AP Chemistry

Chapter 4 Review Questions

Name:
Period:

Discussion Questions:
4.1. Assume you have a highly magnified view of a solution of HCl that allows you to see the HCl.
Draw this magnified view. If you dropped in a piece of magnesium, the magnesium would
disappear and hydrogen gas would be released. Represent this change using symbols for the
elements, and write out the balanced equation.
4.2. You have a solution of table salt in water. What happens to the salt concentration (increases,
decreases, or stays the same as the solution boils? Draw pictures to explain your answer.
4.3. Order the following molecules from lowest to highest oxidation state of the nitrogen atom:
HNO3, NH4Cl, N2O, NO2, NaNO2.

Questions:
4.4. Distinguish between the terms slightly soluble and weak electrolyte.

Exercises:
Aqueous Solutions: Strong and Weak Electrolytes
4.1.

Show how each of the following strong electrolytes breaks up into component ions upon
dissolving in water by drawing molecular-level pictures.
a. NaBr
Na+
+
Br2+
b. MgCl2
Mg
+
2Clc. Al(NO3)3

Al3+
+
3NO3+
d. (NH4)2SO4

2NH4
+
SO42+
e. NaOH
Na
+
OH
f. FeSO4
Fe2+ +
SO42+
g. KMnO4
K
+
MnO4+
h. HClO4
H
+
ClO4i. NH4C2H3O2 (ammonium acetate)

NH4+ +
C2H3O4-

Solution Concentration: Molarity

4.2.

4.3.

4.4.

4.5.

A solution of ethanol (C2H5OH) in water is prepared by dissolving 75.0 mL of ethanol (density=

0.79 g/cm3) in enough water to make 250.0 mL of solution. What is the molarity of the
ethanol in this solution?
5.2 M
Calculate the concentration of all ions present in each of the following solutions of strong
electrolytes.
a. 0.15 M CaCl2 0.15M Ca2+
0.30M Clb. 0.26 M Al(NO3)3
0.26M Al3+
0.78M NO3+
c. 0.25 M K2Cr2O7
0.50M k
0.25MCr2O72d. 2.0 x 10-3 M Al2(SO4)3 4.0x10-3M Al3+ 6.0x10-3M SO42What volume of a 0.100 M solution of NaHCO3 contains 0.350 g of NaHCO3?
41.7 mL
Describe how you would prepare 2.00 L of each of the following solutions?
a. 0.250 M NaOH from solid NaOH
20.0 g NaOH
b. 0.250 M NaOH from 1.00 M NaOH stock solution
500 mL NaOH
c. 0.100 M K2CrO4 from solid K2CrO4
38.8 g K2CrO4

AP Chemistry
Chapter 4 Review Questions

Name:
Period:

d. 0.100 M K2CrO4 from 1.75 M K2CrO4 stock solution

4.6.

4.7.

4.8.

4.9.

4.10.

4.11.

4.12.

4.13.

114 mL K2CrO4
A standard solution is prepared for the analysis of fluoxymesterone (C 20H29FO3), an anabolic
steroid. A stock solution is first prepared by dissolving 10.0 mg of fluoxymesterone in enough
water to give a total volume of 500.0 mL. A 100.0 L aliquot (portion) of this solution is
diluted to a final volume of 100.0 mL. Calculate the concentration of the final solution in
terms of molarity.
5.94x10-8M
Write the balanced molecular equation, complete ionic equation and net ionic equation for the
following reactions. If no precipitate forms, write No reaction.
a. BaCl2(aq)
+
Na2SO4(aq)
Ba2+
+
SO42-
BaSO4(s)
2+
b. Pb(NO3)2(aq) +
KCl(aq)
Pb
+
2Cl

PbCl2 (s)
c. AgNO3(aq)
+
Na3PO4(aq)
Ag+
+
PO43-
Ag3PO4(s)
d. NaOH(aq)
+
Fe(NO3)3(aq) Fe3+
+
3OH-
Fe(OH)3(s)
Write the balanced molecular equation, complete ionic equation and net ionic equation for the
following reactions. If no precipitate forms, write No reaction.
a. FeSO4(aq)
+
KCl(aq)
no reaction
b. Al(NO3)3(aq) +
Ba(OH)2(aq) Al3+
+
3OH-
Al(OH)3(s)
2+
c. CaCl2(aq)
+
Na2SO4(aq)
Ca
+
SO42-
CaSO4(s)
2+
2d. K2S(aq )
+
Ni(NO3)2(aq) Ni
+
S

