Int. j. econ. manag. soc. sci., Vol(3), No (12), December, 2014. pp.

5-10

TI Journals

International Journal of Economy, Management and Social Sciences

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ISSN:
2306-7276

Copyright 2014. All rights reserved for TI Journals.

General Analysis on Knowledge Management

Haitham Obaid Abd Alzahrh*
B.A.Sc in Public Administration, University of Baghdad, Iraq, Department of Social Sciences, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran.

Akbar Fadaee
Department of Social Sciences, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran.
*Corresponding author: hoalmayale222@gmail.com

Keywords

Abstract

Organization
Knowledge
Management
Information

In the recent years, knowledge management has become an important and vital issue in commercial concepts.
Scientific and commercial societies believes that the organizations with knowledge authority, have could preserve
long-time advantages in competitive areas. Now days, the organizations deal with great content of data and inter
and outer organizational information, that in fact correct managing of this gained knowledge and information can
account as most important factor in organizational progress, in other words, the key of success in pioneer
organizations is correct management of gained knowledge, perfect usage of them and preventing possible
problems in their organs progression. Today, the most important property of any organ as well as manpower, is
advised management of inter organizational knowledge and even out organizational for reach to extreme
impossible affect in this way. In this paper has been tried to introduce total concept related to management of
knowledge for appear vague pointes, and also manipulation of ways and new technics of knowledge management.

1.

Introduction

Already, human had passed two economic periods. At a period of time, humanities economic was based on agriculture. After that, with trend to
tools and knowing the miracle of mechanic and electricity power, had been based industrial economic period. In this periods, job and ground has
indicated as most important ingredient and mans assets. Rich was a person who had most utilities from these two properties. But era that we live
in; undoubtedly it doesnt fold in any one of two industrial and agricultural contents. Although yet, ground and job have been enumerating as
two suitable advantages in antecede. But in present time that attributed to Knowledge & information, the main advantage has hidden in
knowledge fund. Nowadays, the biggest world companies got their main superiority nor in stores asset from factors and big market, rather
from knowledge in its processes. In the universal world also, organizations nature have altered at least two main bases; beside knowledge
work has replaced of physical work; this two jobs primarily are different and in the other hand, worker of knowledge approximately or in total
have drown in digital environment. This realities wonderfully have changed the ways of managing, learning, knowledge presentation,
interaction, solve issues and act. Knowledge management is a inter field concept and its emphasis on knowledge distinct it from other
management aspects. Without this emphasis, merely knowledge management become a retrieve & repetitive concept, and without clear explain
of knowledge, discussion of knowledge management far away from itself gee. Therefore, knowledge has constituted nature and identity of
knowledge management.

2.

History of knowledge management

Exact state of history about knowledge management is impossible, in fact, knowledge management have existed from prime age of humans life
even in hunting age, in way that human had tried to store and transferee his knowledge about life issues. Gradually, with increase of human
knowledge & experiences, without systematical politic, this knowledge is transferred from generation to generation. But in historical periods
after that, knowledge had managed to provide societies requirements. Hansen (1999) explains, knowledge management is not a new issue, we
can say that from hundreds years ago that owners of private firms, trader, artificers and other jobs, had been transferring require mental skills to
their children and apprentices, there were knowledge management, too [1].
About 5000 years ago in Mesapetamia (Iraq), people had lost some clay tablets related to registration of estimating sale tax contracts. In order to
solve this problem, begun activities of institution related to KM (means library). After that, professional manager paid affection to integrated
plate in library [6].
Conflict with meaning of knowledge, is about history of humans thought. All of scientists from Plato to Decart & Gunt, had tried to find a term
that can explain knowledge nature. Estoart says that, for the first time the term of brain asset operated by Fevel (1989), in letters that had written
to Gulbert.
Thereafter, Edvinson, Escandia, Ernest and Yung, had emphasized to constant characters of knowledge, meaning that intentions, ideas, computer
processes, monopoly rights and etc are details of brain asset.

3.

