Exponential Logarithmic Functions PDF

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Exponential functions
Logarithmic functions
Linear forms
Curve sketching
Lecture
Ong Ming Tze
International Medical University
May 15, 2014
Ong Ming Tze
Lecture
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Linear forms
Curve sketching
1 Exponential functions
2 Logarithmic functions
3 Linear forms
4 Curve sketching
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What are exponential functions

In general exponential functions are functions of the
form
f (x) = ax
(1)
Note that in (1), a must be a postive number and also not
equal to 1.
x is a variable and can be any real number.
So for example g(x) = 3.2x and h(x) = 0.32x are
exponential functions.
On the other hand k (x) = 1x is NOT an exponential
function since k(x) is just the constant 1.

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In Figure 1a below we see how an exponential function
would look like if a is a number greater than 0 and less

than 1.
In Figure 1c below we see how an exponential function
would look like if a is a number greater than 1.
Figure 1:
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Note that y = 1x in Figure 1b above is NOT an
exponential function.
What we should observe from Figure 1 is that given some
function
f (x) = ax
if 0 < a < 1 then ax is a decreasing function, and that if
a > 1, then ax is an increasing function.
Hopefully you remember what increasing and decreasing
functions are.
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In figure 2 below we give more examples of graphs of
exponential functions.
Figure 2:
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Observations
Notice in figure 2 above that the graphs of y = 2x and
y = ( 21 )x = 2x are reflections of each other about the

y-axis,
and that, the the graphs of y = 4x and y = ( 41 )x = 4x are
also reflections of each other about the y -axis.
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Rules for exponential functions
If a, b > 0 and x, y R, then

1. ax ay = ax+y 2.
ax
ay
= axy 3. (ax )y = axy 4. (ab)x = ax bx
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The irrational number e

Recall that an exponential function is a function of the
form
f (x) = ax
(2)
where a is a constant greater than 0 and not equal to 1.

The constant a in (2) is known as the base of the
exponential function f (x).

One frequently occuring base of exponential functions is
the irrational number denoted by e.
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Definition of the number e

e is the number lim (1 + xn )n
n
What you should take note of is that the exponential
function ex occurs commonly.

To around 10 decimal places, e 2.7182818284.
The function
f (x) = ex
is known as the natural exponential function .
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(3)
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Figure 3 below shows the graph of y = ex .
Figure 3:
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From Figure 3 above note the following,
The domain and range of the function f(x) = ex

1
The domain of ex is the entire set of real numbers R.
The range of ex is the set of positive numbers (0, ).
Observe from the graph of Figure 3 that ex is never 0.

That is to say the graph of y = ex never touches or
crosses the x-axis.
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The natural exponential function ex

What is so special about the natural exponential
function ex ?
Figure 4:
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Figure 4 above shows that the gradient of the graph of
y = ex at points on the graph are nothing but the values

of the y -coordinates of the points.
In terms of calculus this means that
d
{ex } = ex
dx
(4)
We will return to (4) later on. But for now please remember
this important result.
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If a > 0 and a 6= 1, then the
exponential function f (x) = ax is either increasing or
decreasing. Why?
This means that f (x) has an inverse function f 1 known
as the logarithmic function with base a and is denoted

by
loga
So f 1 (x) = loga x.
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(5)
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So the very important relationship between exponential and

logarithmic functions is that they are inverse functions of each
other.
So if a > 0 and a 6= 1 then, (as you have seen before)
y = ax loga y = x
(6)
In the figure below we see how the two exponential and
logarithmic functions look like.

Remember because they are inverses of each other the
two curves are reflections of each other about the line

with equation y = x.
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Observe the properties of the exponential and

logarithmic function
Figure 5:
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Important properties of the logarithmic function

If a > 1
What are the domains of ax and loga x?
What are the values that the functions ax and loga x take?
As we have seen previously, if a > 0, x, y > 0 and r is any real

number, then
1
loga x + loga y = loga (xy)
loga x loga = loga ( yx )
loga x r = r loga x
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Graphs of logarithmic functions with different bases
Figure 6:
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Natural logarithms
Of all the possible bases a for the logarithmic function loga x,
the most convenient choice for the base a is the number e
which we have seen earlier.
The logarithmic function with base e is written as ln x.
In other words,
ln x loge x
We thus have the following
y = ex ln y = x
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(7)
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Example 1: Solve the equation e53x = 10.
Example 2: Express ln a + 21 ln b using a single logarithm.
Example 3: Solve the equation ln(1 + x) = 2.
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Example 4: A cup of tea, at temperature T C cools down

according to the formula:
T = 80ekt + 15
where t is the time in seconds after the cup of tea was made.
1
2
What is the initial temperature of the tea?

