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The capacity and willingness to develop, organize and manage a business venture along with any of
its risks in order to make a profit. The most obvious example of entrepreneurship is the starting of new businesses.
In economics, entrepreneurship combined with land, labor, natural resources and capital can produce profit.
Entrepreneurial spirit is characterized by innovation and risk-taking, and is an essential part of a nation's ability to
succeed in an ever changing and increasingly competitive global marketplace.
Entrepreneurship is the process of starting a business, typically a startup company offering an innovative product,
process or service.
Entrepreneurship is the development of a business from the ground up coming up with an idea and turning it into
a profitable business. But while the definition of entrepreneurship may be simple, its execution is much more difficult.
"Entrepreneurship is the journey of opportunity exploration and risk management to create value for profit and/or
social good.
DEFINITION of 'Entrepreneur'
An individual who, rather than working as an employee, runs a small business and assumes all the risk and reward of
a given business venture, idea, or good or service offered for sale. The entrepreneur is commonly seen as a business
leader and innovator of new ideas and business processes.
1.
2.
3.
4.
Someone who exercises initiative by organizing a venture to take benefit of an opportunity and, as
the decision maker, decides what, how, and how much of a good or service will be produced.
An entrepreneur supplies risk capital as a risk taker, and monitors and controls the business activities. The
entrepreneur is usually a sole proprietor, a partner, or the one who owns the majority of shares in
an incorporated venture.
According to economist Joseph Alois Schumpeter (1883-1950), entrepreneurs are not necessarily motivated
by profit but regard it as a standard for measuring achievement or success. Schumpeter discovered that they
Greatly value self-reliance,
strive for distinction through excellence,
are highly optimistic (otherwise nothing would be undertaken), and
always favor challenges of medium risk(neither too easy, nor ruinous).
The basic concepts and characteristics of entrepreneurship are concerned with developing a vision of what a
company should be, and then executing that vision by translating it into concrete steps and following through.
Entrepreneurs tend to be personally involved in building and shaping their companies, but business success also
depends on understanding personal limits, and developing strategies and systems to transcend these limits. Although
many business magazines publish long lists of entrepreneurial traits, entrepreneurship is more a way of thinking and
behaving than a set of specific, sharply defined character traits.
Measured Risk
Entrepreneurs are risk takers, staking money, time, and personal reputations to manifest their visions. But, like heros,
entrepreneurs are rarely reckless. Rather, successful entrepreneurs take measured risks, weighing the stakes and
the potential consequences, and then stepping into unknown territory to generate results. As risk takers, successful
entrepreneurs understand that failure can be a vital part of success, and that learning from mistakes can be a way of
reaping benefits from situations that might otherwise feel like failures.
Fiscal Responsibility
Businesses run on money, so entrepreneurs must have a solid sense of how to raise and manage funds. Successful
entrepreneurs have an intuitive sense of how much money they will need to run their companies, but they
supplement this sense with concrete documentation and calculations to mitigate uncertainties. Entrepreneurs are
willing to risk money by making investments in building their businesses, but they keep a close eye on the numbers in
order to understand how much they are spending and whether their expenditures are bringing about the desired
results.
Creativity
Starting a business is a creative endeavor that starts with conceptualizing a product or service, and then building a
practical infrastructure that can sustain itself while delivering that product or service. Entrepreneurship requires
creative problem solving as well as creative product development, and entrepreneurs have the creative freedom to
think outside the box and develop unique strategies that balance personal values with practical constraints.
Management Skills
Successful entrepreneurs see the big picture. They have the skills and the humility to define their own role in
company operations, and the interpersonal skills to successfully delegate the tasks they can't complete themselves.
Successful entrepreneurs are successful managers, sharing the company's vision and clearly communicating the
ways that this vision is infused into mundane daily tasks. An entrepreneur's management skills come into play in the
process of carefully choosing employees, and these skills carry over into careful training, as well as the daily
challenges of motivating and organizing workers.
Interpersonal skills: The ability to establish and maintain positive relationships with customers and clients,
employees, financial lenders, investors, lawyers and accountants, among others, is crucial to the success of the
entrepreneur's business venture.
Leadership skills: The ability to develop a vision for the company and to inspire employees to pursue it is
imperative for success.
Economic power is the natural outcome of industrial and business activity. Industrial development
normally lead to concentration of economic power in the hands of a few individuals which results in the
growth of monopolies. In order to redress this problem a large number of entrepreneurs need to be
developed, which will help reduce the concentration of economic power amongst the population.