Knowledge management models

Knowledge management models are sets of instructions, realities, analytical tools and progressive techniques of knowledge management that
have been used for arranging, performing and measuring of knowledge management activities. Knowledge management (KM) models, states
large spectrum of viewpoint that have descripted in context. Description of this models, can use in KM organizational operations and structural
investigations. KM models have to use with caution. In classification of presented KM by Kakabadse & Cohort, it consists of four groups of
models that pointed as below:
3.1 Network models
In this models, concentration is on information, obtain, sharing and transferring in ways of horizontal information interactive. Main knowledge

Haitham Obaid Abd Alzahrh *, Akbar Fadaee

International Journal of Economy, Management and Social Sciences Vol(3), No (12), December, 2014.

conceal in network contain of persons who have integrated by different tools, and the key factor counts as awareness of this information and
views out of formal teams and groups. In this sight make social relations as a social asset and alternate relations have been regarded as a
main work and activity of knowledge.
3.2 Cognitive models
Knowledge is as an organizational asset that need to access, state, store, measure, publish and keep. Creation of value accessible by sequence
application and also avoid of obtained unfamiliar errors and efficiency of has been taught lessons. In this views, concentrate on again use,
duplication of standardization, and elision of old approaches that has given up their operation.
3.3 Communication models
In this models will discuss about characteristics of worker groups that must have abilities like: self organization, sequence learning and informal
exchanges. Knowledge will create in a thought that exchanges in a group, where there are a common language, trust allow to utilization of
revelation; may be conceal arrays arranged imaginably and main plans and sequence work solution published by telling work stories.
3.4 Philosophy models
In this models markets and inter process based on reciprocal discussion regarded in strategic field, question about supposes and search about
behavior of rivals. This view, beforehand personalization on coding and use less technology. Also, main cultural stimulators for this work are
encouragement, advice reflection, creative search, and proving idea and opinion.
With considering progressive organizations experiences about KM, combination of network, philosophy and communication models with use of
cognitive model is a suitable compound for KM in organization, and main stimulators in this way are relation and communication, trust,
sympathy, reciprocal discussion communication and technology for associability of discussion and established commutations.
Whenever data has been became processed, organized and adjusted, will change to information and if this information has been expanded in
interpretation and transformation, and become practical, change to knowledge. In fact, information cant change to knowledge unless their value
increased by interpretation, organizing and adjustment [23, 24].
Knowledge in commercial organ find in two domains:
1- Information systems and informational commercial processes (knowledge as information).
2- Employee (knowledge as human sources).
Both two knowledge types is valuable for organ. Organ for reach to success must try to grow and develop any types of knowledge as an item of
their property.
Finally, knowledge management (KM) is created to find its place with presentation different solutions. As today good standing companies in
field of KM like Ernest, Yang, Alen and Hamilton started grand business.

4.

Concept and definitions of KM

Knowledge management (KM) is a process that helps to organization find information then select, organize and publish it, and it is a specialty
that is essential for activities such as problem solving, dynamic learning, guideline arrangement and decision making.
Definition of Asvan about KM is one of the best definitions: KM in fact is every process or productive act that earn, capture, sociability and its
application, anywhere knowledge settle, increase organ learning and acting. Quiets define KM as below: process that by means of it, organ
proceed to create asset obtained from thought, and members notion and asset based knowledge [12].
Knowledge management, is acquisition knowledge for the right people at the right time and the place, so that they are able to achieve
organizational goals by utilizing their knowledge [3].
Estive Halse, knows KM as a process that organization by using it can change data to information, and information to knowledge, and also will
be able to utilization earned knowledge in affective way in their decisions [14].
Wigg, believe that KM means creation of necessary processes for identification and attract data, information and Required knowledge for
organization from inter and outer environment and so transferring them to decisions and organ actions and persons [28].
KM means trying to discover hidden asset in people mind and changing this treasure to organization asset, so that a large complex of people who
make organizational decisions have access to them an use.
In other definition, KM is creation, novation and conscious & systematic utilization of knowledge for extreme affection and output of assets
knowledge of defined organization [27].
In other hand, Gupta and Cohort, identifying KM as a process that help to organ in direction of finding, choosing, distribution and transferring
information and so required proficiency for some activities like solving problem, dynamic learning, useful arrangement and decision making
[13].
Totally, can identified KM as: detection process, recognition, extraction, earn, creation, productive, change, adjustment, application, storing,
keeping, transferring, sharing and publishing and knowledge evaluation, in suitable time and place by deserve persons via creation union
between human sources, process, structure, information technology and environment for better accessibility and organizational purposes.