The tea cools by 20 C after the first minute. Find the value
of k .
How long will it take for the temperature to drop to 50 C.
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Remember that earlier we have seen the rule regarding
the changing of bases of logarithms

logc b
logc a
(8)
loge b ln x
.
loge a ln a
(9)
loga b
where a, b and c > 0.
It follows then, that,
loga x
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Sometimes relationsips between two variables can be
modelled with exponential functions.

These relationships however can be reduced to linear form
so that the constants in the relationship can be calculated.

Suppose we have a relationship of the form
y = ax n
where a is a constant.
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(10)
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Then taking logs (natural base e) on both sides of equation
(1) we get
ln y = ln ax n
ln y = ln a + ln x n
ln y = n (ln x) + ln a
(11)
Comparing equation (11) with the form Y = mX + C, we
can see that plotting values of ln y against values of ln x

gives a straight line whose gradient is n and whose
intercept on the vertical axis is ln a.
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Example 5: Two variables p and q are related by the equation

p = aq n . Some values of p and q are found from an experiment.
The graph in figure 7 shows the result of plotting ln p against
ln q. Estimate the values of a and n.
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Figure 7:
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Graphs of functions
Given the graphs of basic functions we can obtain the
graphs of related functions.

For example in figure 8 below, given the graph of y = f (x)
we can see that the graph of y = f (x a), where a > 0 is

nothing but the graph of y = f (x) shifted a units to the
right.
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Similarly in figure 8 below observe that given the graph of
y = f (x) we can see that the graph of y = f (x) a, where

a > 0 is nothing but the graph of y = f (x) shifted a units
downwards.
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Translations of the graph of y = f (x)
Figure 8:
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Reflections of the graph of y = f (x) about the x and

y -axes.
Figure 9:
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Example : Sketch the graph of

1
y = 3x
y = 3x
y = 3x
y = 2 3x
Lecture

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May 15, 2014

Ong Ming Tze

What are exponential functions

Note that in (1), a must be a postive number and also not

function since k(x) is just the constant 1.

In Figure 1a below we see how an exponential function

would look like if a is a number greater than 0 and less

would look like if a is a number greater than 1.

Note that y = 1x in Figure 1b above is NOT an

In figure 2 below we give more examples of graphs of

Notice in figure 2 above that the graphs of y = 2x and

y = ( 21 )x = 2x are reflections of each other about the

also reflections of each other about the y -axis.

Rules for exponential functions

If a, b > 0 and x, y R, then

= axy 3. (ax )y = axy 4. (ab)x = ax bx

The irrational number e

where a is a constant greater than 0 and not equal to 1.

exponential function f (x).

the irrational number denoted by e.

Definition of the number e

What you should take note of is that the exponential

function ex occurs commonly.

Figure 3 below shows the graph of y = ex .

From Figure 3 above note the following,

The domain and range of the function f(x) = ex

The domain of ex is the entire set of real numbers R.

The range of ex is the set of positive numbers (0, ).

Observe from the graph of Figure 3 that ex is never 0.

crosses the x-axis.

The natural exponential function ex

Figure 4 above shows that the gradient of the graph of

y = ex at points on the graph are nothing but the values

this important result.

as the logarithmic function with base a and is denoted

So the very important relationship between exponential and

In the figure below we see how the two exponential and

logarithmic functions look like.

two curves are reflections of each other about the line

Observe the properties of the exponential and

Important properties of the logarithmic function

As we have seen previously, if a > 0, x, y > 0 and r is any real

loga x + loga y = loga (xy)

loga x loga = loga ( yx )

Graphs of logarithmic functions with different bases

Example 1: Solve the equation e53x = 10.

Example 2: Express ln a + 21 ln b using a single logarithm.

Example 3: Solve the equation ln(1 + x) = 2.

Example 4: A cup of tea, at temperature T C cools down

What is the initial temperature of the tea?

Remember that earlier we have seen the rule regarding

the changing of bases of logarithms

Sometimes relationsips between two variables can be

modelled with exponential functions.

so that the constants in the relationship can be calculated.

Then taking logs (natural base e) on both sides of equation

Comparing equation (11) with the form Y = mX + C, we

can see that plotting values of ln y against values of ln x

Example 5: Two variables p and q are related by the equation

Given the graphs of basic functions we can obtain the

graphs of related functions.