Heat and Mass Transfer

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[ ANNA UNIVERSITY SYLLABUS
ME1351 : HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER
hanical Engineering -(R'egulation

For B.E. VI Semester Mec
----
CONTENTS
:201l4f,
l. CO~OU,~TlONt_
Mechanism of Heat Transfer

- Conduction
BaSIC
Concep!) ...
f
'
.
d Radiation - General Differential
equation
0
Heat
Convection an
..
d C I'
.
y mdncal
Con ducii
UCllon - FOllrl'er Law of Conduction - Cartesian an
.
Steady State Heat . Conduction
C oor dlilates - One Dimensional
Conduction through Plane Wall, Cylinders and Spherical Systems _
Composite Systems - Conduction
with Internal Heat Generation _
Extended Surfaces - Unsteady Heat Conduction - Lumped Analysis _
Use of Heislers Chart.
2. CONVECTION
Basic Concepts - Convective Heat Transfer Coefficients - Boundary
Layer Concept - Types of Convection
- Forced Convection
_
Dimensional Analysis - External Flow - Flow over Plates, Cylinders and
Spheres - Internal Flow - Laminar and Turbulent Flow - Combined
Laminar and Turbulent - Flow over Bank of tubes - Free Convection _
Dimensional Analysis - Flow over vertical plate, Horizontal
plate,
Inclined plate, Cylinders and Spheres.
3. PHASE CHANGE HEAT TRANSFER
AND HEAT
EXCHANGERS
Nusselts theory of condensation
- Pool boiling, flow boiling,
correlations in boiling and condensation. Types of Heat Exchangers _
LMTD Method of Heat Exchanger Analysis -- Effectiveness
_ NTU
method of Heat Exchanger Analysis - Overall Heat Transfer Coefficient _
Fouling Factors.
4. RADIATION
CHAPTER 1: CONDUCTION
~H;at
.
1.1.4.
1.1.5.
1.1.6.
1.1.7.
1.1.8.
1.1.9.
1.1.10.
1.1.11.
1.1.12.
1.1.13.
1.1.14.
1.1.15.
1.2.
1.3.
1.3.5.
Data
Book
is
1.3.6.
1.4.
1.1
Modes of Heat Transfer _

I. I
Fourier Law of Conduction
.. .1.2
General Heat Conduction Equation in
Cartesian Co-ordinates
. 1.2
General Heat Conduction Equation in
Cylindrical Co-ordinates
1.9
Conduction of Heat through a Slab or Plane Wall..
.1.14
Conduction of Heat through a Hollow Cylinder
1.16
Conduction of Heat through a Hollow Sphere
1.17
Newton's Law ofCooling........................
.
1.19
Heat Transfer through a Composite Plane Wall
with inside and Outside Convection
1.19
Heat Transfer through Composite Pipes (or) Cylinders
with Inside and Outside Convection
1.22
Solved Problems 0" Slabs
1.25
Soilled University Problems 011 Slabs
1.74
Solved Problems 011 Cylinders
1.111
Solved University Problems 011 Cylinders
1.144
SO/lied Problems 011 Hollow Sphere
1.160
Radius
of Insulation
Critical Radius of Insulation

Solved Problems
Heat Conduction
1.3.1.
1.3.2.
1.3.3.
1.3.4.
Basic Concepts - Diffusion Mass Transfer - Fick's law of diffusion _

Steady State Molecular Diffusion - Convective
Mass Transfer
_
Momentum, Heat and Mass Transfer Analogy _ Convective
Mass
Transfer Correlations.
Transfer
Critical
I? I
1:2:2:
Basic Concepts, Laws of Radiation - Stefan Boltzman Law, Kirchoff

Law - Black Body Radiation - Grey Body Radiation Shape Factor
Algebra - Electrical Analogy - Radiation Shields - Introduction to Gas
Radiation.
5. MASS TRANSFER
Note : . (Use of Standard Heat and Mass

pernulled 117 the University Examination).
Transfer
1.1.1.
1.1.2.
1.1.3.
1.167
for a Cylinder
1.167
1.169
1.179
with Heat Generation
Plane Wall with Internal Heat Generation

Cylinder with Internal Heat Generation
Internal Heat Generation - Formulae Used
Solved Problems 011 Plane Willi with Internal
Heat Generation
Solved Problems 011 Cylinder with
Internal Heat Generation
Solved Problems Oil Sphere with
lnternul Heat Generation
1.179
1.183
1.185
1.187
1.196
1.202
T;~~~~t~Fi;~~::::::::
..::::.:..:::.:::::::::::::::
..::=:':::::::
::~~~
~.i:SI.
1.4.2. Temperature Distribution and Heat
Dissipation in Fin
1.4.3. Application.........
.
1.206
1.21
r.:
1.4.'-l.
Fill Ftliciellc)'
..1.217
1.~.5. Fin rfkcriVt'ness.

1.~.6. Ftll"lllllllicUsed.....
I A. 7. So/I't!d Proh/ellH"
1.4.8. SII/I'd U"itl(!f.5i~I' Prublctn
1.4.9. Pr()hkllll/Or
Practice ..
15.
Transient Heat Condul~tioll (or) Unsteady

Conduction
" .. 1.217
1.2IS
1.219
1.245
1.263
1.264
1.264
1.266
1.269
tteot AII(I~I'jiJ .................................................

Heat Flow in Semi-lnfiutie Solids
SO/lied Problems - Semi-illfillite
Transient Heat Flow in an Infillite
1.288
2.7.
2.8.
... 1.329
1.5.8.
1.332
I.S.9.
1.351
2.9.
1.374
2.1.1.
HEAT TRANSFER
-..-..-..-..-..-..- -..-..-..-..-..-..-
Dimensions
... 2.1
2 1.2. Buckingham 1I Theorem.

. ..
2.1.3. Advantages cf Dimensional Analysis
.
.
2.14. Limitations of Dimensional

Analysis
Dimensionless Numbers and their Physical
2.2.
2.11.
2.2.1. Reynolds Number (Re)

2.2.2. Prandrl Number (Pr)
2.2.3. Nusselt Number (Nu)
2.4
2.4
2.5
2.11.3.
2.12.
~e\Vlonion and Non-Newtollioll
Fluids
2.6
EL;;;~~~:~~::;~p:~:.:::::::::.::::~~~:::
..:::::::::::::::::::~~::::::::::::::~:7;
2.3.
L~;~;~:::";'8
2.4.
2 ~ I. Types of Boundary
2.:.~. !iydrodynalllic
Boundary
2.).). r~lenn;]IUoUfldarylayer
i~lIlve~~~:lt~;;:~
-u.
1.~~r:
y ..
'l'~~'"rC' ......:
Types ofC~nveoc!i
.. .. 29
29
,..:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::2: 9
onveC!rOfl
011....
2.9
2.9
for Combination
Flow...
2.13
of
Formulue Used lor Flow Over Balik of Tubes

Solved Problem
it
Cylinder
-Internal
Flow
Formulae usedfor Flow tit rough

Cylinders (lnternul flow)
S;)lved Problems - Flow through Cylinders
(lnteruat Flow)
Solved University Problems - Internal Flow
Formulae Used/or Free Convection

Solved Problems 011 Free Convection (or)
Natural Convection
2.12.3. Solved University Problems - Free Convection
Problems for Practice
TII'o Murk Questions {lilt! Allswers
CHAPTER III:
3.1.
2.10
Free Convection
2.12.1.
2.12.2.
2.13.
2.14.
for
and Spheres
~;~~t~::t~~r~,~~::;
(~~?........
;;
2.2.6.
Coefficients
Formulae Usedfer Flow Over Cylinders

and Spheres
Solved Problems - Flow Over Cylinders
Flow through
2.11.2.
2.4
for
Flow over 'lalli, of Tubes
2.11.1.
2.3
Significance
Coefricients
Problems 011 Flat Surfaces - Forced Convection

Solved University Problems 011 Flat Surfaces Forced Convection
How over Cylinders
2.10.1.
2.10.2.
2.2
2.3
2.9
..2.10
Laminar and Turbulent

.. 2.15
Layer Thickness, Shear Stress and Skin Friction
Coefficient for Turbulent Flow
2.IR
Heat Transfer 1'1'0111 Flat Surfaces - Formulae Used
2.23
2.9.2.
:~~
ocificient
Boundary
2.9.1.
2.10.
CHAPTER II : CONVECTIVE
2.1.
I)i 111(~ns
iona I A IIa lysis
l leat Transfer
( .3
..
Local and Average Heat Transfer

Plate - Laminar Flow
Local and Average Heat. Transfer
Plate-Turhulcnt
Flow
2.8.1.
2.8.2.
1.30R
Solids
Plate
The
Flat
The
Flat
Free (or) Natural Convection

Forced Convection
2.6.1.
1.306
Solved Problems - lufintie Slllitl,

SO/lied University Problem" - Infinite Solids
1'11'0Mark QlleJtiOlIl
& AII.'"II'en
1.6.
2.5.
2.6.
State
1.5. I. l3ior Number .

.
1.5.:? Lumped Heat Anal)' is
.
1.5.3. Solved Problems -1_llIlIped lleat AII(I~I/JiJ ..............
'.5.4.
Solllcd University Prohlelll.,-Llllllped
I. -.S
1.5.6.
1.5.7.
2.4.3.
2.4.4.
( 'onteuts
2.26
2.83
2.115
2.116
2.117
2. 122
2.123
2.124
2.126
2.127
2.129
2.150
2.162
2.162
2.165
2.194
2.217
2.219
PHASE CHANGE HEAT TRANSFER AND HEAT

EXCHANGERS
Boiling and Condensation
~.I
3.1.1.
Introduction
.
).1
.... 3.1
Boiling
.
3.1.2.
Condensation
3.1
3.1.3.
. .
.3.1
Applications
.
3. 1.4.
C.4
Heat and Mass Tram/a
Contents
3.1.5.
3.1.6.
3.1.7.
Boilll1g Heat Transfer Phenomena

Flow Boiling...
..
Boiling Correlations
3.2
3.4
3.1.8.
3.1.9.
Solved Prohlellls
Solved A11IUIUniversity
3.1 10.
3.1.11.
3.1.12.
3.1.13.
3.1.14.
3.1.15.
Condensation.
.
Modes of Condensation
Filmwise Condensation
Dropwise Condensation ..
Nusselt's Theory for Film Condensation
Correlation for Filmwise Condensation Process
J.)
3.7
3.23
Problems
3.29
3.29
3.29
3.30
3.30
3.30
3.1.16.
3.2.
Solved Problems Oil Laminar Flow,

Vertical Surfaces
3.1.17. Solved Problems Oil Laminar Flow,
Horizontal Surfaces
3.1.18. Solved Anna University Problems
3.1.19. Problems for Practice
Heat Exchangers
3.2.1.
3.2.2.
3.2.3.
3.2.4.
3.2.5.
3.2.6.
3.2.7.
3.2.8.
3.2.9.
3.32
3.54
3.61
3.65
3.66
Introduction
Type of Heat Exchangers
Logarithmic Mean Temperature Difference (LMTD)
Assumptions
Logarithmic Mean Temperature Difference for
Parallel Flow
Logarithmic Mean Temperature Difference for
Counter Flow
Fouling Factors
Effectiveness by Using Number of
Transfer Units (NTU)
32I
3.73
3.77
3.81
Shell and Tube Heal Exchangers

Solved Anna UI1iversity Problems
Solved Problems Oil NT(! Method
m1
; b"1University Solved Problems
ro ems for Practice
Two M k
.
.. ....
ur Questions and AI1swers
Introduction
Emission Properties
3.82
4.29.
Electrical Network
by Using Radiosity
3.1 09
3.117
3.J24
3.138
4.30.
4.31.
Radiation of Heat Exchange

Solved Problems
3.145
3.146
..
Emissive Power
4.1
Monochromatic
Emissive Power
4.2
Absorption, Reflection and Transmission
4.2
Concept of Black Body
4.3
Planck's Distribution
Law
4.4
Wien's Displacement Law
4.4
Stefan-Boltzmann
Law
4.5
Maximum Emissive Power
4.5
Emissivity
4.6
Gray Body
4.6
Kirchoff's Law of Radiation
4.6
Intensity of Radiation
4.6
Lambert's
Cosine Law
4.7
4.16. Formulae Used
4.7
4.17. Solved Problems
4.8
4.18. Solved University Problems
4.25
4.19. Radiation Exchange Between Surfaces
4.31
4.20. Radiation
Exchange Between Two Black Surfaces separated
by a Non-absorbing
Medium
4.31
4.21. Sha pe Factor
4.36
4.22. Shape Factor Algebra
4.36
4.23. Heat Exchange Between Two Non-Black (Gray)
Parallel Planes
4.37
4.24. Heat Exchange Between Two Large Cocnentric Cylinders or
Spheres
4.41
4.25. Radia tion Shield
4.45
4.26. Solved Problems

4.27. Solved Problems 011 Radiation Shield
4.28. Solved University Problems
CHAPTER IV : RADIA nON

4.1.
4.2.
4.3.
4.4.
4.5.
4.6.
4.7.
4.8.
4.9.
4.10.
4.11.
4.12.
4.13.
4.14.
4.15.
3.82
Problems on Parallel Flow and Counter
Flow Heat \:cllangers

,
3.2.10. Problems 011 Cross Flow Heal Exchangers (or)
3'2'1~'
3'2'13'
3'2' 14'
"
.
3.2.15.
3.66
3.66
3.73
3.73
4.1
4.1
C.5
Analogy for Thermal

and Irradiation
for Three
4.32.
University
Solved Problems
4.33.
Radiation
from Gases and Vapours
4.34.
M ea n Bea m Length
Problems
4.49
4.60
Radiation
Gray Surfaces
4.79
Systems
4.IOO
4. 104
4.105
4.129
4.153
4.154
4.35.
Solved
4.36.
4.155
4.166
4.37.
Two Mark. Qlte.5tiOl1!iand Al1swers
4.168
~C~.6~~R~ea~t~a~n~d~~~a~s~s~r.~ra~n~sfi~e_r
=C-H-AP-T-E-R-V-:~M7.A~S~S~T~RA~NS~F~E~R~-----------------5.1.
5.2.
5.3.
5.4.
5.5.
5.6.
5.7.
5.8.
5.9.
~.I O.
~.II.
5.12.
5.13.
5.14.
5.15.
5.I6.
5.17.
5. J 8.
5.19.
5.20.
5.21.
5.22.
5.23.
5.24.
5.25.
5.26.
5.27.
5.28.
5.29.
5.30.
5.31.
J ntroductlon
.
Modes of Mass Transfer
..
..
Diffusion Mass Transfer ..
..
Molecu~ar ~iffusion
..
....
Eddy Dlffuslon
Convection Mass Transfer
..
Cocentrations
..
....
Fick'~ Law of Diffusion
......
Steady State Diffusion through a Plane Membrane
So/J'ed Problems Oil Concentrations
Solved Problems Oil Membrane
Solved Univeristy Problems on Membrane
Steady State Equimolar Counter Diffusion
Solved Problems Oil Equimolar Counter Diffusion
Solved University Problems 011 Equimolar
Counter Diffusion
Isothermal Evaporation of Water into Air
Solved Problems on Isothermal Evaporation
of Water into Air
Solved University Problems Oil Isothermal Evaporation
of Water into Air
Convective Mass Transfer
Types of Convective Mass Transfer
Free Convective Mass Transfer
Forced Convective Mass Transfer
Significance of Dimensionless Groups
Formulae Used for Flat Plate Problem.')
Solved Problems on Flat Plate
Anna University Solved Problems 011 Flat Plate
Formulue Used for Internal Flow Problems
Solved Problems on Intemal Flow
University Solved Problems
Two Mark Questions and Answers
------
5.1
S.1
S.1
5.2
5.2
5.1
5.2
5.3
5.4
5.6
5.17
5.21
5.23
5.26
cr
Basic Concepts
CF
General Differential
Equation
5.31
5.34
0"
Fourier Law of Conduction
C7
Internal Heat Generation
c:r
Extended Surfaces
c-
Unsteady Heat Conduction
cr
Solved Problems
(7'
Solved University
5.35
5.44
S.54
5.54
5.54
5.S4
5.54
5.56
5.57
5.65
5.68
5.69
5.72
5.75
5.76
ANNA UNIVERSITY SOLVED QUESTION PAPERS ........ S.1 - S.71
DO
Chapter 1: Conduction
Problems
CHAPTER-I
1.CONDUCTION
1.1 HEAT TRANSFER
Heat transfer can be defined as the transmission
from one region to another region due to temperature
of energy
difference.
1.1.1 Modes of Heat Transfer
*
*
*
Conduction
Convection
Radiation
Conduction
Heat conduction is a mechanism of heat transfer from a region
of high temperature to a region of low temperature within a medium
(solid, liquid or gases) or between different medium in direct physical
contact.
In conduction, energy exchange takes place by the kinematic
motion or direct impact of molecules. Pure conduction is found only
in solids.
Convection
Convection is a process of heat transfer that will occur between
a solid surface and a fluid medium when they are at different
temperatures.
Convection
is possible only in the presence offluid
medium.
Radiation
The heat transfer from one body to another
without any
transmitting medium is known as radiation. It is an electromagnetic
wave phenomenon.
'2
I.': Heat tnd
HII.\.\'
1.1.2 Fourier
tal"
Transfer
Conduction
or Conduction
Rate of heal conduction is proponional 10 the area mea lIred

to the iirection of heat OO\V and io the temperature gradient
1.3
O.
1101'111:11
in that direction.
Q
O.
C.Ch)
Element volume
\ here
A - Area in
111-
dT _ Temperature gradient in k/m

dr
k - Thermal
nducti iry in W/m"Thermal conducti
to conduct heat.
Fig. 1.1.
it)' is defined a the abilit
fa
ub tan e
[The negative sign indicates that the h at 0 w in a dire ti

along which there is a decrease in temperature]
1.1.3 General heat conduction
cartesian coordinates
equation
Consider a small rectangular
Net
heat
conducted
into
element
dx
be the heat flux in a direction
The rate f heat' fl '"nine. t th

the face AB 0 i
fide
all the
coordinate
directions.
Let q x be the heat flux in a direction

n
in
element
from
f face EF
and
H.
e Iernent .In x diirection
I Q,
dx, d I and
of face ABO
dz
through
... (1.2
d: as shown in Fig.I.I.
where
The energ balance of this rectangular
from first law of thermodynam ics.
=>
Net heat
conducted into
element from
all the coordinate
directions
Heat
generated
element
element j
Heat
st red
=
hermal
The rate
heat fl \
the fa e EFGH i
in rhe
elern nt../
...
nducti
btain d
ernperature
\\ ithin the
1.1
+dx
ity, W/mK
gradient
f tJre e Iernent In
. x directi
ut
ax
-k
-d
x
) dx
aT
d:
thr
ugh
/4 Heata~_
..
Subtracting ( 1.2) - (1.3)
Ox -
= -k
Net heat conducted

directions
.
dydz=
l. .~.QI
ox
aT dydz _I-k
x
Q(I' + dxl
Conduction 1.5
AX
~[ :.[
~
er
ax
= -k..t
dydz
kx :]
[kx aT Jdx dy dZ]
ax
ax
into element from all the coordinate
ky :]
![
k, :]
] dx dy dz
... (1.7)
of
+ kx -8
dydz +
Heat Stored in the element

We know that,
=>
Q _Q
.I'
(.I'
+ dx)
or] dx dy dz
= .1_
ax [kx ax
{
... (1.4)
He~t stored}
m the
element
Mass Of} { SpeCifiC}

the
x heat of the
element
element
= {
x Cp?<
Similarly
Q)' .- Q (y + (M
= ~
[k
:;]
dx
dy dz
Rise in }
temperature
of element
aT
at
,.
.. (1.5)
aT
p x dx dy dz x Cp x
at
[v Mass
(1.6)
Heat stored in }
{ the element
= p Cp
= Density x Volume]
er
at dx
dy dz
... (1.8)
Adding (1.4) + (1.5) + (1.6)
Net heat conducted =
a~ [k'l:
g: Jdt
Heat generated within the element

dy dz +
Heat generated within the element is given by
q dx
dy dz
... (1.9)
1.6 Heal ami Mass Tran.~ler

Substituting
(\'1) ~
eqllation
I;_ [k\
(1.7), (1.8) and (1.9) in equation
~,\ 1 + 0'....
c [k,.
..
c~]
a~ [k:
0
0_
or
at
I.?
Case (i) : No heat sources

dx
L~l'
In the absence
dz
reduces
P Cp
+ q dx dy dz
J]
Conduction
{I.I)
of internal
heat generation,
equation
(1.10)
to
02r
ax2
dx dy dz
02r 02r
0,2
az2
or
+-+-
This equation
equation.
oc
..
at
is known as diffusion
equation
(1.11 )
(or) Fourier's
Case (ii) : Steady state conditions

Considering
k,
the material
=
ky = k, = k
is isotropic.
In steady
So,
with time.
constant.
reduces
&r &r -~r]

-+-+-k+q=pCax2
0~
c:z2
or
at
to
So,
state condition,
or
at'
iJ1r
in
q
k'
p Cp
=--
or
or
It is a general three dimensional

in cartesian coordinates
through
02r
0'2
o:z2
Thermal diffusivity
.
..
Thermal diffusivity
a material during
)
q
V-T + k
at
a:
=;:
iJ2r
+k
does not change

equation
=0
...
(1.10)
(1.12)
(or)
+-+-+0,1 &2
a:
the temperature
O. The heat ~onduction
+-+-
Divided by k,
where,
...
at
(1.10)
In the absence
becomes :,
heat conduction
= --
- m2/s
pCp
is known
of internal
as Poisson's
equation.
heat generation,
equation
is nothing but how fast heat is diffused

changes of temperature
with time.
This equation
equation
...
(or)
This equation
is known
as Laplace
equation.
(1.12)
(1.13)
I. 8 Heal and Ma.H' Transfer

Conduction J, 9
Out! (iii): One dimensional steady state "e(lf condllcliOll---
If the temperature varies only in thex direction the e

.
, ,quatloll
(1.10) reduces to
q
o2T
----
ax';
z-
. (1.14)
I.;
In the absence of interns I heat generation,

becomes:
equation ( 1.14)
'"
(1.15)
1.1.4 General
Heat
Conduction
Equation
in Cylindrical
Co-ordinates
The general heat conduction

equation
in cartesian
coordinates derived in the previous section is used for solids with
rectangular boundaries like squares, cubes, slabs etc. But, the
cartesian coordinate system is not applicable for the solids like
cylinders, cones, spheres etc. For cylindrical
solids, a cylindrical
coordinate system is used.
Consider a small cylindrical
as shown in fig.I.2.
element of sides dr, dcj> and dz
Case (iv): Two dimensional steady slate "eat conductio"

If the temperature varies only in the x and y directions,
equation (I. 10) becomes:
...
In the absence of internal heat generation,

redcues to
the
(1.16)
equation
(I. 16)
: dr
I
J~_(r,4J,z
tYT
ax2
if1
-j----
oyl
/
/
=0
...
(I. 17)
Elemental
'
volume
Q(r+dr)
dz
Case (,~: Unsteady state, one dimensional, without internal

heal generation
:
, oin un~teady
i.e.,
-a,
:t:
state, the temperature

changes with time,
O. So, the general conduction equation (I. J 0) reduces to
Fig.J.2
()
o:
("'"
...
(1.18)
The volume of the element
dv
r d~ drdz .
I Let us assume
that thermal conductivity
and density p are constant.
k, Specific heat
ep
1.10 Hea/I.Jf1J Mass Transfer

The energy balance of this cylindrical
from first law of rhrmodynamiocs.
Net heat
conducted into
element from
all the coordinate
directions
Heat}-'
generated
+
within the
{
element
(Heat
}
I stored
~
in the
Heat entering in the element
through
Or=-k(rd~dz)
cr
or
Qr
(1.19)
(II/ the co-ordinate
= Qr-
= -k
(r d~ dr)
~ de
az
ell'
d: =
Net heat conducted

time de.
=
= -
:,.
[-k (rd~.dz).
k (dr d~.dz).
oz (Qz) dz
Qz
[ :Jde
Jdr
aT]
de
or
L1/:
or
-#-(Q_)
az
-
dz
Net heat conducted

through (~, z) plane
dz
! [k (rde.dr). [~J de J dz
-- k. [OZTJ.
0:;2
(dr~rd~.dz)
Heat entering in the element through

Q~ = -k tdr.dz)
de
[~T
a,.1
k (dr. rd~.dz)
or
ra~
(z, r)
- k
OZT
[oz2]
.
(dr.rdq,.dz)de
...
(1.20)
_!_
r
~T
J
cr
de
I...
(1.21)
plane in time de.
de
Heat leaving from the element through (z,

Net heat couducred
through (r,~) plane
plane in
0,. + dr
-#- (Q ) dr
or
z)
into the elem~nt through (r, ~) plane in
Q= -
.=-
Q= +
dB.
de
into the element through (~,
Heat lea ing from the element through (r, ~) plane in time de.
Q=
plane in time
Q r + _E_(O
)dr
or
r
= -
Heat entering in the element through (r, ~) plane in time de

-
Net heat conducted

time de.
directions
Q_
(~, z)
Heat leaving from the element through (~, z) plane in time de.
L element
...
Ne! heat conducted into element from
Conduction 1.11
element is obtained
r)
plane in time de.
I. 12 Heat and Mass Transfer

Net heat conducted
rime
into the element
de.
=_
t,
Net heat conducted into element from all the co-ordinate
__L [
ro$
-k
directions
de]
tdr dz). or
ro~
k -04>a ['-r D~
-OT] (dr
k
Conduction 1.1J
(z, r) plane in
,.a~ (Q+) rd$
= -
Q, - Q~ ., d~
through
rd
If
de
r&T
... (1.22)
OT]
0,.
Net heat stored in the element
de
C~~n
Substituting
(dr rd$ dz)Cp
equation
(1.19)
::::::>
k (dr rd$ dz) de
(dr rd~ dz) de
or
de
...
00
1- &T
_ 0,.2
+L
or
,. a,.
1.20, 1.21 and 1.22J

p (dr rd$ dz)
k (dr rdql dz) de
r- &T + iYT +_}_ oT

oz2
or2
,. or
I a2r J+-;2 ~)~2
Divided
::::::>
r &T
L or2
by (dr rd$ dz)
(1.25)
(1.23). (1.24) and (1.25) in (1.19)

+
.L acp2
&T
,.2
+ q (dr rd</>dz) de
[Adding equation
is equal to
Increase in internal energy
de
by
. .. (1.24)
The increase in internal energy of the element

the net heat stored in the element.
from all the co-ordinate
+ .!.._
within the element is given
ci (dr rd</>dz) de
= p
Lor2
(1.23)
Heat stored in the element
+
k (dr rd~ dz)
i3z _
Heat generated within the element

Total heat generated
W J (dl rd$ dz) de
Net heat conducted into element

directions
k ~; (dr rd$ dz)
r2 ocp2
...
dtk dz)
_r2
cPT
I -&T +&T-/
+-2
aT
or
1_
[l_ 8$2
&TJ (dr rd~ dz) de
.
/Net heat conducted _ . ['

L~hrOugh (z, r) plane - k 7i
r 0.2T
+.!.._
or2 r
k (dr rd</>dz) de
ep
L'T x de
re
de
+ _!_ OT_ + .L &T + &TJ' + .