5.

Knowledge management principles

KM is considering a new concept in human growth history. Whiles words KM became more common in recent years. KM principles means that
KM, doesnt engender by itself and need some particular skills and base. Some of organs may be resign the task of KM administration to part of
its manager and employees. Experiences has shown that just some organs had been successes that has involved its organizational different levels
in this affair [1].
Daven Port [10], presented ten principle as KM principles:
1. Knowledge management requires investment.
2. Effective management on knowledge, need to human and technology union.
3. KM is political.
4. KM need to manager of knowledge.
5. KM advantages, derived from drawing of knowledge.
6. Sharing and utilization of knowledge arent innate.
7. KM means improvement of knowledge work processes.
8. Accessibility to knowledge is just begin of work.

General Analysis on Knowledge Management

International Journal of Economy, Management and Social Sciences Vol(3), No (12), December, 2014.

9. KM never finished.
10. KM require to knowledge contract [1].

6.

KM cycles: data, information, knowledge

Knowledge word is one of so illusive aspects of KM. information and data words almost had applied instead of knowledge word, But they are
different concepts and perception their differentias need for successful administration.
Now, before explain of characteristics KM, we need to study differentiate between data, information and knowledge.
6.1 Data
Kidol & Cohort (2000), suggested that origin of creation knowledge is data. Datas are raw digits and realities. Such as every students capitation
[16].
From Bartis view (1991), datas are the first KM level, and consist of: digits, numbers, figures and like these, that doesnt mean by itself.
For example; when a person go to an organization, with pay much money, receiving a good or services, had been occurred a transaction that can
describe it as a data. Such a realities never explicit the organ have been managed well or not, because this data by alone doesnt have mean and
not purpose full.
Datas are impartial realities and presenting without any judge and context. Therefore we can imagine knowledge as information that is full of
experience, judgment, values and guess.
Feliming (2004) that is founder of considered model about data, information and knowledge, says:

A collection of data, not information.

A collection of information, not knowledge.
A collection of knowledge, not cognition.
A collection of cognition, not reality.

6.2 Information
Kidol (2000), believes information create form getting datas in a grand or particular setting. For example, like every student charge in a high
school and a schooling year [16].
Deft suggested; information is something that carouse alter or reinforcement of concerting process, while, data isnt thing just as interior and
inclusive of: telephone digits, exist card of computer, or numbers of words and idiom.
When data after to information that people want use them for more consumption. Manager want to have information instead of data.
Informational system must be can presenting information not data to managers.
Rading [23, 24], in this way says: second level of KM is creating information. This level include of summarized quantity data, that grouping,
store and adjustment became organized to be meaningful. This data doesnt show knowledge.
Information almost is about numbers and digits, words and idioms that stored and presented meaning that is beiger than explores in raw data. But
all of opinionates and not knowledge.
6.3 Knowledge
Holden, Shaien, and Eshmit (2000), believes that in definition of knowledge there are two different aspects. One aspect emphasis on concept of
knowledge chain or sequence structure, data, information and knowledge, and another aspect concentrate on analysis process and knowing.
Innumerous notion communicators about every one introducing different views of knowledge. One group of researchers describing knowledge
as thing that have ability of storing and manipulation, informations that check with reality or beneficiary in environment and then identified as a
process correlate with operation. More accurate ways of knowledge application depend on interpreted ability of users [15].

7.

