Groin pain syndrome: Experiences in the prevention and treatment

with Sport Leggings

by Maurizio Ronchi *, 2015
with the collaboration of Dr. Marco Gibin ft *, MFT Federico Polimene *
* members of the medical staff of Seregno Rugby
The electrostatic induction and the elastic-compressive effect exerted by sport
leggings can be used as prevention and treatment of the one of most
discomforting and limiting sport activities, the groin pain syndrome.
This work is based on my thirty years of experience in the field of sport
bodyworks, supported by the search for experiential evidence in the last ten
years working with medical staff of Seregno Rugby and the technical staff of
CobraGym-FitnessClub, for the prevention injury in sports, and rehabilitation.
INTRODUCTION
The purpose of this article is to focus attention on this syndrome for both
athletes and medical-technical staff, which for anatomy researchers and medic
sports rehab with the hope that further investigations and depth studies can be
carried out to continue
improve more and
more specific
protocols.
The criterion adopted
for this study is not of
clinical procedure or
research, but simply
experiential, and
report based on our
considerations,
evaluations and
suggestions.
(Figure 1)
I will explain briefly the type of protocol used by us, PEC - Proprioceptivity
Equilibrium Coordination (Ronchi et al.) - to develop certain aspects/concepts
of preventive actions to fight the pain of the pubic-groin syndrome during
physical activity.
Thw most common physical and athletic issues that can lead to pain/stress on
the tissues related the pelvis girdle: muscles, tendons, ligaments, fascia and
connective tissues. It will be considered only problems from a biomechanical
and musculoskeletal pain related to the pelvis from athletic activities, and not
those related to internal medicine diseases.
Then we focus those aspect highlighted by the case studies sports that create
dysfunction, as a lack of physical preparation, failure to strength training,
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athletic overload/overuse, postural imbalances and traumatic events. In our

experience it is not as risky hypothesis that the use of synthetic sport leggings
during sports, because of the electrostatic induction and the elastocompressive action exerted on the body tissues, can be beneficial in the
prevention of the groin pain syndrome. We'll try to motivate our thoughts and
experiences through the opinions of some eminent scientists, and the latest
discovery research on the effects of these electrical charges and currents have
on the soft tissues and their basic components as collagen and extra cellular
matrix and fibroblast.
As evidenced by the vast literature into Sport-Fit&Med- Rehab, groin syndrome
is not easy to diagnose. Experts are agree in tracing one of the initial reports
in 1932, when Spinelli focused for the first time, that some osteoarticular
problems to the foot of a fencer, could give rise to that nagging pain in pubisgroin area. Studies done in the 1980s/90s (Busquet, De Paulis, Jarvinen)
began to estimate tens causes for this syndrome. The most advanced research
in the first decade of the new millennium (Bisciotti, Meyers, Passigli, Rabe,
Shortt), confirmed the difficulty of diagnosis on the factors triggering the groin
pain, because of the different and various correlations of traumatic nature,
overload, or postural pathological, which can either singly or as a contributory
cause provoke the onset of disease. In fact just to visualize the anatomy of the
pelvis to understand the amount of myofascial and connective tissues that
originate and fit on it. Being so large the spectrum of variables that trigger this
syndrome, we have not yet arrived at a real cure, for which the remedy is to
seek a possible solution in the development of protocols, preventive or
interventive, depending on the case. The effectiveness of these programs is
then evaluated and discussed with some frequency, through statistics and
published case reports in the med & rehab literature. What emerges from
these studies, it has as a common denominator for the efficiency of these
protocols, to act according to the global vision of the human body; the athlete
must be followed and treated in a holistic view, in the full sense of the term,
taking into account all the variables both neuromuscular situations and
psychological stress related.
According to our experience, the programs carried out in the gym for the
rebalancing of posture and muscles; maintain or regain tensegrity (Ingber)
body structure is now a milestone in all prevention sport injuries. So the stage
for weight lifting muscle, not an end in itself but is pursuing the goal for the
development of lean body mass, to increase strength and endurance, which
also looks to postural and proprioceptive aspects. For example our protocol
(PEC) makes use in this phase of structural rebalancing, in addition to gym
working with weights and machines, a various proprioceptive tools: the
different Freeman tables, fixed, tilting, rotating, air-cushion, the foam roller,
the bars of balance, Swissball, Kibun, trampolines, and all can drive instability.
Finally, weights and proprioceptive exercises, will be integrated with
compartment and global stretching sessions for kinetic chains - myofascial
chains- with appropriate variations of PNF, CRAC, Anderson static, dynamic
taistretch, passive-assisted, and so on.
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The holistic view of our protocol, is completed by the systematic checks of the
physical-athletic-postural status, with Myofascial Passivattiva Technique
treatments (Ronchi), through tests and specific bodyworks to evaluate and for
maintain the entire pelvis area.
With its joint, coxo-femural, sacro-iliac and the symphysis pubis, is a real iliac
shock assorber to the complex architecture of the pelvic girdle (Figure 2), and
is well known that these joints, specially for the synphysis, are subjected to
stress-induced adaptment or by imbalance of the force load the pelvis (Solere
et al.). When the pelvis is not aligned properly numerous biomechanical
problems result, which can be painful and debilitating. (Lowe). So relying on
both directions of the scientific literature that from our experiences, we have
given more importance and priority to use the bodyworks for myotendons
inserctions, the fascial-sheath, fascial-sheet expansions of the tendons,
aponeurosis and joint capsules, as indicated as the most exposed to overload
and the cyclical gestural repetitiveness - overuse - during a
workout/performance.
These bodyworks are aimed to mobilize both joint and tissue layers, the
release of the myofascial adhesions and to stimulate the hyaluronic acid
production, with specific technique which have provided us a good feedback
both in the prevention, lowering the risk of light the syndrome, which the
treatment against pain in the acute phase.

