2-62E A steam pipe is subjected to convection on the inner surface and to specified temperature on the

outer surface. The mathematical formulation, the variation of temperature in the pipe, and the rate of heat
loss are to be determined for steady one-dimensional heat transfer.
Assumptions 1 Heat conduction is steady and one-dimensional since the pipe is long relative to its
thickness, and there is thermal symmetry about the center line. 2 Thermal conductivity is constant. 3 There
is no heat generation in the pipe.
Properties The thermal conductivity is given to be k = 7.2 Btu/hftF.
Analysis (a) Noting that heat transfer is one-dimensional in the radial r direction, the mathematical
formulation of this problem can be expressed as
T =160F

d dT
r
0
dr dr

Steam
250F
h=1.25

dT (r1 )
h[T T (r1 )]
dr

and

T (r2 ) T2 160 F

(b) Integrating the differential equation once with respect to r gives

r

L = 15 ft

dT
C1
dr

Dividing both sides of the equation above by r to bring it to a readily integrable form and then integrating,
dT C1

dr
r
T (r ) C1 ln r C2
where C1 and C2 are arbitrary constants. Applying the boundary conditions give
C1
h[T (C1 ln r1 C2 )]
r1

r = r1:

r = r2:

T (r2 ) C1 ln r2 C2 T2

Solving for C1 and C2 simultaneously gives

C1

T2 T
r
k
ln 2
r1 hr1

and

C2 T2 C1 ln r2 T2

T2 T
ln r2
r
k
ln 2
r1 hr1

Substituting C1 and C2 into the general solution, the variation of temperature is determined to be

T ( r ) C1 ln r T2 C1 ln r2 C1 (ln r ln r2 ) T2

ln

(160 250)F
7.2 Btu/h ft F

2.4

2
(12.5 Btu/h ft 2 F)(2 / 12 ft )

(c) The rate of heat conduction through the pipe is

ln

T 2 T
r
ln T2
r
k
r2
ln 2
r1 hr1

r
r
160F 24.74 ln
160F
2.4 in
2.4 in

C
T 2 T
dT
Q kA
k (2rL ) 1 2Lk
r
k
dr
r
ln 2
r1 hr1
(160 250)F
2 (15 ft)(7.2 Btu/h ft F)
16,800 Btu/h
2.4
7.2 Btu/h ft F
ln

2
(12.5 Btu/h ft 2 F)(2 / 12 ft )
3-19 A double-pane window consists of two 3-mm thick layers of glass separated by a 12-mm wide
stagnant air space. For specified indoors and outdoors temperatures, the rate of heat loss through the
window and the inner surface temperature of the window are to be determined.
Assumptions 1 Heat transfer through the window is steady since the indoor and outdoor temperatures
remain constant at the specified values. 2 Heat transfer is one-dimensional since any significant
temperature gradients will exist in the direction from the indoors to the outdoors. 3 Thermal conductivities
of the glass and air are constant. 4 Heat transfer by radiation is negligible.
Properties The thermal conductivity of the glass and air are given to be kglass = 0.78 W/mC and kair = 0.026
W/mC.
Analysis The area of the window and the individual resistances are
A (12
. m) (2 m) 2.4 m 2

1
1

0.0417 C/W
2
h1 A (10 W/m .C)(2.4 m 2 )
L
0.003 m
R3 Rglass 1
0.0016 C/W
k1 A (0.78 W/m.C)(2.4 m 2 )
Air
L2
0.012 m
Rair

0.1923 C/W
k2 A (0.026 W/m.C)(2.4 m 2 )
1
1
Rconv,2

0.0167 o C/W
2 o
h2 A (25 W/m . C)(2.4 m 2 )
Rconv,1 2 R1 R2 Rconv,2 0.0417 2(0.0016 ) 0.1923 0.0167