,. 8,.
,.2 0$2
oz2
q =- p. C, :-
~!
J-
OZ~
Conduction 1./5
.
From Fourier law of conduction,
dT
dr
Q=-kA
...
It is a ~general three dimensional
in c~'lindrical co-ordinates.
flT
OIl
+ L aT +
r r
heat conduction
.L
&T + &T + ~
,.2
13cp2
az2
(1.26)
=>
equat' IOn
ae
Q.dr
-k A dT
.
the above equation
Integrating
l_ aT
ex
=>
a,.
= 0
...
1.1.5 Conduction
(1.27)
=>
T2
f dr = - kA f dT
of heat through
...
TI
a slab or plane wall
Q [L - 0]
-k A [T2 - Tj]
[T
1 -
--J d~'1---
kA
L
T 2]
~T overall
R
where
~T
L
--.J
Fig 1.3
T1-
(1.29)
...
(1.30)
L
kA
Q =
Let us consider a small

elemental area of thickness 'dx'.
...
TI- T2
T 2'
TI
(1.28)
Consider
a slab of
uniform thermal conductivity
k, thickness
L, with inner
temperature
T I, and outer
temperature
T2
Q [x] =-k A [T]
=>
=
k A dT
(or)
l,. . drdT J
tl e limits of 0 to L
TI'
&T + _!_ aT
_!__ _{__
,. dr
= -
and no heat generaion ,
( 1.26) becomes:
13,.2
etween
T2
f Q dr
o
equation
and TI to T2
=>
If the flow is steady, one dimensional
we knoW that,
T2
C. - Thermal
resistance
of slab.
~~~~~~~~--------~----------/.16 Heal and
l.L
Tram/er
MLI.\"J
6 C' nduction of Heat Through Hollow Cylinder
Conduction 1.17
onsidcr a hollow cylinder

ofillllcr radiu rl' outer radius r2,
inner tcrnperatllr~
T I' outer
temperature
T2 and thermal
Q==
cOllducti, it ".
Let II c 11 idcr a small
elemental area of thickness "dz"
From Fourier
law
c nduction, we know that,
T2
of
Q ==
In(;n
...
(1.31)
...
(1.32)
TI- T2
1
('2rl )
--In2nLk
.1Toverall
R
where
dT
-
Q=-kA
27tLk [T, - T2]
dr
Fig 1.4
R = 2nLk
(r21 Thermal
Inrtr
resistance of the hollow cylinder.
Area of a cylinder is 27trL

A
1.1.7 Conduction of Heat Through Hollow Sphere
27trL
s,
Q = -k27trL
Q
d,.
x -
,.
Consider a hollow sphere of

inner radius rl, outer radius r2, inner
.ernperature T I, outer temperature
T2 and thermal conductivity k.
dT
dr
-k27tL dT
from rl to "2 and TI to T2
Integrating the above equation

~, dr
T2
= -
k27tL
f dT
TI
rl
Let us consider
a small
elemental area of thickness 'dr'.
From
Fourier
law of heat
conduction, we know that
Q = -kA dT
dr
Area of sphere is 4m-2
[111'2
/11 [:~ 1 = 27tLk [T, - T2J
<In rJl
= -
k27tL [T2 - TI1
Fig 1.5
A = 47tr2
Q
= - k 4m2
ciT
e1r
.,.
(1.33)
p'n
eep
------------------
Conduction 1.19
1.1.8 Newton's
Law of Cooling
Heat transfer by convection

lntegrating
...
12
dr:;;;
:::>
,.1
rl
47tk dT
'2
:::>
A - Area exposed
(-
d~ == - 41tk . dT
. r
'1
'2
:::>
\=1-1
r
:::>
:::>
:::>
Q ==
h - Heat transfer
12
== - 41tk [T]
'2
41tk[T1-T2]
(r2-rl)==
rl r2
...
(1.34)
r2 - '1
in W Im2K
Ts
Temperature
of the surface in K
T a:
Temperature
of the fluid in K.
T1-
to conduction.
T2
r2 - rl
41tk (rl r2)
Q=
:::::>
ilT overall
R
...
(1.35)
Convection
where
r2 - '1.
R - 4 k(
1t
- Iherrnal resistance of hollow sphere.
'1 '2)
Fig 1.6
Plane Wall with
Consider a composite wall of thickness L1, L2 and L3 having

thermal conductivity
kl> k2 and k3 respectively. It is assumed that
the interior and exterior surface of the system are subjected to
convection at mean temperatures
T and T b with heat transfer coefficient hQ and hb respectively. Within the composite wall, the slabs
are subjected
r1 r2
Q==
co-efficient
in m2
1.1.9 Heat Transfer Through a Composite

Inside and Outside Convection
== - 41tk[T2 - Td
41tk [T, - T2]
:::::>
to heat transfer
Tl
r1
lL- l1
'1
(1.36)
where
11
T)
is given by Newtons law of cooling
on both sides
il
Conduction /.21
1.20 Heal and Mass Transfer

From Newton'S law of cooling, we know that,
Adding both sides of the above eq ua tiIons
Heat transfer by convection at side A is
Q = ha A [Ta - T,
[From equn. (1.36)]
...
(1.37)
...
(1.38)
...
(1.39)
=> Ta - Tb = QhA[_1_ +
a
_!j_ + -+
L2
k( A
k2 A
L3 + I
hb A
k3 A
Heat transfer by condl1ction at slab (I) is
Q = k, A [T, - T.,]- -[From equn. (1.29)]
=> Q=
__s_
_I
+
L2
L3
+-+-+
[ ha A
k( A
k2 A
k3 A
L(
I]
hb A
Heat transfer by conduction at slab (2) is

Q=
k2A[T2-T3]
L2
=> Q
~Toverall
R
...
(1.42)
where
Similarly at slab (3) is

Q=
k3A[T3-T4J
...
(lAO)
Thermal resistance , R
L3
= R a + R I + R 2 + R 3+ R b
Heat transfer by convection at side B is

...
We know that,
We know that,
To-T,
=Qx_1
[From equn. (1.37)]

haA
T,-T2
=Qx~
. k( A
T2 - T~)
(1.41)
x~
L2
k2 A
T3 - T4 =Q x ~
[From equn. (1.38)]

[From equn. (1.39)]
k3 A
[From equn. (1.40)]
hb
[From equn. (1.41)]
R=_l_
UA
Ta-Tb .:::...
=> Q= __
_I_
UA
=> Q
U A [T a - T b ]/
...
where
'(0"
T4-Tb=Qx_'_
IS t he overall heat transfer co-efficient
(W /m2K).
(1.43)
~I

Q
-~
= .1Toverall
"
Conduction I. 25
(1.48)
t,1.1J Solved Problems
where
fZJ
On Slabs
Determine the heat transfer through the plane of length

6 111, heigh' 4 m and thickness 0.30 m. The temperature of
inner and outer surfaces are 100 C and 40 C. Thermal
conductivity of wall is 0.55 WlmK.
0
Give" :
Inner surface Temperature, T I
we know that,
100 C + 273
= 373
Outer surface Temperature, T 2 = 40 C + 273 = 313 K

I
R= VA
Thickness, L = 0.30 m
Area, A
Ta-Tb
Q=
Q = VA
24 m2
Thermal conductivity, k
_I_
VA
[To - Tb J
=6
...
0.55 W/mK
(1.49)
where
U = Overall heat transfer co-efficient, W/m2K
Tofilld:
I. Heat transfer (Q)

Solution :
We know that, heat transfer through plane wall is
Q = .1Toverall
R
HMT DOlO book (C P Kothandaraman)
[From Equn. 110. {I. 30) or

page no. 43 (Sixth editiont]
1. 6
Heat and Mass Transfer
where
Conduction 1.27
Tofi"d:
Thickness
of insulation (L2)
SOIUlion:
Let the thickness of insulation be L2
We know that,
373-313
= 2640 watts
0.30
0.55
Q =
[From qun no. 1.42 (or) HMT Data book

page no. 43 & 44 (Sixth edition)]
where
24
2640 watts
AT=Ta-Tb
Result:
Heat transfer, Q
AToverall
R
R =
(or) T)-T3
L
I +_)_+
ha A
k) A
__~
+ __L3 +_ J
k2A
k3A
hb A
= 2640 W
In A
wall of 0.6 m thickness having thermal conductivity oJ

1.1 WlmK. The wall is to he insulated with a material having
an average thermal conductivity of 0.3 WlmK.lnllerandouter
surface temperatures are 1000 C and 10 C respectively. If
heat transfer rate is 1400 Wlm1 calculate the thickness oj
insulation.
Wall
Insulation
I-I-I
Given:
0
Thickness of wall, LJ
0.6
::::> Q =
I
haA+
Heat transfer
Heat transfer per unit area,

0/A = 1400 W/m2
ha' hb and thickness L3 are not
[T)- T31
L)
L2
k) A
k2 A
--+-[T)-T31
L)
L2
k)
k2
-+-
of
Outer surface Temperature,

T) = 10 C + 273 = 283 K
co-efficients
::::>Q=
III
Inner surface Temperature,

TJ = 1000 C + 273 = 1273 K
~
L3
I
k2A + k3A + hbA
given. So, neglect that terms.
Thermal conductivity of wall,

kJ = 1.2 W/mK
Thermal
conductivity
insulation, k2 = 0.3 W/mK
L)
k)A+
~nl
1273-283
::::> 1400 =
[L2
Result :
Thickness
0.6 +
.!:1.
1.2
OJ
= 0.0621
.'
of I11sulatJOll, Lz
= 00621
.
ZFF
III The wall of
{I cold room is composed of three layer. Til

layer is brick 30 em thick. The middle layer is cork e OilIer
thick, the inside layer is cement J 5 em thick. The temp 20 c",
of the outside air is 25 C and 011 the inside air is _20~~/II'es
film co-efficient for outside air and brick is 55.4 Wlm2/( . ~he
co-efficient for inside air and cement is J 7 Wlm2 K. Fin~ ~i/",
~wro~
~
Conduction
1.29
Tofintl:
Heat flow rate (Q/A)
solution:
. .
b
Heat flow through composite wall IS given y
Take
~Toverall
k for brick = 2.5 WImK
Q ==
k for cork = 0.05 WlmK
[From Equn no. 1.42 or

HMT DolO book page No. 43 and 44]
where
k for cement = 0.28 WlmK

Given:
Thickness of brick, L3
= 30 em = 0.3 m
Thickness of cork, L2 = 20 em = 0.2 m

Thickness of cement, L) = IS em
Inside air temperature.T a
Outside air temperature,
Film co-efficient
Film co-efficient
kbrick
kcork
k3
k2
k)
Tb
0.15 m
-20 C + 273
253 K
=> Q
= 2S C + 273 = 298 K
0
for inner side, ha = 17 W/m2K

for outside, hb = 5S.4 W/m2K
=> Q/A
2.S W/mK
kcement
1
L(
L2
L3
-+-+-+-+ha
k(
k2
k3
O.OSW/mK
=
1
hb
253 - 298
=> Q/A ==
0.28 W/mK
1 + 0.l5 +_Q1__+..Ql_+_l_
0.28
0.05
2.5
55.4
17
Inside
Cement
Cork
Brick
k(
k2
k)
Outside
I Q/A == -9.S W/m2!

The negative sign indicates that the heat flows from the outside
into the cold room.
Result:
Heat flow rate, Q/A == -9.5 W/m2
1.30 Heat and Mass Transfer
(!]
A wat! of II cold room is composed of three layer; Tile (JUte,

layer is brick 20 em thick, t"e middle layer is Cork 10 c",
thick, the inside layer is cement 5 em thick. The temperature
of the outside air is 25 C and tltat on the inside air is -20 C
TI,efilm co-efficient for outside air and brick is 45.4 WI",2 K
and for inside air 011(1 cement is 17W/m2 K.
0
Conduction 1.31
Film co-efficient
for outside air and brick, hb = 45.4 W/m2K
Film co-efficient
for inside air and cement, ha = 17 W/m2K
K) = 3.45 W/mK
K2
= 0.043
W/mK
K(
= 0.294
W/mK
Find i) Thermal resistance ii) The heat flow rate.

Tofind:
Take
I. Heat flow rate
k for brick = 3.45WlmK

Ii for cork
2. Thermal resistance of the wall
= 0.043 WlmK
sotutio :
k for cement = 0.294 WlmK
Heat flow through composite wall is given by

Given :
Q=
In ide
Outside
ement
kJ
Cork
Brick
k2
kJ
~Toverall
R
[From Equn (1.42) (or)
HMT Data book page No.43 &44J
where
~T=T{/-Tb
I
L(
L2
L)
R =--+--+--+--+-ha A
kJ A
k2 A
k) A
I
hb A
=>Q
kne
f brick LJ
= 20 em
0.2 m
=> O/A
f ernent LJ
= 5 em
= 0.05 m
=> QIA
UI
ide air temp ~rature, Tb = 250 C
III ide air len perature, To = -200
273 = 298 K
273 = 253 K
253 - 298
_1_ + 0.05 + __Q:l_ + 0.2 + _1_
17
0.294 0.043 3.45 45.4
lOlA =-17.081 W/m21
/. 32 Ileal and Mass Transfer

TIle negative sign indicates that the heat flows fro~
into the cold room.
COnd/l(;liml I. JJ
e OUt.
s~
(i;"C'II .'
<h,
<T
(PT2
outer layer
Inner layer middle laye
For Unit Area

~
k,
LI
L2
L)
R =-+-+-+-+ha
kl
k2
k)
= 2.634 KJW
kJ
k2
I
hb
_1_ +0.05 + _QL + _Q1_ +_1_

17
0.294 0.043
3.45
45.4
~ IR
Thermal conductivity
of inner layer, k I = 8.5 W/mK
of middle layer, k2 = 0.25 W/mK
of outer layer, kJ = 0.08 W/mK
Inner thickness, LI
= 2S em = 0.25
Midddle layer thickness, L2 = S ern

Rault:
Outer layer thickness,
= -17.081
I) Heat flow rate, Q/A

2) Thermal resistance,
= 2.634
W/m2
LJ
Inside wall temperature,

OUI
K/W
ide wall temperature,
3 em
(I] A furnace wall is made up 0/ three layers, imide layer
T4
I. Equivalent electrical circuit

MI~~
2. Heat flow per m2
thermal conductivity 8.5 WlmK, the middle layer MIll'

conductivity 0.15 WlmK, the outer layer with cO/l(luClivi~
3. Thermal resistance
0.08 WlmJ(. T,.'lerespective thickness of the inner, n~i{ldlea~

outer layers are 15 em, 5 em , and 3 em respectively- T~
4. Interface temperatures
inside {/~d outside wall temperatures lire 6000 C and ~O~

respectively. Draw the equivalent electrical circuit f~
conduction 0/ Ileal through the wall and find t"ernl ~
and interface temperatures4
III
0.05111
0.03
III
T t = 6000 C + 273
Tofintl .'
resistance, heat flewlml
= 50 C
= 873 K
273 = 323 K
.---=--------------..._
Solution:
Conduction 1.35
electrical circuit for COIl(llICtioll
1. Equivalent
873 - 323
9.25 + 0.05 + ~QL.

8.5
0.25
0.08
~IQ/A
W/I11~
= 909.97
3) Thermal Resistance
2. Heat flow through composite wall is given by

L\ToveraJl
Q=
[From Equn.
110.
(1.42) (or)
(Neglecting ha' hb terms)
HMT Data book page No. 43 & 44J
where
L\T=Ta-Tb
=T,-T4
For unit area
L,
L2
L3
I
ha A + k, A + k2 A + k3 A + hb A
~ Q =
0.25 -I-
0.05
8.5
0.25
0.03.
0.08
4) Interface temperatures
We know that,
[Convective heat transfer co-efficients ha and hb are not given.

So, neglect rh{lt terms]
= - ...
-.-.--~.-.----
r, =:)
()
--
=-">
'14
-,-{---
T,-T2
R,
T, - 1'2
T:2 - T 3
= -R-,-= --~
T 3 -- T4
R3
... (
1)
I: 36 Hear and Mass Transfer
Conduction
1.37
Resllll:
= 909.97
I. Heat flow per m2, Q/A
klA
2. Thermal Resistance, R
0.604 K/W
TI -T2
Q/A
T 2 = 846.23 K
3. Interface temperatures,
LI
kl
909.97 =
T)
873 - T2
0.25
8.5
I T2 = 846.23 Kj
= 664.23
A mild steel tank of wall thickness
20
111111
contains
water fll
100" C. Estimate lite loss of heat per square metre area of lite
tank surface, if lite 11IIIk is exposed 10 OIl atmosphere til
15 C. Thermal conductivity of steel is 50 WlmK, while hem

transfer co-efficient for lite outside wid inside II,, tank are
10 WI1112K and 28.50 WI",2K respectively. WIItII will he lite
Silllilarly
(1)
W/m2
=:>
= T2-T3
where,
lemperalllN'
R2
Oil
lite outside o.f lite tank wall.
Given :
L2
R2=-k2A
Thickness of steel wall
Q =
Inner water temperature
LI
T2-T3
L2
k2A
Ta
0.05
0.25
664.23 K
= 373 K
air temperature
Thermal
conductivity
steel, k I = 50 W /mK
= 846.23 - T3
I T3 =
100 C + 273
Atmospheric
~
k2
909.97
Inside
In
Th= WC+273=288K
T2 - T3
Q/A
= 20111111
= 0.02
of
Inside heat transfer

co2
efficient, ITa = 2850 Whn K
Outside heat transfer coefficient, hb = I 0 W/I11~K
Outside

where
Conduction
TI - T2
LI
1.37
Reslllt:
I. Heat flow per m2, Q/A
909.97 W/m2
klA
2. Thermal Resistance, R
TI - T2
Q/A
=-L-
0.604 K/W
3. Interface temperatures, T 2
846.23 K
~
T 3 = 664.23 K
909.97 =
873 - T2
----=0.25
8.5
I T2 = 846.23 Kj
@]
A mild steel tank of wall til ick ness 20 111mcontains water (It
/ 00 C Estimate tile loss of heat per square metre area of tile
tank surface, if tile tank is exposed to an {Itmo."plwre (It
/50 C. Thermal conductivity of steel i...50 WlmK. while heat
transfer co-efficient for tile out s ide and in ...ide tile ttlnk are
JOWl",] K am/ 2850 Wlm2 K respectively. What will he the
Similarly
Q = T2-T3
(1) ~
temperature
R2
T2 - T3
T2 - T3
k2
846.23 - T3
0.05
0.25
/ T3 = 664.23 K
Outside
Inside
Ta=100C+273=373K
To
Atmospheric air temperature

Th= 15C+273=288K
ha
steel, k I = 50 W ImK
tank wall.
Inner water temperature
k2A
909.97
01 the
Thickness of steel wall

L, = 20mm = 0.02 m
L2
Q/A
tile outside
Given:
L2
R2=-k2A
where,
Oil
of
Inside heat transfer coefficient, "a = 2850 W 1m2 K

Outside heat transfer coefficient, lIb = 10 W/m2K
1\ -----\
...-
I. 38
!...~:!.!~
and
Mass Transfer
-------
To .Ii" tI :
i)
"
II)
..
_--- ----------_
"
/
Ileal loss per square metre area of the tank Surface (

T ,Hl1\"doutsi c temperature, T 2
, Q 1\)
Conduction 1.39
We know that,
TG -Tl
T1I -T,
Q =
-R-
=> Q
= T -T,
=R;--
Solutio" :
Heal loss,
_G __
AToverall
Q =
---R---
where
Ra
[From Equn, I/o. (I.42j~
I-IMT Data book page NO.4J
& 44J
= -, A
where, Ra
11
I-H=Ta-Tb
R
L,
k, A
L2
k2 A
LJ +__
I
k3 A
hb A
= --+--+--+-
ha A
_ Ta-T,
I/h
=> Q/A -
=>
843.66
373 - T,
1/2850
(Neglect L2, L3 terms)
=>
IT,
372.7
Similarly
=> f)/A
I
LJ
I
-+--+-h{/
kJ
fib
3 73 - 288
'_.) Q/;\
where, R,
--'-
----- --------
:- (V/\
- _. ---.
-I-
2S50
_O_:_Q
50
.L
'()
T,-
--------.-
-, S43.6(j
kJA
=> Q/A
T2
L,
Willi ~1
-_- .-._------ "_-
Ll
= k,A
KI
_~
T,-T2
__
R,
T2-Tb_
Rh

=>
843.66
372.7 - T2
0.02
Conduction
50
T]
Hot gas temperature.
372.4 K
Result:
=
2. Outside surface temperature,

A steam boiler furnace
843.66 \Vlm2
Heal now b) radiation
from gases
T2
Convective
372.4 K
is made of fire clay. rite
temnerature imide the boiler furnace

r
is 2100
transfer co-efficient at tlte interior surface is 12.2
Illleril r wall
to
""(11
8.2 kWln'; and interior wall sill/ace temperature is 1080"('.

Calculatefor external surface
I. Sur/ace temperature
2. Convective conductance
Given:
inside surface
"0
of the
from external
2.2 W/m2K
58 W/mK
surface
to surroundinc
10) WlrnK
+ 273
1'1 = 1080(,
urface temperature,
= 1353
is
Tafind :
1111I'/(,
slirrouluJi"K
323 K
10
i) External
thermal conductance of the wall is 58 WII1IK, heat flow ~v

susface
10
103 W/m]
of the wall
QI{2 = 8.2 kW/11l2 = 8.2
t, roo-.., (II,.
caSel"
at interior,
conductance
Ileal now by radiation
hOI CQJ
inside surface of the wall is 25.2 k Wlm], cOllveclio"
extemal
transfer
Thermal
temperature is 50 'r, heat flow by radiation from
radiation from
T b = 50 C + 273
= 25.2
I..J I
Room air temperature.
wall. Ol{ 1 = 25.2 kW/m2
I. Heat loss per m2, (Q/A)
Ta = 2100
surface
ii) E.\lerll,il
temperature,
'1']
nvc rive c nductancc.
hh
Solution :
We kn: \
Total
hca:
e n Ic r i n ~
the
\I
all
Ihill
}
()
Heat
nvc
Inn fer
ti
h~
n (II interior
l le at
radiation
Irat I . fer
h)
at interior
r
,I
1.42 Heal
"
Mass
(11/(/
TrLlm!er
('(lnductiun
We kn \\ !haL
'1 - T,
.-E-- _ R
-s:
Resull:
T, - T2 _ T2 - '1'"
T-l"_.-!!----R
1.43
I. [.x!<.:rfl<ll .urface temperature,
,,/;
"'2 = 703.4 K
(I
2. _xlemal convective
co-efficient,
hh = 77.3 W/m~K.
T, - TZ
~Q==~
@ A wall
is constructed
of several layers. The first layer

o/I/Ia.\'OII(/ry brick 2() cm thick (lJ tlt er m al
conductivity fl.66 WlntlC, lite second layer consists of 3 em
thick 1/101'1111' of tltermal conductivity 0.6 WlmK, lite third layer
consists oJ 8 em thick lime MOlle of thermal conductivity
0.58 WlmK and the outer layer consists of 1.2 em thick plaster
0/ thermal conductivity 0.6 WlmK. The heat transfer coefficient Oil the interior 1I11(1 exterior of the wall lire
5.6 WIIII1K and II Wlm2K respectively. Interior room
temperature is 2rc and outside air temperature is -5" C.
consists
WJ- T2
RI
LA,I--.V't"" -
1353 - T2
I
-8
l''-
Re5istance =
External surface temperature,
T 2 = 703.9 K
3 .644
==
Heal loss due
con uctancc
Calculate
(I) Overall heat transfer co-efficient
radiation at exterior
to
b) Overall thermal resistance

c] The rate of heat transfer
Hear 10>5by
vection at exterior
= T! -I hea entering - Heat
loss by radiation
at exterio
d) The temperature {II the junction between the mortar and

lite limestone
Given :
37.644 - 8.2
103
k2
--..'Qc = _9.!
rr
~Tl
---- lib A
II
,=
29, 4
/ A / IT! - Th) -= 29,441
hb / I / [ O~.9 - 323 j :: 29,444

F.\lCrnal
'omccl; e
CO-Cf!lCI'CIlt
__
I
, 'b::
)
77.3 W/III-K
eDT,
asouary
Mortar
I .
.
Limestone
Plaster'
lib
-1 ----'
/I('a1 and Mm.' Transfer

,=
Thcnna I (I
IH.lIII..
'1ivity
1 hidlll::-'l
~I
ondu
f Plasicr.
I..n~ss
OJ1dll
111;31
Exterior
.~
rJ1
Conduction
-,
_.
uvity,
z:
_'_'1_ ~ "1
k A
kl A
k A
k" A
== 0,08 III
-
2C)S - 268
O/A
I
5.6
= I.~ em == 0.012111
"4
0.08 + 0.012 + .L
0.58
0.6
II
0.20 + 0.03
0.66
0.6
0.6 W/mK
hctlllrallsfcrco-cfficient,