Figure 2

Here are some examples of the PEC protocols.

Figure 3

Figure 5

Figure 4

Figure 6

We had excellent results in the application of Kinesio Taping to the

bodyworks, highly regarded and well tolerated by athletes, become a precious
and valuable assistance thanks to the teachings and advice of my dear friend
professor Rosario Bellia.

THE IDEA
The idea for the use of synthetic sport leggings is suggested to me by an
article published in the Journal of Athletic Studies by FIDAL (Italian Federation
of Athletics) at the end of the 1970s. The study described the experience of
some USA sprinters, in relation to the use of sport leggings with the aim of
countering both accidents that possible triggers inflammation and pain in the
pubic-groin area especially for the rectus-abdominal-adductor compartment.
At that time I was an athlete, and with the agreement with my coach, I
followed the suggestion to wear the sport leggings, both for training sessions
and competitions, and, also as a trainer and technical instructor, involving
athletes from other sports. To be honest I have no memory who was the
author of the article, and I cannot find anything on the web to satisfy my
curiosity and to give the right citation in the bibliography.
The use of sport leggings became common among professional athletes since
the mid '80s (last century), especially for top athletes in the track & field.
Old athlete as me can easy remember the past Olympic Games or World
Championships, where the sport leggings evolution as semi or totalbody with
bright colors dressed by male and female athletes. Perhaps a little of an
eccentricity, just think of those used by the USA sprinter Florence Griffith
Joyner, but their use was a clear indication result of the studies and the
expectations of the sports biomechanics and materials technology researchers.
For all other sports the use of leggings, remaining mostly hidden from the suits
or competition dress, unfortunately, did not have much echo among the ranks
of the sport, apart from cycling.
Too bad because I've never noticed about, except the few atlete who have
shared the experience with me, that in the sports technical and med staff in
Italy there was a great followers, so no developments and studies on their
usefulness and potential.
During my experience in sports agonist period, from the late 70s to the early
2000, from 100m and long jump to basketball, from judo to climbing/
mountaineering, we were really few athetes wear them methodically.
The fact remains that despite having no obvious scientific value, is that neither
of the athletes I know, who used sport leggings (some hundred), we never had
problems of groin pain, despite these sports often caused overuse/overload to
the pelvis area. How I remember well of a very few cases about the common
stress and strains problems for quadriceps, hamstrings, adductors, then I
though that something truly of effective benefit could be using constantly the
synthetic sport leggings.