Ri Rconv,1
R1
R2
Ro
Rtotal

0.2539 C/W
The steady rate of heat transfer through window glass then becomes

T T 2 [24 (5)]C
Q 1

114 W
Rtotal
0.2539C/W

T1

Ri

R1

R2

R3

Ro

The inner surface temperature of the window glass can be determined from

T T1
Q 1
T1 T1 Q R conv ,1 24 o C (114 W)(0.0417C/W) = 19.2C
R conv,1

T2

4-36 Large brass plates are heated in an oven. The surface temperature of the plates
leaving the oven is to be determined.
Assumptions 1 Heat conduction in the plate is one-dimensional since the plate is large
relative to its thickness and there is thermal symmetry about the center plane. 3 The
thermal properties of the plate are constant. 4 The heat transfer coefficient is constant and
uniform over the entire surface. 5 The Fourier number is > 0.2 so that the one-term
approximate solutions (or the transient temperature charts) are applicable (this
assumption will be verified).
Properties The properties of brass at room temperature are given to be k = 110 W/m.C,
= 33.910-6 m2/s
Furnace,
700C
Analysis The Biot number for this process is
Bi

hL (80 W / m 2 . C)(0.015 m)

0.0109
k
(110 W / m. C)

The constants 1 and A1 corresponding to this

Biot number are, from Table 4-1,
1 01039
.
and A1 10018
.

Plates
25C

The Fourier number is

t (33.9 10 6 m 2 / s)(10 min 60 s / min)

90.4 0.2
L2
(0.015 m) 2

Therefore, the one-term approximate solution (or the transient temperature charts) is
applicable. Then the temperature at the surface of the plates becomes
( L, t ) wall

2
2
T ( x, t ) T
A1 e 1 cos( 1 L / L) (1.0018)e ( 0.1039) (90.4) cos(0.1039) 0.378
Ti T

T ( L, t ) 700
0.378 T ( L, t ) 445 C
25 700

Discussion This problem can be solved easily using the lumped system analysis since Bi
< 0.1, and thus the lumped system analysis is applicable. It gives

k
k
110 W/m C
C p

3.245 10 6 W s/m 3 C
C p
33.9 10 -6 m 2 / s

hA
hA
h
h
80 W/m 2 C

0.001644 s -1
6
3
VC p
( LA)C p
LC p
L(k / ) (0.015 m)(3.245 10 W s/m C)

T (t ) T
e bt
Ti T

T (t ) T (Ti T )e bt 700C (25 - 700C)e ( 0.001644 s

which is almost identical to the result obtained above.

-1

)( 600 s)

448

7-50E A fan is blowing air over the entire body of a person. The average temperature of the outer surface of
the person is to be determined for two cases.
Assumptions 1 Steady operating conditions exist. 2 Radiation effects are negligible. 3 Air is an ideal gas
with constant properties. 4 The average human body can be treated as a 1-ft-diamter cylinder with an
exposed surface area of 18 ft2. 5 The local atmospheric pressure is 1 atm.
Properties We assume the film temperature to be 100 F . The
properties of air at this temperature are (Table A-15E)
k 0.01529 Btu/h.ft.F

0.1809 10
Pr 0.7260

-3

Person, Ts
300 Btu/h

V = 6 ft/s

ft /s

T = 85F

Analysis The Reynolds number is

Re

D = 1 ft

V D
(6 ft/s)(1 ft)

3.317 10 4
3
2

0.1809 10 ft /s

The proper relation for Nusselt number corresponding this Reynolds number is
hD
0.62 Re 0.5 Pr 1 / 3
Nu
0.3
1/ 4
k
1 (0.4 / Pr) 2 / 3

Re
1

282,000

4/5

5/8

3.317 10 4
0.62(3.317 10 4 ) 0.5 (0.7260)1 / 3

0.3
1

2 / 3 1/ 4

282,000

1 (0.4 / 0.7260)

4/5

5/8

107.84

The heat transfer coefficient is

k
0.01529 Btu/h.ft.F
Nu
(107.84) 1.649 Btu/h.ft 2 .F
D
(1 ft)
Then the average temperature of the outer surface of the person becomes
h

300 Btu/h
hA (T T ) T T Q 85F +
Q
95.1F
s
s

hAs
(1.649 Btu/h.ft 2 .F)(18 ft 2 )
If the air velocity were doubled, the Reynolds number would be