hh
Tb = -
Ileat trallsfer
h" = 5.6 W/m2K
trnnsfcr, co-efficient
Ollh';dc air Itl1lpcratIJre
0 h,A
"3 == 0.58 W/I11K
L4
V. e knov
II W/m2K
273
per L1l1itarea, Q/A
34.56
W/m2
that.
Q=
Heat transfer,
= 295 K
UA (Til _ T b) [From equation
no.I.4J
where. U - overall heat transfer co-efficient
C - 27" = 26R K.
Tolind:
. ) (h
c.:rall lint transfer
11) (h'~rjJII !lrcnlltll

. Ihallrallfl:r/lll-.
co-efficient,
reo istancc,
(I<)
34.56
U == _.::.._:_.:.;:_::295 - 268
(()fA)
d) '111(' temperature at the junction
Ilw limes!
between
ihc Mortar
and
Overall heat transfer co-efficient,
1.28 W/m2K
ne. (Tl)
We know (hat,
Solution :
Overall Thermal
.II "11 Il( \\

C)
'\ I
thrnugll
)\I'J'
COIJIP(
sire wall
I IAtr
I (I
by
/ h()1JI Equn.
"'1.'
"
given
is
For
11
H
\111
1.../5
T,,- T"
IIIIK
r room ll:rnpcratIJrc, To = 22" C
lntcr:
0.20
r-,
"2:;- 0.6 W/IIlK
= ~ ern
ue. L,
ThLTm. I 'Olldllclivily,
Interior
0.66 \\
tivuy Oflllol1ar.
of limcst
~1l~:\S
Thermal
.!-'
0 em
~_
f me rtar, L_ = 3 em == 0.0" rn
henna!
Thi
, (1I1;1:-ollary. 1.,
Thickncss
. hi
_~ ~
,~._,_c_
__=
/)11/0
hook
j}(lJ,{('
I/O.
= --
(R)
LI
L2
LJ
L4
--+--+--+--+-kl A
k2 A
k3 A
k4 A
hb A
unit Area
(In) or
No. -I3cC-I-Ij
hI A
resistance
I
L,
L)
LJ
L4
-+ -+-- +-+-+h(l
k1
"2
kJ
"<j
1
hb
_I + 0.20 + 0.03 + O.OS + 0.012 +_1

56 0.66
0.6
0.58
0.6
II
I;,
L,
I.,
.1
1<
\
/\
0.78
K!WJ
I 46 Hid
__:_____ eo a17 Mass Tran.~fer
Interface
te mperature between mortar and
------..'
the
Interface temperatures relation
Q _
"1-T2
To--TI
--~=-R-I-=~
"2-T3
T -..........
linrel'IOIIe,
_ T3
-"4
-~-==~R
..>
Conduction 1.47
T4-l
5
4
TS-Tb
=>
278_3 - T3
Q=
=~
T,,-' TI
Q=
k2A
Ra
278.3 - T3
Q/A
295 - TI
)/ha
~
k2
295 - TI
Q/A
34.56
11170
278.3 -- T3
0.Q3
0.6
295 - T,
34.56
Temperature
1/5.6
IT,
between Mortar and limestone (T]) is 276.5 K
Result:
288.8 K)
I) Overall heat transfer co-efficient,

2) Overall thermal resistance,
T,-
T2
=> Q=--R,
3) Heal transfer, Q/A

,1) Temperature
288.8 - T2
L,
k,A
288.8 -, T2
Q/A
L,
",
34,56
__ _3!8.8 - ~~
0.20
0,66
IT?
27S,3E]
= 34.56
U = 1.28
= 0.78
W/Il12K
K/W
\\ /m2
between mortar and lilllcstone,(T3)
276,5 K
[!J The wall of (/ refrigerators is made
lip oftwo mild steel plates

2.5 111111 thick with (I 6 em tltick glass wool ill between the
plates. The interior temperature is' -20" C, while tile outside
of the refrigerator is exposed /0 40" C. Estinuue tile heat flow:
Thermal conductivity of steel alit! glass wool are 23 WllltI(
and 0.015 WlmK respectively.
(Madurai
Ll
L'l
= () ern = 0.06
= 2,5 111111
=-=
III
0.0025
III
A{/III01'Oj
University
/l.'OI'-I.}-I)
I. 48 Heal and Mass Transfer
Glass wool
Mild steel
Conduction 1.49
Convective
Mild steel
heat transfer coefficient is 1I0t given.
So, neglect ha' lib terms
Ta
k,
k2
L,
Ta
k3
Tb
L2
I-
-/-
L3
~QIA.
..,
= -20 C; Tb = 40 C
0
k, = k3 = 23 W/mK;
Q/A
- -.---.
0.0025 + 0.06
23
.015
k2 = 0.015 W/mK
Tofind :
i) Heat flow, (0)
Heat flow through composite slab is given by

vera II
R
23
Q == -14.99 W/m2!
Result :
i) Heat flow,
,1 To
+ 0.0025
The '-ve' sign indicated that the heal flows from the outside
into the refrigerator.
Solution:
-20 - 40
[From Equn. no. (1.42)]
where
W/m2.
IZ!fl
The inside temperature of the refrigerator is -1tl" Cand outside

surface tempera/lire
is 30t) C and area is 301111. This
refrigerator consists of 2.2 ntnt of steel at the inner surface,
15 111m plywood at the outer surface and J() em ofglass wool
ill between steel (lilt!plywood. Calculate the heat Ion and the
capacity of the refrigerator
ill tons of refrigeration.
Assume k(sleelj == 20 WlmK. k(p()'",oot!) == 0.05 WlmK.
k(g/as!J'H'oo/)== 0.06 I-Vlm/(.
Given :
Inside
Q == -14.99
Temperature,
T, =_IOL'C
f'273
=-=263

Conduction /.51
kI
k2
k)
Steel
Glass wool
Plywood
T4 == 30 C + 273 == 303 K
Outside temperature,
Area, A ==30 m
~~
~ T)
~DT2
(DTI
where
Thickness
of steel, L) == 2.2 mm == 0.0022 m
Thickness
of plywood,
Thickness
of glass wool, L2 == 10 cm == 0.10 m
Thermal conductive
L3==
co-effficients ha and hb are not
15 mm == 0.015 m
of steel, k) == 20 W ImK
of plywood,
of glass wool, k2 == 0.06 W/mK
Toflnd :
263 - 303
0.002 + 0.10
+ 0.015
20 x 30
0.06 x 30
0.05 x 30
k3 == 0.05 W/mK
IQ
=-610.1
W==-0.610KWI
The -ve sign indicates that the heat flows from the outside
into the refrigerator.
i) Heat loss, Q
2) Capacity of the refrigerator
We know that
Solution:
3.5 kW ==I ton
Hear flow throu?h composite

Q=
(Convective heat transfer

given. So, neglect that terms)
T)-T4
wall is given by
0.610
3.5
ton
==0.174 ton
t1To vera lJ
R
:=)O.610kW==
[From Equn. no.(/.42) ~

HMT Data book page No.43 & 441
:=) Capacity
of the refrigerator
==0.174 ton
'{
r 52 HealandMassTrc.!'!!f!!_.-------"-~
Result:
I' id
.iqut surface conductance,
Heat transfer, Q ::::610 W

Capacity of the refrigerator::::
f1D
A s'tetlm to liquid
Steam surface' con d uctance, hh
0,174 ton
heut exclulIlger
area
copper Oil lite steam S/{Ies.
I lie
re.\'ISIIV/~V of
en,
(I
.'"' ;,
k2(copper)
OJ
k) (Nickel)
= 55
p (II'"n
.Vfller
I 53
5400 W/Ill2K
Steam
"
, , temperature, Tb = ) ) 00 C
_,+ 27"., -- .,83
K
Liquid temperature: T(I = 70" C + 273 = 343 K
of 25
11.5 em
nickel
and 0.1
I
7'1
.. '
cOllslrllelell ",illi
Conduction
h(/ - 560 W/m2K
t>
is {}.0015Kiw. The steun, (I1lti/it-sCa/!

surftlce C{JIIt/uel'IIIee lire 5400 WI", 2K and 56() W. 14~
reJpeClive~y.Tile Itealeds'lell", is filII Ou C (flllillefllet[ ~",2k
350 W/IllK
W/IllK
deposil 011 lite steam side
is' al 70 C.
"ql/id
Toflnd :
i) Overall
2) Temperature
Solutio
Calculate
transfer co-efficient
J) Overall steam IO/iquidllelll
2) Tempemllire drop IICrOS,\'lite settle deposit
heat transfer co-efficient, (U)

drop across the scale deposit. (T, -- T4)
II :
Heat transfer through composite wall is given
Take
~Toverall
Front Equn. no, (I. 42) or

lIMT Data hook page No.43 & :J:J}
R
k(copper) = 35(1
W'ImK
filii/
k(Nickel)
= 55 WlmK.
by
where
Given :
Inside
Liquid side
Outside
R = _I_+_L_I_ ... L2 ,L)

I
ha A k A . kA kA + _-
"b
1\2
Steam
side
Ra + R, + R2 + RJ + Rb
T2
Til 11(/
G:~~.:
R,~ value is given,
R" = k~~ = 0.00) 5 K/W
Copper
R
---t--
lin A
_-'-
__
560 x25.2
Thickness
of Nickel
L I -- 0 ).- em
Thickness
of copper
t'
'
L'2-- 0 , I cm=O.1
Resistivity
of scale,
R_l = 0,0015
0,5
K/W
x
x
10-2
10--111
L,
"I
+ 0,5 x 10-2 + 0, ) x 10-2

350 x 25,2
55 x 25,2
I
111
5400
~ ~IR
J.~58~x~IO~-_J~K~/W~1
25,2
+ 0,0015
/.5.1
Conduction/.55
fllrll(~c~ is made up of 13 em thict: of fire day,of
thermal condllctlv/~" fJ.6 WlmK alU160 em thick of red brick
of conductivity
0.8 . WlmK. Tire inner ~nd outer surface
.
. I.
temperature of wall are 1"000 C and 75 C Determine
fllJ A wall of
(I
1.
Tile amount of heat loss per square metre of lire

furnace wall.
2.
It is desired 10 reduce lite thickness of lite red brick

layer ill litis furnace to half by filling in the space
between lite two layers by diatomite whose k = 0.11J
+ 0.00015 T. 'Calculate lite thickness of the material.
Give" :
Furnace
k,
k2
Fire clay
Red Brick
25 W/m2K
Temperature drop (T~.) - T4 ) across the scale is given by

L1T
Q=-Rsca/e
,
25.2
[.:
L,=13cm=
k,
L1T
= 0.0015
Result:
Overall heat transfer co-efficient, (U) = 25 W/m2K
T41 = 37.8
k2
T,
T3
= 0.6
111
0.8 W/mK
1000 C + 273
75 C + 273
1273 K
348 K
Tofind:
I) Heat loss per square metre
.2) Thickness
0.13m
0.6 W/mK
L2 = 60 em
~ltlT=37.8CI
Temperature drop across the scale, (T3 -
I:H = T3 - T4]
f the furnace wall.
of the material. whose k=OIII+O.OOOIST

.
__ ._-" - ---
Sol"tim, :
CondUCI;OJ1 1.57
2.
1. I teat transfer through composite
wall is given by
Diatomite
...
Q = Il To\'<:.~~~I
[From EC/III1. no. (1.42)',

JlMT Data book page No.43 & 44]
R
where
Red brick
13
Furnace
K.
.'
We know that,
TI -T3
~Q
-----;---i,_
h~-A+
.~+~+-1-
k, A +
Neglect unknown terms

~Q
348
= ...-1273-_. __.._
--
"2 A
Q
kJ A
T, - T.f
R
T I - T2 _ T2 - T3
-R-,- R2
= Tr
T4
R3
( I)
hb A
=> Q =
T,- T2
R)
1273-T2
Q =
L,
k, A
=> Q/A
=> 956.8
1273 - T2
1273 - T2
I.,
k,
1273 - 1"2
-0.13
0.6
,.: A
= 1m2 J
---------------------
/. 58 Heal and Mass Trumjer
Conduction J .59
T) - T4
Q=
L3
.956.8
.. '
kJ A
='
358.8
L2
k;
. T) - T4
QIA =
__!2__
kJ
0.111 + 0.00015 T
::::::>k2=0.111 +0.00015T
T4 - Outer surface temperature of red brick'

k) - Thermal conductivity
L) _ Halfofthe
k2 = 0.111 + 0.00015 [T2: T31
of red brick
thickness of the red brick == 0 6
= 0.111 + 0.00015 [1065.6 +

2
O.3m
I k2 = 0.243 WimK I
T) - 348
Q/A ==
0.3
D.8
~
Substitute
~
956.8
706!KJ
Q=
T2-
1.
R2
Q=
1065.6-706.8
~.
0.243
~.
L2 = 0.091 m
Thickness'ofthe
(I)~
956.8 == 358.8
T) - 348
IT
=
706.81
k2 value in Equation (2)
0.3
~ IT)
is
Given thermal conductivity for diatomite
where
.... '(2)
diatomite, L2 = 0.091 m
Remit:
Heat loss, Q = 956.8 W 1m2
Til ickness of the, d iatOl;nite, L2.=' 0.091 m
),
'"
(10
Heat and
Muss r,'(/l1s[er
-'[ijl A [urnace wull hi made of

~
inside silica hrie~
'J ther
contlllctivill' 1.7 W/mK, 12 em thick and outside m ",~
~ ~ IV
(Ig'l~f'
brick of thermal conductivity .11 ,,'/mK, 22 em thic ",,
temperature Oil the inside of the wall of the silica bk: rh,
. magnesite. bri
92(1UC (111(1olltsult!
nct. sur/ace tem'Pe r'rk'~
rmUre'
120" C. Calclliate the heatflow tit rough tit is compos I'te IVaI(~
lf the ('011 tact resistance between the two wall is 0.003Ktlt
find tile temperlllllre of the surfaces at the illter/ace.
~;:::-::--------where
~C~o'~ld1!_''!'Cli(}~!J_._61
Sf
R = --I_+~+~+~
ha A
kI A
Given:
k2
Neglect
(DT2
(~TI
Magnetic
brick
brick
k3 A
unknown
L,
+_J_+
k) A
1
h A
b
I
fib A
terms (11(1, hb and L))
TI -T3
=:>Q=------__.:__-
~~T3
Silica
...
k)- A
I + __LI + __L2
___
h(/ A
kl A k2 A
r----.---r------~
k1
TI -lJ
LI
L)
--+--kl A
k2 A
TI - T3
Q=
of silica brick, kl
Thickness of silica, LI = J 2cm

of magnesite,
Thickness of magnesite,
Inner surface Temperature,

Outside surface temperature,
Contact
O. J 2
1'1 - T3
[where, Rc is contact resistance

between walls]
III
RI + R2 + Rc
k2
5.5 W/mK
= 22 ern = 0.22
TJ
RI + R2
J.7 W/mK
920" C + 273
= J J 93
T 3 = 120 C + 273
0
resistance between t, .vo wall, Rc
= 393 K
Q=
1193 - 393
0.003 K/W
Tn find:
Temreralurc of thee
1193 - 393
surf lace
SUI
.
at the Interface,
Q/A =
(T 2)
0.12 + 0.22 + 0.003

1.7
5.5
So/utioll :
HCallraJl!.,fer
.
thr
" ....
oUb" composite
7042.9 W /m2
wall is given by
Q :;
{From qlll1. no. (J.42)fI)
II MT 0(10 hook page No.
43 c(
4J
1.62 Heal and Mass Tra:.:'.:.:ls~ife=-r
~
Conduction 1.63
We know that,
Given:
Brick
Inner
Insulation
Timber
Outer
Cold
Hot
T2
1193 Q=
Ll
kl A
1193 -
Q/A
T2
0.12
Diameter
of the aluminium
rivet, d
4 em
0.04 m
1.7
Thermal
conductivity
of the aluminium
1193 - T 2
7042.9
0.12
Area of the surface,
1.7
Thermal
conductivity
Thickness
Result:
Thermal
conductivity
insulatine wall has three layers of material /JeI~
together by 4cm dian:eter aluminium (k :: 200WlmK) riV~

per O.J m2 of surface. The layers of materials consist 0
12 em thick brick (k= 0.90 WlmK) with hot surface 01
Thermal
material,
conductivity
22 em
Cold surface temperature.
T1
T4
0.90 W/mK
L2
of the timber, k)
temperature,
200 W ImK
0.12 m
of the Insulation,
of the timber, L3
Hot surface
of the brick, kl
of the Insulating
Thickness
IE] A composite
O.I m2
Th ickness of the brick, L I = 12 ern
IT2 = 695.8 K
rivet,
kriv<:l
I.S em
k2
Percentage
of increase
0.015 111
0.170 W/mK
0.22111
=
0.11 W/mK
2200 C + 273
493 K
ISO C + 273
288 K
220C, 22 em thick timber (k = O.J 10 WlmK) with colt!sl'rf{lC~Tofind:

at 150 C. These two layers are interposed by a third layer0,
.. I .
J 70 W/"'~'
IIlSU ttttng material 1.5 em thick of conductivity O.
CI
I
.
.~r~
a ell ate the percentage of increase ill "eat trans)'
due to rivets.
in heat transfer rate.
1.6./
Heal Gild
Mas ,. Transfer
_ ...
----------
Solution:
(',,"dUCli(J11
I.fij
Lrivel
Heat transfer (without
Rrivd
rivet)
:::
krivCI x Arivet
where
0,12 + 0.015 + 0.22
~T
==
[Front fI!IIT d
T I - lt~
17(/ A
1/(1
book '0I')
20a x 1.25 x 10-.1

I~e
/IV.';]
&
Rriv":l == 1.42 K/W
1.1
L..,
L"
kl A
k] A
k,A
We know that
h,
__
"1"1- T-t
L__
_I _ +- _'-
==
Rc:quiv:llenl
=> Q
II
Ila !\
~--
L,
k1 A
k, !\
--T--
kl A
.'
Rwall
I{riwt
I x ~1.~_~i.!!IEivct_.
Arca \\ ithour rivet
/ill !\
-I-
-_1I{rivel
L .. , (I)
where
<)
R==
__ I
",,/\
+ __LI
klA
l.~
+_k!A
I.}
f----
f--.--.
kjA
"I,A
{From 1I.\.It dat hook page no.

Neglect
O.(H)
O. I
O. I 70
- ----
~-----
idcriug
0.1
0.11
0.1
area
LI
L,
LJ
klA
kzA
kjA
R==--+---+--
rivet
I{
Rivet
"b terms
+-. _Q~L_
R == _.Q.JL_ +
0.015
O.QO x 0.1
0.170 x 0.1 0.11 . 0.1
'----------_
ow con
11(/.
= 22.2
K/W
~'rrf.l J2
Substituting
- It/t! " (O.04)~
[!\rca~~~~).-~:.I>S_-
10-3
JlI21
R value ill Equn (I)
_1.---R.;qul\'al.:nl
==_L
22.2
,(i~'! .. 1.~5,( 10-;)

0.1
n/
is 23') C.
fC!"'flt!rllfllre
iusid
resiSfllll
c!
",I'glcclillf:
thr th ermal
of.5 nun mortar joint between marble lI11dbrick.
I ttiefotlowing.
fill
1. Overall
transmitance
. He II loss through
:. Temperature of
T I - T~
-I. Thermal
for the wall
II,e 14'(/11
lire brick - pine interfa
conductivity
0/ tire mortar.
[Assume ,\lorlar brick interface temperature i 21" C,

Given :
heat loss is reduced
. :e='
, n.age (}
ing thickne s of mortar
Q
p~
by J 0%/
T,
TI
rivet.
Q,
lnvidc
l{l"
4.13-9.22
15 .13
hb
ha
/ 100
'% ]
., ickncvs of marble, L = 75 mm = J.O 5 m
~
A lurJ(e composite
wall ill made
up (Jf 75 mm tnJlrhltl
thermal conductivity 1.25WlmK, 7fJmm brick

fJ.fi2WlmK,
2fJ5mm pine
I 75mm Imide ptaster
0/
O,J2WIK
(J.25WlmK. 1he (Julsj

. ..Ie uJ
I,,, 33Wlm2X and m'ilu
I,,, 12Wlm2K. Outside
tempet"
'l hcn (II conducti

Lhickncw
brick
i y of marble, k4
I.}
IUft j
T hcrmal c. nducii
70 mm
',25
ImK
O,07() m
'I hickncss
it)' of brick, k3 = 0,62 W/mK
of pine, 1'2 = 205 rnrn - 0,205 m
Thermal c nductivity of pine k2 = 0,12 W/mK

Thicknc:
s f plaster, LI = 175 mrn = 0,17
'1hcrmal conductivity
aI
conductivity
unit surface conductance

,'iur/tu:e .onductance
2fJ0(' and
of conductivity
0/ conducfit1
of plaster, kl
0,25 W/mK
.e
!_._(i8 .!"I<!~I/ and Mass li'ow/el'
--------_
Outside
...
.__._-----
surl;lce cOllductance
,
Inside surtilce
conducrauce
"
hl == 3'J WI I11K
2. -----~
---._---
('OIlC/llc1ioll
h == I'"- U'/
'K
'0
no 111-
ICllIpt:ratlln..:, Tb::: 20" C + 273 :.::293 K
Outside
Insidl.: kll1pl:ralllrc,
To ==
2]0
C + 273
==
= .5
111111
== 0.005
111
l'vlortar joinllhid:lh.::-;s
To/illll:
I. Overall
-------.
_L
2% K
12
__
oo
2.69
~-----
Q/A
__rate,
-.--
;'.11
==
- -_.
W/m2/
of brick-pine
interface, (TJ)
I lcat transfer,
= IJ x
ACTa" Tb)
IFrom cqun,
of the mortar
[Mortar hrick interface lelllperu/ilre i.v] It:

heal/ass
is reduced
1.11 = lJ
by 10%/
y.
(296 - 293)
SOIIlI;oll :
Heat transfer through composite wall is given by

~=
We know that, Interface temperatures relation
,\Tovl.!rall
where
1'4 - 1 ~ _ 15 - ""
Sf:; Ttl -lb
= ~-
7;-;;11.-
LI
-I-
We know that,
-L Thermal conductivity
()
+ 0.175 + _Q)J!~~
+ O.O.~, + _QJ~~ + ,_!_
0.25
0.12
0.62
1.25
33
r.lcallransfer
(U)
2. Heal luss. (Q)

3. Tempcnuurc
---
3
'C)I/\
trunsuuuance,
-.
I.
"'1-"
L2
+ "'2"
LJ
-Ti;,--
. , . (,)
L,J_'
+ kJ ,,- + k,J" + lib A
(1)
::::>
Q=
/.,'
I{"
"0. (1.43)1
( 'r,IIIItIl:I!lIn
}) .12
I 'II
,'f !
II. ()
(1.1 ~
2() .
'f
II. 115
0.12
Il,
c=
~I) -:-
I)
.I~
'1',
L"
K\
293.22 K
TClllpcralUJ'c
or brick
lical loss is reduced
RI
I
- pille interface
2() .22 K
by 10%
L\
KIA
CmlsitierillJ;
tl,iclme.\s of tire mortar,
295.9 - T
Q/A
L\
TI
kl
295.9-T2
1.11
\T2
Inside
0.175
0.25
295.12
KI
0
Mortar brick interface temper~tllre is 21 C

1
-'
=>T4=21C
T4
210 + 273
295.12-T3
~
k2/\
IIIi1t1M'6~'_
I. 72 Heal and Mass li'an~k/'

_--_._----.---_.
- ..__ .-.. _---_----_-
Mortar thickness,
1'4 =
Illlll =
0.005
III
0.99::
We know that,
T5 -- 293.03
0.075
1.25
IT5::
293.08 K]
294 - 293.08
Q ::----~
L4
T(,- Tb
(2) => Q =
k4 A
---_._Rb
Q/A =
Q= T6-2~~.
0.92
0.005
k4
hhA
Q/A=
T6 - 293
_--
.i.
T6 - 293
0.99
= --.'
of the Mortar, k4 = 538
10- W/I11K
..-~-
j_
Result :
33
I. Overall transmittance,
293.03 ~"]
0.37 W/m K
1. Heat loss, Q
3. Temperature
ofhric~ - pine interface
1.11 W/1112
=
293.12 K
T< - T(J
=:~
L~
~~ ;\
Q/A
15 - 293.03
0.075
1.25
4. Thermal
COlldllctj\,jl~
of the Mortar
:=
5.38;.10-
\\'/IllK
/. 74 Heal and Mass Trans er
1.1.12 SOLVED UNIVERSITY
f1]
PROBLEMS
ON SLAIl
.r
Inner surface temperature
A [urnace wall consists of three layers. Th~

litem thickness is made offire
brick (k= 1.04 Wlt,,~Yer~
intermediate layer of 25 em thickness

brick (k = IJ.69 WlmK) followed by
(I
is made if ). 1~
o nzlll'o
5cm/hick co
' ~~
(k = 1.37 WlmK). When the furnace is in continuou'

tire inner surface of tirefurnace
trcrele II'
,\ perllJ'
is at 800 C while t'
I~
concrete surface is at 50"C. Calculate the rate oifl,
per unit area

r., '
0/ tire wall, the
Ire 0llt
temperature
rellllo~
at the illl""
erj
tirefirebrick (lilt/ masonry brick am/the lel1l1Jerlilll

I
Ire
interface 0/ tire masonry brick (111(/ COil crete.
lice q
11/ IN
'
Outer surface temperature,
800 C
0
Conduction
1.75
1+ 73=1073K
T 4 = 50 C + 273 = 323 K
0
Tofilltl :
I) Rate of heat loss per unit area of the wall,

2) Temperature
(QI A)
brick, T2
at the interface of the fire brick and masonry

.
3) Temperature
at the interface of the masonry brick and
concrete, T3.
Solution :
(i) Heat loss per square metre (QIA)
[Anna Uuiv -June'06j
Heat transfer Q
Give" :
= ~ Toverall
where
Fire
Inner
side
Masonry
brick
brick
( T,
Concrete
wall
<PT2
[From HMT data book
page
no.43 & 44 (Sixth editionj]
Outer
side
<DT4
~DTJ
=> Q
I
L,
LJ
L3
--+--+---+--+ha A
k, A
k2 A
k3 A
I
hb A
[Convective heat transfer co-efficients ha, hb are not given.

So, neglect that terms]
Thickness
of firebrick,
Thid;ness
L) ==. I Ocm == 0, 10m
of
fire brick,
of masonry brick; L2
==
kl
== 1,04
25cm = 0.~5
W/Il1K
III
Thermal conductivity of masonry brick, k? = 0,69 W/IllK