EXPERIENCE and APPLICATION

The experiential part of this work is based on direct feedback
from the athletes that I had followed as bodyworker and
trainer since the mid 80s, and the more systematic
experience that today we are collecting as medical staff of
Seregno Rugby players. Seregno Rugby is a small Italian
sport association in the Monza and Brianza province close
Milan, which has more than 250 athletes from minirugby to
olders, from age 6 until 60.
Still without statistical validity, we we have had access to a
important number of athletes from the several specialties
considered most at risk for this syndrome, in order to draw
some considerations.
The choice for the use of the sport leggings is that they must
be in synthetic fabric (nylon or polyester), a material that are
able to generate electrostatic charges and induce a weak
current on the underlying anatomical parts in contact, made
by the continuos microfriction and rubbing with the skin
during movement.
(Figure7)
Two important grounds, suggested by our experience, can be observed: the
first is that they are worn directly on the skin as underwear; the second
involves the use of one or two sizes less to have a good grip and give the right
elastic-tighness.
The first of these grounds has two reasons, that one is to prevent the cotton
underwear worn under the leggings absorb and retain moisture, leaving the
unpleasant feeling of damp. But above all it is very important to prevent the
wet cotton will become even more abrasive to the skin, especially in the parts
subject to continue rubbing or by the fabric seams. So the synthetic sport
leggings used as underwear to direct contact with the skin, avoid those
annoying redness and the proliferation of fungi responsible for mycosis and
smelly in the groin wrinkle. In addition it was noted that the peel shave form
pubic-groin area (common for practice for runners), has given more help to
lower the abrasive effect due the continual movement which developed rubbing
for the groin or inner thigh. It was not easy to involve male athletes, but the
results have convinced almost all, a sign that the problem abrasion/mycosis
was not so marginal and infrequent. In addition for us bodyworkers is
unquestionable functionally when we massage smooth bodies without peel,
both to reduce significantly the excesses of lubricants, lowering the possible
skin sensitization using these chemicals, and for the best applications of
bandages, taping etcetera.
The second reason for wearing sport leggings as underwear, is the obvious one
of having the more wide surface contact area possible for the mechanical
action of micro-friction between skin and synthetic fabric, which is one of the
purposes of their use.
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It may also want to avoid the 'shortening' of leggings, to choose those models
that come comfortably just above the knee, to prevent that annoying sliding
upwards and the continuous pull them down.
As regards the use of a two smaller sizes, it is taken into account that are not
too constrictors such as to prevent the blood circulation, but have a right and
well tolerated compression to support it and, at the same time, to have the
feeling of 'bandaged = protected'. To this point we have found a certain
subject variability of compressive liking, so it is left to the discretion of the
athlete.
The elasto-compressive action is not trivial, but it has a precise scientific
motivation and well-known, as the ability to induce tissue underlying
neuromuscular proprioceptive facilitation stimulus, but also the
exteroceptive/psychological, alarm status and sense of security (Marinoni).
This effect exerted by the sport leggings, albeit subjective, and more or less
influential than an elastic bandage, is making its contribution to the
improvement of the general psychological condition of the athlete especially
during the pre-competition warm-up.
The variable elasto-compressive stimulus action on the muscles, develops also
a major mechanical work which facilitate emptying venous during exercises,
where exactly in the downturn and increase their volume, the containment
action is one of the most effective mechanisms to achieve significant effects on
the venous blood flow (Mariani).
The elasto-compressive effect also improves the chemical and physical
interstitial condition with an important action on the microcirculation, reducing
capillary filtration and improving the drainage of the intratissues fluids both
intravenously and lymphatic (Aloisi-Round; Bisacci) avoiding excessive
accumulation of slag which, as known play an important role in causing fibrillar
micro-lesion because of their abrasive properties due to their acid pH.
So adherent leggings, even if are not an elastic functional bandage, for their
elasto-compressive action are able to offer a number of positive input: support
for the micro-compartmental and relaxing effect induced by repetitive
tangential skin stimuli, in favor of a normalization of muscle tone, and for the
purely psychological aspect of protection, via the exteroceptive action by
'patch' effect (Contigliani).