Re

V D
(12 ft/s)(1 ft)

6.633 10 4

0.1809 10 3 ft 2 /s

The proper relation for Nusselt number corresponding this Reynolds number is
hD
0.62 Re 0.5 Pr 1 / 3
Nu
0.3
1/ 4
k
1 (0.4 / Pr) 2 / 3

Re
1

282
,
000

4/5

5/8

6.633 10 4
0.62(6.633 10 4 ) 0.5 (0.7260)1 / 3

0.3
1

1/ 4

282,000

1 (0.4 / 0.7260) 2 / 3

Heat transfer coefficient is

4/5

5/8

165.95

k
0.01529 Btu/h.ft.F
Nu
(165.95) 2.537 Btu/h.ft 2 .F
D
(1 ft)
Then the average temperature of the outer surface of the person becomes
h


Q
300 Btu/h
Q hAs (Ts T ) Ts T
85F +
91.6F
hAs
(2.537 Btu/h.ft 2 .F)(18 ft 2 )

8-59E Water is heated by passing it through thin-walled copper tubes. The length of the
copper tube that needs to be used is to be determined.
Assumptions 1 Steady flow conditions exist. 2 The inner surfaces of the tube are smooth.
3 The thermal resistance of the tube is negligible. 4 The temperature at the tube surface is
constant.
Properties The properties of water at the bulk mean fluid temperature of
Tb , ave (54 140) / 2 97F 100F are (Table A-9E)
62.0 lbm/ft 3

250F

k 0.363 Btu/h.ft.F

0.738 10 -5 ft 2 /s
C p 0.999 Btu/lbm.F
Pr 4.54

Water
54F
0.7 lbm/s

Analysis (a) The mass flow rate and the Reynolds number are
AcV m V m
m

Re

D = 0.75 in
140F
L

m
0.7 lbm/s

3.68 ft/s
3
Ac
(62 lbm/ft )[ (0.75/12 ft) 2 /4]

Vm Dh
(3.68 ft/s)(0.75/12 ft)

31,165

0.738 10 5 ft 2 /s

which is greater than 4000. Therefore, the flow is turbulent and the entry lengths in this
case are roughly
Lh Lt 10 D 10(0.75 in) 7.5 in
which is probably shorter than the total length of the pipe we will determine. Therefore,
we can assume fully developed turbulent flow in the entire duct, and determine the
Nusselt number from
Nu

hDh
0.023 Re0.8 Pr 0.4 0.023(31,165)0.8 ( 4.54)0.4 165.8
k

and
h

k
0.363 Btu/h.ft.F
Nu
(165.8) 963 Btu/h.ft 2 .F
Dh
(0.75 / 12) ft

The logarithmic mean temperature difference and then the rate of heat transfer per ft
length of the tube are
Te Ti

Tln

T s Te

T
i
s

ln

140 54
148.9F
250 140

ln

250 54

Q hAs Tln (963 Btu/h.ft 2 .F)[ (0.75 / 12 ft )(1 ft)](148.9F) 28,150 Btu/h

The rate of heat transfer needed to raise the temperature of water from 54 F to 140 F is
m
C p (Te Ti ) (0.7 3600 lbm/h)(0.999 Btu/lbm.F)(140 - 54)F = 216,500 Btu/h
Q

Then the length of the copper tube that needs to be used becomes
Length

216,500 Btu/h
7.69 ft
28,150 Btu/h

(b) The friction factor, the pressure drop, and then the pumping power required to
overcome this pressure drop can be determined for the case of fully developed turbulent
flow to be
f 0.184 Re 0.2 0.184(31,165) 0.2 0.02323

P f

2
(7.69 ft) (62 lbm/ft 3 )(3.68 ft/s) 2
L V m
1 lbf

0.02323

37.27 lbf/ft 2
2
D
2
(0.75 / 12 ft)
2
32.174 lbm ft/s

P (0.7 lbm/s)(37.27 lbf/ft 2 )

1 hp
m

W pump

0.00078 hp
3

550
lbf

ft/s
62 lbm/ft

11-61 The absorber plate of a solar collector is exposed

to solar and sky radiation. The net rate of solar energy
absorbed by the absorber plate is to be determined.
Properties The solar absorptivity and emissivity of the
surface are given to s = 0.87 and = 0.09.