(5) Wealth Creation and Distribution:
It stimulates equitable redistribution of wealth and income in the interest of the country to more people
and geographic areas, thus giving benefit to larger sections of the society. Entrepreneurial activities also
generate more activities and give a multiplier effect in the economy.
(6) Increasing Gross National Product and Per Capita Income:
Entrepreneurs are always on the look out for opportunities. They explore and exploit opportunities,,
encourage effective resource mobilisation of capital and skill, bring in new products and services and
develops markets for growth of the economy. In this way, they help increasing gross national product as
well as per capita income of the people in a country. Increase in gross national product and per capita
income of the people in a country, is a sign of economic growth.
(6) Improvement in the Standard of Living:
Increase in the standard of living of the people is a characteristic feature of economic development of the
country. Entrepreneurs play a key role in increasing the standard of living of the people by adopting latest
innovations in the production of wide variety of goods and services in large scale that too at a lower cost.
This enables the people to avail better quality goods at lower prices which results in the improvement of
their standard of living.
(7) Promotes Country's Export Trade:
Entrepreneurs help in promoting a country's export-trade, which is an important ingredient of economic
development. They produce goods and services in large scale for the purpose earning huge amount of
foreign exchange from export in order to combat the import dues requirement. Hence import substitution
and export promotion ensure economic independence and development.
(8) Induces Backward and Forward Linkages:
Entrepreneurs like to work in an environment of change and try to maximise profits by innovation. When
an enterprise is established in accordance with the changing technology, it induces backward and forward
linkages which stimulate the process of economic development in the country.
(9) Facilitates Overall Development:
Entrepreneurs act as catalytic agent for change which results in chain reaction. Once an enterprise is
established, the process of industrialisation is set in motion. This unit will generate demand for various
types of units required by it and there will be so many other units which require the output of this unit. This
leads to overall development of an area due to increase in demand and setting up of more and more
units. In this way, the entrepreneurs multiply their entrepreneurial activities, thus creating an environment
of enthusiasm and conveying an impetus for overall development of the area.
Economic Factors:Capital, labour, raw materials and market are the main economic factors.
(a)
Capital:
Capital is one of the most important prerequisites to establish an enterprise. Availability of capital helps an
entrepreneur to bring together the land of one, machine of another and raw material of yet another to
combine them to produce goods. Therefore, capital is regarded as lubricant to the production process.
Basically, capital is the life blood of any activity. If capital is available, people who have innovative ideas
would like to put them into reality. Without having any obstacles, if capital is available, it will act as a
lifeline to entrepreneurs. So, if capital is available, entrepreneurial activities will increase.
(b)
Labour:
The quality and quantity of labour is another factor which influences the emergence of entrepreneurship.
Availability of labour makes entrepreneurship attractive. More than abundantly available labour, the
presence of skilled labour force is very important because such a workforce is generally less mobile than
other resources. If entrepreneurial activities are initiated near areas where labour is available, then it is
easy to carry out the business more comfortably and profitably at low cost. This is why one finds textile
units and machine tools manufacturing industries concentrated in certain cities like Coimbatore, Tiruppur,
Ludhiana, Rajkot, Baroda, etc. just because of availability of skilled labour force required for such units.
(c)
Raw Materials:
Raw materials are required for establishing any industrial activity and therefore has an influence in the
emergence of entrepreneurship. In the absence of raw materials, neither any enterprise can be
established nor an entrepreneur can emerge. In some cases technological innovations can compensate
for raw material inadequacies. The supply of raw materials is not influenced by themselves but becomes
influential depending upon other opportunity conditions. The more favourable these conditions are, the
more likely is the raw material to have its influence on entrepreneurial emergence.
(d)
Market :
It is not only the availability of capital, labour and raw materials but a readily available market that attracts
entrepreneurial activities. Ultimately, it is the market that fetches revenue for any business. If sufficient
market is not there, people will naturally hesitate to do business in a sector where there is no market. In
addition to market opportunities, it is equally important to ensure future market opportunities for the
emergence of entrepreneurial activities.
NON-ECONOMIC FACTORS:Social Factors:
Development of entrepreneurship in a society may take place not just because of better economic factors
but because of the presence of positive social factors. The following social factors influence the
development of entrepreneurship in a society.