BIO-PHYSIOLOGY
To try to explain the action and effects that occur as a result from the microfriction elasto-compressive and electrostatic charges induced between the
synthetic fabric and the skin in direct contact, is needed a short bio-physiology
introduction, but does not want to be academic, but enough to explain which
are the parties involved and the main mechanisms.
Collagen is one of the most eclectic components of connective tissue and
fascial system. It has the ability to take on shapes and different properties
depending on the task that is in charge.
Collagen fibers are intrinsically elastic because of the provision in parallel
bundles of these crystal setup that behave as true spiral springs.
To understand their arrangement may develop different characteristics, take
for example the tendons and ligaments. Despite being made
from the same basic component, collagen precisely, they
develop different properties because of the different structure,
the spatial arrangement and the assembly of the fibers in
bundles of fibrillar.
The ligaments are structured as ovelapped and crossed layers,
this configuration makes them very strong and tenacious with
excellent flexibility and foldability, allowing both free articular
movement and to maintain a well controlling of the stability of
the bone heads, in order of their peculiar inextensibility. This is
due to the crossover and not parallel setup of the fibrillar
bundles, which tends to neutralize the intrinsic elasticity of the
collagen, a characteristic that for the ligaments must to be the
last of the qualities. In fact, they do not take part in the
dynamism of the joints ROM - range of motion - but only to
support the muscle-tendon unit responsible of the movement.
(Figure 8)
The tendons instead, remaining structured and arranged in parallel bundles,
exploit own twist properties, due the shape of the helical spiral spring
develops, allowing a greater extensibility than the ligaments. It agrees that the
ligaments are structures with low dynamic, while the tendons, including
retinaculae and myofascial expansions are very active. This is because the
structure of crystal helical tendon has among its features, to be piezoelectric
(Griner-Lee).
This property of collagen that, said synthetically, is polarized electrically when
subjected to pressure or to a stress such to lead to a plastic deformation. As
vice versa, the crystal structure is deformed, expanding and contracting, under
the action of an electric field. In practice, the piezoelectricity transforms the
electrical current in the work-mechanical action, and the same applies to the
reverse.
For us bodyworkers this correlation is a key for understanding the mechanisms
and effects, which occur by induction effects during the practice of various
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treatments of massage or myofascial manipulation. It also serves to explain

how the use of the synthetic sport leggings can interact with the piezoelectric
properties of those tissues of the body that have that type of configuration of
the collagen: tendons, myo-tendon insertions, myofascial structures and
various expansions. At first, as we have seen is right the elasto-compressive
action that, despite not having the pressure of a massage, can drive an
appreciable proprioceptive mechanical stimulus; the other is the microfriction
that generates a weak electrostatic charges. These synergic actions are
presumed to be in aid to contrast the development of any inflammation come
from micro-lesions. In that regard, clearly explains Claudio Gallozzi that <<
when collagen fibers are stressed with force pulling, then with mechanical
forces, produce a signal electrically charging [...] this is one of the electrical
signals that the information system of the sensing bio with electro-chemical
characteristic to inform in real time. One of the most important actions of this
system is the ability to determine the start of the processes of
repair/regeneration >>.
Furthermore, the piezoelectric effect resulting mechanical action, restores the
extracellular matrix morpho-functional properties resulting as decongestion of
connective tissue (Cheng, 1982).

