MZQ8_ch01body.

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Until now you would no doubt have spent many hours practising the four basic
operations of mathematicsaddition, subtraction, multiplication and division.
When problem solving, you need to decide which operation applies, write
down the expression, then use your calculator to obtain the answer. The
solution is often written in words.

worked example 1
On 1 January the population of Summertown was 55 234. During the year, 1987 people
died, 1245 babies were born, 4324 people left the town, and 3876 moved in. Find the total
number of people in the town at the end of the year.
Steps

Solution

1. Add together the number of people who

died and the number of people who left.

Total decrease:
1987 + 4324
= 6311

2. Add together the number of people who

were born and the number of people who
moved into the town.

Total increase:
1245 + 3876
= 5121

3. Subtract the total who died and left from

the original population and add the total of
babies born and people who moved in.

Final population:
55 234 6311 + 5121
= 54 044

4. Write the solution in words.

The final population was 54 044.

exercise 1.1

Whole number
problem solving
Preparation: Prep Zone Q1

1 The highest mountain in the world, measured from sea level, is the
Himalayan peak of Mount Everest. It is 8848 m above sea level. If we
measure mountains that start under the ocean, the highest mountain in
the world from base to tip is Mauna Kea on the island of Hawaii. Its total
height is 10 203 m, of which 4205 m is above sea level.
(a) How much higher is Mauna Kea than Mount Everest?
(b) How much of Mauna Kea is below sea level?
(c) If we dont count the part of Mauna Kea that is under water, how
much higher is Mount Everest?

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Animation

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2 The two longest rivers in the world are the Amazon (6448 km) and the
Nile (6670 km). The longest river in Australia is the Darling (2739 km).
(a) How much longer is the Nile than the Amazon?
(b) How much longer is the Nile than the Darling?
(c) How much longer is the Amazon than the Darling?
3 If a car uses 8 L of petrol for every 100 km that it travels, how many litres
would it use for a trip of:
(a) 900 km?
(b) 1200 km?
(c) 1500 km?
(d) 1050 km?
(e) 725 km?
(f) 620 km?
4 Harvey Scoop Roberts, a journalist with the Monthly Farm News, can
type 50 words a minute. How long does it take him to type an article
of 1800 words?
5 Arnie the body builder stands on a set of scales while he is
holding two 3 kg dumb-bells. The scales show a weight of 102 kg.
How much does Arnie weigh?

Hint

6 Stavros wants to buy some marmalade. A jar in the supermarket

is 250 g and costs $1.50; another is 500 g and costs $2.70. Which
is better value?
7 Little Lucy is only 4 weeks old. How many minutes old is she?

Hint

8 Jules Verne wrote about travelling around the world in 80 days. About how
many weeks is that?
4

Heinemann MATHS ZONE

Hint

Animation

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9 The length of a painting, including the frame, is 85 cm.

If the frame is 6 cm wide all the way around, what is the
length of the unframed painting?

Hint

10 The Pizza Pit-Stop employs five people. The two cooks work 36 hours
each per week for $12 an hour, and the three waiters work 30 hours each
per week for $11 an hour. What does the Pizza Pit-Stop pay its five
employees in total per week?

11 Wendy is training to be an Olympic swimmer.

Every morning she swims 3600 m in a 50 m
pool. How many laps is that?

Hint

12 For the numbers 108 and 9, find:

(a) the sum
(b) the difference
(c) the product
(d) the quotient
13 What is the sum of 42 and 76 added onto the
product of 42 and 76?
e Hint
14 What is the result when the difference between
9864 and 8 is added onto the quotient of 9864
and 8?
15
15 Describe a problem whose solution involves
the calculation 15 6 + 7.
Hint

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An estimate that you can do in your head or with very little work will
often be all that is required in real-life situations. Rounding off to the leading
digitthe digit with the highest place valueis a convenient way to begin.

worked example 2
Estimate 368 52.
Steps
1. Round off both numbers to the first
(i.e. leading) digit.
2. Multiply the first digits.

Solution
368 400 52 50

3. Count the number of zeros in step 1.

4. Write the number from step 2 and put the
number of zeros from step 3 after it.
5. So 368 52 is approximately 20 000.
This is written as

three 0s (two in 400 and one in 50)

400 50
= 20 000

4 5 = 20

368 52 20 000

worked example 3
Estimate 67 483 421.
Steps
1. Round off both numbers to the
first (i.e. leading) digit.
2. Write the quotient as a fraction and cancel off
the same number of zeros on top and bottom.
3. Perform the division.