(a)
A society sets certain norms and values for the behaviour of people who are part of that society. If people
violate or overstep these norms and values, certain restrictions are likely to be imposed on them. As a
result, many people are forced to accept certain types of jobs and tasks that reflect the social
environment. If the society has an open and flexible approach towards various types of jobs and works,
then people will feel free to do whatever they like and even go in for innovation and creativity. When there
is more openness and flexibility, entrepreneurship will not only emerge but also thrive.
Social pressure:
At times, entrepreneurship can emerge in a society due to social restriction too. If a society is orthodox,
close and imposes a lot of restrictions, then it is likely to backfire. People who are at the receiving end are
likely to react strongly and go in for change. In other words, because of negative pressure, more number
of people would like to become entrepreneurs as a means of improving their status. It has been noticed
that where people were marginalised, they became entrepreneurs just to prove their abilities and
establish an identity in the society.
(d)
If societies accord recognition and respect to people who dare to do something different and creative, it
proves to be an encouragement for others to do something enterprising. Therein lies the emergence of
entrepreneurship. In the traditional societies, people were looked down upon rather than encouraged for
deviating from the set norms or regular occupation. This means there was no respect for change. Thus,
societies where there is respect and recognition for people to do something different are more likely to
see the development of entrepreneurial activities.
(e)
Security:
The view regarding role of social security in encouraging entrepreneurship development is rather divided.
One school of thought is of the view that people are more prone to take entrepreneurial risks in secure
social environments. On the other hand, there are others who argue that entrepreneurship will more likely
emerge if there are turbulent conditions. In both cases, there is scope for entrepreneurship development.
3.
Psychological Factors
(a)
Need Achievement:
(b)
There are several other researchers who have tried to understand the psychological roots of
entrepreneurship. One such individual is Everett Hagen who stresses the-psychological consequences of
social change. Hagen says, at some point many social groups experience a radical loss of status. Hagen
attributed the withdrawal of status respect of a group to the genesis of entrepreneurship. Giving a brief
sketch of history of Japan, he concludes that it developed sooner than any non-western society except
Russia due to two historical differences. First, Japan had been free from colonial disruption and secondly,
the repeated long continued withdrawal of expected status from important groups (samurai) in its society
drove them to retreatism which caused them to emerge alienated from traditional values with increased
creativity. This very fact led them to the technological progress through entrepreneurial roles.
Hagen believes that the initial condition leading to eventual entrepreneurial behaviour is the loss Of status
by a group. He postulates four types of events can produce status withdrawal
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
He further postulates that withdrawal of status respect would give rise to four possible reactions and
create four different personality types
(a)
Retreatist: He who continues to work in a society but remains different to his work and position.
(b) Ritualist: He who adopts a kind of defensive behaviour and acts in the way accepted and approved
in his society but no hopes of improving his position.
(c)
Reformist: He is a person who forements a rebellion and attempts to establish a new society; and
(d)
Hagen maintains that once status withdrawal has occured, the sequence of change in personality
formation is set in motion. He refers that status withdrawal takes a long period of time as much as five
or more generations to result in the emergence of entrepreneurship.
4.
Government Actions
The government by its actions or failure to act also does influence both the economic and non-economic
factors for entrepreneurship. Any interested Government in economic development can help, through its
clearly expressed industrial policy, promote entrepreneurship in one way or other. By creating basic
facilities, services and utilities and by providing incentives and concessions, the Government can provide
the prospective entrepreneurs a facilitative socio-economic setting. Such conducive setting minimises the
risks which the entrepreneurs are to face. Thus, the supportive actions of the Government appear as the
most conducive to the entrepreneurial growth. This is true of the Indian entrepreneurs also.
a planned effort to identify, inculcate, develop, and polish the capabilities and skills as the prerequisites of
a person to become and behave as an entrepreneur.
Need for EDPs:
That, entrepreneurs possess certain competencies or traits. These competencies or traits are the
underlying characteristics of the entrepreneurs which result in superior performance and which distinguish
successful entrepreneurs from the unsuccessful ones.
The need for EDP can be visualized from the following explanations:
i. EDP facilitates in removal of industrial slums because it leads for decentralization of industries.
ii. It facilitates in harnessing of locally available resources which are abundant by providing training and
education to entrepreneurs.
iii. In defuses social tension by diverting unemployed youths for self employment. Young youths feel
frustrated in the absence of employment.
iv. Entrepreneur mobilizes idle savings of the people into productive investment and thereby helps in the
state of capital formation.
v. EDP helps in improving standard of living of the people because innovation leads to production of
goods and services in a wide sphere.
vi. It facilitates balanced regional development as it enables development of entrepreneurs in different
areas of the state or county.