Th ickness of '-"0 ncre t e wa II,L.1 = 5cI11 == 0,05- m
of concrete
wall, k3
==
1.3 7 W/n1K
Q/A
_~--:---:-
~C~'o_o'lI(jIIlCliO"
I. 7
Similarly
Q= TrTJ
R2
(I)~
where.
LJ
RJ
= _-_
k2 A
ii) Iff1nftK,~ tepualU,es (T] and Tj)

We
T2 - T3
~ Q=
that,
J rdL-rf
see temperat ures re lat iem

~
Q/A
1515.24
I
= 927.30 - T)
0.25
0.69
ere,
~78.30KJ
'r ,- T2
0"---'
~-
Result :
I. Q/A = 1515.24 W/m2
kl A
'1',-
T2
2. T2=927.30K
3. T3=378.30K
Q/A
III All
1073 "'2
1515.24 = _-'
.,.0.10
1.04
[li~_~~~.
3~i..Kl
external wall of II house is made up of 10 em commo

brick (k = O.7 WlmK) followed by II 4 em tayer (II gypsum
plaster (k = 0.48 WI",K). Whu: thickness of Iml.,(v plIL'ked
insulatlon (k
= 0.065 WlmK) slwulll
be lidded to reduce
the I,eat loss II"ougl, the wal! by 80%.

[May 200-1 _ AIIIW Univ. Ocl-99 & Oct 20tJ/-
,\4.
Uj
1.78 Heat {llId Mass Tran.lfer
Give" :
Conduction
= O.lm
of brick, kl = 0.7 W/IllK
Thickness
L2
Thi(;kness of brick, LI
10 em
L2 kL) -,.1]
R. = _l_A [-1-'ha ,_.!::Lk,. +-+-+
k
-r
of gypsum,
4 em
0.04
of gypsum, k2
Thermal
of insulation
conductivity
k-
'J'
/7'1'
,
0.48 W/mK
R
= 0 065 WI IllK
Ib
and hb are not eziven . S0, neg Iect t Iiat terms)
_l_[.!::L
A
Considering
Gypsum
Brick
,3
III
[The term's
I. 79
. where
J:L + _s_ 1
+
k,
k2
k)
two slabs, i.e., neglect L3 term
sr
[''- A
Q =----
I 1112)
_s_+~
k,
k2
kI
k2
6T
100 ",,' - .....__::::...:_~
_QJ_ -I- 0.04
0.7
0.41\
Ilril:~
(iYI
~IIIII
II
IS
()
'III
luss is red" .cd h)' IilJ%
Thi
.(d')
I
I
!.:II('. S 01'
wall hy 80%,
msulnrion
to reduce tile
(L1)
insulllt ion. So, hcnr trnnsfcr
()
o
.
e111l:10
r Assume heat
CO) == 100 WI
W,
" I
1il [lnd :
transfer
I
leA
t I
. thrOl1uh
oss
10.1
0.7
I ().()il I
OJIS
1'1
(l.()(,.
II
'
r~
0.0. ~Ii 111/
Result :
Solution :
J
[eat flow rate, Q
,1T overall
Thickness of insulauon
'[From I-1M?'data hook page
,/1
4J I~
/11)
I.J
0.0 XX III
__j
I.SO Heat atld Mass Tratlsfer
-II)
A composite
brick, "
wt,lI consists of 10cIII Ihick lay~
= fl. 7 WlmK
Conduction /.8/
and 3('''' II,ick pla.'iter,1c == 0.5 W/~
ilI.mltlti"g nUlterialof"
= fI.ORWIIIIK is to he tltldedlo (~
the I,et,tlrtlmft!r 111T0III:" II,e wull by 411%. Fintl its th' rr~
.
{Dec- 200-1
.11I1I1I
& Dec-lO(lj
Uuiv
Id~
Considering two slabs, i.e., neglect LJ term
:ll/l/u Viii!
Give" :
Thickness of brick, L I = 10 em
0.1
111
~IOO
of brick, k I = 0.7 WImK
Thickness of plaster, L2 = Jcm
0.03 m
0.7
= 0.5 W/mK
of plaster, k}
of insulation, k 3 =: 0.08 W/mK
~:---~ast~
Insulation
k,
k,
~ I IH
Q
~T
~T
Q=
60
Ttl find :
Heat now rate, Q -=

where
R
J__
A
(~+~+~l
1
A
----_._._
----_. -_.__ !
f---. L I - --ic- - I. !---..j
Solulio" :
k3
[_QJ_
0.7
+ 0.03 + _!::L_
0.5
0.08
~1
:::) 60 r _QJ_ + 0.03 +

0.7
0.5
0.08
:::) 0.1
0.7
.!:l_ _I 1
kj
+ 0.03 +..!::L
0.5
L3
lib
:::) 0.08 =0.135
The terms I/{/ and "" are not given. So, neglect that ten11S.
7
k2
20.28
_!_
sr overall
+
kl
to reduce the heat loss through !Ii
(_L11(/ + .!:Lkl + .!:L

k2
20.28 K
transfer (Q) = 100 WI
0.5
Heat loss is reduced by 40% due to insulation. So, heat transfer

is60 W.
Thickness of insulation
wall by 40%, (LJ).
[Assume heat
_QJ_ + 0.03
~T
__
= -~
0.08
20.28
= 0.338
I.S2 Heal 0/1(/ Mass nOl15jer
IL
= 0.0108
In
( 'ouduct inn 1.83
I
'If/jiuff
:
i) II
RemIt:
L) = 0.0 I08
Thicknc s of insulation,
o A sw{ace
10. s per quar
;It
ii) Interface
111
is made lip of 3 layers one of fire brick 0

insulating brick and one of red brick. The inner (III 'd Oil)
nIl
HlIIII
surface temperatures are 900 C lind so: C rejfJective~ll.

n
respective co-efficient of thermal conductivity of thelal'~
are 1.2, 0.14 and 0.9 WlmK lind tile thickness of 20 em,8
and L/ em. Assuming close bonding of the layer.\at
interfaces. Find the heal/on' per square meter and illlerf~
temperatures.
[/11. U OCI-9 J
0
SO/lIlioll
(i)
metre, (011\)
(T2 and T )
temperature:
/JI'(I1/0.H
per square metre (QIA)
I kat Iran fer. Q
/Frolll
Tavera II
==
IIMT data hook
[lag(' 170 . .J3 Gild ./4
where
L2
1.1
--j--
I- I
k2 A
Given :
lnsulatins
Fire
Inner
side
(bT ~
<In I
h"A
heat
[Convective
T3
.I-
So" ucglcct
k3
k2
kl
-....0
tha:
kIA
f-- LI --tc- L
T,
Outer temperature,
T4
900 C + 273
0
=
=
30 C + 273
1173 K
=
=
k,
Thermal
of
brick '- k?
Thennal COlldllCti
Thi
knes
Thic~ne
Thicklle
it
iusulatins
of red brick,
LI
f Iire brick,
f' III ulatiug
brick, L2
r re d
L3
brick,
20
CI11
=
II em
k)
= 0.14
\\/111
CIll
0.11
= 0.08
III
111
1 rill
L_
k2 A
"4
--'1'1'-- ---LI
I.,
Q/A
k, A
hb A
-'-~-
co-efliciellts
transfer
L.
1173 - J03
III
k2A
= 0.9 W/rnK
0.2
KIA
~'~
1.2 W/rnK
of fire brick,
conductivity
01
303 K
L2
--
LI
--j--
Inner temperature,
LI
--j--
brick
brick
side
-~0
Outer
Red brick
0._
0.08
ill
1.2'
0.14
0.9
h(/, hb
arc nut
given.
/. 84
(ii)
Heal and Mass rransfer
Interface teperatures (T) am/ Tj) ~

We know that, Interface temperatures relation
Condur,
I.85
---------------____:_._-;0/1
Q/A
TI - T"
R
1004.457 - T3
----.::....
0.08
0.14
1011.2546=
where
LI
R1=---
kl A
Result:
(i) Heat loss per square meter (Q/A)
TI - T2
LI
kl A
Q/A = 1011.2546 W/m2

(i i) Interface
temperatures
(T 2 and T 3)
TI - T2
Q/A
T2 = 1004.457 K
L,
1;1011.2546=
IT
T3 = 426.597 K
1l7J-T2
0.2
1.2
2 = I 004.4 57 K
[I)
Similarly
The wall of a furnace is made lip of 2.f0 mm fire clay of

thermal conductivity 1.05 WlmK, 120 mm thick of ins Illation
brick of conductivh, O.15 WlmK anti 200 mm thick red brick
of conductivity
0.85 WlmK. The inner and outer surface
temperatllre oj wall are 850 C tlntl 65- C respectively.

Co/cilIate the temper(l/ures at the contact surfaces.
G
[Bharathida an
niversity
ov- 95}
Given:
Thickne
of fire cia
Thermal conducti
L1=2S0mm
=0.
5m
ity, kl = 1.05 W/mK
Thi knes of insulation
bri
Thermal
2 = 0.15 W/mK
ndu tivity,
., ~ = 120
m = 0.1
In
/. 86 Heal and
Thickness
Mass Transfer
of red brick, L3
Thermal conductivity,
k3
==
==
200 nun
==
---
0.2 rn
__
Conduction 1.87
[Heat transfer co-efficients ha and hb are not given.
So, neglect that terms]
0.85 W/mK
Inner surface temperature,
T1
T 4 = 65 + 273
==
850 + 273
==
==
1123 K
338 K
Fire
Insulation
clay
brick
T,
k,
k2
T,-T4
L,
L2
Redbrick
QfA
_s_+ ~
k,
Q/A
kJ
slab is gi en by
1123-338
0.25 +
1.05
= 616.46
Q/A
T, - T2
Q=--
1~
[From H \17 data book page no. 43 & 4.{
'erall
where
~ Q=
fA
k3
= ------
Souaion :
....
+S_
k2
We know that,
ro eft composite
k3 A
TI-T4
<D
Heat
k, A + k2 A
nj
(~T2
RJ
0.12 + 0.2
0.15 0.85
W/m21
>
Conduction 1.89
1123 - T2
=> 616.466 =
0.25
1.05
.'
Similarly
wall made up of 7.5 cm offire plate anti O.65 em of

mild steel plate. Inside surface exposed /0 hot glls lit
650" C anti outside air temperature 27" C. The convective
Ilea/transfer co-efficient for inner side is 60 WIm1K. The
cOnl'ective heattmnsfer co-efficient for outer side is 8 Wlm1K.
Calculate the heat lost per square meter area of the furnace
wal! and also find outside sutface temperature.

{M U. April-98]
T2 - T3
Q=~-
(I)=>
@] A furnace
Given:
where
Fire
Mild steel
plate
plate
Outside
Jnside
T(I'
=> Q=
n2
n,
hb
f.c-- L,
976.22 - T3
Q/A
k2
==
-----fo--- L2
--l
L2
Thickness of fire plate, LJ == 7.5 em == 0.075
k2
Thickness of mild steel, L2 == 0.65 cm == 0.0065 m
976.22 - T3
=> 616.46
T/J'
Ita
k,
=>
( TJ
0.12
0.15
Inside hot gas temperature,

Outside air temperature,
Convective
III
T a = 650 C + 273
0
= 923
0
T b == 27 C + 273 == 300 K
heat transfer co-efficient
for
inner side, ha == 60W/m2K

Convective
for
outer side, hb= 8 W/m2K.
Result:
Tofi IIlI :
(i) 1'2 == 976.22 K
(ii) T3;: 483.05 K
(i) Heal lost per square meter area, (QI A)

(ii) Outside surface temperature,
(T3)
Solution :
Conducnnn I.91
(i) Heat lost per square meter area, (QIA)

Thermal
for fire _ plate (Refract ory clay)

k, = 1.0035 W/IIIK.
{From H.UT data book page no. 9 (I- iflh edition
Thermal
conductivity
or page
I)
JlO.
Sitt"
r.~
(ii} Olltside surface temperatllre,
conductivity
We know that, Interface temperatures
retarion
edlt,
for mild steel plate
k2 = 53.6 W/I11K
... ( I)
[From HMT data book page liD.

where
Heat flow,
Toverall
R
where
TrTb
Q=
J
LI
~
--+---_
kJ A
k2 A
fib A
TJ
QIA
- Tb
J
fib
~Q
[The term LJ is not given. So, neglect that term
Ta- Tb
~Q
T) - 300
2907.79
T3
663.473 K
Result :
(i) Heal lost per square meter area, (Q/A)
Q/A
.. Q/A
Q/A =
_, +
60
QI1\
923 - 300
0.071+ 0.0065.
1.035
53.6
(i i) Outside
t-"8
= 2907.79
W/m2
surface temperature,
.. T]
(T 3)
663.473 K.
2907.79 W/m2!
(b!
( 'flliilliNil/il
1\'1
[]
I.)
"j
h(l II
t I'
I A t. IJ,
''fill ..
Fh
Imllilll(inA
bl'k~
brick
.:Iori/.
Il'hul
I 'J 1
kl A
,,~ A
II", 1..1 II lid "b nn
1'1Ilt!
Lj
I
IIO(
"I
hi)
/I
II,lv,1. So. nogl
tthar rerrns]
6 0
Q/A
0.23 0.115
--+-OL
0.27
kI
872 W/m2!
I---
Ll--~--
Thi kness
f fire bri k. L]
f insulating
L
=
ern
0.23
Result:
III
Rate of heat lost per square meter, (QI A)
i kness
brick, L_
I!. - ern
0.115m
Q/A
Thermal c ndu tiviry of fire brick

e al conductivity
of insulating
perature difference,
6T
kI
brick, k2
0.2 \\/rr
[!]
TI,e
60 em
650 K
872 W/m2
inner
x
dimension
of a freezer
cabinates
are
60 em. The cabinates wall consists of /HIo 2 mm
thick steel wall (k = 40 WlmK) seperated by a 4 em layer of
Tofind:
fiber
10
0.72 W/rnK
per square meter, Q/A
SOlUlvm:
glass
insulation
(k = 0.049 WlmK).
D
TI,e inside
C and the outside
temperature
is 10 be maintained at _I5
temperature
on a hot summer day ;J 45 C. Calculate the
maximum amount of heat transfer, assuming a heat transfer
To /erall
R
[From IIMr data book page
co-efficient
no.
4J'
of 10 Wlm] K both on inside and outside of tile
cabinate a/JO calculate outer surface temperature
of tile
cabinate.
[M. U. Oct-2002}
JUt"
/. 94 Heat and Mass Transfer
Give" "
Conduction 1.95
where
Fiber
Steel
L\T=Ta-Tb
Steel
glass
(DT2
<Drl
kl
<DT3
k3
k2
Thickness of fibre glass, L2

Inside Temperature,
4 ern
k3
0.04
of fibre glass, k2
T b = 450 C + 273
Heat transfer co-efficient,
110 = lib
==
l:J
ha A
k A
k2 A
kJ A
hb A
258 - 318
_'--
III
+ _0.002_ +
) OxO.36
/Q
III
(ii) Outer surface temperature
+_,_
)Ox0.36
10 W/1112K.
T -Tb
= __:::_[/-"-
inside]
(T~
TI - T2 _ Tr
R,
T 3 - T4
R3
(T4)
(i) Maximum (111101111'

O/hNI"Tnm/er
-21.25=
Heal flow, Q ~ .1Tovera"
0.36 x 10
R
[From /I MT data book page 110.43 &
10
We know that,
318 K
"
0.002
40x0.36
=-21.25W]
(i) Maximum amount of heat transfer, (Q)
Solutio"
0.04
0.049xO.36
[The negative sign indicates that heat flowsfrom outside
0.049 W/IllK
Tofind :
(ii) Outside surface temperature,
40x0.36
40 W/mK
To = _150 C + 273 = 258 K
Outside Temperature,
I~
Q/A
Thickness of steel, L) = L3 = 2 mill = 0.002

of steel, ",
~ Q =
Area, A = 60 ern x 60 ern = 0.36 m2
--+--+--+--+-
4t
T3
R2
= T4 - Tb
Rb
.. (I)
-1. 96 Heal and Mass Transfer

Conduction I. 97
Result:
(i) Maximum amount of heat transfer,Q
T4
(ii) Outer surface temperature,
:::-2 I .25 W
Tojiml:
(i) Rate
312.09 K
l!1 A mild
steel tank of wall thickness 10 mm Contllins IIIUle'l

90 C. Calculate tile rate of heat loss per ml Of tank surfll/J.
area when the atmospheric temperature is 15 C. rite tile,.".
conductivity of mild steel is 50 WlmK ami tile hea: trUIU!,
co-efficient for inside ami outside tile tank are 2800 "II WlmlK respectively. Calculate also tile temper(lturt~
tile outside surface of tile tank.
[M U. Apr-2000]
0f
heal loss per m2 of tank surface area (QI A)
(ii) Tank outside surface temperature (T2)

Soilltio" :
Heat loss, Q
.1Toverall
R
where
.1T
= T{/- Tb
__ 1_+_S_+~
R - haA
k, A
k2A
+_!1_+_I_
kJA
hbA
[LJ' ~ not given.So, neglect that terms]
Give" :
Inside
T(I>
ha
~P2
<P 1
=> Q/A
= _1_+
ha
_s_
+_1
k,
hb
363 - 288
Thickness
of wall, L,
Inside temperature
Atmospheric
Q/A =
10 mm
0.01 m
of water, T a
90 C + 273 == 363 K
temperature,
Tb
2800
= 15 C + 273
Heat transfer co-efficient
for outside, hb == II W/J112K
of mild steel, k
50
II
2800 W/J112K
for inside, ha
0.01
+-+-
[ji:__~19.9W/2]
== 288 K
50 W/mK
__..
1. 98 Heat and Mass Transfer

We know that,
Conduction 1.99
_ T2-T
- ---..Q_
Rb
I T2
==>
".
(I)
= 362.5
Result:
(i) Heat loss per m2 surface area, Q/A
where, Ra= haA
(ii) Outside surface temperature, T2
= 8)9.9 W/m2
= 362.5 K
363 - T)
Q=
I2!l Consil/ering
the heating surface of a steam boiler to be plane

wall oftllickness 1.2 em and having k = 50 WlmK. Determine
the rate of heat flow and surface temperatures for tile
1
haA
QIA
363 - T)
following
data.
Flue gas temperature
1000C
Boiling water temperature 200 C

819.9 =
Heat transfer co-efficient on gas side 100 Wlm1 K
363 - T)
----!....
Heat transfer co-efficient on steam side 500 Wlm2K
_1_
2800
[Manonmanium
Sundaranar University April- 97]
Given:
Thickness
LI
(I) ~
where, R, = k A
I
T)-T2
Q=
. LI
kl A
Q/A
T,-T2
___!j_
k,
819.9
362.7-T2
0.01
50
L,
Thermal
k,
= 1.2 ern = 0.012 m

conductivity,
kl
Tb
Ta
hb
ha
= 50 W/mK
(DT2
( TI
Flue gas temperature,

Ta
= 1000 C + 1273 K
0
I-
Boiling water temperature,

Tb
..j
= 200 C + 273 = 473 K

0
Heat transfer
co-efficient

Thermal
Ll
. '
conductIvIty
h
100 W/m2K
on gas side, a =
, 2K
id h =500W/m
on steam 51 e, b
ild steel k = 50 W/mK

of rru
,
._-----
Tojintl:
- -~---_._.
Heat transfer rate. Q/A
(i)
(i i)
1I1' t'act'
teperutures,
(T,
[lllll
( I)
Tz)
::':>
COlldl/(:/ioll
Q;-:
Solution :
lIeat
II
uisfer.
\T=T
(I
R=
- l
L,
.1
k ~.'\
[lZ L, values an:' II
R=
R(I
C.J'
- '1'
__T (I_I
(.)/A
,r_I'
['.: R =_1 _I
(I' A
(I
'I
'1'_1
,,,A
(l).~59 ::: -
1_7. -1'1
_ ___:_
_1.
uiveu. oo, negle~.t(h,l!(
100
_-
..
1,A
Q = -_-"'--_=---_-
=:>
T -T
_!.I_I-
II"
}
L,
h A
", A
Q==
(I
T1-
A
Q=
T2
R,
_-~--+--
TI - T_
LI
kl A
QfA =
Q/A
~
kI
0.012 +_1
50
500
100
T1 - T2
800
=> Q/A =
65,3 59 ==
1 - Tb
o = .is.
-R~
relation
=
619 - T2
0.012
SO
65.)59 W/m2 1
Interface temperatures
=>
J. J 0 J
IT2 =
603.3 KJ
1.102 Heal andMass
Transfer
Result:
~
(i) Heat transfer, Q/A = 65,359 W/m2
(i i)
Surface temperatures,
T1
Conduction 1./03
L2
T2=603.3K
[ll) A
composite
12 em thickness respectively. Tirefirst layer is made 0' m ~

'J a'e~
with k
1.45 WlmK, for 60% of tire area and lire re
material
with k
material
with k
=
=
S"
2.5 WlmK. The second layer is madt;

12.5 WlmK for 50% of area and res,;
material with k = 18.5 WlmK. The third layer is madeols;",
material of k
10 em
0.1 m
L) = 12 em = 0.12 m
layers 15 em, 10 c",
slab is made ofthree
15em=0.15m
1,,:;::
= 619K
0.76 WlmK. The composite slab is expOil
on one side to warm at 26 C and cold air at -20 C n

inside heat transfer co-efficient is 15 Wlm2 K. The outsideh,
k'a
1.45 W/mK,
k'b==2.5
k2a
Ala =
W/mK,
.60
Alb=40
12.5 W/mK,
A2a =
.50
k2b == 18.5 W/mK,
A2b =
.50
==
k) =
0.76
T a ==
26
W/rnK
C
Tb == -20
+ 273
299
+ 273 = 253
ha == 15 W/rn2K
is 20 WI",2 K determine
heat flow rt
and interface temperatures.
[MU Nov-~
hb
==
20 W/m2K
Tofind :
(i) Heat flow rate, (Q)
(ii) Interface temperatures, (T, , T2, T3 and T4)
Solution:
Heat flow,
A,a = 60%
A2a = 50%
k1a
k2a
(DT2
(DT,
A,b
= 40%
k,b
Q==
.1Toverall
R
A)
= 100%
[From HMT data book. page

no.43 & 44}
where
T)
A2b = 50%
k2b
k)
I
LI
- --+--+-- A a h a A Ik I
L2 +_3_+_
L
I
A k
Abh
A2kJ3 '3
b

COl/duc/ion 1.105
Similarly
.. (I)
... (3)
where
0.1
12.5 x 0.5 = 0.016 K/W
I Ra
K/W
= 0.066
[R20
0.016 K/W]
0.1
18.5 x 0.5 = 0.0108 K/W
... (2)
IR2b
R 10 --
Ria
L
k
In
x A
0.1724
---
0.15
1.45
10
==
0.6
==
0.016 x 0.0108
0.0161-0.0108
I R2
0.0064 ~
R~ = ~;_c__QJl_
.)
= 0.15 K/W
IR3
) xO.76
:\3k3
=
O.)578~
Rb = _1_ ..= _I Ab hb
I x 20
~0.05
Substitute R In and Rib value in (2)

(2) => R 1
R2
(3) ~
RIb = 0.15 KIW
0.0108
KlW
Kiwi
Rib = __ L_;_I_ _
0.15
klb x Alb
2.5 x 0.4
o. I 724
Kiwi
K/\\]
o.
I724 x O.) 5
0.1724 + 0.15
RI =0.08 K/W
(I)
=:>
0.066
-1-
---=..:29~9--..::..2~53:----0.08 + 0.0064 + 0.15789 + 0.05

Conduction 1.107
(ii) Interface temperatures (Tl' T2, T3 and T.f)
TrT4
(4):::>
We know that,
Q==~
127.67=
279.532 - T4
0.15789
[T4 = 259.374 K
Result:
T -T]
(i) Heat now rate,
Q==T
(4)~
Q = 127.67 W
(ii) Interface temperatures, (TJ, T2, TJ and T4)
299- T]
T] = 290.57 K
0.066
127.67 == 299 - T]
0.066
IT] == 290.57
(4):;" Q==
T]-T2
127:67 == 290.57 - T2
0.08
IT2 == 280.35 K!.

i
."(4) ~
1:
Q ==--1:_l
"J
..
R2
Ii.
127.67 == 280.35 0.0064 .
[!!
== 279.532
KJ
==
280.35 K
TJ
279.532 K
T4 = 259.374 K.
. ~
R]
T2
Afurnace wall consists of steel plate of20 mm thick, thermal

conductivity 16.2 WlmK lined on inside with silica bricks
ISO mm thick with conductivity 2.2 WlmK and on the outside
with magnesia brick 200 mm thick, of conductivity
5.1 WlmK. TIre inside and outside surfaces of the walt are
maintained at 650 C and 150 C respectively. Calculate the
heat loss from the wall per unit area. If the heat loss is
reduced to 2850 Wlm2 by providing an air gap between steel
and silica bricks, find the necessary width of air gap if the
thermal conductivity of air may be taken as 0.030 WlmJ(.
D
[Madurai Kamaroj University April 97J
1.J08 Heat and Mass Transfer

Give" :
kI
k2
________
where
k3
----------------------~C~o~,,~d~uc=Il~o~n~/~./
6.T= TI-T4
T2
LI
kl A
Ll
k2 A
L3
k) A
R =--+--+--+--+ha A
Steel
Silica
Magnesia
Steel plate thickness,
L, = 20 mm
of steel, kl
=
=
TI - T4
0.02 m
Neglecting unknown terms (ha and hb)
16.2 W/mK
TI-T4
Thickness of the silica, L2 = 150 mm = 0.150 m

Q=------LI
~
L3
--+--+-kl A
k2A
k3 A
of silica, k2 = 2.2 W/mK
Thickness of the magnesia,
'-3 = 200
mm
of magnesia, k3
= 0.2
III
5.1 W/mK
T I = 6500 C + 273 = 923
1'4
150 C + 273
0
= ---~-----
923 -423
0.150
0.2
-0,~.0:..::..2_
+--+-16.2xl
2.2xl
500
= 0.1086
= 4602.6 W/m2
of the air gap kair = 0.030 W/mK
Tojind:
air gap]
Heat loss is reduced to 2850 W1m2 due to air gap. So, the new
thermal resistance is
(ii) Thickness of the air gap
Q=
SOIIlI;oll :
~T
Rnew
Heat transfer through composite

considering air gap]
Sf
Q=-
5.lxl
423 K
Heat loss reduced due to air gap is 2850 W/m2
(i) Heat loss [without considering
hb A
wall is given by Iwith~
/./10 Heal and Mass Transfer