Solution
67 483 421
70 000 400
70 000 700
------------------ = ---------4
400
1 7 5
3 2

4 7 0 0
4. So 67 483 421 is approximately 175.
This is written as

67 483 421 175

When you complete a calculation, think: Does this answer make sense?

Heinemann MATHS ZONE

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exercise 1.2

Estimating products
and quotients
Preparation: Prep Zone Q2

1 Use rounding to the first digit to find the estimates for these
multiplications.
(a) 681 41
(b) 547 84
(c) 141 837
(d) 104 8946
(e) 650 23
(f) 62 819
(g) 38 944 771
(h) 7340 250
(i) 950 3489
(j) 680 95
(k) 9 6511
(l) 8010 6
(m) 65 000 70
(n) 56 439 9
(o) 95 75 000

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eTester
Hint
Worksheet C1.1

2 In each case, choose the best estimate from the alternatives given.
Dont do the actual multiplication.
(a) 321 73
A 210
B 643
C 2100
D 2163
E 21 000
(b) 56 354
A 1200
B 2400
C 1500
D 15 000
E 24 000
(c) 4570 429
A 2 000 000 B 1 600 000 C 180 000
D 160 000
E 200 000
(d) 6500 78
A 480 000
B 420 000
C 350 000
D 42 000
E 560 000
(e) 405 950
A 400 000
B 450 000
C 360 000
D 500 000
E 3 600 000
3 Write three different products for which the estimate would involve
20 000 60.
4 Use rounding to the first digit to find estimates for these quotients.
(a) 2940 41
(b) 3199 62
(c) 8742 31
(d) 1955 78
(e) 29 110 59
(f) 52 511 37
(g) 5218 8
(h) 7532 4
(i) 44 895 15
(j) 75 342 80
(k) 94 101 60
(l) 10 803 95
(m) 95 000 542
(n) 36 534 35
(o) 3 082 817 19
5 In each case, choose the best estimate from the alternatives given. Dont
do the actual division.
(a) 7865 24
A 768
B 900
C 1600
D 210 000
E 400
(b) 7546 84
A 100
B 1000
C 640 000
D 560 000
E 10
(c) 5500 29
A 350
B 200
C 700
D 50
E 3000
(d) 99 160 527
A 740
B 2000
C 330
D 660
E 200
(e) 126 905 9500
A 100
B 10
C 10 000
D 300
E 500

Hint

Hint

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Try keying this directly into your calculator: 20 10 2

If you used a scientific calculator, you should get 0 as the answer. This
is because a scientific calculator does the multiplication first and then the
subtraction. A simple calculator may give the answer 20. This is because a
simple calculator does the subtraction before the multiplication.
Scientific calculators use order of operations automatically, which is
not always built into simpler calculators.

Order of operations rules

1. Brackets
2. Do and in the order in which they appear.
3. Do + and in the order in which they appear.

worked example 4
Simplify 24 + 6 2 1 4.
Steps
1. Do multiplication and division first.
2. Do addition and subtraction in the order
in which they appear.

Solution
24 + 6 2 1 4
= 24 + 3 4
= 27 4
= 23

worked example 5
Simplify 12 9 + 8 (2 + 2) 3.
Steps
1. Do the brackets first.
2. Do multiplication and division in the order
in which they appear.
3. Do addition and subtraction in the order
in which they appear.

Heinemann MATHS ZONE

Solution
12 9 + 8 (2 + 2) 3
= 12 9 + 8 4 3
= 12 9 + 2 3
= 12 9 + 6
=3+6
=9

If using a simple calculator

you will have to know
which parts to do first.

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worked example 6
(a) Simplify (5 + 3 2) 4.

(b) Simplify 6 [(4 3) 2].

Steps
(a) 1. Do the brackets first. Within the bracket
follow the order of operations rule, so do
the multiplication first, then the addition.
2. Do the remaining operation, multiplication.

Solutions
(a) (5 + 3 2) 4
= (5 + 6) 4
= 11 4
= 44

(b) 1. Do the brackets first. In this case this is

[ ]. Within the [ ] brackets follow the
order of operations rule, so do the inside
brackets, ( ), then the multiplication.
2. Do the remaining operation, multiplication.