MECHANISMS
Our experience in all these years in the use of synthetic sport leggings, was
based on the evident difference of the gestures and in biomechanical
movement patterns, inherent to athletes from different sports, which provided
us a positive feedback to the low incidence of problems referred to the pubisgroin area. And right for the fact of having worked on a large group of athletes
of various sports, which made us to think that some motivation or scientific
evidence should be indeed. But all this remain a 'presumption'. In fact asked to
Robert Schleip, famous fascial researcher and Rolfer of proven experience, how
are moving the research on the interaction between electric currents charges
and myofascial tissues, told me that his attempts at stimulation of fascial
tissues subjected to different electrical stimuli using a wide range of
frequencies and amplitudes, have not given a verifiable immediate effect.
Schleip suspect strongly that should be a correlation, given that the
(myo)fibroblasts still can be influenced by different and, even if, small
electrical gradients, in their directional moves through the extra cellular matrix
(ECM), and therefore we must continue to investigate. While in order of the
electrostatic stimulation induced by synthetic sport leggings, it believes that
the result of this action can often be due to the deeper and longer effects
caused by a new different input as with the treatment of myofascial pain
syndrome, always referred to the same spinal segment. This, continues
Schleip, seems wrapped the activity of the WDR (wide dynamic range neurons)
recently discovered. In fact he believe that in order the recent literature in this
field, shows how they can be stimulated/modified with small electric charges.
Again he ending, makes me aware of how they are now well known powerful
effects induced by the needles in acupuncture, although the needle acts on a
'non-meridian' point but referred to the same spinal segment. Exactly the
Kovac reflex (with surgical staples) appears to be efficient and probably
involves the same neurophysiological dynamics. Currently some operators of
acupuncture and trigger points using needles that have an electric charge with
an apparent increase of positive results in their treatments. We need however
to further studies and research. It is also convinced Carla Stecco, one of the
best researchers of the extraordinary fascial world, as it considers besides very
scientifically intriguing, that the correlations we should be and therefore we do
need further studies.
The same opinion is expressed by Will Gibson, researcher and DOMS expert
(Delayed Onset Muscular Soreness) convinced that the research for new
century will revealing important properties and very fascinating about fascia,
and that in the future will bring great news for all activities related the human
body, health diagnostics and prevention.

10

CONCLUSIONS
The experience mainly made to athletes of martial arts and running, of course
who for decades have followed this habit to using synthetic sport leggings, did
not detect any particular response to reported pain in
the pubic-groin area.
Another positive note was about no relevant of the
common problems as regards the hamstrings in
runners, where there has been a sharp drop of
contractures and muscles strains.
Certainly these are not sport on the top list of high
risk to incurring in the groin syndrome, but according
to statistics, in order to the high frequency of training
and repetitive movements/patterns, our feedback it
seemed therefore good as result and that deserved to
be reported as at least as experiential case.
(Figure 9)
Instead for the athletes of Seregno Rugby, the systematic use of synthetic
sport leggings is since 2008. Not everyone can bear the garment, but it is a
very small percentage (15-20%) that constantly being lower. Certainly this
practice needed a good dose of determination and perseverance, as in any
case it is requires for any prevention protocol. Need a bit of adaptation and
endurance, especially in the summer time with the heat. In fact we noticed
that about 30% of the players try to avoid wearing synthetic sport leggings in
the warm periods. Here need to make a remark very important to us: in this
seasonal climate, start our workout preparation and the legue championship.
The first phase begins the end of August and throughout September, with hot
condition by late summer. Obviously the athletes physical condition is almost
at the minus, and therefore easier that some problems might arise, either for
lower muscle tone, a little overweight, delay neuromuscolar reactivy and weak
aerobic condition. It is right in this phase of preparation that the use of
leggings is recommended and where we presume to drive the best preventive
action. As it also very important for the late spring time (April to June), where
it concludes the league and start several summer trophy. We know well that to
be at the end of the competitive season, can drive some different problems
that require the same precautions, given that fatigue overload is fertile ground
for injuries. The statistics tell us that in the last 3-4 games of the season
especially in the last quarter of the game (the final 20mins) there is a greater
probability of incurring in potential risks, in fatc is called injury time.
Another good reason about using the synthetic sport leggings is the second
skin effect. When the game field is in the condition defined as hard, either by
frost or excessive dry, leggings intervene to prevent the annoying abrasions
from the fall-impact-sliding on the ground, especially for the whole side of the
thigh from the ileotibialband of the tensor fascia lata until the area trochanteric
hip.
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In conclusion, obviously synthetic leggings are not a panacea, but in our