NiS(s)
Give an example how each of the following insoluble ionic compounds could be produced using
a precipitation reaction. Write the balanced molecular equation for each reaction.
a. Fe(OH)3(s)
Fe(NO3)3
+
NaOH
b. Hg2Cl2(s)
Hg2(NO3)2
+
NaCl
c. PbSO4(s)
Pb(NO3)2
+
Na2SO4
d. BaCrO4(s)
Ba(NO3)2
+
Na2CrO4
Write net ionic equations for the reaction, if any, that occurs when aqueous solutions of the
following are mixed.
a. chromium(III) chloride and sodium hydroxide Cr3+
+ 3OH- Cr(OH)3(s)
b. silver nitrate and ammonium carbonate 2Ag+ +
CO32-
Ag2CO3(s)
2+
2c. copper(II) sulfate and mercury(I) nitrate Hg2
+
SO4

Hg2SO4(s)
d. strontium nitrate and potassium iodide no reaction
What volume of Na2CrO4 is required to precipitate all of the silver ions from 75.0 mL of a
0.100M solution of AgNO3? 250 mL
What mass of solid aluminum hydroxide can be produced when 50.0 mL of 0.200 M Al(NO) 3 is
added to 200.0 mL of 0.100 M KOH? 0.520 g
How many grams of silver chloride can be prepared by the reaction of 100 mL of 0.20 M silver
nitrate with 100.0 mL of 0.15 M calcium chloride? Calculate the concentrations of each ion
remaining in solution after precipitation is complete. 2.9g AgCl; 0.05 M Cl -; 0.10M NO3-1;
0.075M Ca2+

Acid-Base Reactions
4.14.

Write the balanced molecular, complete ionic, and net ionic equations for each of the following
acid-base reactions.
a. HClO4(aq)
+
Mg(OH)2(s)

H2O +
Mg(ClO4)2

AP Chemistry
Chapter 4 Review Questions

b. HCN(aq)
c. HCl(aq)

Name:
Period:
+
+

NaOH(aq)
NaOH(aq)

H2O
H2O

+
+

NaCN
NaCl

AP Chemistry
Chapter 4 Review Questions
4.15.

4.16.

4.17.

4.18.

4.19.

Name:
Period:

Write the balanced molecular, complete ionic, and net ionic equations for the reactions that occur
when the following are mixed.
a. Solid silver hydroxide and hydrobromic acid

AgBr +
H2O
b. Aqueous strontium hydroxide and hydroiodic acid SrI2 +
2H2O
c. Solid chromium(III) hydroxide and nitric acid
2Cr(NO3)3 + 6H2O
What volume of each of the following acids will react completely with 50.00 mL of 0.200 M
NaOH?
a. 0.100 M HCl
0.100L
b. 0.150 M HNO3
66.7 mL
c. 0.200 M HC2H3O2 (1 acidic hydrogen) 50.0 mL
What volume of each of the following bases will react completely with 25.00 mL of 0.200 M
HCl?
a. 0.100 M HCl
50.0 mL
b. 0.0500 M Ba(OH)2
50.0 mL
c. 0.250 M KOH
20 mL
A student titrates an unknown amount of potassium hydrogen phthalate (KHC 8H4O4, often
abbreviated KHP) with 20.46 mL of 0.1000 M NaOH solution. KHP (molar mass = 204.22
g/mol) has one acidic hydrogen. How many grams of KHP were titrated (reacted completely)
by the sodium hydroxide solution?
0.4178 g
The concentration of a certain sodium hydroxide solution was determined by using the solution to
titrate a sample of potassium hydrogen phthalate (abbreviated as KHP). KHP is an acid with
one acidic hydrogen and a molar mass of 204.22 g/mol. In the titration, 34.67 mL of the
sodium hydroxide solution was required to react with 0.1082 g KHP. Calculate the molarity of
the sodium hydroxide.
1.528x10-2M

Oxidation-Reduction Reactions
4.20.

4.21.

4.22.

