Commutative Axioms for Addition and Multiplication
order
Identity Axiom for Addition a + 0 = a
Identity Axiom for Multiplication a x 1 = a
Additive Inverse = a + (-a) = 0
Multiplicative Inverse = 1/a x a = 1
Distributive Axiom = for expressions with grouping
symbols
Operations of Integers
Addition
Like signs add the absolute values and copy the
common sign
Unlike signs subtract the absolute values and copy the
sign with the greater absolute value.
Subtracting to subtract an integer, add its opposite.
Multiplication for like signs use positive, for unlike sign use
negative.
Division - for like signs use positive, for unlike sign use
negative.
Zero as numerator & non-zero denominator = 0
Any number as numerator & zero as denominator =
undefined
Power of Integers
The product of odd number of negative numbers is
negative

The product of even number of negative numbers is

positive
For all integers
a\c > b\d if and only if ad > bc
a\c < b\d if and only if ad < bc
Density Property for Rational Numbers
If a and b are rational numbers and a > b, then the
number halfway (1\2) a and b is a + 1\2 (b-a).
Applicable to other values in halfway
Decimals
Terminating Decimals exact value
Repeating Decimals repetends represented by bars.
When n d; remainder is d = 0 or d > r
Expressing Repeating Decimal to Fractions
Square Roots
No real-world solution for square roots of a negative
numbers.
Product and Quotient Property
Perfect Squares
Irrational Numbers cannot be represented as a\b where b
0

LANGUAGE OF ALGEBRA
Algebra is defined as the branch of mathematics which generalizes
the facts in arithmetic.
Algebraic Expression contains a variable, a number, and one
operation.
Language of Algebra is composed of
Numerals
Symbols or Sign
Operational
Symbols for Relationship
Symbols for Grouping
Parentheses
Brackets
Braces
Bars (in division)
Rules in removing symbols for grouping
1. Remove the parentheses
2. Remove the brackets

3. Remove the braces

4. Perform operation
Letter or Variables to Represent Unknown numbers
Variable is a symbol use to represent any number from a
given replacement set.
Replacement Set is the set of values of the variable.
Constant is a symbol which has exactly one number in its
replacement set.
Definitions of Terms
Algebraic Term either a single number or a letter or the
product of several numbers or letters.
Algebraic Expression a statement containing one or more
terms connected by plus or minus signs.
Factors the numbers and symbols in product
Literal Factor- a letter used as a factor.
Numerical Coefficient the number used in algebraic term.
Literal Coefficient a letter used to represent a number.
Similar Terms algebraic terms which have the same literal
factors and in which each letter has the same exponent in all
terms.
Classifying Algebraic Expression
Polynomials
Restrictions
Exponents must be positive integers
Letters are not used as denominators
Letters are not used as radicands.
Degree
The highest power in an algebraic term.
Evaluating Algebraic Expressions
Substitution
Simplifying Expression within grouping symbols
Simplify powers
Simplify products and quotient in order from left to right
Simplify sums and differences in order from left to right
Adding Expressions
Like terms- same variables and exponents; otherwise Unlike
Terms
Distributive Property
Commutative Property
Associative Property

If terms to be added contain parentheses and signs of operations,

omit the signs of operations and the parentheses and use only the
signs of quality.
Rearrange terms (commuting or associating)
Combine Like Terms
Subtracting Expression
Add its negative
Product of Monomials
To multiply the power having the same base, add the exponents.
To find the power of a power of a base, keep the base and
multiply the exponents.
To find a power of a product, find the power of each factor and
then multiply.
Laws of Exponents.
Product of Monomials and Polynomials
Distributive Property
Product of two or more polynomials
FOIL Method
Distributive property
Division of Monomials
xm / xn where m > n = xm n x 0
xm / xn where m < n = 1/xn m x 0
xm / xn where m = n = x0 or 1 x 0
Division of a Polynomial by a Monomial
Divide each term of the polynomial by the monomial and simplify
Division of a Polynomial by Another Polynomial
Arrange the degree of the variables of both the dividend and the
divisor (ascending or descending).
Follow the rules of dividing.
Algebraic Factoring / GCF