Conduction 1.111
923 - 423
Rnew
Rnew
Thermal
Rair
1.1.13 Solved Problems On Cylinders
2850
0.1754 K/W
resistance
o A Itollow cylinder 5 em inner radius and 10 em outer radius

has inner surface temperature of 200 C anti outer sur/ace
temperllture of 1000 C. If the thermal conductivity is
70 WlmK,jind heat transfer per unit tength.
0
of air gap
Given:
Inner radius,
Rnew - R
0.1754 - 0.1086
Outer radius,
"1
= 5 ern = 0.05 m
r: = 10 cm = 0.1 m

T 1 = 200 + 273 = 473 K
I Rair
== 0.066 K/W
T2=100+273=373K
Thermal conductivity, k = 70 W/mK
We know that,
Ttl find :
Lair
Heat now per unit length
Rair == k air )( A
[.: A
Lair
0.066 == 0.030)( 1
::::>
Solution :
6Tovcrall
Q= __::.:...::.:..:::oc
R
3
Lair == 1.98)( 10- rn _
[From equn. 110.1.32 or

HMT data book page 110.43 & 44J
where
3
In
.I
.
) - 4602 W/m2
(i) Heat loss (Wit rout air gap (ii) Thickness
1m
Heat transfer through hollow cylinder is given by
Thickness of the air gap == 1.98 x 10Result:
of the air gap, Lair - I.
98
I
R=--ln2n:Lk
10-3 rn
::::>
=
I
--/11
2n:Lk
[r2]
rl
[r2- ]
rl
-----...
&.~
/. 1/2
Heal and Mass Transfer
=>
-----~
2itkL (1', - T2)

/11
Conduction I.J 13
T2 = 27.9 C + 273
outer temperature,
[;:n
300.9 K
Heat transfer, Q = 120 W

Toft"d:
=> Q/L
SolutiOJl :
Heat transfer through hollow cylinder is given by
2rrx 70(473-373)
=> Q/L = -----___:_
L\ Taverall
IIl[O~O~ 1
I Q/L
Q=--R
[From equn. 110.1.32 or

HMT data book page 110.43 & 44]
where
= 63453.04 W/m = 63.453 kW/m./
Result:
Heat transfer per unit length, Q/L
R = _I_
63.453 kW/m.
111 [r2]
211Lk
III Determine thermal
conductivity of asbestos powder pllckedu

between two concentric copper pipes 25 111m and 36 m
diameter length. The inner pipe housint; has (I heating Coi/I
which 120 HI power is supplied. The average telllpef(/Iu't~
inner (111(1outer pipes are 42.,r C (11/(127. 9 C re.\pectively
rl
111 [r?
-=- ]
__ I
211Lk
~ 120
rl
315.4 - 300.9
= --------
111[_0,_0'_8]
0.0125
211 x I
Give" ..
Inner diameter, D,
25 mrn
r, = 12.5
Inner radius,
mm
=0.0125111
Outer diameter, D2
Outer radius,
r2
/k
Inner temperature, T,
0.018
Thermal conductivity, k == 0.48 W/mK.

III
42.4 C + 273
=3J5.4K
9
Result:
T2
= 36 mm
= 18 mm
0.48 W/IllK
[':L=lmj
J.1J4 Heal and Mass Transfer

Condllclion 1.11 5
III A
hotlow cylinder 5 em inner diameter an~'

diamel~r has inner surface temperature of 200
c", Olllrt
surface temperature of 100 C Determine Iteatj1C llnd 0111(1
,
Ow tilr
the eylmder
per metre length. Also determine tit e temper QlIg
.
of the point half wa) between 'he inner and out er Sur I:11/41r
0
Take k
0
1 ft!,
= ] WlmK.
473 - 373
2n L
[OIL
= 906.47
(ii) Temperature
between
::::>
ln [0.05 ]
0.025
W/m
Gil'm:
dl
'1 =
5 em
0.05 m
Put T2
0.025 m
T and
inner and outer surfaces, (T)

1"2
= r in heat transfer equation
d = 10 em = 0.1 m
::::>
r =
0.0- m
T1
_00t> C
0
[ -r
J
--In
2rcLk
4 3K
'1
rl
T 2 = 100e C = 373 K
T]-T
::::>
Q/L
= -------
k = I W/mK.
2rc x
::::> r=
_/ /I [0.0375]
__ 1
1
0.025
Tofind:
::::>
(i) Heat flow per meter,

(ii) Temperature
(Q/L)
between
::::>
inner and outer
surfaces,
906.4 7
IT
[From HMT(kll(/~(X
page /10.43 & ~j
473 - T
= 414.5 K I
Result:
(ii) Temperature
between
= 906.4 7 W /m
inner and outer surfaces,
T=414.5
R
--/11
I
2nLk
l _1_
I" 1
1"]
= 0.0375
-..-:...:.-=----=---
(i) Heat flow per meter, Q/L
where
0.025 + 0.05
2
_I_ / [.QJ>J 75 ]
2rc /I 0.025
(i) Heat flow per meter (Q/L)
~ T overall
R
(T).
Solution:
Q=
+ r:
.: r= -2-
K.
III

An insulated steel pipe carr) ing a hot liquid. Illller d'
~ of tile pipe is 25 em, wall thickness hi 2 em ti,' 1.lallieler
Condllction
r:tl
".
'
Temperature
1.1/7
of hot liquid, T a == 100 C + 273
lelliless
insulation IS 5 em, temperature of hot liquid is 10 of

temperature of surrounding
is 20 C, inside heat tr 0 (',
.
/
2K
w.
co-efficient is 730
/m
an d outside
Ileal tr alls/er
.
2
(IIIS/
co-efficient is 12 Wlm K. Calculate tile IIeat loss per er
'"elre
length of the pipe.
0
Ta == 373 K
Temperature
of surrounding,
T b == 20 C + 273
Tb == 293 K
Inside heat transfer co-efficient, ha == 730 WIm2K

Take
kstee/:::: 55
WlmK,
killslliatillg
lIIateria/::::
0.22 W/"'K
Outside heat transfer co-efficient, hb == 12 W/m2K
Given,'
ksteel
==
55 W/mK
kinsulation
==
0.22 W/mK
Tofind,'
Heat loss per metre length
SO/lItiOI1 :
Heat flow through composite cylinder is given by

Q
~Toverall
R
[From eqllll. no. 1.48 or HMT data book

page no. 43 & 45 (Sixth edition})
where
Inner diameter,
~T=Ta-Tb
d( ::::25 em
Inner radius, 1'( :::: 12.5 ern
h =0.125
radius, 1'2 =
R
2nL
ml
/'( + thickness
==
~3
Ta- Tb
=:> Q =
0.14Sml
radius, 1'3== r-, + thickness
0.145
== 0
of wall
0.125 + 0.02
[1'2
[h:"
2rrL
of insulation
0.05
195 mJ
r '
harl +
III [~~ 1
III [~~ 1
+
k(
k2
,j
+--
hbr3
","78
"7
1.118 Heat and
Mass Transfer
373-293
Q-
;:::>--
I [.145]
-21t [ 730)(.125 +
11
111 [~]
+
Hot air temperature,
--------
+~
0.22
55
----
Conduction 1.119
Inner diameter, d,
==
281.178 W/m]
Result:
Heat transfer per metre length, Q/L
III
cm
40 C + 273
== O. I
==
3 13 K
Intermediate radius, r2 == r, + 4 em
Outer radius. rJ
@/L
== 10
==
r, == 5 cm == 0.05 m
Inner radius,
12x.19j
Ta
= 1'2
+ 3 ern
=9
=5
+ 4 = 9 cm
+ J== 12 ern
= 0.12
= 0.09 m
k,=o.IW/mK
k2 == 0.32 W/mK
==
281.178 W/m.
ha == 50 W/m2K
hb == 15 W/m2K
Hot air at 40 C flowing through a steel pipe of 10
Outer temperature of air, Tb == 10 + 273 = 283 K
diameter. The pipe is covered with two layer of ;nsulali"l
material of thicklless
4 em an d 3 em and Ihtu
Tofind:
corresponding
t"ermal
cOlldllctivities
are 0.1 a.1
Heat lost per metre length of steam pipe
0.32 WlmK. The ills ide and outside convective heat tram/e
co-efficient are 50 WlmlK and 15 WlmlK. Tile OUID Solution:
temperature is 10 C. Find the neat toss per meier Itngrl
f.
of steam pipe.
[From equn. no. 1.48 or
llToveraJl
=-.=.:..::.:.=.:.
Given:
HMT data book page 110.43 & 4jj
where
llT=
Ta-Tb
2.L
2nL
[,,~,
f
, I
"
J. J lU
Heal and Mass na"'::,jPI'
Q
=>-=
L
Inner air temperature.
T a '"
ITa
f the copper,
Inner diameter
Q/L
24.37 W/m
fer p r unit
d1 '" 5 em
radius,
Result,'
Heat tran
= 363 K I
len III
1'1 '" 2.5 cm
II'I '" 0.025

/
= _4.
\ 1m
Thermal
[1] Air
at 90 C flows ill a copper tube or 5 ell, .

.
'J
tnner d,u,"
with thermal con d uctiviry 380 Wlm/( and wirt, O. elflr
wall which is healed from tit ' (/111 ide by water II( 1]0'1
A scale of O. 4 em thick i Iep ositcd 0" lite outer surfa I,
tile tube whose th ermul on du uivitv is I.S2 W/mK. nl.
(111(1water side unit urfa e ontluctance are 220 1I1"r
(In,l3650 W/m? K resp tctivelv.
alc ulate
ndu tivitv.
r r diu'
L11
PI cr, 1'_ '" Inner radiu

wall
1'2
0.025
~_
radiu
2. Water
Harer
10
10
air tran imittance
air h eat ex h ang e
3. Temperature
drop a ross II,e scale deposit.
L11
id icrnp
r lure
r '" '2 +
0.007
ndu livily
. urfa
nul,
d
urfa
ndu
III
thickness of .cale
0.032
f water,
Tb
0.004
27
LO
= "9"
Thermal
of
= 0.0361nl
r,
Give" :
\ ter
thicknes
0.03}3
l. Overall
= 80 \\/mK
k,
I the
III
k = 1.82 W/I1lK
n .e
fair, ha = 2 .. 0 W/m-K
n e
f water, h
= "650 Whn-K
To filld :
vera ll he I Iran
2
.eff
ieru
v arer I air heal Iran f r, Q

) Temperature
er
dr p
ihe
ale dep
II, (
, -
T)
1.122 Heat and Mass 1'ransfer
--
Solution:
Heat flow through composite cyl inlier is .
Heat transfer, Q = U
[Fro", C(i7L1n
I
. 110. J 4
HM'{ (.uta
book pag
.
e 110.43 & I
where
~T
Ta-
= _I
2nL
We know that,
by
given
T overall
harl
.L
2nL
U - overall heat transfer co-efficient
r,
l-I
where
A - Area = 21t rJ L
In
l:~\
k(
6T= Ta-Tb
In [:~
+-L
k2
In
h:rl
-739.79
In (~~
k(
1
+ I
k2
hb'3
Overall
21t r3 L
= U
x 21t r3
= U
IU
l:~I
Q/L
hbr3
Ta-T
~ Q=
Conduction I. 123
(T a - T b)
x (T a - T b)
x It x
0.036
= 109.01 W/m2K
heat transfer co-efficient,
(363 - 393)
I
U = 10901 W/m2K.
Interface temperatures
Q=-=
I II [.036)
JD2
2n:L 220~.02S
1.82
Ta - Tb = Ta - T I
T3 - Tb
3650~. :
Rb
\ here
'j
ha
hea f1
fr
m out
ide to inner S'
1
R)=-
Ra
2nL
...
(1)
1/('(1'
/ 1)1/
(/lid
M(I,VV
'l'''(lmjl'I'
'f)
'f
('(111{/," I 1m
~()
/'' 1;'11
711 .
'1
()
11f-J7'
~.
L
11'
1'1('/'/ "lpI' o] 12(1 """ 1,,111'( "'"m('ll'( , I"(j"

..
"1m lillie,
111('11" 11,/,11 1111"111,,1 ('''''(/11('111111 H W./nIK ,
/111
(
.
, "/1 "",t!
HI/'" two /11)11"1II/I"tl/IIIIIIIII
('11('" hlllllll)( II /"",,,,,U II/
.H 11,,11. Tlu: th rr nut] ('111/(/11('1",11 II/ Ihe /Iffl Inwlll//flll
"",11,1,,/
ts 1I.1I,f W/",K
11111/ III", (lj th ,rl'l'/iII" I,
11.// W/",K. till' trmprrutur 1'./ tI", /111/111' tub I'llf/II('I' I"
24(r C "lid IIIII'I~/I"('
IIIII,I"'C ,I/Ifjll"e 1'./11,,' IIIfIIllIlll/1l If
MJ" C. (',,/('11/"'(' 1/11' /11,1,1 11/ ""III/lI'f metre h'IIl1lh 1// pipe
(//11/1"(' IlIlcrjIlC(' tempcrutur
helHiCCII thr twn IlIyef.f of
A
t"
ill.I'II/'" irm,
Gille" :
-739.79
-7.6 K
7.6 K
I
J'I'J
I sea I e depo
Temperature across tne
T, - T2 == 7.6 K
Inner diameter,
Result:
I) Overall heat transfer
2) Heat exchange
co-efficient,
;;::
Q/L = - 739.79 W/lll

j1
[Negative sign indica
I S 1/7(11
II
OW
109.0 I \Vln/
==
1',
==
II',
120 mm
60
dr par
the
al dep
111111
== 0.060
0/11 /
Outer diameter,
III
d2 == 140111111
1'2 == 70
inner side]
J) Temperature
dI
'd L
from
it,
I 12
[ '2 ==
mill
0.070
Ill]
~("fr'beMMMM'."W:r::
/.1]6 Heal and Mass Transfer

radius,
r3
[1"3
radius,
Conduction 1.127
= r2 + thickness of insulation
= 0.070 + 0.055
=
0.125
----;:ieat
In
th,t
rerms
r,
111 r2j
~ R=27tL
r4 = rJ + thickness of insulation
transfer co-efficients ha and lib are not given. So, neglect

III [;~
k,
_::j;; IJ
k3
k2
0.125 + 0.055
[r4 = 0.18 m
TI- T4
z Q=
k,
k2 = 0.05 W/mK
= 0.11
k3
55 W/mK
21tL
W/mK
T, = 240 C + 273 :: 513 k
III [;:
1
+
k,
111 [;~ j + In [;;
I]
k3
k2
T4
Q
L
60 C + 273 :: 333k
513 - 333
I
Tofind :
between
0.060
- [
21t
i) Heat loss per metre length of pipe (Q/L)

ii) Interface
temperature
insulation (TJ)
Ill [ 0.070]
two layer;
~I
Q/L
55
= 75.83 W/m
In [ 0.125 ]
0.070
0.05
III
[...Q.:..!!_] ]
0.125
+----=0.11
We know that,
Sohaion :
Q
= 6Toverall
IFrom ,equn. 1I0lil
_;::..;..:;.:_=
HMT data hook page
Interface temperatures relation
T, - T4
T, - T2
R,
= ---'---'-
1I0.m.
where
(I) ~
T, - T2
where
[ III
I
I"1--21tL
[;:2 ] J
,
> -
kI
... (I)

COlldll(,irm I. 1]1,1
-----
Q
_I
21tL
[/11
[~Jl
Q/L
TZ .- TJ
_--=---;:..___
[~t;
IJ
2.
512.7-TJ
75.83 =
I"
I
21t
=> 75.83
=>
[_rJ__
[.QJ.]j
0.070
0.05
3 7_2_.7_K_-]
Resut:
I) Heat loss per metre length of pipe,
Q/L '"
75.83
WIlli
2) Interface temperature between two layers of insulntion
512.7 K
TJ = 372.7 K.
(I)
=> Q
III A steel
pipe of /70 "'''' inner ,dame/er tllldl90 """ outer

diameter with thermal conductivity 55 WlmK is covered
where
with two layers of insutation.
rile thickness
IIf 'lie first
layer is 25 mm (k = 0./ WlmK) III1tI the second layer

thickness is 40""". (k = 0./8 WlmK). rile temperature of
the steam and inner surface of tile steam pipe is J20 C
R2= _1-
21tL
allll outer surface

temperature
::::>Q
of the insulation
is Sf)" C. Ambient
is 25~ C. rile surface co-efficient
(IIId outside
surfaces
respectively.
Determine
tire }JO
Wlm]K
air
for inside
alltl 6 Wlm]K
IIII! heat loss per metre letlgll. of
tlte steam pipe and layer of cantuct temperutares t,,"1 atso

calculate
10
the overall IIellt transfer
co-efficiellt.

Given:
Conduction 1.131
of first layer, k2 = 0.1 WImK
Radius,
'4 = r3
+ thickness of insulation of second layer
= 0.12
+ 0.040
In
Ir4=0.16ml
air
of second layer, k3 = 0.18 W ImK
Temperature of steam and inner surface of the steam pipe

Ta
= T I = 3200
+ 273
ITa=TI=593KI
Outer surface of the insulation,
T4
80 C + 273
IT4 =353 K
d) = 170 mm
Inner diameter,
'1
I '1
r2
"2
0.085 m
I,)
Heat transfer co-efficient at inner side, ha
Heat transfer co-efficient at outer side, hb = 6 W/m2K
of steel, kl
III
i) Heat loss per metre length, Q/L
ii) Contact temperatures,
= 55
W/mK
f firslla)~
of insu Iatlon 0
0.095 + 0.025 m
= 0.12
= 230 W/m2K
Tofind:
= 0.095 m
') = '2 + thickness

=
= 95 mm
= 25 C + 273
~Tb=298KI
d2 = 190 mm
Outer diameter,
Radius,
Temperature of air, T b
= 85 rnrn
(T2 and T3)
iii) Overall heat transfer co-efficient, U
Solution:
Heat transfer through composite cylinder is given by

~Toverall
Q=_:.....::..::.=
j
I.
i.
I I
L' llcut utu!
AlII.\',I'
'/hl/I,I/,,.
We
Ihnt.
I,IIUW
1kill
1l'lIl1sfcl'.
U'I' A
()
6'1'
2nl'4L
OIL :: U
2n
1'4
('I'o-T,)
(To - T b)
= 2n 1'4 L)
[.: A
T(/ -T b
368.5
x nx
0.16 (593 - 298)
Q=
Overall heallrilnsfcr
co-cflicicnl, U :: 1.24 W/m2K
/trter/ace temperatllres
21tL
T( - T2
T2 - T3
R(
R2
T4 - Tb
"'--
Rb
593 - 298
--------------------------._---I
21t L
r 230
111 [~]
[
0.1
r f)/I,
+ [I
I
x
0.085
II 0.095]
[ _0.085 55
1 + [III [W]]
-~/-=-I
+
where
[/11 [.::~ 1]
_I
2nL --k --
_____!--,
+ 6 x 0.16
0.18
-.
f):-
___
'_r ,_-
6~~_~
2nL
'11._
T3 - T4
R3
... (I)

Conduction 1.135
593 - T2
=> Q/L = ----!:...__-
r/n[~]l
-I
27t
IT2 = 592.9 K
(I) => Q
592.9 _....;.._
-T3 __
=-_.
I
_1_
[
2X7t
55
593 - T2
3.21 x 10-4
=> 368.5
=>
368.5
[TJ
= 4?5.88
[ 0.12
"o:o9f
0.1
KJ
Result:
I) Heat transfer, Q/L
= 368.5 W /m
2) Interface temperatures,
T2 - T3
= ---R2
T2
= 592.9 K
TJ
455.88 K
3) Overall heat transfer co-efficient, U = 1.24 W/m2K
where
R2=
In [;~ 1
.L
[
27tL
k2
[2]
A steel pipe
saturated
material
=> Q =
steam.
['n [~] 1
27tL
k2
diameter
wit" thermal
Steel pipe is covered
carrying
with insulating
of 5 em thickness. The thermal conductivity
the insulating
_I
of 20 em outer
50 WlmK of 6 mm inner thickness
conductivity
of
material is 0.09 WlmK. TIre inside film "eat
transfer co-efficient is /100 Wlmz K and outside film heat

transfer co-efficient is 12 Wlm] K. It is fo und til at the heat
loss is more and
it is proposed
to add another layer of
6 em thick insulating material of Slime quality without
=> Q/L =
592.9 - T~
.)
challgi"g
outer conditions.
Delermine
reduction ill heal trails fer.

Givell :
Ctrse (i)
Outer diameter,
Outer rad ius,
d2
20
Clll
'2 = 10 cm
("2 == O. 10 III j
lire percentuge
of
1.136 Ileal a"d Mass Trm1.~le"

Conduction 1.137
ToJinti :
Percentage of reduction in heat transfer.
SolUlioll
ca (i)
01
Inner radius,
1'1 == "2 -
o.
._I "_:
Radius,
I'J
I'J
~T
thickness
III
27tL
of steel, k 1
r2
o. ] 0 -1- 0.05
+ thickness
O. I 5
III
~ToveralJ
R
0 - 0.006
O_. 094
__
01
of insulation
50
I
I 01
material,
1.2386T
co-efficient,
Ita
lib
1100 W/f11 K
=
12 W/m2K
Case (ii)
011
6Toverall
= _;___
R
1'3
r: +
thickness of insulation (old)

. I'all0n (new)
+ thickness of msu
0.101- 0.05 + 0.06
1'3 =
0.2
111 /
b 3
.11'
(J_Q_]] ['"
co-efficient,
=---------------------------
Case (ii)
Radius,
_,
I
27txI [ 1100x.094
+ ['11 .094 + __ !_.15]
.I~ +-- I
of insulating
Outside heat transfer
50 W/mK
k2 = 0.09 W/mK
Inside heat transfer
[~n
In
In [~~
ha'rl +-.!....kl~+-k,:_:.._+-h
27rL
0.09
12x.15
011
I
2),[xl
I QII
Percentage
+ [I n
I
1100x.094
1-+~~+r [-d..
[.094
I0 ]
~o
In
0.09
0.772,1T
--
-------------------
~C~'o~nd~u~c~/io~n~/~./~3~9
Given:
of reduction
in heat transfer
Steam pipe diameter,

1.238,1T - 0.772 tlT
100
dI
radius,
'=
15 em
7.5 em
'1'=
1.238 tlT
1.238 - 0.772
x 100
Magnesia
1.238
diameter,
d2
Percentage
Asbestos
of reduction
in heat transfer,
37.7 %.
1'2
'=
0.125
d3
'=
30 em
diameter,
radius.v ,
I1fI A J 5 em outer diameter
steam pipe is lagged /0 l~~

with maen esi a of til erma I COli ducllfl'
o
0
diam111
0,05 WlmK and further lagged with 3 em
d
,
, 'I 007 W/1fJ
lanllnllleti asbestos of thermal conductiv! y,
(
doPl
Inner temperature
of steam is 20 0 C all "
of sit
temperature is 25 C. Calculate the mass
pI
, meter
dill
, e AsS
latent heat of steam is 1900 k l/kg.
'=
15 em
1'3=0.'5ml
Thermal
conductivity
of Magnesia,
Thermal
conductivity
of Asbestos,
Inner steam temperature,
condensed per hour for 120 m length of pIP'
25 em
= 12.5 em
radius"2
Result :
ml
0.075
1'1'=
Outer temperature,
Ta
kl
k2
'=
=
0.05 W/mK
0.07 W/mK
= 200 C + 273
0
T b = 250 C + 273 = 298 K
Length of the pipe, L
120 m
Latent heat of the steam, hfg
1900 kJ/kg
473 K
J. J 40 Heat and Mass Transfer

Tofind:
___ ----------------------Mass of the steam condensed
h
per our.
~C~o~n~d~~~II~-O~,,~J.~J~4J
Q = 10,294 W
Solution:
[Heat transfer, Q = 10,294
Heat transfer through composite

.1T
li
cy
Inder IS given by
overall
Q =
where
w]
= 10.294 kW
= 10.294 kJ/s
=
10.294 )( 3600 kJ/h
37058.4 kJ/h
Mass of steam condensed per hour

R =
m =
_9__
l'Jg
27tL
37058.4
1900
-~
Ta-Tb
Q
[
2nL
+ In [~~
kJ
harl
111 [;~
+
k2
In=
19.5 kg
Result:
+_1_
hil3
Heat transfer co-efficients ha and hb are not given.So,neglca

that terms
Mass of the steam condensed per hour = 19.5 kg.
@]
A steel pipe lias 18 em inner diameter (k
70 WlmK)
with 1.4 em wall thickness. A liquid temperature pussillK
~ Q
through tile tube is 200 C and ambient air temperature is

=
23 C. Tile inner unit surface conductance of tile liquid is

690 Wlm2 K. Calculate tile heat trailsfer rate antl the over
all heat
transfer
thermocouple
~ Q
473-298
==
111 [~]
7(
120
0.05
__
1+
[:ll]
0_07
til 170
C.
co-efficient
embedded
for this system
IllIlfway
through
of
tl
tire pipe

Given,'
____
~~~----------------------~C~o~nd~u~c/~
Solution:
Heat transfer at halfway is given by
~T
-
Q=
where
Inner diameter,
radius,
d1
rl =
[_I
R =
18 cm
21tL
To- T"
Q=
[
radius,
of steel, k) = 70 W/mK
r2
rl
r2
0.09 + 0.014
r2
0.104 m
Liquid temperature,
21tL
+ wall thickness
To
[Put
=>
I
= 200
C + 273
Ambient air temperature,
T b = 230 C + 273 :: 296 K
Inner surface conductance,
ha = 690 W/m K
Temeperature
= 170 C + 273
Th = 443 K
at half way, T h
1'2
kJ
21tL
In[:']]
kJ
ha,)
-[~"":"":';;__In
473 - 443
=> Q/L
where
[Q/L
[-0.097---=-J
I
690
x 1t
I'
I. Heat transfer at halfway
1n['2r 1]
To-T"
[_I
Tofind:
2. Overall heat transfer co-efficient.
I
ha'J +
= ,]
Q=
473 K
In [;:1]
kJ
hdJ
9 cm
=>
10,976 W/m
0.09
0.09 +
r +'2 - 097
= - .
70
_!_. 144 Heal and Mass Tramjer