(b) 6 [(4 3) 2]
= 6 [1 2]
=62
= 12

With brackets we follow these rules:

If there is more than one operation within a set of brackets, we follow the
ordinary order of operations rule.
If there are brackets inside brackets, we do the inside brackets first.

exercise 1.3

Order of operations
Preparation: Prep Zone Q3, Q4

1 Simplify the following.

(a) 6 2 1
(b) 8 4 2
(c) 7 + 6 2
(d) 1 + 8 3
(e) 15 8 4
(f) 8 5 5
(g) 8 + 3 10
(h) 25 2 11
(i) 6 3 + 3 5
(j) 8 5 4 10
(k) 9 6 2 + 7
(l) 8 24 12 + 3
(m) 9 (10 7) 3
(n) 24 (7 + 5) 6
(o) 88 8 6 (5 4)
(p) 12 5 + 4 (10 4)
(q) 18 7 2 + 13 4 2
(r) 9 2 + 5 + 3 4 6
(s) 28 7 3 + (5 1) 2 + 3
(t) 23 5 + (17 2) 3 + 5
2 Write and evaluate three different expressions using the numbers
2, 5 and 12, the operations + and and one set of brackets.
3 Replace each with either
,  or = to make the statement true.
(Remember:
means is less than and  means is greater than.)
(a) (1 + 4) 20 5 1 + (4 20) 5
(b) 6 (4 2) 3 (6 4) 2 3
(c) 8 + (5 3) 2 8 + 5 (3 2)
(d) 100 + 10 10 (100 + 10) 10
(e) 9 2 + 0 9 (2 + 0)
(f) 36 6 (3 3) 36 6 3 3

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Hint
Worksheet C1.2

Homework 1.1

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Divisibility
We often want to know if a smaller number will divide evenly into a larger number.
If this occurs, we say the larger number is divisible by the smaller number. As an example,
10 is divisible by 5. On the other hand, 24 is not divisible by 9 because 24 9 results in a
remainder. We can use a calculator to check this but often we can find out more quickly by
using some mental shortcuts.
1 (a) Which of these numbers are divisible by 5?
e
23, 65, 92, 10, 104, 234 625, 870, 88
(b) What sort of numbers are divisible by 5? Can you find a pattern?

Worksheet C1.3

2 (a) Which of these numbers are divisible by 10?

70, 71, 5, 640, 235, 41 960, 500
(b) What sort of numbers are divisible by 10? Can you find a pattern?
3 (a) Which of these numbers are divisible by 2?
19, 461, 2, 227, 56, 27 560, 24, 195, 768
(b) What sort of numbers are divisible by 2? Can you find a pattern?
Use a calculator for Questions 4 to 6.
4 (a) Which of these numbers are divisible by 3?
247, 21, 64, 783, 6732, 9076, 34, 56 342, 798, 1223
(b) What sort of numbers are divisible by 3?
Can you find a pattern?

5 (a) Which of these numbers are divisible by 9?

81, 679, 2999, 82, 5634, 220 221, 87 984, 16 668, 562
(b) What sort of numbers are divisible by 9?
Can you find a pattern?

6 (a) Which of these numbers are divisible by 4?

516, 7612, 311, 608, 61, 64, 5364, 38 921, 500
(b) What sort of numbers are divisible by 4?
Can you find a pattern?

10

Heinemann MATHS ZONE

Try adding the digits.

2+4+7=

Look at the pattern

you found for 3.

Look at the last two

digits. 16, 12.

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7 The shortcut to test if a number is

divisible by 6 is to see if it is divisible
by both 2 and 3.

(a) Use the test to see which of these numbers are divisible by 6.
436, 321, 132, 741, 8760, 4529, 3528, 705 630, 11 112
One of the numbers
(b) The shortcut for 12 is similar to the shortcut
involved is 3.
for 6. What do you think the pattern is for
seeing if a number is divisible by 12?

8 Copy and complete the following tests for divisibility.

Number

Divisibility test

Look at the
divisible by 2.

up all the digits and see if the

original number is divisible by 3.

Look at the number formed by the last

digits only. If this number is
divisible by 4, then the
number is divisible by 4.

Look at the

Do two tests. See if the number is divisible by

up all the
original number is

10

Look

the

digit only. If it is

digit only. If it is

or zero, then the number is

is divisible by 3. If it is, then the

or

and see if the

by
.
only. If it is

State TRUE or FALSE for each of the following.