Importance and necessity of KM

Maybe control and systematization of human source be more different than other resources and the other organization statures. Mangers
traditionally were establishing their competitive applications upon other organizational factors like: technology of proceed and process,
marketing particular parts, property accessibility to sources, or providence. In now day ambiance trade that has been identifying with
characteristics like global market, competence intensifies, and high alterations rate in technology. Todays organs must be will establish their
competitive advantage columns on not tangible properties and conceptual investments. This matter is specially true about some industry like
information services and software that are establishing on knowledge base. With respect to the subject that had said, and respect to this reality
that knowledge, ability and employees skills are few of most important most renewable resources that organ can obtain their application
management of that advantage, organizational investment has being importance more than before [5].
Therefore, knowledge and information are as main tools in deal with todays organizational problems. Thus, knowledge is suitable opportunity
for improving employees application and competitive advantage for organ. Small firms also need to use of formal aspects of KM even more
than big firms, due to they dont have necessary power in market and in abound ant sources like large firms. They must be more responsive and
flexible and has been mode the best decisions. Wheres, a small mistake can be disastrous for them.

8.

Knowledge management purposes

From view of Daven Port & Prosack [11], KM having follow below purposes:
1. Codifying identify guideline for positivism of heterogenesis knowledge. Exchanges. Knowledge exchanges can realization by sharing
knowledge, explain and establishment of master-apprentice relations.
2. Speed up transferring knowledge.
3. Alteration KM to parts of employees work via fulltime acquit of employees work via fulltime acquit of employees than can change
to an epidemic phenomena.
4. Create a type of wonderful organizational culture to freely and relax demonstrating of knowledge on organ.
5. KM is going to find new and interesting affairs to do.

Haitham Obaid Abd Alzahrh *, Akbar Fadaee

International Journal of Economy, Management and Social Sciences Vol(3), No (12), December, 2014.

6.
7.

KM has organized particular shapes of knowledge and improving special activities related to knowledge.
Knowledge managers dominate on project management applications, managing of alteration and technology.

Some prominent models of knowledge are: (Nanoca & Tacechi), (Haftsis model), (Backmans model), (Becovitzo & Viliamss model),
(Hissings model), (Estoy. Halses model), (Mark. M model), (KM structures columns model), (KM common model) [3].

9.

Knowledge management process

KM is ability of an organization in use of conceptual investment and grouping knowledge in order to reach its goals by a process such as: need to
knowledge, development and improve knowledge, publish and emission of knowledge, utilization of knowledge, protect & supply of knowledge,
and evaluation of knowledge [29].
9.1 Need to knowledge
Identifying organizational knowledge needs depend on determination of two main factors. In the first step, it must be has determined
organizational knowledge purposes. Knowledge purposes define in three levels of value, guideline and operating. Knowledge value purposes,
has provided opportunities for KM, due to can create a suitable organizational culture and interest to knowledge, it can make decisions suitable
policies.
If this goals has been codifying at base of available strategies, will provide possibility of strategy from point of view of organizational needs to
knowledge that can cause of creation new guide line options. This guide line must have studied and controlled and clearly codify then follow in
throughout the organ.
9.2 Development and improve knowledge
Develop and improve knowledge in a centralize knowledge organ, is possible to different ways. Some of these ways cause to improving
knowledge via resources out of organization. This ways known as ways of obtain knowledge. Most straight and effectiveness way for earning
outer knowledge is buy it, means that employment persons who enjoy of knowledge.
The needful organizational knowledge can buy from out or hire them common way of hiring in knowledge is economic protection of firms from
researching institutions or universities or right of obtain and use of searches after searching results [10].
9.3 Publish and emission of knowledge
Knowledge is a good that transferring by commutations and reaction of persons. In publishing knowledge must be attention to a common origin,
that its not need everybody know everything. Thus, some of organs knowledge that were secret or is a part of mystery should have not publish.
Technological information, structures and formal communications has played an important role [22].
9.4 Utilization of knowledge
It can known utilization of knowledge as administrate stage and implementation KM process. From most important obstacle utilization of
knowledge is organizational blind, and happen when organs procedures be successful practically. In this situation, proved knowledge of
persons.
9.5 Protect and supply of knowledge
Some of organizational plans causing exist some people of organ, that they have valuable experiences and wisdom.
Such a phenomena can cause giving up permanent and unreturnable part of knowledge in organs. Protection process of knowledge do in three
stages: selection, supply and up to dating knowledge [19].
9.6 knowledge evolution
Evolution is important because providing progress and development of knowledge. But the first step in provided knowledge is possible
measuring of knowledge level. In literature, has been definite everything that we couldnt measure, and also unable to evolution alter ways in
knowledge, then KM cycle would remain imperfect, because it doesnt create feedback until doing it at different blocks of knowledge such as;
creation and development block of wisdom correction.