we know
Q=
~
_-------------~C~o~n~du~clion
1.145
Gillen:
Q =
10,976 - U x 2 x
~
lu
1t
0. 104 x (473-296)
I.
94.89 W/m2K.1
Ambient air
Result:
I) Heat transfer at halfway,
Q/L = 10,976 W/Ill

Inner diameter of steel, d I '"'5 em
2) Overall heat transfer
co-efficient
= 94.89
W/m2K.
Inner radius, rl
0.025 m
Outer diameter of steel, d2

Outer radius, r2
1.1.14 University Sol\'ed Problems
f1)
Radius, r)
On Cylinder
A steel tube with Scm I D, 7.6clII OD III1lI II = 15 W/",,(:

covered with (III insuiative covering oflllicllllfsJlc",'
II = 0.2 W/","c. A 1101 Iteas (II JJOC with I, = 400 U~I'
flows inside II,e lube. Tile outer surface of lire i/lSMJ.
.
0 uri If
ss exposed to cooler air (II JO"C with I, = 6 ",f'
Calcuate the heat toss from tilt! tube 10 tile (Iirfor [0"
tile tube (IIId the temperature
drops reslillillg fro.:
1llbt
tllerm,,1 resistances of tile IIuI gIll' flow, tile stetl ,
insutatto layer lind tile outside air.
[May 2005 . AIII/(ll
= 0.038
7.6 em
r2 + thickness of insulation
0.038 + 0.02
0.058
III
of steel, kl
of insulation,
Hot gas temperature,
0.076 m
III
Ta
15 W/moC
k2
= 0.2 W/mOC
330 C + 273
603 K
400 W/m2C
at inner side. ha
T b = 30 C + 273
at outer side, lIb = 60 W/m20C
Length, L
"
r)
= 0.05 m
10 m
303 K

Toftnd:
____
------------------------~C~O~~~~"~~~JIJ
i) Heat loss Q
ii) Temperature drops; (T - T ) (T
I,
and (T
I -T
_ T ),
) (T
2,
Q ::>
2 -IJ)
603 303
1
[
1
1
[ 038]
2 x 7t X 10 400 x 0.025 + 15 In 0:025
Solution:
+_1 In[_0._05_8]+
1
]
0.2
0.038 -60-x-'0;"".0-5-8
Heat flow
IQ
Q = .1Toverall
R
where
[From equn 1.48 or HMTtk

page no.43 & 45 (Sixrtn e~
= 7451.72
WI
We know that,
Interface temperatures,
R =_1_
21fL
+
1
-In
k3
{r...i+_1
I .
'3
(I)~Q
hb'4,
=
~ Q
21fL
[-h'11"1+ -'kJ
TQ-T1
1
1
-x--21fL
111['2]+_1k2 In['3]
'2
hQ'1
'J
:3
In [;:
h-~4J
(The terms K3 'and z, are not given. So neglect Ihaltenf
7451.72 =
~TQ-TI
= 11.859K
[Temperature drop across hot gas flow, TQ- T 1 = 11.859 KJ
l. 1-18 Heal and Mass Transfer

~
drop across the
Conduction 1.149
InsUlation,
T2 - T 3 = 250.75K \
T 3- Tb
(1) ~
= __ T..:....1
_- _T-=..2
_I
2itL
kl
T 3- Tb
Inl!i \
=:
rl J
2~L
... R 1=-I [I
2nL
_
451.72
=
2
x it x
Rb
=:
(h:rJ
,.
kllll( h.
T..!.I
__
--T-=2~---_I In l- 0.038
0.025
10 IS
1-
1)
= -----~~----~ 3
7451.72
r,
2 x ~ x 10 ( 60 x ~.0581
~ T 3 - 1 b = 34.07 K
emperature drop across the outside air, T 3 - T b = 34.07 K
Temperature drop across the steel tube, TI- T2 = 3JIOK'

(I)=> Q = T2-T3
Result:
R2
T2 - T3
---=--~--2~L
(-~2
In [~~
1]
(_I In(!'l\l
2nL k2
.: R2 = _I
[
7451.72 =
T2 - T3
2
1
[_I In [ 0.058 ] ]
n x 10 0.2
0.038
'2
7451.72 W
(i)
(ii)
Ta - T (
=:
T(-T2
= 3.310K
T2-T3
11.859 K
2S0.7SK
T 3 - T b = 34.07 K
fJI A steel tube

I!J
(k= -/3.26 WI",Kj of 5.08 CIII
'"""ef .
and 7. 62 em outer diameter is cOveredHlil"2
dlQ",.
---Thermal
.
.s C", lIljt~,
insulation (k ;:;:
0.208 WlmK) the Inside
SUI':I'.
l
. lelllne,
JQceolt~tl~
receivers heat fro", a 1101gas at the
r
Q/llfe!
with heat transfer co-efficient of 28 WI",2g
Hot gas temperature, T a = 3 16 C + 273 = 589 K

Ambient air temperature, Tb = 30 C + 273
3J6'(
.
outer surface exposed to the amh,ent
air Q/30.C. lJI~ilt
. ~
"'Ilk
,."<t
transfer co-efficient of 17 WI",]/(. Calcula/e"
eallollA _
3m length of the tube.
[Madras University
Given:
OCI
Conduction 1.151
conductivity of insulation, k2 = 0.208 W/mK
= 303
Heat transfer co-efficient at inner side, ha
= 28
Heat transfer co-efficient at outer side, hb
= 17 W/m2K
W/m2K
Length, L ==3 m
~J9~ Tojind:
i) Heat loss,
Solution,'
Heat flow, Q ==
where
.1Toverall
[From HMT data book page no,43 & 45}
R==-
21tL
Steel tube thermal conductivity,

Inner diameter
k, = 43.26 W/mK
of steel, d, = 5.08 cm == 0.0508 m

~Q=
Inner radius, r, == 0.0254 m

Outer diameter of
steel, d2
== 7.62 cm == 0.0762 m
Outer radius, r2 == 0.0381 m

Radius, r3 ::: r2 + thickness
of
insulation
Radius, r3 == 0.0381 + 0.025 m

'3 ::: 0.0631
_1_ + _, In
27tL [ harl
kJ
[;2] + tin [;n

['4]+_1]
k;"I In'3
ht/'4
J
I. /52 Heal and Mass Transfer

[The terms k.3 and
Q =
r4
are not' given. So ----, neglecllh

T
~~
_I [_I _I
+
21tL
589
[ 28
0.208
IQ
[r2]
-....._
+I-In[.!i]l
2
2
<,
1
+ ';',
h~!
303
I
0.0254
+-I-In[
Give" :
~I
k) In rj
hell
a-Tb
Conduction 1.153
+ _I _--------[Om '
43.26
In ~I
0.0631]
I
0.0381 +~006 .
JI
Inside temperature,
1129.42 W
Result:
Heat loss, Q = 1129.42 W
/1)
Urll
A hot steam pipe having (Ill inside !)'urfi,,:e lempera/

2500 C has (In inside diameter of 80 111mand a wall 'hick~
of 5.5 mm. II is covered with a 90 mm layer ofinsu/~
having thermal conductivity. 010.5 WlnrK followed
V
. '"ofb)'1
mm layer of insulation having thermal conductlv/~ .D
WI,
.r t ula/l '
mK. Tlte outside surface temperature o,,ns
lODe
A ",etlltl
. Calculate heat loss per metre lellgtll. JSU
I
conductivity of the pipe as 47 Wlm K.

M d.
[ a ras University Apr 2002, Baralh~yar
U . /,silY Apr
/1/ve
T1
dl
Inner radius,
= 0.040 m
Wall thickness,
==
Radius,
+ thickness of wall
r2 = rl
I "2
Radius,
523 K
5.5 mm
0.040 + 5.5. x 10-3 m
0.0455
r3 = r2
= 80 mrn = 0.080 m
Inner diameter,
rl
250 C + 273
111
+ thickness of insulation (I)
= 0.0455
+ 90
10-3 m
r3=0.1355111
Radius, r4
r3 + thickness of insulation (II)
= 0.1355 + 40 x 10"4 =
0.1755
111

of pipe k == 47
of Insulation (I)
.
Outs Ide temperature,
of insulation (II)
'
W/rnK
_
, k2 - 0.5 W
_
IrnK
' k3 - 0.25 W
T 4 == 20C + 273
IrnK
In
_1_
[~I
21tL
== 293 K
Tofind :
Heat transfer per metre length.
~ 0
_---;~:__:_:----=5~2=-3
==
Solution:
_I_
21tL
~Toverall
= __;:::....:...:.:..:..:..:
R
/n[O.0455]
0.040
47
=--
!:229~3
In[O.1355j
,n[0.1755
0.0455 +
0.1355
1
0.5
0.25
[From HMTdalabool
[lage no,43 & 4J}
where
~ lOlL
448.8 W/m I
Result:
Heat transfer, Q/L
o
=> Q ==
[;n
21tL
[;4 ]
In
I
_::.--3_+_
+ kJ
hbr4
ho' hb are not given. So, n~
hat terms.
448.8 W/m.
A thick walled tube of stainless steet lt: = 77.85 kJlllr mCJ

25 mm ID alll150 111m OD is covered with a 25 mm layer of
ashesto~'lk = 0.88 k.l/hr m"Cj. If the inside walltenrperc,ture
of the pipe is maintained at 550" C and the outside of the
insulator at 45" C. Calculate the I,eatloss per meter lengt"
of the pipe.
In
In [~]
[ h~rl + -k-=-I--=- + k2
Heat transfer coefficients
[Madras University April 1995. EEEl

Given:
Inner diameter of steel, dl

Inner radius, rl
==
Outer diameter, d2
==
25 nun
12.5 rnm => 0.0125 m

==
50 rnrn
----
__ ------------------
_:C~o:n~d~uc~tl~o~n~/.
solution:
Heat now through
yl inder :
ite
To crall
T:
i en b\
{From Hi fT
I
R=-
2 L
r:e no
l~
I
er
on e ti e heat tran
0.0
rn
rn=
-effi len
ha and h are n t
o ne le t tha term .
T(I- T
(it un
inless
Ihr rn .
1=
J/~
rn
el
=>
_._5
3
me
.021
::::)
l"'[:~\ In l:~\1
_I
2nL
KI
k2
VIm 'C
Ta- T
=>
IL
Similar!
~II err al
nducti
it
as
.st s.
(I
l'n
_1-
2n
= 0.88 kJ/hr 1'(
0.24
Wlm:i_
5500
1
21t
To find:
I. Heat loss per metre
[Q/L
length
l:~\ In l:~\1
kl
k2
550 - 45
IL
= \ 103.9
l' [~lll/n[~11
0.012
0.025
2 \ .625
0.244
W/m
rJ
f-1
haT
ive
----------------------~==~~
Conduction1.J 59
Result:
(i)Q/L=
II03.9W/m.
Solution:
ill A steam
pipe of 12 em outer diameter is at 197.

lagged to a radius of 10 em with asbestos Of C.llt
'J Ihtl"'.
conductivity of 1WlmK. The temperature 0" SUr
is 25" C and heat transfer co-efficient
'J
!iT overall
R
Q=
[From HMT data book

page no. 43 & 45]
rO"ft~i.
outside;s 12 IJI ..,

"/fIIll
Calculate the heat loss per meter length of tl'e pipe.
[Madras University, OCll9r,
R=_1 11 +
21tL
haTl
Given:
=> Q
--1
21tL
harl
Neglecting unknown terms

Ta-Tb
=> 0
d)=12cm
r) = 6 em => 0.06 m
r2 = 10 em => 0.1 m
k)
1 W/mK
Ta = 1970 C + 273
T b = 250 C + 273
hb
=> OIL
=
=
470
- 298
.:..:....::..---=c::...=:..----
470 K
_1
21t
298 K
[In [~]
1
12xO.1
12 W/m2K
[OIL
Tofind:
I. Heat loss per metre length
804.01 W/m \
Result:
Heat loss per meter length
804.01 W/m.
--
Result:
(i) Q/L
= 1103.9 W/m.
solution:
IIJ A steam pipe
of 12 em outer diameter is at 197.

lagged to a ra dIUS 0if 10 em witli ashestos 01' hc'/'i
'J t trill
conductivity of 1 WlmK. The temperature 01" sun
Conduction 1.159
'J
Q=
~Toverall
R
{From HMT data boole

page no.43 & 45]
oundi
is 25 C and heat transfer co-efficient outside is 12U'/~~

Calculate the heat loss per meter length of the pipe.
[Madras University, OCI199il
R = _I
Given:
27tL
=> Q
[]
harl
+ In [~]
k,
+ In
Neglecting unknown terms

Ta-Tb
d,=12cm
T)
=> Q =
= 6 em => 0.06 m
T2=IOcm=>0.lm
k, = 1 W/mK
T a = 1970 C + 273 = 470 K
T b = 250 C + 273 = 298 K
:::) Q/L
470 298
--_'!~~~--:I
27t
[/n[~]I
+ 12 x 0.)
hb = 12 W/m2K
[Q/L = 804.0) W/m)
Tofind:
[;n +
k2
Result
Heat Joss per meter length = 804.01 W/m.
_I ]
htl"3

Co"duction /./6/
1.1.15 Solved Problems on Hollow sPher~
II]
-----Jo;ide
It; covered
rite
10
illsicle (:;
temperatures (Ire 500" C and 50" C respecli"el),.

the rate of heat flow through this sphere.
5 00" C + 2 7J - 77 J K
outside temperature, T b = 50 C + 2'73 == J23 K
A hollow sphere (k = ~5 WlmK~of 120 m~

and 350 mm outer diameter
ins ulatlon (k=JO WlmK).
temperature, T a
Ill,
IIl)lt,.
C:;'1;4,
clllt"
roftnd:
Heat loss, (Q).

Solul;Oll :
Heat loss through hollow sphere is given by

Given:
6Toverall
Q=
[From HAfT data book page
/JO.
43 (~45(.5ixlh cdiuon]
where
=4n
=>0 = ---------------
_I [_IhJf + _I [.l.._..!_]+ _Ik [.l_ fJI J+_Ilib"; ]

4n
kl'l
'2
Z'1
Heat transfer co-efficients ha and hb are not given.So, neglect that

terms.
Thermal conductivity of sphere, k I = 65 W/mK

=>Q=
Inner diameter of sphere, d I = 120 rnrn

Radius,
4n
rl = 60 mm = 0.060 m
Outer diameter of sphere, d2

Radius, r2 = 175 mm
_I [_I [ITj- r;1]+ k;-1 [Ir:;-"'3I] J

kl
350 mm
773 - 323
. [*[O~ - o:7shk[o:75
0.175 m
Radius, rj = r2 + thickness of insulation
~ [ = 28361
rj = 0.175 + 0.010
-oiss]]
Refllll:
Ir3=0.185ml
Thermal conductivity of insulation,
Heal transfer, Q
k2 = 10 W/rnK
12
28361 W
_j
}./62 Heal and Mass Transfer
o A ho/low sphere
1.2 m Inner diameter alld

7
diameter is having a thermal ClJnlfUClivil 1. /Jr, o~
The inner surface temperature is 70 K an/ Of I "'/IIf(
lemperatllre is 300 K. Determine,
Oilier slill~
.~__
R ==
fII it
47r
[-!_11,./
-4~-.
b'2
T)- T2
0=--fffdillS of 650 "'III.
[h~-:-12-+ -k-II [,.11 (1
Given:
d)
_Ikl'l [J_ --,:;I] +-h I]

2
(i) heat transfer rate
(ii) Temperature
.t,
Conduction 1.163
..
;2
]+~]_11b'2
[The terms ha and' hb are not given. So, neglect that terms]
==
1.2 m
~) -. T2
T
... (I) .
r) == 0.6 m
1,
d2
==
).7 m
r2
==
0.85 m
70 - 300
k) =J W/mK
T)
==
70 K
T2
==
300 K
~ [0
r = 650 mm = 0.65 m
= -
5896.1iW]
[The negative sign indicates that heat flows from outside to inside]
To/inti :
(i) Heat transfer
rate, (Q)
(ii) Temperature
at a radius
(ii) Temperature at a radius = r = O.6~m
of 650
Put 1'2 = T and '2
111111
Solution:
(I)
(i) Heal transfer rate, (Q)
Heat transfer, Q
Q=
-------
4~
= L\T overall
._ 5896. J 4 == __
where
:::>
[Front IiMT data book page na
4.1&/';
47r
[T == J30.1ii]
= ,. in
equation ( J )
TJ -T
[* [*-f-]]
____:_7..::__0~T
__
[+ I
1
0 6 - 0 ~5
lJ
...
I. /64 Heal alld .V{ClS.I.!!_U:_'_ls-=-;fi_e,_" -----
....----h
ReJlt/t:
Q = - "896.1
(i) Heat trallster
rate,
(ii) Telllperallin.:
at a radiu
\I
re
sr=T,-Tb
f 650111111
T = I 0.15 K
ill A hoI/ow Jphere hus inside surface
I.:!J.
(11111 the
olltJl~/e
.Htrj(l~e
.r
tempeT(UIITe
OJ
t'f
temperatllre
I{
[t-
JO'[
-1-1
[*- /-
IIbr.-
T, - T_
/,J k =111WI",K. (a/CII/flfe

(I) hcat tost by CQllt/II"
C.
_
"
((lUll fIJI
inside diameter oj.\ CIII and outside dlflmeler of 15 CIII("
.
if
. r.
iii
'ieat/m'l. bvJ COIltI uctton, / equal/oil/or.'
(I I' I{I ill wul]
"
ere .
equut to sphere area.
r \ ladras
= -;
J (/0'
=T,-T:
_I
"
:;-:,
1'1
and\1 II b
lh(t'rITI;'
,
"iverSI/Y,lprlr
I-_I-
-I
k,
r,'J'
III
'.
_1-2
hbJ'~
aree n01'given. .o. ueplcct
thai terms)
Give :
= J 000 C
T,
f-
27 J = -7
T 2 = 300 C + 27 J = 30" K
k, = 18 W/IllK
= 5 em "" 0.0:5
d,
1', = 0.025
d2
15
III
'--
III
= 0.1 -
CIII
0.07 -
III
(i) Heal 10SI,
f2 =
1
4
III
(ii)
1Jt'{/(
b~[
0 ~_5 - 0 ~J:
iJ
lost ( If the
111'('(1
is
Tofiud :
.. O. 7. - 0.0 S
)::;
(ii) Heat lost (Ifthe
So! 111;011
area i equal
I III plain
,\all area
(i) Heut tost (Q)
[Frolll /1 \ tt
Heat 11m.
() = _L\_'_'o_e_ra_1I
.1
III
II
,l!
[L:.:0.5m
lJ
(!lJIIIIIIO
the pluin
Willi
area] Q/
!}!!!_~~====I~----~
l\~2~(rf
/. /66 Heat (mel MaH Transfer
~ Critical Radius of !""ularion 1.167
+ r~)
CAL RADIUS OF INSULATION

eRIT.I
.
~
material on a surface does not reduce.

f heat transfer rate always. In fact under certain
mount 0
.
.
the a
it actually increases the heat loss up to certain thickness
.
stances I
'.
.
circum on
.
The radius of insulation for which the heat transfer IS
. ulall .
....
.
of InS
. ca lied critical radius of insulation and .the corresponding
. um IS
.
maxim
.
lied critical thickness. If the thickness IS further
'ckness Ie; ca
.
rill
d he heat loss Will be reduced.
increase ,t
We know that,
~T
R
TI - T2
L
kA
Addition
of insulating
1
I
Critical
Radius
= rc
Critical
thickness
rc - rl
k. Let
r, and
1
I
1
1
1
1
573 - 303
IS
0.05
21t(0.0252 + 0.0752)
1
1
1
10,=
3S17.03W
Result:
.I{i) Heat lost,
1
1
r
i.-c-:::::
=,~_.J_,
_,rc'-----J
0 = 2290.22 W
(ii) Heat lost (If the area is equal to the plain wall area),
0, = 3S17.03 W.
Fig 1.8
1.2.1Critical Radius of Insulation For A Cylinder

Consider a cylinder having thermal conductivity
ro inner and outer radii of insulation.
Heat transfer,
Tj-Ta;:
In (~)
21tkL
[From equII.no.(I.31)}
P'IZWfiJlfwttd6'1f{WiUMM
()
of
/(Ir/i",v
('1'11/('(1/
Imllllll/rm
I 1(i(J
..,
III
I'tl )
(
I1J A II
"1
I
;1
7tkL
Here Ao
C(I-(:fllclt'"1
Th ttiermat
I '
T; - Toc
Q=
wlrr
dl!t'Irit'fI/
(~l/ {J", "'''Illit
1I1It/ / III",
llill"'I!It!I'
I" uir nt lJ"C 11", convectio heat ITf1I1.~fer

heIHIt!t'II lilt' wire ,.."r{fln' flllt! uir ts /J If!1m) K.
d/JJlpfllt,,"]fI(JW
I
I
I
11,,crtticul
uf
CfJlltllI('I"'i~v
of ;I1,wlllllm,
"111111,\'
~fit
oftlu: wire
II,ic:kllt!!i," of insulatinn,
lenlpt!Ttllllre
---
I" (;~ J
----+--Znkl,
2nrOLh
wire is
(J.
J81 WI",/(.
tll1Il
tI/.WI
insutoted
is
(;11/('1111"1'
dt~/ermille the
1(1 II,e
crttical
( June 2006 - Anna Univ]

Give" :
Length of the win', L = 10 rnm
To find the critical radius of insulation,

respect to 1"0 and equate it to zero.
difTereniiale~l
Diameter
of the wire, d
Radius of the wire,

dQ
0- (T; - T,,oJ [2n~Lro
2n~Lr[1
Heat transfer,
Surrounding
---
In
2rrkL
(;0, J+
2nhiLro
2nkLro
Thermal
O.S mm
O,S
200 W'
temperature,
conductivity
10-3 m
Tb
= 2SoC + 273
of wire, k
1 ~ __
_L
.:
1'0 filld :
I. Critical
radius of insulation,
2, Temperature
of wire, >10
298 K
= 0,S82 W/mK
air
Q, hb T b
(wire
jd-Olr""--------:-,:::<o--....,.'_:]
between
=0
2nhLrO
ro~+~rc
1 mm
Convection
heal transfer co-efficient
surface and air, hb = 15 Wm2K.
since (T; - To:)"# 0

~
r =
r('
the wire
II
1.1 O nea
I and ~{(]5SrrollSfer
ri(ieal
I..lhl\\
of bmdatio1/
1.1 I
with 1 mm thic insulatiolt

co-efficient
rio
"I' the ill!iliialing surface and air is lJ 'Jim) K find
bt'tl.t!<c
.
'.'
.
'
critical Ihlckness
0/ insulation 'IIId also find the
t/'(
. I I
,/'.
/{Iut! 0/ change tn tne neat transfer rate if the critical
piTC el, lJ .
Tt,dius .s used.
.
Sol.ti"" :
We
of 6
Radius
diameter
IfInI
r,] A ""re
.
.
t:J. ':::::(1.11 WI",K). 1/II,e COIII'eCIH't'ht'allransft'r
rhat.
('ritical rldius of insulati
ll.'
=-k
II
:; 0.58_
IS
I 'c =
Heal transfer through an insulated
0.0388
Giltn:
dl==6J1Hll
'1 == 3 mrn
wire when critical ra
is IL~ is siven by
0.003 m
'2 =='1 + 2 == 3 + 2
air
= 5
mill
= 0.005 m
Q==
In (~~)
___
2itL
k==O.IIW/mK
hb ==25 W/m2K
+_1-
kl
111/.
Tofind:
I. Critical
200
= ------------2it
200 :;
2. % of change
Ta - 298
10
in heat transfer
Solution :
[In [g.~~:]
thickness
I. Critical
0.582
J 5(0.0388)
radius,
. I'
T(/ - 298
c =
_Q.JJ_
25
4.4
[From equn. no. (I.50)}
J
=
4.4
10-3 m
x 10-3 m
0.146
Crilicallhickncss,
~ era:: 327.28
K J
Ie='e -'1
= 4.4
10-3 - 0.003
= 1.4 )( 10-3 m
Relult:
Ie"
.
rrtrca]
.
radlllS of insulation,
rc
Crilicallhickllcss,
= O.0388mm
2. Tcmpcralu re o ,. llcwire,T
I
a=327.28K(or)
54 .i>:
2
D
...
Ie = 1.4 x 10-3
m (or) 1.4 mill
po
1.172 Ileal and Mass TranJ/er