(a) 346 is divisible by 3.
(b)
(c) 548 348 is divisible by 2.
(d)
(e) 18 342 is divisible by 9.
(f)
(g) 4 332 112 is divisible by 5.
(h)
(i) 67 432 is divisible by 6.
(j)

, then the number is

and

by 5.

is divisible by 9. If it is,
, then

number is

6872 is divisible by 6.
552 is divisible by 4.
5 633 902 is divisible by 3.
56 432 is divisible by 2.
3935 is divisible by 5.

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9 Copy the table and do the divisibility tests. Circle the number if the original number
is divisible by it. The first one has been done for you.
100
202
12 121
300 300
7
900
123 456
2
3

000
008
212
300
500
090
789
564
429

2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2

3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3

4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4

5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5

6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6

9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9

10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10

Number sequences
A number sequence is a list of numbers that form a pattern. The numbers that
make up the sequence are called terms.

eTutorial

Multiples
Multiples of a number can be thought of as the answers to the times tables
for that number.
For example, the times table for 7 starts:
17 =7
2 7 = 14
3 7 = 21
7, 14, 21, 28, 35 are some of the multiples of 7.
4 7 = 28
5 7 = 35

The list of multiples for

any number will continue
forever.

Another way of finding multiples of 7 is to count by 7s:

7, 14, 21, 28, 35, ...

The first multiple of any number is the number itself.

12

Heinemann MATHS ZONE

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Lowest common multiples

The lowest common multiple, or LCM, of two or more numbers is the lowest
number that is in the multiples list of all of the given numbers.

worked example 7
Find the lowest common multiple of 4 and 6.
Steps
1. List several multiples of 4.
2. List several multiples of 6.
3. Write down the numbers that are in both
lists. These are the common multiples.
4. Write the smallest one of these. It is the
lowest common multiple.

Solution
4, 8, 12, 16, 20, 24, ...
6, 12, 18, 24, 30, 36, ...
12, 24, ...
LCM = 12

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eTutorial
eQuestions

It is not possible to find

the highest common
multiple. Why not?

Factors
A factor is a number that divides into another number exactly, with no
remainder. For example, 2 is a factor of 12 since 2 goes into 12 (six times), with
no remainder. One of the simplest ways to find all the factors of a number is to
write all the pairs of numbers that multiply to give the original number.

The largest factor of any number is the number itself.

worked example 8
Find all the factors of 12.
Steps
1. Find all pairs of numbers that multiply to
give the original number.
2. List the factors in numerical order.

Solution
1 12 = 12
2 6 = 12
3 4 = 12
The factors of 12 are 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 12.

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We can tell we have listed all the pairs of numbers if we follow a pattern in
finding the pairs of numbers. In Worked Example 8 we start on the left with 1,
dividing each number into 12 to complete the pair. When we get to 3 we find
that the number paired with it is 4, so there is no point in trying 4 or larger
numbers as factors.

By writing the pairs of

factors underneath each
other we can easily list
them in numerical order.

Common factors and HCF

A common factor is one that appears in the factor lists of two or more given
numbers. The highest common factor (HCF) is the largest of the common
factors. Every pair of numbers has the same lowest common factor. It is 1, as 1
is a factor of every number.

worked example 9
Find the common factors of 12 and 18, and state the highest common factor (HCF).
Steps
1. List all the factors of 12.
2. List all the factors of 18.
3. Pick out the factors appearing in both lists.
4. Pick out the largest of these. This is the
highest common factor.

Solution
1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 12
1, 2, 3, 6, 9, 18
The common factors are 1, 2, 3, 6.
HCF = 6

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exercise 1.4

eTutorial
eQuestions

Sequences, multiples
and factors
Preparation: Prep Zone Q5, Q6

1 Copy these sequences and write down the next three terms in each.
(a) 1, 3, 5, ...
(b) 24, 22, 20, ...
(c) 10, 15, 20, ...
(d) 1, 2, 4, 8, ...
(e) 64, 32, 16, ...
(f) 8, 1, 7, 2, 6, ...
(g) 54, 8, 56, 6, 58, 4, ... (h) 1, 2, 4, 7, ...
(i) 34, 33, 31, 28, ...
(j) 12, 22, 33, 45, ...
(k) 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, ...
(l) 1, 2, 5, 14, ...