experience certainly help to prevention the groin syndrome and related
deseases. Athletes need commitment, and every staff must to lead them to
awareness that prevention is the only form of protection for own body, where
the care for it must to be a pleasant routine, a kind of investment, not an
obligation, to protect both sport career and the future job career.
The usual refrain that we repeat to all persons is begin sport activity or who
start to approach to rugby: if you have respect for your body, even the relief
works that the various operators in the bodyworks sector, will prove to be
much more effective. You should not go to the therapist, osteopath or massage
therapist only when the discomfort has become a seriuos functional limitation.
A good preventive synergic team procedure among all the figures that work
around the athlete is the trump card to play and invest in that marvelous
machine that is the human body.
This is what our experience tells to us.
THANKS
As in our previous works, I take always the opportunity to say thank you to
those who, despite being unknown for the most of the sport team operators,
study and researching to detect and unravel the secrets that reside in the most
intimate and microscopic folds of our bodies. Datas, advices, skills,
explanations of pattern mechanisms, all that become valuable ideas for us
sports operators, instructors, coaches, trainers, masseurs, therapists and
doctors. It is no longer possible today to develop an exercise program, a
protocol of prevention, or a bodyworks treatment, without taking vision of
what these scientists provide to us through their publications. Not forgetting
also the opportunity given to us for our continuous scientific updating
knowledge, in unraveling doubts and satisfy the curiosity that lead us then to
develop new way to treat or improving old techniques.
Too bad that they must always fight to get those funds needed to continue
their researches. To all of them, that I really appreciated their efforts and also
to bear me, to me care and dear: Robert Schleip, Carla Stecco, Claudio
Gallozzi, Art Riggs, Antonio Stecco, Will Gibson, Rosario Bellia, Erik Dalton,
Luigi Stecco, Antonio Dal Monte and the late dear Dave Simons
GRAZIE!
Disclaimer
The information contained in the publication are purely experiential, represent
an estimate of in reference to possible problems described. The purpose of the
content is educational and informative not replace any intervention or opinion
of the doctor and his diagnosis in relation to actual cases. You must contact
your doctor or specialist of its indication, to receive diagnostic and therapeutic
measures.
Use of this work or parts of it is free so it is mentioned the author and source.
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If required all articles are freely available in full digital format.

REFERENCES
Technical support team:
Massimo Terragni, IFBB instructor CobraGym FitnessClub
Dr Roberto Galli, medic and IFBB instructor CobraGym FitnessClub
Mauro Brambilla, IFBB instructor CobraGym FitnessClub
Lorenzo Crippa, sport physioterapist
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Figure 8, source wikipedia
Maurizio Ronchi, email passivattiva@libero.it
Holistic sportbodyworker, divulger and teacher of sportbodyworks techniques as
tecnica passivattiva, Seregno Rugby medical staff coordinator, memebr of
Associazione Manipolazione Fasciale and Associazione Italiana Taping
Kinesiologico, FIDAL trainer (Federazione Italiana di Atletica Leggera), MBT
(Masai Barefoot Technology) postural trainer.
Member of APODIB - Associazione Professionale Operatori Discipline Bionaturali

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