Objectives of EDP:
The major objectives of the Entrepreneurship Development Programmes (EDPs) are to:
a. Develop and strengthen the entrepreneurial quality, i.e. motivation or need for achievement.
b. Analyse environmental set up relating to small industry and small business.
c. Select the product.
d. Formulate proposal for the product.
e. Understand the process and procedure involved in setting up a small enterprise.
f. Know the sources of help and support available for starting a small scale industry.
g. Acquire the necessary managerial skills required to run a small-scale industry.
h. Know the pros and cons in becoming an entrepreneur.
i. Appreciate the needed entrepreneurial discipline.
j. Besides, some of the other important objectives of the EDPs are to:
k. Let the entrepreneur himself / herself set or reset objectives for his / her enterprise and strive for their
realization.
l. Prepare him / her to accept the uncertainty in running a business.
m. Enable him / her to take decisions.
n. Enable to communicate clearly and effectively.
o. Develop a broad vision about the business.
p. Make him subscribe to the industrial democracy.
q. Develop passion for integrity and honesty.
r. Make him learn compliance with law.
4. Use of Local Resources : In the absence of any initiative local resources are likely to remain
unutilized. Proper use of these resources can result in the progress or development of the area and that
too at lower cost. Alert entrepreneurs seize the opportunity and exploit it in the best interests of the area
and industry. Effective EDPs can help in the proper use of local resources by providing guidance,
assistance, education and training to the prospective entrepreneurs.
5. Improvement in per Capital Income : Entrepreneurs are always on the look out for opportunities.
They explore and exploit the opportunities. Entrepreneurs take lead in organising various factors of
production by putting them into productive use through the setting up of enterprises. More enterprises will
lead to more production, employment and generation of wealth in the form of goods and services. It will
result in the increase in the overall productivity and per capita income in the country. EDPs play a positive
role in the setting of more units and thus help in generation of more employment and income.
6. Improvement in the Standard of Living : Entrepreneurs by adopting latest innovations help in the
production of wide variety of goods & services. By making efficient use of the resources, they start
producing more of better quality and that too at lower costs. This enable them to ensure easy availability
of better quality products at lower prices to the consumers which result in the improvement in the
standard of living of the people. EDPs provide the necessary support to entrepreneurs by educating them
about the latest innovations and market trends.
7. Economic Independence : Entrepreneurs enable a country to produce wide variety of better quality
goods & services and that too at competitive prices. They develop substitutes of the goods being
imported and thus prevent over-dependence on foreign countries and at the same time help in the saving
of precious foreign exchange. Through sale of their surplus products in foreign market entrepreneurs
enable a country to earn foreign exchange, which is so essential for meeting developmental needs of the
economy. Export promotion and import substitution thus help in promoting economic independence of the
economy.
8. Preventing Industrial Slums : Industrially developed areas are faced with problem of industrial slums,
which result in over burdening of civic amenities and adverse impact on the health of people. Dispersal of
industries can help in the overcoming of this grave problem. EDPs can help in preventing spread of
industrial slums by providing various incentives, subsidies and infrastructural support to entrepreneurs for
setting up their enterprises in industrially backward areas. This will also help in reducing pollution and
overtaxing of civic amenities.
9. Reducing Social Tension : Unemployment amongst the young and educated people is emerging as
the major cause of social unrest. People are bound to feel frustrated if they fail to get gainful employment
after completion of their education. EDPs can help in channelizing the talent of this section of society in
the right direction by providing proper guidance, training and assistance for setting up their enterprises.
This results in generation of self employment and prevention of social tension, unrest etc.
10. Facilitating Overall Development : An entrepreneur acts as a catalytic agent for change which
results in chain reaction. With the setting up of an enterprise the process of industrialization is set in
motion. This unit will generate demand for various types of inputs required by it and there will be so many
other units which will require the output of this unit. This leads to overall development of an area due to
increase in demand and setting up of more and more units there. Moreover success of one entrepreneur
sets the right type of example for others to follow. Entrepreneurs, thus, create an environment of
enthusiasm and convey a sense of purpose. This gives future impetus to the overall development of that
area.
OR
egotistical to the point that their bull-headedness is a weakness that continually prohibits them from
seeing a bigger picture and ultimately making the best decisions for the business.