10. Knowledge management aspect

In this paper, has been pointed to four aspects of KM such as; Mechanical aspect, systematical based on key adequacy and cultural behavioral
aspect.
10.1 Mechanical aspect of KM
In this aspect, KM require to utilization of technology and sources for reach to more efficiency than past.
Suppositions of this aspect is better accessibility to information via progressed available approaches, of capability reusing from dilation [25]. In
this way can pointed to protecting technology application that in socialize ground related to making inter, outer and combination [26]. In this
aspect, technology and information play main role. Although implementation of this aspect is easy, but its consequences have numerous
limitation. Because with no attention to humanity issues, cause to disusing part of organizational. Oppeng, believe that major KM interactions
are from humanity and behavior, not from type related to technology [21].
10.2 Systematical aspect
In this aspect, KM need to systematic application process for publishing of information and also knowledge between suitable people and
adequate time is creating value [25]. Purpose of KM system is information technology based on systems, that use for protection, supply, progress
process creating, transferring and application of knowledge [20].
10.3 Theory based on key adequacy
In this view, a way for KM based on knowledge and development knowledge adequacies. On basis center source KM, abilities based on KM
organ says to ability of that in earning and develop knowledge beside other resources [8]. Burton state, adequacies consist of skills, and
management system that all them rooted in norms and exist values in organization [17].

General Analysis on Knowledge Management

International Journal of Economy, Management and Social Sciences Vol(3), No (12), December, 2014.

10.4 Behavior Cultural aspect

This aspect rooted in alter management and reengineering process that look at knowledge as managing topic. Based on this theory, technology
isnt suitable guideline, although is a need for managing knowledge sources. Create and sharing real knowledge at interaction and created
networks, characterized between people and group (teams or organization). They are conceal that able us to reach different and scattered sources
[25]. In fact knowledge is crating in different floor and grand, that its complete conception, isnt possible. Concept this point is so important that
KM, is more technical issue than cultural issue [7].

11. Knowledge as completive basic sources

Literatures of organs are again based on new logic, mainly consonant with confirmed principles of literature, that in it knowledge is a
competitive advantage. Recently, researchers have introduced new logic for protecting competitive advantage. This domain logic claims that
knowledge and its processes, covering outputs & management, which are key resources of completive advantage.
Much of organization in all over the world known knowledge is a main issue and tiring to use and detection a grand of KM in order to improve
and protect their competitive advantages. At the other hand utilization of knowledge causing decrease practical costs, speed up stage of
developing new output, improving presentation services to customers and improving single and organizational application affective management
and utilization of different type knowledge inter organ is one of the best ways for create value and competitive advantage in international
environment. In this age, organizations are successful who devoted more ratio of knowledge to itself and with correct management they can
realize organs goals practical and effectively.

12. Knowledge management advantages

KM has been called as large trade, and remembers it as distinctive factor of firms and accessibility tools to competitive advantage. With
utilization KM can prevent from vesting discomfitures and resources and reach to creative successful enjoyment of promissory and sympathy
labors is one advantages of KM [18].