2. Heat transfer
Q _
I -
through an inslliated ~~:-~

'''"els'
, given by
(T _ T )
a
[In [~l
__I
27rL
~j
hi r
J
'00
0.55 %
Result:
I. Critical
0.003
'e = 1.4
thickness,
2. Percentage
of increase
radius = 0.55 %.
25 x 0.005
II]
2nL (T a - Tb)
Q, =
12.64
II04J~1
-In--;(--=O-=.0--=-0-5:--)
------_+
O. 1)
12.57 - 12.64
1rdQ1Q
Page
27rL (T a - Tb)
=
Critical Radu
if I.
.
~~~o~n~s~ul~m~/o~I1~I.~/7~3
[FronIHA'
+ __
k,
~,
.--~
x 10-3
in heat transfer by using critical
A wire of 7 mm diameter is covered witlt

material (k = I W/mK). rite wire temperature
12.64
Heat flow through an insulated wire when erilicalradi

used is given by
(III
insulating
(l1U1
ambient
temperature
are BOt}C and 15 C. If the inside convective
Ileattrtlllsfer
co-efficient
tllickness
is B.2 Wlm2K, find tile minimum
of insutation and also find tile percentage of
increase ill the heat dissipation.

Given:
[In
__I
[;~~ ]
2nL.
kJ
d,
hbrc
=
3
0.11
Q2=
I ---10-1
25 x 4.4 x
I11Ill
3.5
/', =
111[4.4 x 10- )
_.:__0_._0_03_-
111111 =
3.5
10-3
III
I W/Il1K
Ta
80 C + 273
353 K
Tb
15 C + 273
288 K
ha
8.2 W/m2K
Tofind :
2rrL (T a - Tb)
I. Minimum
12.572
.
)
.
fl
bv uSing
... J e-rcentage of increase ill heat 0" .
thickness
2. % of increase
of insulation
in the heat dissipation.
critical
r~dills
Q2 - QJ
100
OJ
= ,
Solution:
I.
ritical radius. "c
Critical Radiu5 ot I . I .
. 'J nsu at/on 1175
r-------_~
------
k
II
89.74 W/m
Percentage
Irc = 0.121901
of increase
Q2 - QJ
----'-
-,-8-,-9_.7_4 _-_;1...:..1_;.7-=-2 x 100

11.72
O. 12 19 - 3.5 x 10- 3
'c=0.11801
\ Minimum Insulation
thickness,
2. Heat loss without
insulation
665.69 %
tc - 0.118 m
Result:
) . Minimum
2nL(353
insulat ion thickness, 'c
2. Percentage
2nL (T a - T b)
Wim
8.2 x 3. 5 x I 0-:1
find the outer surfcc temperature.

11.72 W/m \
Given :
I kat los. with insulation
d, = 10cm=0.1111
0.05
III
d == 11
III
/'1
==
1'2 == 0.0))
I
0.11
III
ITI.
kl == I \\' lllK
- - ~~ == ~
=. "
-_.-:--
III
665.69
%.
pipe J 0 em inner diameter J J em outer diameter is

covered with an insuluting substance (k = J WlmK). The
steam temperature
and the ambient temperatures are
200" C and 20" C respectively. If tire convective heat transfer
co-efficient
between the insulating surface alii/ air is
2
8
K. Find the critical radius oJ ;I/\'II/al;OI1 (lilt! the
heal 10.'11per metre of pipe for the vulue of r(~ And II/SO
- 2RR)
k.l
= O. J J 8
of increase in heat dissipation
III A steam
100
Ic=rc-rl
Criti al thickness,
\ Ql/L
01
in heat dissipation
\\'
r - -
I. J 76 Heat and Mass Transfer

Cri/ical Radius oj Insulation
I
R=-
21tL
[ --+-In
I klI
hal'l
If']
[1'-'I2] + k; In
t.tr;
I" '
3
'2
I,
Q =
I [I --+ -In
I ['-'I2] +-InI f'3]
21tL
kl
k2 '2
--
hal'l
Tofind :
(i) Critical radius of insulation, "c
+ _Ik3 In[''3
4]+ _Ih '4 ]
b
[The terms ha, k2 and k3 are not given. So, neglect that terms]
(ii) Heat lost per meter at "c

(iii) Outer surface temperature,
TJ
Ta-Tb
Solution:
1. Critical radius of insulation (rcJ
k
rc
=_
Put I' 2 = I' c and
h
r = I
c
III
2. Heat lost per meter at 'rc'
~=----~4~73~2~93~----~1
[From HMT do/a book page no:. 43&Jj)
21t
We know that,
_
Q -
in the above equation.
Irc = 0.125
H ea t tl ow,
1',
1'1 = _
1ToveraJl
[ I I (0.125)+
-I n 0.055
I
8xO.125
[1-~
621 W1m I
where
13
__j
Heat Conduction With Heat (,eneralion 1.i79
1.178 /leal (/lid Moss 71'aIl5fer

(iii) Ollter SIIr/ace temperatllre (T3)
1.3
We kllo\\ that,
t-IEATCONDUCTION WITH HEAT GENERATION

.
.
In many practical cases, there

rn Typical examples are
Ie syste .
11
E lectrJc"1 COl s
).. Resistance
). Nuclear
QfL
= 91.S K
,,11251
reactor
1
III
in the fuel bed of boiler furnaces.
Consider a slab of thickness

shown in fig. 1.10.
fin
Heat 1 t per meter,

utcr
offuel
1.3.1 Plane wall with internal heat generation
Result:
riti alradius
within
In electric coi I and resistance heater, heat is generated due

10 electric current
flowing in the fire. In nuclear fuel element,
heal is generated by nuclear fission.
T - 293
621
[s
a heat generation
heater
4. Combustion
2~
IS
ulati
n rc=O.125m
Con ider a mall elemental
L, thermal conductivity
area of thickness dr .
IL = 621 W/m
urfa e temperature,
= 391.8 K
Qg
~
()
L
Fit! I. If}
k, as
I 180 Heal an
dMmSff~a~n~sift_er
Heal Conduction
1 w of conductLOn, we know that

From Founer sa.
.
dT
Q =-kA Heat transfer at r,
x
dx
. " (1.5 I)
Heat con
ducted out at x + dx
= -kA
Qx+dx
dT _ kA d T dx
dr
dx2
q A dr
x2
--=
:::>T+
' .. (1.52)
saJ11e
tWO
" (1.53)
Sides.
boundary
_!_
ee -
APply T
dT
dx2
::::)
q A dr
conditions;
i..
CI = 0
+ C2
x2
T w' x
dx2
(1.56)
ApP IY
::::)T w = -
::::)
'"
The temperature on the two faces of the slab (Tw) is the

because it loses the same amount of heat by convection on
(1.56):::>
Qx + Qg = Qx+dx
2
kA d T +
C2
r:
We know that,
Cjx+
Heat generated within dx
Qg=
~q'
With Heal Generation /.18/
2"
q (L)2
k 2
+ C2
= 0
+_!_ dx = 0
...
(1.54)
Integrating above equation

Substituting
(1.54) ::::)
+J
ddx2T2
=f0
qk dx
C t and C2 value in equation (1.56)
T = -
I q
2k
.,
.r-
+ 0 + Tw +
qL
8k
(1.55)
::::)
--.
T
_"
Integrating
(1.55)::::) J~
+: Jx=JC
Tw
+ -8k (L - 4x )
... (1.57)
J.l8
2 Heaton
d Mass Transfer
Heat Conductiun
-~
ature T max (at the centre) is b

'
temper
0 ta'
The Olaxunulll
, (1,5 7),
Int~
,
:: 0 in Equation
by putllng x
~\'ith
internal heat generation
Z CyJlll,
'
1.3.
'der a cylinder of radius r and thermal condUclivit
'I
I' d
Y ,
ConSI
, genera ted (Qg) 111 t re cy III er due to passag'e of an e Iectnc'
~eat IS
rrenl,
( 1,58)
with Heat Generation 1./83
ell
,
law of conductIOn,
Fourier's
Fwm.
qr
d2T
_+= 0
r dr2
k
we know that
'
...
(1.60)
'"
(1.61)
Heat flow rate

i :
Q:: _qA
Integrating
2
,
Heat transfer by convectIOn
Q ::
=> Q::
(Til' -
Too)
1- q AL :: h A
.L q AL :: hAT
(Til' -
II' -
hAT
11'::
Til'::
dr2
dT
qr
-+dr
2k
h A Too
h A Too + 2 q AL
Too
i:I+I~=Jo
dT
q r2 _ C,
_
+--dr
k 2
T ex,)
,.
Integrating
dT + j
j Tr
qL
+?Ji'
q
2k
Surface or Wall temperature
~I
C I /n r + C2
:::> T::
'"
qr2
- --
(1.59)
4k
Apply boundary
(1.61):::> Tw=-
+ C I In r + C2
conditions
~I'J
-+C,
4k
[PUI T :: T w ' r
roJ
dM~s~~a~n~if_e,
J.}84 Heal an
Heal Cnnduclion
wilh Heat Generalion
1.185
. ,( I 63) and ( 1.64)
Equat rng
hx2nroL(Tw-TaJ)
2L':=
APply CI an
1('0
d C value in Equation (1.61)

2
- h x 2 x (Till - Too)
'0 q
. 2
qr
::>
_+0+
T '" - 4k
(V6
T +
HI
4k
+3- [rg T'" T II' 4k
'0
>
:=
21t T 11':=
,2J
-T
Till -
2h TIII'0
q+
2h Too
2h T co
'oq
00
+-2h
At centre
r :: 0,
::>
T'" TllIax
q
- T +Tmax - II' 4k
temperature,
(1.65)
...
(1.66)
Similarly,
For sp here , temperature
Tmax
II'
+ qro
4k
'" (1.6.'
at the centre
TC
q'r2
0_
T III + __
6k
We know that,
Heat generated
1.3.3 Internal Heat Generation
2
...
[roJ
Maximum Temperature,
T 111-- T00 + roq

211
Q = 11'0 Lq
.,'
- Formulae used
(1.6))
Forplane wall "
Heat transfer due to convection
Q = h x 211ro L (Till - TO')
, " (1.641
I. Surface temperature,
TII'=
1.Maximum temperature,
T rna'
+ qL
T
00
2h
ciL2
T 1\1 +-8k
"
tk\l{ (Ilk' M(l~S
Ikt/t Conduction with Heat Gene rutton

. \ 1./87
TroflSjer
Solved Problenls
1).4,
r;
Fluid temperature,
_ Thickness, m
k - Themal conductivity,
Generation
I An tltctric c;lrrellt is. passed
~ _ Ilt':It generation, W 1m3
h _ Heat transfer co-efficient,
Plane Wall with Internal Heat
011
W Im K
W/mK.
l'
W"'C"
t/,;ckneS J5f} mm
through
generates
a plane wall of
'''(It at tile rate of
50,000 Win/. tt convective "eat transfer coefficient

between w(llI and ambient air is 65 WI",] K. ambient air
It",peratttre is 28C (1/1(1the thermal ('ontlll('tivity of tile wal!
",alerial is
22 WlmK. Calculate:
J, Sur/(Iu temperature
2. Maxim"m temperature in tile w(,11
I. Heal generation,
=V
2. Jlaximu", temperature
qr2
Tmax = Tw+ 4k
(X)
rq
+2h
where
V - Volume -
=
.
150 mm
Heatgeneration, q
0.150 m
50,000 W 1m
Convective heat transfer coefficient.
J. Surface temperature
T w =T
Given:
Thickness, L
Ambient air temperature.

65 W/mlK
= 28C + 273
301 K
k = 22 W/mK
Tofind:
1t r2
r - radius - n.
For sphere
I. Temperature at the centre
I. Surface temperature
2. Maximum temperature
in the wall
Solution:
Weknow that.
Surface temperature
Tw
T" +
301 +
lilt,
1~
[FI'IIIII Fil'I.
I/O.
1.5YJ
50 000 )( 0.150
2)( 65
358.6 K
&z_i1.4fufJHl
as
H lS:J ~Tr~a~11J~if4.::t!r:__
!~~?:.~~~
c -_
1.188_
Heal
Conduction
with Heal G
.
eneratlon 1.1119
"""" un urn
i 1
llperalure
It I
, Ina(
51'11;011
q. L-,
r From ~/I"" n
.1'It' +-8k
.. 3 8.6 +
50,000
.j8j
-~"
I.
oW Ihal,
T max -- T w
. lun lemperalure,
MaX,111
(0.150)2
8)( 22
_ T + 65
423 w
T Itl"~ '" 364.9 K
423=
.,,,,It .'
I
$UI f~
Til' - )' lUi K
1~'II)p\'rllllrC
Tnl(\\
-: M~,"nll1ltllrllllwrf\IUrt',
~'" =
1f,1.1)
: ("'!!Ii
.1""
.l!4fol""rl
v v]
1'1'1'-C'
InM
402.6 K
I
qL
+211
T",;:o T
is 1'4"WC/IAN'''J:A u ptunr "'(III I'flh/t

.
""1'lJ
1;,\' ".\','cI II' h"1I1 " JI"id III

i,\ 0.( , /I,. I,' ",,I. Thr'lfIiII
tlll'rl,rt( i.\ .'.( ... ",1\, ('"iI"111I11' tb Arill
trlll'flllll'If
!.'kll' t'J
NilI'
,",';"'11/'" (h,
11''''1,,'rlllllr,'
.1(L.6
'~llhi" rl,lIt
lit
.' iser.
\\ '\ \\
Tw+20.31
ICl1Ipcl'lllure.
fMI!,J 1.'(1 ",," "'10/(, "'/tJeA
,til' C '1)r
105 x (0.025)2
8 x 25
K
Surfllce
['I '" rk 'rril' """,'III

I.:J'
\
I ~ I 11111
{l
.
+ - qL2
8k
)03
XI
lIS
I05 )\ 0.025
-It
,7W~Ill~KJ
120m
1].411electric current is pm;,H'" II",IIIgl, a co"'pol'ilf! "",11n",de

"I' of '''-0 layers. First layer is steel of 10 em thickness m,d
ftrond laycr;s bran of 8 em thickness. The outer surface
'tmptralllre of steel ami brass are maintained at 120~C and
_-3 =L . K.
rtlJi"l::
litJ!
65"Crespectively Assuming tluu the contaa between 01'17 slab

is perfect and lite heat generation
is 1,65,000 Wlmj
Dtltr"'ine
rnn-fer CO-efficient, (h)
I, Heal flux througn lite Oilier surface of brass slab

2, Inter/ace temperature.
-.
Man' 7ram/er
1190 Heaton d . "
,
.. ~-- ~ -==
,
fi aee! ls ~5 WIttiK. K/or brass is Hfllt', ~
Ttlkt k or,
IIPr'(
'"
(I)
Given:
'l1sfer through
Hca t tra
tccl,
Sf
T)-T2
[': R=
LI
l]
kA
k)A
Let interface
temperature
T2 is greater than TI, So,
T2-T)
Thickness of steel, L)
10 ern
Thickness of brass, L2 = 8
CI11
0.10
Heatgeneration,
qg = 1,65,000
Heat transfer
120 C + 273
0
Outersurface temperature of brass, T)
= 65
= 393
through
W/m3
T2 - T)
L2
k2A
Total heat transfer
~~~
S0111;011:
I
gh
[Adding
the surface of the brass slab, q?
ce temperature T
'
,.
Q=
q -H
T)
2
+---
L2
k2A
Let
1
eat flux. th
q _H
rough the surface
2
eal flux th
rOugh the surface
(3)
k2 = 80 W/mK
ou
...
is given by
~T
C + 273 = 338K
To filld:
.
brass
k) =45 W/mK
1) Heat flux. thr
(2)
111
= 0.08 m
Surface temperature of steel, T)
...
of the steel slab.

of the brass slab.
(2) + (3)]
with He
,=
enenu ion 1.193
45
.J;. =
QJ
T - .>38
m equation
0.08
80
I ,
He.a generation,
1,65,00
1,65,000 - 3 .020
Heat nux throu

= T (4'4.5
- 1O()(J1 - 1,78,6]6.3
=T2(144.'41-[5,16,6361
- 3]8000
1,.1i .I)(J(J+
'
"
16636
= T2 [1454.51
h he
surfa e f the brass slab

Rault:
(i)
::::>
1,3 ,980 \ 1m2
q2
q2
(ii) T2
I 30,980
468.
1m2
K.
T2=46~.6 K
lJ A plane
wall 10 em thick generates
heat at the rate of
4 x 104 WlmJ when an electric current is passed through it.
Theconvective heat transfer co-efficient be/ween eachface

of tile wall and the ambient uir is 50 WIlli]K. Determine
(a) the surface temperature
(b) tlte maximum
air tempera/lire on the wall. AJ .ume
lite ambient air temperature to be 20C and tile thermal

conductivity of the
Willi
material to be 15 W/",K.
[ 10 lr ts
/17
iv r 'tv :-Ipnl 8)
1.194 Heaton
dM~sva.~n~~~er
__ ------------_
Heat Conduction
with Heat G
_:.:..:.-__ ------_.:_.:..._.:.~~~elnerat
0.10 m
==
te wo/l of Im thick is poured with
~~
~nN~n
or concrete generates 150 W/m3 h

.
e
~
Jr(ltlO1l 'J
eat. If hoth th
hY"
or the wall are maintained
at 350 C.
e
.faCes 'J.
. Find th
sur)"
m temperllture
In tIre wall.
e
(t1 ,4 C
Gi,'t" :
L ::::10 em
Thickness,
ion J. J 95
'_4xI04W/m3
He.atgeneration, q . heat transfer co-effie ient, h = SO W 1m2 K

Convective
.
. temperature Too = 20 C + 273 = 293 K
Ambient air
'
",~I"'U
[Madras Univenity'
' Apri '19 9]
Thennal c.onduetivity, k
G'plt" .
15 W/mK.
:
1
Thickness, L == ~
Heat generation,
Tofind:
I. Surface temperature
1SO W 1m3
==
Surface temperature,
_. Maximum temperature in the wall.
qL
SMwW":
Surfac.e temperature,
Tw
= To::
+ -
293 + 4
35 C + 273
r.,
==
308 K
Maximum temperature
x 104 x 0.10
in the wall
Solution:
Maximum temperature
50
Tmax
Maximum temperature,
Tofind:
2h
{From equn no(1.59 ]
Tw
qL2
==
qL2
Tw+8k
T max- - T w + -
of concrete,
8k
104
8
~ max = 336.3
Result:
Surface temperature T _
,
Maximum
emperature
w -
1,279 W/mK
Page No.18 (Sixth editiont]
(0.10)2
IS
T max
K.I
1SOx (1)2
308 + -----~--8 x 1279 x 10-3
T max = 322.6 K. \
333 K
.
T
, max = 336.3 K.
{From HMT data book.
(From equn no. (1.58)]
= 333 + '4
ReSUlt:
Ma .
X1mum temperature,
Tmax
322.6 K.
1.19
fle(ll
--
o/ld Moss 7i'ol7sfer
" problems on Cylinder with internal
13 ;}
rn A copper wire of 40 mm diameter ~carries 250
l!.J
A--J
Heat Conduction
heat ge IICtatio
A
(Illd
resiSlanceofO.25 x Iv
cmllellglilsurfacetem
III.Iu
.
.
250'
ell'
,
bi
'Per(lfll
cO'{1perWife IS
anc 'If ant U!I1t air t empert
'tOIJ
10. C. If lite Ihermal cOlldllctivity of tile c opper illite
(I
IV'
J 75 WlmK, calculale
"e i,
I. Hea/lransfer co-efficienl
ambient air.
2. Maximumlemperalllre
between
V
q
(2
Sy I utlun
'w
ler,
[From '1111'1 no.t / (2)1
175
I-
I'll
II
52J.()7 K.
KJ
52io7
h
max.
thill-
SIl/'li,CC
,
l'Ollll)CI'l'Illll'U,
'1'
II'UIIIUII
q r:
-1-4k
523 "'" 124140 / (O.()2U)2
IV~ kunw
'
_"
- 10 . + 27 - 2RJ K
Lrrnux
124140 Wlm.1)
(I:::
max -
273=523K
TQfind.'
1'2 /. I.
1I %
_.!..;J 5~6,--_
x (0.020)2 x I
temperature
'1'
ern/ length
2500
I) IIcul IrllIl.,'cr
C"
.
o
we ,'I"
ucrcnt,
'"
12R
(2 0)2
1.197
We know that,
k - 175 WltnK
2) MaxilllUllltclIlpl;;/,uturc
=_
1I
Maximum
'1hermal conductivity,
. Q
= - :::----..::__-
in tile wire.
Ambient air temperature, T
allon
lind
urrent, I = 250 A.
156 W/rn.
Heat Clenl!f
102 Wlm
wire .S.lIr/ace
Radiu , r'" 20 mm = 0.020 m
Tw
==
Heat generated,
Diameter, d '" 40 mrn '" 0.040 rn
urfacc temperature,
1.56
We kllow that,
Gillen .'
Resistance, R .. 0.25 x 10-4
.h
Wit
/ F/'(JIII
x (0.2
. -3
_1(1
/':1/1111 1/11. (/
U.(U) ~
121114~
It
1.62 W/I,;
II I
1/5)!
With fI .
Heal Conduction
_--------.:.::~~e'(I(l11
Gen eru/lnn
/./98 Heal and M(J$sTransfer

'null :
I. Heattransferco-efficient,
1.19fJ
h = 5.17 W/m2K.
2. Maximum temperature,
T max
523.07 K.
wire of 1m long is used as a heating e/e~", .

IJ kW /teater. TIre copper surface temperature is /j III.
103
7t x r2 x
llJ A cop~r
tDJJbielll air te"'Peratwe is 11"C,
13
q =
u~.
outside Surface co-elfi ~
is 11 kWI",1X. Tlrenrud conductivily and resist an ~

copper lITe 15 WlmK and 0.11 n respectively. Ca/culale
follJlwillg
Tw
co
+ ~
2h
{Fro", Equn.
,,0./.65J
1. DilDlldU of copper wire

2. /lJlJe of
CIUTUII
flow.
295 + r
1573
G;reJr :
Length, L
4138
r2
= 1m
Heal transfer,
Q = 1HW
2"1.1)(103
=
13 x loJ W
Surface temperature, T", = 1300" C + 273

Ambeint air temperature,
1278
=
Too= 220 C + 273
1573 K
=
295 K
1278
Outside surface co-efficient,
Ir
or
Heal transfer co-efficeiet,
Id
h = 1.1 kW/m2K
= 1.1 x loJ W/m2K
ThennaJ conductivity, k = 15 WImK
Toruul:
13
1) Diameter of copper wire, d

::)
2) Rate of current flow , I
103
1.88
r
ml
1.47xIQ-3
=
2.94 x 10-3 m
12R
Weknow that,
Resistance, R = 011 O.
4138
2200
= )2 x
0.21
248 A
2 (J
: ([~
f JI
I () ) m.
.-----
II is pcmtd through a "ainle"
MK, Jmm ill diamet

t
if]
f.
The resiui
II
"ttl ..
jiO em and 'he I n;(lh ofth.
. uid iu J /(1'
;;;iJh heal/ramIer
()
'41ht
IJ.O,)') (2
== J2p.
::; (20(1r / ((UfJ"Ij
~i,
>-e/li.","
(
uku the eentre I mp fa[ure 'iflhe

[Modr
==
Lm enlly, Ap J (,_~
J9~
()
/L
q = ----,
)960
-=-,-
(J/IQ-"r / I
_.
.,.
..l~
'f C - ~-:; =
"'!
)<
.- m1 (
q alue in Equn
/ loj
I)
...
(J)
{From Equn no (/ ,.,."
Area
tre temperature
of wire, T
19
= 399.' K
Heat Conduction
with Heat Generation 1.203
1.202 Heat and Moss Transfer

250
4/3 1tr3
1.3.6Solved problems on Sphere with

Internal heat generation
=
q
rIl A sphere of J 00 mm diameter
having thermal conduelill'

