Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
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4.
5.
6.
1
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CM3110
Transport Processes and Unit Operations I
Viscosity
Drag
Boundary Layers
Laminar versus Turbulent Flow
Lift
Supersonic
Surface Tension
Curved Streamlines
Magnetohydrodynamics
(Ch2)
www.chem.mtu.edu/~fmorriso/cm310/cm310.html
5
2.1 Viscosity,
A measure of a liquids resistance to flow
water
(modest viscosity)
honey
(high viscosity)
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oil
honey
Momentum Flux
Viscosity
determines the
magnitude of
momentum flux
Viscous fluids
transmit
stress from
one location
to another.
vectors
z
y
vz V
V
momentum flux
vz 0
vz (y)
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v z y 0 v z y H
F
V
A
H
H 0
(Note choice of
coordinate system)
v
z
y
Stress on a y-surface in
the z-direction
dv
yz z
dy
(See discussion of sign
convention of stress; this
is the tension positive
convention)
yz
F
A
Newtons
Law of
Viscosity
9
force kg m / s 2 kg m / s
yz
area
area
s area
Momentum
Flux
f
9 stresses
at a point
in space
y z
e y
f A( yx ex
yy e y yz ez )
stress on a y-surface
in the z-direction
yz
A surface
in the y-direction
flux of z-momentum
whose unit
normal is in the
(See discussion of sign convention of stress;
y-direction
this is the tension positive convention)
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(p110)
dvz
dy
yz
Newtons Law
of Viscosity
11
Viscosity
A measure of a liquids resistance to flow
Viscous fluids
transmit stress from
one location to
another.
Viscosity is responsible for the
development of pressure distributions
in laminar flow.
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(p110)
f plunger
Dp
13
p0 pL R 4
Q
8L
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f ma
all forces
Forces
(including
viscous
forces)
Rate of
change of
momentum
Inertia
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2.2 Drag
Fdrag
Drag is a
consequence of
viscosity
1. Calculate velocity
2. Calculate force on the object surface
3. Calculate the component of that force in the
direction of the flow
Microscopicmomentum
balance
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Drag Coefficient, CD
True at high
speeds
CD
Fdrag
1
v
2
Ap
reference area
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(p117)
CD 0.88
CD 0.50
CD 0.12
19
CD 1.1
CD
Fdrag
1
v
2
Ap
10
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22
11
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Newtons Law of
Viscosity
dv z
dy
yz
Attached boundary
layer near surface
Boundary layer
detaches
angle of
attack
Source: Illustrated experiments
in fluid mechanics: the NCFMF
book of film notes, MIT Press,
1972
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12
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25
Manipulate boundary-layer
separation
smooth ball
rough ball
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13
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(p124)
Example 2.5: A new tower hotel, cylindrical in shape and 100 ft in diameter,
has been built in a resort town near the sea on the windward side of an island.
Hotel guests complain that there are often uncomfortably high winds near
several of the entrances to the tower. How do the wind speed and pressure
vary with position around the tower and with on-shore wind speed?
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Boundary Layers
p v 2
z constant along a streamline
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Boundary Layers
cylinder in
uniform flow:
(potential flow
solution)
R2
U 1 2 cos
r
2
R
v U 1 2 sin
r z
p v2
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Entrance region
Boundary layer
Fully developed
flow
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Viscosity dominates
Inertia dominates
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Reynolds Experiment
Viscosity
dominates
Inertia
dominates
33
CM3110
Transport Processes and Unit Operations I
Viscosity
Drag
Boundary Layers
Laminar versus Turbulent Flow
Lift
Supersonic
Surface Tension
Advanced
Curved Streamlines
Magnetohydrodynamics
(Ch2)
www.chem.mtu.edu/~fmorriso/cm310/cm310.html
34
17
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2. Drag
dvz
dy
yz
CD
Fdrag
1
2
v Ap
2
3. Boundary Layers
Viscous effects within BL; no viscous effects in main stream;
Bernoulli equation (like MEB) assumes no viscous effects
(outside the
boundary layer)
p v2
35
2. Drag
Viscous
effects
dominate
near walls
CD
Fdrag
1
v
2
Ap
3. Boundary Layers
Viscous effects within BL; no viscous effects in main stream;
Bernoulli equation (like MEB) assumes no viscous effects
(outside the
boundary layer)
Inertial
effects
dominate
dvz
dy
yz
p v2
36
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37
19
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39
Control Volume
(Ch3)
Following fluid
particles is complex:
It is simpler to observe
the flow pass through
a fixed volume
control volume
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Control Volume
control volume
rate of
net mass
accumulation
flowing in
of mass
in
out
steady
state
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f ma
all forces
rate of
accumulation
acting on control vol flowing in
of momentum
oni
in
out
steady state
momentum
momentum
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CM3110
Transport I
Part I: Fluid Mechanics: Microscopic Balances
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