Assign oxidation states for all atoms in each of the following compounds.
a. KMnO4 1+; 7+; 2f.
Fe3O4 8/3+; 2b. NiO2 4+; 2g.
XeOF4 6+; 2-, 1c. K4Fe(CN)6 (Fe only) 2+
h.
SF4
4+; 1d. (NH4)2HPO4 3-; 1+; 5+; 2i.
CO
2+, 2e. P4O6 3+;2j.
Na2C2O4
1+, 3+, 2Assign the oxidation state for bromine in each of the following compounds.
a. HBr 1b. HOBr 1+
c. Br2
0
d. HBrO4 7+
e. BrF3 3+
Assign the oxidation state for nitrogen in each of the following
a. Li3N 3d. NO
b. NH3 3e. N2O
c. N2H4 2f.
NO2

2+
1+
4+

AP Chemistry
Chapter 4 Review Questions

g.
h.

NO21NO31-

3+
5+

Name:
Period:

i.

N2

AP Chemistry
Chapter 4 Review Questions

Name:
Period:

Specify which of the following are oxidation-reduction reactions and identify the oxidizing agent, the
reducing agent, the substance being oxidized, and the substance being reduced.
j. CH4(g)
+
2O2(g)

CO2(g)
+
2H2O(g) (Y)
k. Zn(s)
+
2HCl(aq)

ZnCl2(aq)
+
H2(g)
(Y)
212l. Cr2O7 (aq)
+
2OH (aq)

2CrO4 (aq)
+
2H2O(l) (No)
m. O3(g)
+
NO(g)

O2(g)
+
NO2(g) (Y)
n. 2H2O2(l)

2H2O(l)
+
O2(g)
(Y)
o. 2CuCl(aq)

CuCl2(aq)
+
Cu(s)
(Y)
4.23.

4.24.

4.25.

4.26.

4.27.

4.28.

Specify which of the following are oxidation-reduction reactions and identify the oxidizing agent, the
reducing agent, the substance being oxidized, and the substance being reduced.
a. Cu(s)
+
2Ag1+(aq)

2Ag(s)
+
Cu2+(aq) (Y)
b. HCl(g)
+
NH3(g)

NH4Cl(s)
(N)
c. SiCl4(l)
+
2H2O(l)

4HCl(aq)
+
SiO2(s) (N)
d. SiCl4(l)
+
2Mg(s)

2MgCl2(s)
+
Si(s)
(Y)
11e. Al(OH)4 (aq)
AlO2 (aq)
+
2H2O(l)
(N)
Balance the following oxidation-reduction reactions that occur in acidic solutions.
a. Zn(s) +
2HCl(aq)

Zn2+(aq)
+
H2(g) +
2Cl1-(aq)
b. 3I1-(aq)
+
2ClO1-(aq)

I31-(aq)
+
Cl1-(aq) +H2O
+
1c. 3H2O + 4H3O + 3As2O3(s) + 4NO3 (aq)

6H3AsO4(aq) +
4NO(g)
+
112+
d. 16H3O + 10Br (aq)
+
2MnO4 (aq) 5Br2(l) + 8Mn (aq) + 24H2O
e. 3CH3OH(aq) +
Cr2O72-(aq)

2CH2O(aq)
+
7Cr3+(aq)
Balance the following oxidation-reduction reactions that occur in acidic solution using the halfreaction method.
a. 3Cu(s)
+
3NO31-(aq)

3Cu2+(aq)
+
3NO(g)
213+
b. Cr2O7 (aq)
+
6Cl (aq)

2Cr
+
3Cl2(g)
c. Pb(s)
+
PbO2(s)
+
2H2SO4(aq)

2PbSO4(s)
d. 2Mn2+(aq)
+
5NaBiO3(s)

5Bi3+(aq)
+
2MnO41-(aq)
e. H3AsO4(aq)
+
4Zn(s)

AsH3(g)
+
4Zn2+(aq)
Balance the following oxidation-reduction reactions that occur in basic solutions.
a. Al(s)
+
MnO41-(aq)

MnO2(s)
+
Al(OH)41-(aq)
11b. Cl2(g)

Cl (aq)
+
OCl (aq)
1c. NO2 (aq)
+
2Al(s)

NH3(g)
+
2AlO21-(aq)
Balance the following oxidation-reduction reactions that occur in basic solution.
a. Cr(s)
+
CrO42-(aq)