600 W/m2

Tsky = 15C

Analysis The net rate of solar energy delivered by the

absorber plate to the water circulating behind it can be
determined from an energy balance to be
q net q gain q loss
4

q net s Gsolar (Ts Tsky ) h(Ts Tair )

Then,

Air
T = 25C
Absorber plate
Ts = 70C

s = 0.87

Insulation

= 0.09

q net 0.87(600 W/m 2 ) 0.09(5.67 10 8 W/m 2 .K 4 ) (70 273 K) 4 (15 273 K) 4

2

(10 W/m K )(70C 25C)

36.5 W/m 2
Therefore, heat is gained by the plate and transferred to water at a rate of 36.5 W per m2 surface area.
12-33 Two parallel disks whose back sides are insulated are black, and are maintained at a uniform
temperature. The net rate of radiation heat transfer from the disks to the environment is to be determined.
Assumptions 1 Steady operating conditions exist 2 The surfaces are opaque, diffuse, and gray. 3
Convection heat transfer is not considered.
Properties The emissivities of all surfaces are = 1 since they are black.
Analysis Both disks possess same properties and they are
black. Noting that environment can also be considered to be
Disk 1, T1 = 700 K, 1 = 1
blackbody, we can treat this geometry as a three surface
enclosure. We consider the two disks to be surfaces 1 and 2
and the environment to be surface 3. Then from Figure 12D = 0.6 m
7, we read
Environment
F12 F21 0.26
T3 =300 K
0.40 m
F13 1 0.26 0.74 (summation rule)
1 = 1
The net rate of radiation heat transfer from the disks into
the environment then becomes
Disk 2, T2 = 700 K, 2 = 1

 Q
Q

Q
3
13
23 2Q13
2 F A (T 4 T 4 )
Q
3
13 1
1
3
2(0.74)[ (0.3 m) 2 ](5.67 10 8 W/m 2 K 4 )[ 700 K 4 300 K 4 ]
5505 W

13-100 Steam is condensed by cooling water in a shell-and-tube heat exchanger. The rate of heat transfer
and the rate of condensation of steam are to be determined.
Assumptions 1 Steady operating conditions exist. 2 The heat exchanger is well-insulated so that heat loss to
the surroundings is negligible and thus heat transfer from the hot fluid is equal to the heat transfer to the
cold fluid. 3 Changes in the kinetic and potential energies of fluid streams are negligible. 4 The overall heat
transfer coefficient is constant and uniform. 5 The thickness of the tube is negligible.
Properties The specific heat of the water is given to be 4.18 kJ/kg.C. The heat of condensation of steam at
30C is given to be 2430 kJ/kg.
Analysis (a) The heat capacity rate of a fluid condensing in a heat exchanger is infinity. Therefore,
Cmin Cc m c C pc (0.5 kg / s)(4.18 kJ / kg. C) 2.09 kW/ C
and
C=0
Then the maximum heat transfer rate becomes
Q
C (T T ) (2.09 kW/ C)(30 C 15 C) 3135
. kW
max

min

h ,in

c ,in

and

As 8nDL 8 50 (0.015 m )(2 m ) 37.7 m 2 Steam

30C
The NTU of this heat exchanger

NTU

UAs
(3 kW/m 2 .C) (37.7 m 2 )

54.11
C min
2.09 kW/ C

Then the effectiveness of this heat exchanger

corresponding to C = 0 and NTU = 6.76 is determined
using the proper relation in Table 13-5
1 exp( NTU ) 1 exp( 6.76) 1

15C
Water
1800 kg/h

Then the actual heat transfer rate becomes

Q

Q
max (1)(31.35 kW) 31.35 kW

(b) Finally, the rate of condensation of the steam is determined from

Q
31.4 kJ/s
Q m h fg m

0.0129 kg/s
h fg
2430 kJ/kg

30C