Cryogenic lectures @ IIT Bombay

Prof. Miko Elwenspoek

Srinivas Vanapalli
University of Twente
The Netherlands

Liquid helium in Leiden (1908)

4.2 K

Measurement of Onnes with Mercury (8 april 1911)

Measurements in an improved test rig (26 oktober 1911)

(1913)

suprageleiding

Inaugural lecture H.J.M. ter Brake, May

12th, 2011

Energy Materials and Systems

Superconductors and Cryogenic cooling in Twente

Future Energy Technologies

materialen

Science

Society

Test experiments: experimental setup

Test results (lower pressure, Tcold = 3.15 K)

T (K)

90

T cell 2
T HS cell 1
T HS cell 2

70
50

T (K)

110

T cell 3
T cell 4
T HS cell 3
T HS cell 4

90
70

P (W)

p (bar) p (bar)

p (bar)

50
16.54
16.50

p high

16.46
1.8
1.6
1.4
1.2
0.27
0.26
0.25
0.24

p medium

p low

P heater cell 2
P heater cell 3
P heater cell 4

4
0

T (K)

3.20
3.15

T cold

3.10
0

10

20

30

time (min)

40

50

60

REFERENCE BOOK

All graphs (113) and tables (71) are available on www.researchmeasurements.com

Cryogenic Instrumentation
Instrumentation : Why, What, How?
To check, control or investigate
Temperature, Pressure and Flow

Cryogenic :
Temperature range
120 K
77 K - Liquid Nitrogen boiling point @ 1 atm
20 K

4K

- Liquid Helium boiling point @ 1 atm

1K
mK
Vacuum isolation : vacuum feed through

Temperature scale Historical quest

An Example: Joule-Thomson microcooler

10 mm
60 mm

An Example: Joule-Thomson microcooler (2)

10 mm
60 mm

An Example: Joule-Thomson microcooler (3)

T
P

P
P

An Example: Measurement results

High pressure (nitrogen): 80 bar
Low pressure:

6 bar

Cool down time:

7 min

Cold-tip temperature:

101 K

Measured cooling power: 131 mW

- Range:
- Min to max of measurement

OUTPUT

Selection criteria for sensors

- Resolution:
- Smallest detectable difference

- Sensitivity:
- dO/dP

- Uncertainty:
- Precision &Accuracy

- Random & Systematic error

MIN

MAX

PARAMETER

Selection criteria: uncertainty

LOW UNCERTAINTY

LOW NOISE
HIGH RESOLUTION

HIGH REPEATABILITY

LOW DISTURBANCES (CROSS

SENSITIVITIES)

HIGH SENSITIVITY

HIGH RANGE ?
LOW SETTLE TIME : 1 MS ?

= HIGH PRECISION + HIGH ACCURACY

Cryogenic temperature sensors: Principle, sensitivity

Thermocouple

: EMF (Electromotive Force)

Capacitor

: change in el. capacity

Resistors

: change in el. resistivity

Diodes

: change in gap voltage

Noise

: thermal noise change

Gasbulb

: expansion of ideal gas

Measurement structure

Metallic resistance thermometers

Semi-conductor like thermometers

Cryogenic temperature sensors: Principle, sensitivity

SOURCE : JACK W. EKIN

Cryogenic temperature sensors: Resolution

Smallest readable change

SOURCE : JACK W. EKIN

PT100

PT100/1000
Multimeter

Specimen

PT100; 2 wire & 4 wire, self-heating

PT100; 2 wire & 4 wire, self-heating

PT100; 2 wire & 4 wire, self-heating

PT100; 2 wire & 4 wire, self-heating

Thermal conductivity of solids

Cryogenic temperature sensors: errors

- Errors in measurement set-up.
V

- Self heating

- Heat load through wire to sensor

300K

- thermal anchoring
- Heat load wire to system
- thin resistive wires

- 4 point measurement
- Cross talk

R2

R3
R4

R5

- Use twisted wires

- Location: gradients

R1

- Extra heat capacity

- Response time

V/I=R1
V/I=(R1+R2+R3)

Vacuum chamber

Feedthrough

Gas supply

Pressure sensors

Heater

Temperature
sensor

Best practices!

Thermal anchoring
Twisted cables

Shielding + 4 point
Thick lines
to heater
Glue or firmly
attach sensors

Pressure sensors principle

PRESSURE SENSORS
wheatstone bridge
Diaphragm

STRAIN GAUGES / PIEZO RESISTORS

Temperature
compensated !

Pressure sensors principle

Temperature
compensated !

Pressure sensors: selection type

Bara
Psia

Barg
Psig

Bar
Psi

Pressure sensors: vacuum range

Massflow measurement principle: Thermal

Massflow measurement principle: Thermal

http://www.bronkhorst.com/en/products/gas_flow_meters_and_controllers/

Massflow measurement principle: Coriolis

Massflow measurement principle: Coriolis

Coriolis Mass Flow Meters/Controllers:
Flow through vibrating tube
Changes frequency, phase shift or amplitude.
Independent of the physical properties of the fluid!

PID control
PID Feed back loop
Temperature control -> heater
Pressure and Flow contol -> control valve
P= Proportional
I = Integral
D= Derivative

PID ACTION :

P ACTION ONLY:

Measurement structure