14

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Hint
Worksheet C1.4

2 Write down the first five terms of the sequences that follow these rules.
(a) Start with 5 and add 3 each time.
(b) Start with 29 and take away 4 each time.
(c) Start with 1 and multiply by 3 each time.
(d) Start with 80 and divide by 2 each time.
(e) Start with 3 and multiply by 2, then add 1 each time.
(f) Start with 1 and multiply by 4, then subtract 2 each time.

eQuestions

3 Find the first five multiples of each of these.

(a) 2
(b) 3
(c) 4
(d) 5
(g) 9
(h) 11
(i) 14
(j) 15

eQuestions

Heinemann MATHS ZONE

(e) 6
(k) 16

(f) 8
(l) 19

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4 Find the LCM of:

(a) 5 and 6
(e) 10 and 12
(i) 5 and 25
(m) 50 and 60

(b)
(f)
(j)
(n)

2 and 5
3 and 9
16 and 24
35 and 55

(c)
(g)
(k)
(o)

8 and 12
6 and 11
21 and 28
3, 4 and 5

5 Choose the correct answer.

(a) The lowest common multiple of 3 and 7 is:
A 3
B 6
C 21
D
(b) The lowest common multiple of 5 and 10 is:
A 15
B 10
C 5
D
(c) The lowest common multiple of 8 and 1 is:
A 8
B 4
C 10
D
(d) The lowest common multiple of 5, 3 and 2 is:
A 1
B 30
C 10
D

7 and 9
4 and 7
20 and 50
2, 5 and 7

14

E 7

50

E 1

80

E 1

E 15

6 Find all the factors of each of the following numbers.

(a) 4
(b) 5
(c) 7
(d) 8
(f) 9
(g) 13
(h) 11
(i) 16
(k) 19
(l) 23
(m) 20
(n) 24
(p) 36
(q) 30
(r) 60
(s) 77
7 Choose the correct answer.
(a) Which of the following is a factor of 17?
A 7
B 14
C 34
(b) Which of the following is a factor of 25?
A 3
B 2
C 5
(c) Which of the following is a factor of 34?
A 4
B 12
C 17
(d) Which of the following is a factor of 47?
A 17
B 1
C 9

(d)
(h)
(l)
(p)

(e)
(j)
(o)
(t)

10
18
32
55

D 17

E 2

D 50

E 250

D 24

E 8

D 94

E 3

8 Choose the correct answer.

(a) Which of the following is not a factor of 15?
A 3
B 1
C 15
D
(b) Which of the following is not a factor of 22?
A 22
B 4
C 1
D
(c) Which of the following is not a factor of 14?
A 4
B 7
C 2
D
(d) Which of the following is not a factor of 21?
A 1
B 21
C 7
D
(e) Which of the following is not a factor of 33?
A 11
B 33
C 1
D
(f) Which of the following is not a factor of 42?
A 14
B 8
C 7
D
(g) Which of the following is not a factor of 50?
A 10
B 25
C 15
D
(h) Which of the following is not a factor of 63?
A 1
B 63
C 21
D

30

E 5

11

E 2

14

E 1

E 14

22

E 3

E 3

50

E 2

E 13

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Hint
Worksheet C1.5
eTester

Hint
Worksheet C1.6

Hint

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9 Find the highest common factor (HCF) for each pair of numbers.
(a) 10 and 15
(b) 8 and 24
(c) 5 and 12
(d) 26 and 36
(e) 11 and 33
(f) 28 and 70
(g) 44 and 22
(h) 10 and 30
(i) 40 and 70
(j) 32 and 60
(k) 35 and 70
(l) 42 and 48

Worksheet C1.7

Hint

10
10 Find three different pairs of numbers whose HCF is 6.
11 Find the HCF for each group of numbers.
(a) 8, 40 and 60
(b) 10, 44 and 99
(c) 14, 77 and 90
(d) 32, 56 and 80

The number game

You will need: A calculator.
Melinda and Craig were playing a game with their calculators. They would first agree on
a target number and then see who could get closer to the target number by multiplying
together two 2-digit numbers. They could not see what numbers the other person entered.
An example of the game is as follows:
Target number:
8202
Melinda:
92 90 = 8280
Craig:
96 87 = 8352
In this case Melinda would win because her guess was closer.
1 If the target number was 6151 and
Melinda used 90 59 and Craig used
79 77, how far was each from the
target number, and who won the
round?
2 The target number was 2521 and Craig
had used 50 50. If Melinda had
entered 61, which number or numbers
could she have finished with to win the
round?
3 When the target was 4880 Melinda
used 60 80. Find three different pairs
of numbers Craig could have used to
win the round.
4 The target number is 2649. Find two
numbers that get you as close as
possible to the target. Show the pairs
of numbers you try in this exercise in
search of the best pair.

16

Heinemann MATHS ZONE