2Cr(OH)3(s)
12b. 2MnO4 (aq) +
7S (aq)

2MnS(s)
+
5S(s)
c. 3CN1-(aq)
+
2MnO41-(aq)
3CNO1-(aq)
+
2MnNO2(s)
Gold metal will not dissolve in either concentrated nitric acid or concentrated hydrochloric acid. It
will dissolve, however, in aqua regia, a mixture of the two concentrated acids. The products of the
reaction are the AuCl41- ion and gaseous NO. Write a balanced equation for the dissolution of gold
in aqua regia. Au 4Cl- + 4H+ + NO3- AuCl4 + NO + 2H2O

AP Chemistry
Chapter 4 Review Questions

Name:
Period:

Additional Problems
4.29.

4.30.

4.31.

4.32.

4.33.

4.34.

A 230.-mL sample of a 0.275 M CaCl2 solution is left on a hot plate overnight; the following morning,
the solution is 1.10 M. What volume of water evaporated from the 0.275 M CaCl2 solution? 173
mL
Using the general solubility rules given in Table 4.1, name three reagents that would form precipitates
with each of the following ions in aqueous solution. Write the net ionic equation for each of your
suggestions.
a. chloride ion
d. sulfate ion
b. calcium ion
e. mercury(I) ion, Hg22+
c. iron(III) ion
f. silver ion
During the developing process of black-and-white film, silver bromide is removed from
photographic film by the fixer. The major component of the fixer is sodium thiosulfate. The
net ionic equation for this reaction is:
AgBr(s)
+
2S2O32-(aq)

Ag(S2O3)23-(aq) +
Br1-(aq)
What mass of AgBr can be dissolved by 1.00 L of 0.200 M Na2S2O3? 18.8 g
A mixture contains only NaCl and Fe(NO3)3. A 0.456-g sample of the mixture is dissolved in
water, and an excess of NaOH is added, producing a precipitate of Fe(OH) 3. The precipitate is
filtered, dried, and weighed. Its mass is 0.107 g. Calculate the following.
a. The mass of iron in the sample
0.0559 g
b. The mass of Fe(NO3)3 in the sample
0.242 g
c. The mass percent of Fe(NO3)3 in the sample
53.1%
A 10.00-mL sample of vinegar, an aqueous solution of acetic acid (HC 2H3O2), is titrated with
0.5062 M NaOH, and 16.58 mL is required to reach the equivalence point.
a. What is the molarity of the acetic acid?
0.8393 M
b. If the density of the vinegar is 1.006 g/cm3, what is the mass percent of acetic acid in the
vinegar?
5.010%
A 2.20-g sample of an unknown acid (empirical formula = C3H4O3) is dissolved in 1.0 L of water.
A titration required 25.0 mL of 0.500 M NaOH to react completely with all the acid present.
Assuming the unknown acid has one acidic proton per molecule, what is the molecular formula
of the unknown acid?
C6H8O6

Challenge Problems
4.35.

4.36.

Complete and balance each acid-base reaction.

a. H3PO4(aq)
+
NaOH(aq)

Na3PO4
+
3H2O
b. H2SO4(aq)
+
Al(OH)3(aq)
Al2(SO4)3
+
6H2O
c. H2Se(aq)
+
Ba(OH)2(aq)
BaSe
+
2H2O
d. H2C2O4(aq)
+
NaOH(aq)

NaC2O4
+
2H2O
What volume of 0.0521 M Ba(OH)2 is required to neutralize exactly 14.20 mL of 0.141 M
H3PO4? Phosphoric acid contains three acidic hydrogens.
57.6 mL

AP Chemistry
Chapter 4 Review Questions

Name:
Period:

Marathon Problem
4.37.

Three students were asked to find the identity of the metal in a particular sulfate salt. They
dissolved a 0.1472-g sample of the salt in water and treated it with excess barium chloride,
resulting in the precipitation of barium sulfate. After the precipitate had been filtered and dried,
it weighed 0.2327 g.
Each student analyzed the data independently and came to different conclusions. Pat decided
that the metal was titanium. Chris thought it was sodium. Randy reported that it was gallium.
What formula did each student assign to the sulfate salt?
Look for information on the sulfates of gallium, sodium and titanium in this text and reference
books such as the CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. What further tests would you
suggest to determine which student is most likely correct?