13. Knowledge management obstacles

There are five main groups obstacle for reach KM that explain as below:
1. Humanity factors: One of main obstacle of KM are humans, when to every reason dont want to use them knowledge and use it just for
personal usage because it possible there is wrong view that since knowledge is power, then we shouldnt give it up.
2. Organizational factors: which are most important obstacle for reach to KM. most factors are as below:
Structural factors: KM imposes new desire on different part as organs behavior. Sequences structure couldnt be suitable factor for
KM.
Management factors: Distrust and also naught manager protection of activities and KM plan, short-time views, detail view, also
unsuitable leading way can be as obstacle on successful of KM plan.
Employing factor: Description unsuitable jobs, repetitive jobs, ambiguity and antithesis in role for KM, is undesirables.
Rights teams: Wages and services amends of these teams play an important role in keeping KM plans. People when emprise to
publishing knowledge that have had needful incentive, for this action.
Didactic teams: In altering traditional teams to a learner organ, organs teaching plans would play sensitive role in it. Unsuitable plans
can create main obstacles for managers.
3. Cultural factors: KM without existing a suitable participatory culture based on trust cannot be successful. If culture, doesnt encourage
publishing knowledge systems, KM will face with challenge.
4. Politic factors: Politic obstacle in governmental organs are more considerable. If we belief that knowledge is a power source and
person who have power can impose, its a natural issue that try to obtain knowledge for reach to this goal. Every one of these factors
can be obstacle on publishing knowledge in organ.
5. Technological factors: Created knowledge in organization must protect in suitable way, while many organs arte without suitable center
and alloy. Center of knowledge in organ is in fact, collective center organize and publishing knowledge. Using suitable technology in
organ can be useful in protection of knowledge [1].

14. Affective factors on successfully of knowledge

In fact with increasing complexities of the world, todays managers reach to result that are needful to accessibility of information.
One of identifying ways that what information is more needful than other information is ways of appointment successful factors.
If a manager become succeed, But doesnt know how was became succeed, How he/ she can would replete his/her successfully. Vital factors of
successfully are domains of organizational activities that concentrate on them, and this lead to reach total organ too successfully. With
considering this point that concentration on these domains is necessary for reach success, manager must access to adequate information about
practice of domain. Thus, affective factors on KM success are as below:
1. Employees individual factors: Capability and ability of employee for comply expectation at KM process & economic and mental
protection from employee for create since of belonging and responsibility in them on organ and also create safe environment about
their job via decreasing affair of giving up their job and encouragement have two main role in management and transferring
knowledge: A) Type of reward for success transferring knowledge. B) Increasing application, motion, and persuade of people to take
part in transferring knowledge.
2. Human grouping factors: participation of employees in organ goals affectively, suitable teaching and in time of employees and
training grouping work morality based on reliance, are basic factors to implementation KM success in organ, so by inability, employer
can give value to their employees and help them to cooperate knowledge and then transferred it.
3. Cultural factor: Creation culture that encourage cooperating knowledge with together.
4. Strategic and managing factors:
KM is known as strategic tools, therefore strategy of KM in organ must accompany with economic and mental keeping of senior
manager until with making pattern determine How forward organization reach to this level. Also senior manager play a key role in

Haitham Obaid Abd Alzahrh *, Akbar Fadaee

10

International Journal of Economy, Management and Social Sciences Vol(3), No (12), December, 2014.

5.

implementation KM during total project, and is accounted as organ knowledge researcher that creating four areas managing human
sources like: (teaching, Making dentition, affectability evolution and encourage & punishment).
Organizational structures and processes: knowledge transferred by numerous channels that reinforce each other & every one of this
channel creating different value.

With omit limitation and complexities and much formality in organ, learning must continue steadily, to needful process and frame for obtaining,
identify, and publishing knowledge have been created along with organizational architectural that be more social, clear, free flexible & respectful
than people.

15. Conclusion
In organizational knowledge, knowledge transferred easily and positioning disposal of all employees. When employee access to organizational
knowledge can identify their environment and make it meaningful. They can find new and better ways in administrating works, and try to satisfy
customers, utilization, finally earn ability of affective completion. KM says to issue such as organizational adaption, ability & durability in face
of increasing environmental alterations.
In fact KM want to utilization of information process strategic, information technology and creative abilities of humans. Most important goal of
utilization KM in many institutions is fast adaptation with environmental alteration, in order to more utilization and affectivity. Finally, KM
pointed to How creation process, publish, and utilization of knowledge. In other words, the goal is increasing value in existing knowledge at
organ.
Application or other goal of KM is growth knowledge and progress it between employees. In this way, need to training information technology
and concept it main impact. In fact, final goal of KM is increase wisdom or intellectual gain for organization.

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