7. Competitive spirit
Entrepreneurs enjoy a challenge and they like to win. They would have to since starting a business is
pretty much one of the biggest challenges a person can take on in their lifetime. In business it's a
constant war with competition to win business and grow market share. It's also a personal challenge to
use all of this to focus inward and grow a business from nothing into a powerhouse that either makes a lot
of money or is so effective that it is sold or acquired for a profit as well.
8. Understand the value of a strong peer network
In almost every case, entrepreneurs never get to success alone. The best understand it takes a network
of contacts, business partners, financial partners, peers and resources to succeed. Effective people
nurture these relationships and surround themselves with people who can help make them more
effective. Any good leader is only as good as those who support him.
Behavioral Differences
The typical entrepreneur wants to "be in control" of his life (which is often the reason why he started the
business), of his business and especially of his employees.
The professional manager, on the other hand, enters a company which needs to delegate authority, since
it has reached the stage in its development where the entrepreneur can no longer "do it all himself".
2.
Management Style
The entrepreneurial management style is very demanding, leaving very little room for error, and none at
all for actual failures, since in most cases the business is a "one man show", even if there are other
employees.
The professional manager, however, must be tolerant of failure (and see it as a basis for learning) and
develop an administrative team, since a basic assumption is that responsibility in the organization must
pass from the "all-knowing" entrepreneur to people who still have to learn about the business.
3.
4.
Growth
Entrepreneurial management is noted for its ability to react quickly and effectively to new business
opportunities. This ability is the foundation for rapid growth of the company in its entrepreneurial stage.
Professional management is noted for medium and long term strategic planning, which leads to controlled
growth of the company during the process of establishment.
5.
Organizational Structure
The entrepreneurial organization is characterized by its informal, flexible structure, which allows it to
adapt to changes required by its rapid growth.
Professional management, on the other hand, requires a formal and fairly rigid organizational structure,
which leaves no room for rapid reactions to business opportunities, but protects the organization from
sudden collapse.
6.
Decision-Making
The entrepreneur usually makes decisions, even those of critical importance for his business, on the
basis of his own personal intuition and "gut feelings".
The professional manager makes decisions after collecting detailed information and reaching operative
conclusions, while relying on experts both from within and outside the organization.
7.
Definition of Aims
The entrepreneur describes his organization in terms of "vision", "dream" and "mission" and manages to
give his employees the feeling that they are working for a higher aim than just marketing a product and/or
service.
The professional manager describes the company aims in terms of market segments, yield per worker
and profitability.
8.
The professional business manager, on the other hand, looks at the business he manages through
"financial eyes" and defines its aims (usually in the short term only) purely in financial terms.
9.
Attitude toward Risk
The myths describe entrepreneurs as "wild risk-takers", although many studies have shown that in fact
the typical entrepreneur is very good at assessing risks.
On the other hand, the professional manager, who sees his task as strengthening and maintaining the
company, is naturally afraid of risks and tries to maintain the status quo.
10.
Company Culture
The typical entrepreneur does not usually try to define a "culture" for the organization he sets up, since in
most cases he himself is the organization. The literature defines this situation as "the entrepreneurial
organizational culture", characterized by large doses of charisma and "manipulativeness".
The professional manager does try to establish a well-defined company culture, based on company
values on one hand and commercial aims on the other.
Conclusions
In the light of the foregoing, we can conclude that there is a world of difference between the
"entrepreneurial manager" and the professional manager, and indeed this was true until the last decade.
But, it has become clear in recent years that the ideal manager will be one who knows how to combine
certain traits of the professional manager, such as order and discipline, with entrepreneurial
characteristics such as quick reaction to business opportunities, creativity and the ability to fill employees
with a sense of vision and challenge.
Characteristic
Behavior Characterized by
Management Style
Entrepreneur
Desire for Control
One-Man Show
Driving Force
Creativity - Innovation
Organizational Growth
Organization Structure
Rapid Reaction
Informal, Flexible
Decision-Making
Intuitive
Definition of Aims
Attitude to Money
Attitude to Risk
Organizational Culture
In terms of "Vision"
A By-Product
Calculated Risks
"Entrepreneurial Culture"
Manager
Delegation of Authority
Management Team
Establish and Preserve the
Status Quo
Strategic Planning
Organized
Collect Information and Seek
Advice
In Commercial Terms
Measure of Success
Avoidance of Risks
"Management Culture"