LINEAR EQUATIONS AND INEQUALITIES

Equation is a statement that two numbers or two expressions are
equal.
Solution is a number that gives off true statement.
Open Sentence a statement which is either true or false base on the
value given.
Identity any value assigned to the other side will also be the value to
the right side thus giving an equal statement.
Properties of Equality
Addition Property of Equality

Subtraction Property of Equality

Multiplication Property of Equality
Division Property of Equality
Substitution Law
Reflexive Property
Symmetric Property
Transitive Property
Evaluation of Equations
Use the Properties of Equality
Strategies in Problem Solving
Read and Understand the Problem
Rewrite
Question Asked
Given Facts
Operation Indicators
Operation Needed
Other Strategies
Draw a picture
Solve a simpler problem
Make a table
Work backwards
Guess and check
Find a pattern
Use a formula or equation
Using Equations in Solving Number Problems
3Rs
Read
Represent
Relate
ESP
Equate
Solve
Prove
Using Equations in Solving Problems Involving Consecutive
Integers.
Consecutive means following order without interruption.
Let x represent the first number. Then for integers x + 1, x +
2 . So on. For odd and even integers, x + 2, x + 4 . So
on.
Using Equations in Solving Digit Problem
Using Equations in Solving Age Problem

 Using Equations in Solving Work Problem

All works is equal to 1 whole job (1)
Rate x Time = Work
Uniform Motion Problem
Rate x Time = Distance
Mixture Problem
Percent Mixture Problem Q = Ar where Q is the quantity of
substance in the solution, A is the amount of solution and r
is the concentration
Value Mixture Problem V=AC where V is the value of
ingredient, A is the amount of Ingredient and C is the cost
per unit of the ingredient
Investment Problem
Interest = Principal x Rate
Geometry Problem
Inequalities
> greater than,< less than , less than or equal to, greater
than or equal to
{x is Real Number| x -15}
| such that
Properties
Transitive Property
Addition Property (and defining subtraction)
Multiplication Property (and defining division)
Rule in MP : when the factor or divisor is negative ,
invert the inequality sign.
Direct and Inverse Variation
Direct Variation y=kx where k is constant
Inverse Varition y= k(1/x)
Niether: When changes are not constant
Absolute Values in Open Sentences

LINEAR EQUATIONS AND INEQUALITIES IN TWO VARIABLES

Linear Equation
Standard form = Ax + By = C
Graphing on the Coordinate Plane
Rena Descartes 1596 1690

 Cartesian Coordinate Plane

2 dimensional plane
Up and down (y-axis)
Right and left (x-axis)
Coordinates (abscissa and ordinate)
Quadrants
Solutions and Graphs of Two Variable Equations
Ordered pair solutions to equations
Checking solutions
Plotting to form a line
Graphing with Intercepts and Slope of a Line
Identifying intercepts
X-intercept = y is 0
Y-intercept = x is 0
Finding intercepts in a Graph
Slope of the line
Slope = change in Y / change in X (slope = m)
M= rise/run = y2-y1/x2-x1 (where x2 unequal to x1)
Slope
A line with positive slope rises
A line with negative slope falls
A horizontal slope is zero
A vertical slope is undefined
Slope = dependent variable/ independent
Comparing steepness
Positive slopes
The line with greater slope is steeper
Negative Slopes
The line with greater absolute value is steeper.
Slope and y-intercept intuition
Graphing Linear Equations by the Slope-Intercepts Method
Standard From y=mx + b (b= y-intercept)
Converting linear equations to slope- intercept form
Constructing Equations using Slope-Intercept Form
Clues
The slope (m)
The y-intercept (b)
Solve for y-intercept by using given coordinates

Solve for slope using given coordinates (must have both and
initial and final coordinate)
Equations of Lines Using Point Slope Form
Equations of Lines Using Two-Point Form
Equations of Lines Using Intercept Form
Linear Inequality