0.18 WlmK. The outer surface temperatu Fe IS. BOCllyOI7
250 WI",z of e"ergy is released due to I,eat sou rce. CalclI Qlld
I. Heat generated
250 x 4
4/3 1t
(0.050)2
(0.050)3
x 1t x
x
15.0~0 W/m31
/tllt
2. Temperature at the centre of the sphere.
Temperature at the centre of the sphere
Give" :
qr2
Diameter of sphere, d = 100mm
- T +Tc w
6k
r = 50 mm = 0.050 m
Thermal conductivity, k = 0.18 WlinK
Surface temperature, T w = 80C + 273
15000
=
= 281
281 +----'---'6
Energy released, Q = 250 W/m2.
~c
Tofmd:
[From Equn no.(/.66))
315.7K
(0.050)2
0.18
1. Heat generated,
r-
q.
2. Temperature at the centre of the sphere
q = _g_
V
q/A
q/A '"
Q/A
V
250
4/) nr3
[.: Q/A
q = 15,000 W/m
2.Centertemperature, T c = 3 15.7 K
SOIUlwlI :
Heat generated,
I. Heat generated,
= 250
W/m2]
Fins 1.205
~~~-----------------t.4FINS
It is possible to increase the heat transfer rate~

c. Th
t:
Y Inere .
the surface of heat transler.
e surraces used for in creasln. asln,e
transfer are called extended surfaces or fins.
g heal
1.4.1 Types of fins
Some common types of fin configuration
are shown'
fi
In Ig.!.I!.
(iii) Splines
(i) Uniform ,traigl,t fin
(iI)
Tap ered straight fin

(iv) Annular fill
,
I.206 Heal and Mass Transfer
Fins 1.207
M P;IIjlns
Fig 1.11
Commonly there are three types of fin
1. Infinitely long fin
2. Short fin (end is insulated)
3. Short fin (end is not insulated)
1.4.1 Temperature distribution and heat dissipation
in fin
Fig. 1.12 (a) and (b) shows the straight fin or longitudinal tin
of rectangular section and circular section respect ively, One end of
the fin is enclosed in a heating chamber and the other end is exposed
to atmospheric air.
Heat.iS transferred across the rcciangulllr fin and circular r~
by conduct~on. From the surface of the fin, heat is transferred 10 air
by COIIVCl:llon. Let Us consider a sm II I
I I
of'tll,'ckncss
". IS at a distance of x rro ., tha Cb cmcll It arelt
dx, which
II In
elise.
AA&CiU&CiMiDNiRM
I.l~~::...=-Heat artd Mass Transfer
!
I
I
pi
_
---------_
Fins 1.209
state
conditions,
heat
balance
e~th
stca dY
or at
A.
follows.
enl IS as
(1,111
conducted out ofth
n dueted into the element = Heat
tCO
.
.
e
!-lea
onvected
to
the.
surroundlllg
air.
-/-heat
c
nl
l(I1le
Q
(
Qr:::
Q.r
...
dx
+
conv
. (1.67)
?
]I~
-c"
where,
"'C
t::
II
c..
'<x+d\
=-kA
Qeonv
f'l
.!::
-dx
( dT)
f':l
-kA
(ddx- T) dx
2
OIl
::::
"t:l
::::
hA (T - T cx:)
::::I
......
0
::: h(P dx) (T - Tcx:)
::::I
rJl
Substituting Qx,
'-
Qr.,.dt
and Qeonv values in equation (1.67)
dT = - kA (dT'
- J - kA cilT.J dx
(167) ~ - kA -
...;
tc
dr
dx
.1.\-
+ h(P
kA d1T
dx2
= liP (T - T cx:)
~kA ( T-T.)
d1T _ ~
(tt2
d2T
dx2
L
---=. ::=
... ~"_'_"""---
15
kA
.r:
(T _ Toc)
=0
dx) (T - T.x:)
1,210 Heat and Ma.I',I' f'r(III.~I(!r

where,
Flns 1.211
lIP
kA
JIl2
c _
bsll'tllting
At
SlI
-' cr., T
X -'
(T C/.
(PT
-
dx2
- JIl2
I 70
(l. )
T a: ) = C Ie -mrs:. + C 2em".
e =0
.. (1,68)
Equation (1,68) shows that the temperature is f ~f,,1

x and III, It is a second order, linear differential equatio a ,UnCtion
Of
solution is,
n, ts Beneral
c",ct. ~ 0, So, [C2 = 01

substituting.
The temperature distribution

Upon the following lin conditions.
... (1.69)
and heat dissipation d
=0
C2c"'OC
[':0 "'1' '
().71)::=:>Th-oc-
C 2 =Ovalucinequation(1.71)
T
ePend!
::=:> rTb-Toc=
Case (i): Infinitely Im,gjin
If a fin is infinitely long, the temperature

that of the surrounding fluid,
At x = 0; T = Tb and At x
= T a. in equation
== ac;
at its end is e
qUalto
, '
Suhstitutlllg
e I lind
- CI + 0
ell
C2 value in equation (1.70)
(J.70)::=:> T - T a: = (T h - T)a: e -liLT + 0
T:: T",
Tb - Base temperature of fin

From equation (1.69), We know that
== C I e-nlt + C emx
2
Temperature
T - Toc == Cle-nu + C enlt

2
SUDstituting
At
T-Toe
offin, Tb _ Toe = e
... (I.70)
[.: e
X== 0; T
distribution
==
= Tb
T - Tl
Where,
Tb - Base temperature, K
(l.70) ==>
T a.
Surrounding temperature,
T - Intermediate temperature, K
...
(1.71)
.\'- Distance, ",
IIIX
...
(1.72)
v:
I
If
I.
11/-
/I
II
~.'\
,,- heat transfer co-efficient,

p- Perimeter,
W/1112K
III
k -1 hcrmal onductiviry, W/I11K

r\ - Area.
...
III
11/
\
II
hea
II
We kn
Heat I
through the fin is obtained by intoeg .

.
rating the
over the entire fin surface.
/hP
z:
-A (T
- 'r ,
//'" " I
that,
t
by
Qeo,1\' == hA (T - T"..)
nvection,
(4jt(ilJ: Fill with insulated end 'Short jill)
Q == hP dx (T - TCf_)
Thefin has a finite length and the tip of fin is insulated.
if.
Q == fliP (T - T ) dx
At r= L' dT == o
'dx
'
o
Q==
Atx = 0; T == Tb
From equation (1.70),
we know
that,
T-1'
---Tb -T
- 1'-T "(1',(_)
hI> (T - T,.)
J C
o
hp I'll'
r. ) _
(T - TrfJ == C I e-II/X + C2ellIX
II/X
r.:
e:"
dT
dx
:::>
l'
1/1.\
III
== C,e-lIIx
x (-111)
ApplVilJ~ II Ii.
.
te trst bOLIndary
dr
11/\
"'e
'F..
0 == C
.-1111.",
,e . x -1/1
+ C2efllx
x 111
ciT
condition, i.e., at x = L. --=0
dy
+ C2\.nllli. X III
.r
()
//JC,e-IIIL
e,e-
lIl).
=:
=:
I/I(',(;'IIIL
2e
ml
.
. .. (1.74)
d "",,r,,,,ufe~r
.",.....-
/.214 Heal an.
70) we know that,

,
-mx + C emf
2
(T - T a. )==C,e
Fins 1.2/5
equation ( I.
From
Applying the Seeon

(T b -
d boundary condition,
. ting C, and C2 value in equation (1.70)

bsutu
su
i.e., aLt::: 0,
1'::::
(Tb - Tcr.)
(T - T ex:) =
Ib
1+
---.:_
T a: )
"elllX
1+ e+2111L
T ) == CleO + C2eO
a.
(Tb - 'I'a. ) '" C, + C2
Tb -
x e-mx + (Tb -
e-2mL
--+_
entX]
e-nu
- C2 e2mL + C2
I + e-2mL
1+ e2111L
Ta. -
[e-
+_elllY]
mx
(T - T ex:)
(Tb-Tex:)
l+e-2mL
l+e2l11L
Tb-Tex:
... (1.75)
~ '" [e2mL +1]
Multiplying
the numerator
and denominator
e-nu
. . C2 value in equation ( 1.74)
Subsu,utmg
Tb-Tocl
C '" -,
e2mL+1
x __
emL
1+ e-2mL
x e2nrL
emL
+-----
e-m(x-L)
elllL
C, =------------e2mL x e-2nrL
+ e-IIIL
e-mL
r,
(,=I + e-2mL
e-m(L-x)
e-IIIL
+ emL
... (1.76)
em(L-x) + e-m(L-x)
em!..
em(.\-L)
+ ------e-mL + emL
em(L-x)
+ e-2nrL
enrL + e-IIIL
Tb-
e-mL
x __
1+ elmL
x -e-2111L
by emL and e-mL
+ e-nrL
... (1.77)
1.2/6 Heal. and Mass Transfer

In terms ofhypcrbolic
T-
.>:
function it can be w rltten

.
a~
,cos h 11/ (L-x)
Tif.
cos h
In
traJ1sferred
Q
Heat
fi
. sulaled In,
Temperature distribution of fin with insulated end

cos h
111
cos h
cos
( _ m
= (T b _ T
111
. (1.78)
II 111 (L-x)
At x
sin II In (L-x)
c~hmL
dT
3. cooling
of small capacity
4. Cooling
of Iran formers
5. Cooling
of radiators
llr,n=
For insulated
Q=kAm(Tb-T"Jx
etc,
l1fin =
- T,,:) tan II (mL)

(T b - T cJ tan h (/ilL)
III =
max
/ilL
1.405 Fin effectiveness
It IS defined
[.:
Ofin
-0
Ian II (mL)
sinh(mL)
cos h (/ilL)
J kA
and refrigerator:
end
'=kAxlhP
compres: or
The efficiency
f a fin i defined a the ratio of actual heal
transferredfin (0 the maximum po ible heal Iran ferred by the tin
sin h 111 (L-x)

cos h 111 L
= 0,
III (Tb
motor cycle engine.
IA.4 fin efficiency
dr
kA m (Tb _ T,,)
'= kA
pJicalions
(,4.3'\P
.'
.
ain appllcallon
of fins are
rhe J1l
I. cooling of electronic
component
2. Cooling of
cos hili L
=
(T b -. T,,) Ian h (/ilL)
.. (1.79)
= -kA (T b - T aJ x _ /11)( sin hili (L-x)

Q
JhPkA
b - T,,) Ian h{nrL)
(L-x)
\\e know that,

Heat transferred. Q = -kA
('1'
fOf 111
=> T - T IX == (T b - T ,,) ----'--__:,_

cos h m L
=> dT
JhPkA
Rf]
.'
as the ratio of heat trans er
ilhout fin
Fin effectivenes
, E ==
Q\\iiholll fin
II
ilh lin
10
heal transfer
1.218
Ht!(/I and Mass Transfer

For insulated
Fins 1.219
end
Fin effectiveness,
tan h (mL)
~d
1.4.6 Formulae used
[Refer HMT data book page
(I.
LONG
110. 49(SiXth
edllj~
';
b)Hea
where
T b - Base temperature,
T - Intermediate
cosh
I trails/erred
'12 (T b -
Too) tan h (mL).
temperature,
temperature,
K
K
Find tire heat loss J,.om a rO.d of ~ mm in diameter IIntl

infinitely long when Its base IS maintained at 140" C. TI,e
conductivity of tire material is 150 WlmK andth lreattransfer
co-efficient on tire surface of the rod i.\3()~ WIlli] K. TI,e
temperature oJ tire air surrounding the rod is 15" C.
Given:
Fin diameter, d
x - Distance.
[mL)
~4 7 solved Problems
1..
I1J
- Surrounding
Q == (hpkA)
FIN (OR) LONG FIN
Temperature distribution
stl
.'
Ilire tlistrlblillOIl
fell,pera
iI)
T _ T rIJ _ cos hill [L-x]
kP
1. INFINITELY
[ _1_ < 301
is insulated]
Olrr
3 mm
11/
Base temperature,
lIP
Surrounding
kA
Tb
Hea trans er o-efficien
10-3 m
1400 C + 273
T,I'. = I So
Temperature,
I .ieni, \\' m-K
= 413
273::_
nil K
150 W/mK
h
= 3(J<J
'K
To find :
" -
IllUJII :
-:;.
.2~
Fins 1.221
-------------~

Area
IA
. Tetnperature. T = 20C + 273 = 293 K

olltldIII g
511rr
\' == 20 em == 0.2 III
llce
T == 60~ C + 273 = 333 K
Oist:l ..
tCInperature.
lcdl!ltC
Illterll
. 'tv k == 200 W/mK
IcOlldueUvi s :
'fhenn:l
2L d2
==
6 m2]
== 7.06 x 10-
P - Perimeter
nd
==
I 0-3
9.42
10-3 m
1t x
IP
fofi"d
III
~ \Q = 6.838 Watts
co-effie ient, Jr
J.
tran!)ler
solutiO" :
Apply A, P, T i T co' hand k value in equation (I)
ono tin tempe

For l :::>
T - Too
10-3
(I) ~Q=(413-288)J300x9.42;(
!-tea t
150X7.06~
--:::-
rature distribution
[From HMT data book
page 110 ~9J
== e-lIIx
Tb- Too
~==e-/II>.O.2
423 - 293
Result:
0.307
Heat loss, Q == 6.838 Watts.
== e
III (0.307)
\1l
A long rod 5 em diameter its base is connected to afurnacl

wall"t 150 C, while the end is projecting into the room a/
20 C. The temperatllre of the rod at distane of 20 cm apart
from its base is 60 C. Tile conductivity of tile material is
200 WlmK.Determine convective heat transfer co-efficienGive" :
_III
== -III x
-\. \ 8
==
0.2
0.2
-/11)(
0.2
G'' ---:=-S -.9-,-,rj
We know that,
fhP
/II
:= rk~
where
Fumace
1500C 60"C
20cm
20D
A-
Diameter of the rod, d ~ 5

Cm::
Base temperature, T b ~ \ 500
5 )( 10-2
C + 273
=:
m
423 K
Area
~rr dara book

[From f/ .
page /lo.~9J

P _ Perimeter:::
xd =
1(
A - Area = 4
x 0.050
1(
Ii"": st dissipate d , Q
~o.m;J
for
d2
. 90 mrn, it is treated
solll ti~'': he length of the ro d IS
h
Sil1ce tid
as s ort fin.
d is insLi ate .
He
~t11e ell
::: _l!_ (0 050)2
fA :::
(1) :::>
1.96
Q::o (hPkA)
t transfer,
ASS
y:.
,WI
3 m2/
:2
30 x 0.157
2.55
6.50
= -k-X:=';"~.9-6~x:..!..'~0~-3-
k > 1.96
(T b-1 exl) tan h (mL)
[From HMT data book page No49}
10-
::0
10-3
(90 x 0.69 x 55 x 5
tan h ( III x 0.09)
1O-3)Y2 (673 - 323)
30 x 0.157
[k :::369.7
W/mK
I
==
Resull:
of the rod, k
90 x 0.69
55 x 5 x 10-3
369.7 W/mK.
~::o
[!) A carbon steel (k :::55W/mK) 90 mm long rod wil/I croSJ

~
seclional area 5 x Nr] m2 and permiler 0.69 m is allac/ltd

10 a pintle wall which is mailltailled at (Itemperatllre of 400'(.
The surmunding environment is (II 50" C and heat trallS!fr
co-efficient is 90W/1112 K. Calclllale lite Ileat dissipated hy tilt
15.02
::: (90
Ill-~
0.69
55
IO-3)Y2 (673 - 323)
tan h (15.02 x 0.09)
[Q:::
1264.8 Watts]
rod.
Given :
Length, L = 90 mm
Area, A = 5
10-3
Perimeter, P
= 0.69
Base temperature.
Surrounding
Heal
luult:
Heat transfer,
k = 55 W/mK
= 0.09
III
I
5 em] area, J 50 mm
~ A stainless steel blade oj 80 mill ,Ollg, b
of the bIad e IS.
perimeter and the temperatur at tlte use
Til heat
750'C. Tile blade is exposed to hot gas (It J 000 C. te is
if)
1112
III
Tb == 400 C + 273 == 673 K
temperature,
Q = 1264.8 Watts.
Too
transfer co-efficient, h
==
0=
SO" + 273
==
323 K
90 W/m2K.
16
betweell tlte blaM
.face and the gas
SIlT)'
/.226 Heal and Mass Transfer
<.
500 Wlm2KfIIlfltllermal c~.

the heat flow lit tile root of the blalle. A . "'/(.lJpl_ ""
,'f.~"",
e(~t
e l,~(',
firom the tip of tile blat/e.
500 x 0.150
"0 "'i~
10
30
Area" A := 5
cm2
:= 5
~
Q
III
x 10--4 012
Perimeter, P = 150 mill := 0.150
(I) -;?
Too = 1000 + 273
Hot gas temperature,
10-4
::: 1.06
x (-250)
[tan It ( 70.7
x 0.080)]
::: _ 265 [tan It (5.65)J
III
Th = 750 C + 273
Base temperature,
11
Given:
Length, L:= 80 mm := 0.080
= 1023
::: _ 265 x 0.999
1273 K
~
h = 500 W/m2K.
Btsu1tHeat
: transfer rate, Q = - 2649. W .
Thermal conductivity, k = 30 W/mK.

Tofind:
A" alll",i"illlll
Heat flow
@]
Solution:
No heat loss from
the tip of the blade i , .. " tip isS IIlSU
i IHIed.
.
Length
of
the
blade
IS 80 mrn, so, short fin. This is sho t fi
r 111 end
Insulated type problem.
Q
Heat transferred [Short tin, end insulated]

Q
(hPkA)~
(Tb- Too)
Givtn:
Thickness, t
tan h (mL)
[HMT data book page
[500
0,150
30.x 5
Length, L
N049J
...
(I.)
fhP
tkA
,
.--'
..
I
'
[HMT data book flag" No ~9J
Tofind:
Heat loss, Q
T b = 420 C + 273
693 K
Too = 25C + 273
where
= 40 mm = 0.040
Ambient temperature,
= 1.06 x (-250) tan h ( m x 0.080)
In
= 5 mm = 0.005m
Base temperature,
1O-4]~ (1023 - 1273)
tan II ( rn x 0.080)
alloy fin of .'i mm thick anti 40 mm 100'g

/fIules from a H'{II/. The base temperature is 420 C ami
pro
"mbient air temperature IS. 250C 11,e heat transfer coefficient
between aluminiuIII rod (Inti environment is 2.'i Wlm2K.
Calclliate tile heat loss from tile fin of material taking its
thermal comtuctivity as 200 WlmK.
= 25 W/m2K.
k = 200 W/mK.
298 K
~''4'el'ri'
I
,,7X
f
d M ,,11'clIIs~~er
Ile~
S(}/II,loil :
"
III' 1"llUlh of the tin is 40 nun, it is Ire'll"d
SInce
c
0
<"
AsslIme cnd is inslIloted.
. ,sf;'rred I Shun till, end insulated I
lleat t rlIl, "
'
.
Q
(hPkA)i/2 (Tb- T .) tan h [ml.]
...
V
tI ~
IS
llad .\' tlr('

M"e ' e
".
hUll I'III
(I)
C~ , b,d, 11/11/
'5 It' neot- 1he ('TO,U !ICU/mlll/i" 'I' III , '.

I. e
I 'S H
'J tile /, III IU/" ,
(II" e
.,rimeter 0/ each blude 1\ 7 em. TI,e "(1\'
If
, .",1, pc
/ . H( ", "
..
'empera''''e
1.5C , 1 {Jve r thc him e I." If) C. Temperll""" ' (, , ttu:
, fIllll Of
10111"'11 ~ " J2 50 C, th ermul elllll/llcilvily
1/ hi
J
'....
ij tu
IIIle is
/ blade U
1/1
J( (lIId hell' tr(llu/a
co-effictem ls /1 n WI 2
~ ;I
19
nuulc of ,\(111,,/.\, \(' -t
/1"
(II
(I UAT duta I ook p
(IRe No,49/
where
2
P _ Perimeter
Length
Will',
.'
m 1(.
]] ,,,,,,,e
. the /,Clf:ht of 'he bltule IICS:/{'('Iill" .. the " eat f1ow
tC
(lfi to the eml
of the blade.
oe
(Approximately)
fro'" ,Ire g ,
::: 2 x 0.040
Give":
1~leattransfer
[p ::: 0.08 I
III
ctional
erOS
.\ _ Area
::: t x L
perllne
::: 0.005 x 0.040
IA ::: 2x
Q- 8 W
area of the blade
se
ter
p:=
7 ern
[HMT data book page No.49)
Heattransfer
ti it
o-e
III
1071 K
273:::
Tb
Thermal condu
where
800
if.)
Rool temperature,
7 . 10-2
rr
Gas temperature,
10-4m2
:=
m? = 4. / 10-4 m2
A::: 4.5
:=
:=
12 0
273 = 1523 K
k= 22 W/mK.
2
ient. II:::
110 \ Im K,
Tojiml:
25 x 0.08
200 x 2 x 10-4
Im
Substitute
(I) ~
7.07
Heighl of the bl d
So/ulioll :
Negle ling h at
m-I!
m, h, P, k, A, T b Too values in Equation,
(I).
= (25 x 0.08 x 200 x 2 x 10-4]Y2 (693 - 298)

tan h ( 7.07 x 0.040)
.--\
Q-= -30-.7-7W-1
w Ir 111 the end fa e of the bl de [ livellj,
.ihis is hort fin, end in ulatc
Heal Iran ferr d
hPk
I)
pc pr \ lein.
h rt fin. end in. ulaied]
'12 Th- Tu
I 11
h trnL!
I
I. 232 Heal ane
Mass
o-
Transfer
/YII
alllte middle of tl'e fin
./'
ern/ure
Ji ferrtP
-:; 1.)2 in Equation (I)
where
_(hP
!11
JkA'
Pllt"
Perimeter:::: 2
-;::::.>
L (Approx)
-r _
'
cos h m [L - Ll2]
Tet) _
.s--e->
Ib-Too
cosh(mL)
(I)
[p
0.050
cos h 26.9 [0.050 - ~250]

Tet)
__.!--:::- ==
'f"_
O.G]
A - Area:::: Length x thickness
IA
Ib - Too
-;::::.>
::::0.050 x 0.007
1- 295
~-
3.5 x 10-4m21
;:::J
393 - 295
j
1m::::
(2)
140xO.1
T - Too
T b _ Too
[T
[ T x=
cos h (26.9 x 0.050)
T -295
393 - 295
=:>
T-295
IT
---
== 354.04 K
Ll2
iii) Total !lcal dissipated
[From H MT data book page no. 49J
Q == (hPkA)Y2 (Tb- Too)
2.05
:::: [140
---
2.05
=47.8
= 342.8 K
== 354.04 K
Temperature at the middle of the fin
T - Too
Tb-Too
== 0.6025
393 - 295
55 x 3.5 x 10-4
26.96 m-I
}.234
2.049
1-295
;:::J
cos h [26.9 x (0.050)]
0.1
55
tan h (mL)
3.5
10-4]lh
--
= 342.8 K
44.4
WJ
Result:
"
== 342.8
2. Temperature at the middle of the fin, T x = LJ2
3. Total heat dissipated,
(393-295)
tan II (26.9 x 0.050)
1. Temperature at the end of the fin, T1'=

Temperature at the end oCthe fin, Tr _ L
Q == 44.4 W
::::
354.04 K
1.234 Heal and Mass Trans er

Ial
A rectangular ailiminium fins of 0.5 """ s
I
qll(l'e
are attac"ed Oil a ptane pltlte IV/iicll r., (lI/rll'
lJ
.'
Il ",.
< '"
80 C. Slirrolillflmg atr temperatllre is 22 C C(lil/IOilltl/ '"
IlIImher 0/'fins required to generate 35>< J 0'-3 ;.v (llclllCitIIr
rr 0lli
t'4
k = 165 WII1IK and II = 10 WI",] K. Ass"""
'efll. 1'; e
e
l
Q*e
from the tip 0/ tilt!fin.
leQll
101'"
"0
all
Givell :
Fin dimensions = 0.5 mm square, 12 mm long
So, Fin thickness (t) = 0.5 mm
Fin breadth, (b)
= 0.5 mm = 0.5
Fin length, (L)= 12 mm

Base temperature, Tb
~ Q ::;: 0.0526 tan h (m x 12
...
(I)
10-3 m
10-3 m
= 353
(0)<2><10-3
Too ::: 220 C + 273 :::295 K

x
10-3)
0.5 x 10-3 rn
800 + 273
Surrounding temperature,
Heat generation, Q = 35
12
.
Fins I'
tin
IS 12 mm and there is n h
~J5
ofpe
.'
0 eai ]
ellgtlt
Oss frOllllhe
' this is short fin end 1Il1isiated ty
l- {ill. So,
pe problelll
f tile
_ [short fin, end insulated]
.
liP 0
rallsfer
!-Ieat t
[From HMT data boo
k page flo -I9}
J(A)Y2 (Tb- Too) tan h (mL)
.
P
I
- (I
~Q - [10><2>< (0-3>< 165x2.SxI0-7]~)(3
::;:
h(l11xI2xI0-3)
53-295)
x tan
165
2.5
10-7
10-3 W
Thermal conductivity, k::: 165 W/mK.
Heat transfer co-efficient, II::: 10 W/m2K.
(I) ~ Q
== 0.0526
Tojind:
tan h (22
0.0135 W per fin
12
10-3)
Number of tins required.

We know that,
Solutioll :
Fin area, A::: b
/A:::
I ::: 0.5
10-3
0.5
10--3
Heat generated
Number of fins required
Heat transfer per fill
2/
35
2.5 x 'O-7m
Perimeter
p:::
(for rectangular tin)
2.57
x
10-3 W
0.0135
2 (b + t)
::: 2 [0.5
I Number
IO-J + 0.5 x 10-3)
tr.p:-e-fJ:-
rn-e-te-r,-p-:::-2-x-, 0---3-m
of fins
Imlit:
Number of tins required is 3.
==
I
36 Heal and Mass Transfer
/.
-~
@Tenthin brassfins (k -100 WlmK), O.7S mil, Iflick

~
axial/II on a lm long lind 60 mm diameter
. Q'epi
J
"
eng,,,
Qre4
which is surrounded by 27 C. rhe.fins are e.
e cYIi""
"Xle"d
"e,
from the cylinder surface and the heat transfer
ed I.S c
between cylinder and atmospheric air is 1S Win 2 CO-emC!!;'"
I /( C
~I
the rate of heat transfer ami the lemperalur
. (I/t'14IQ(
e lit Iii
e
fins when the cylinder surface is at 160" C.
Ie e"d OJ
Fins
Thickness. t:: 0.75 x 1Q-3 m
Length, L = 1.5 x 10-2 m
(MU April 2
OOOJ
Given:
Number of fins
We knOW that,
= 10
Heat transferred, Q1 = (hPkA)112 (T, - TI>:)tan h (mL,)
100 W/mK
Thickness of the fin, t = 0.75 mm

Length of engine cylinder, Ley
Diameter of the cylinder, d
0.75
(From HMT data book page no. 49)
10-3 m
I m
where
60 rnrn = 0.060 m
Atmosphere temperature, Too = 27 C + 273

0
Length of the fin, Lf= 1.5 em = 1.5 x 10-2

Heat transfer co-efficient, h = IS W /1112 K.
= 2 x 1
Ip
or
=
433 K
I. Rate of heat transfer Q
IA
2ml
Length of the fin is I 5

. .
.
the fin end is .
. em. So, this IS short fin. Assumms Ihal
Insulated.
1 x 0.75 x 10-3 m
0.75 x 10-3 m2
[m
1H
2. Temperature at the end of the fin

Solution:
A= Area = Length of the cylinder x Thickness
Cylinder surface temperature
Base temperature, Tb = 1600 C + 273

Tofind:
2 x Length of the cylinder
p _ Perimeter
300 K
III
... (I)
15 x 2
100 x 0.75 x 10-3
= 20 m-1
123H Ib!OI an~_~~~~'\'?~:!~I:r(j~_

~;__..,_,._
..(.;..:- (hPkA)Yl (Th- Toc) Illn II (nIl;
(I) ~..'> <',
.
jl
115 x 2 x 100 x n,75 ' 10 ,1 J ~
1111111(20)< 1.5 x 10.2)
. (4 3 3()())
-e-
z= s
)!
0, :: 1.5)(
133 x 0,29
0, ::: 58,1 W
Heat transferred per fin
Heallransferred for 10 fins

[QI::: 581 W
58,1 W
=
0.95
58, I x 10::::: 581 \V
...
:=
(2)
0,95
Heat transfer from un finned surface due to c onVection'

IS
Q2
Tb - Too
_---
1'00+
[,.' Area of unfinned surface
x Lfi (1'b - 1'(1)
(1)
095
= h A sr
:::II x (n d Ley - lOx
1'b-
:=
433 - 300
300+--0.95
Area of cylinder - A rea offinl

=15x[(nxO,060xl)-(IOx075
.
x I 0-3 x
=
1.5
10-2)] 1433-301
Result :
I Heat transfer,
I 02 = 375.8 Wi
.. (3)
2. Temperature
Q = 956,8 W
at the end of the fin, T
440 K,
So, Total heat transfer, Q = QI + Q2
ITotal heat transfer,
= 581
375.8
956.8 W
[illA circum/erential
rectangular fins 0/ 140 mm wide, ami J

mnl thick are/Wed Oil a 200 mm diameter tube. The fin base
temperatllre is 17()" C ami the ambient temperature is 25C.
We know that,
Estimate/in efficiency
Temperature dis
. [short fin, end insulated]
istnibuuon
T{lke
T T
-
=rr_
heat
conductivity,
Heat transfer
coshm{Lf-x]
if)
Tb - T
Thermal
(//1(/
/Oo5S
per fin.
= 220
co-efficiem. h
:=
WlmK.
140 Wlm2X.
__
__:.__..
cos h (mL )
(From IIMT do/a hook pag
/10.49
J
~
fir
seZW'l1
\
___ -----:----_ .._1.24 Heal and Mass Trans er

0
________
~
Give":'d
L::: 140 mrn == 0.140 m

WI e,
. k ss t::: 5 mill == 0.005 III
Thlc ie ,
.
ter d == 200 mm ~ r == 100 111111
== 0 I
Dlame ,
.
Fin base temperature,
"Ill
1.24/
- r II
-
:::: 0.005 [(0.242
_. (0. 100)1
lO"'lm21
~>(
[~--.--_j
III
C + 273 == 443 K
Too = 25 C + 273 == 298 K
= 220
co-efficient, h =
Heat transfer
T b = 170
I [rze
/'":::
40
W ImK.
140 W/m2K.
Tofind:
30
fill
dliciellCY
I. Fin efficiency, T1
2. Heat loss, Q
20
11
10
Solution:
A rectangular fin is long and wide. So, heat loss is calculated
by using fin efficiency curves.
Corrected length, Lc
1.5
{From HMT data book page no.50 (Sixth edition)]
1.5
L + 12
Lc
2.5
f_h \0.;
l kAm
= 0.140 + 0.005
2
ILc
From the graph, we know that,

[ flAlT claw book page 110.50]
=0.14251111
'1 + Lc
X . = LeI.)
ans
0.100 + 0.1425
0.2425 m I
21t [I'2C2 - I}]

21t [(0.2425)2
0.30650
1112.1
- (0.100)2]
05
.
-[ " 1
-kA
,r 1.5
- (0.14_:
, [~= 1.60 I
III
220
140
7.125
15
10-"
neaI and Mass Transfer

U
/.242
Curve~
r,
0.2425 = 2.425
0 I
==
r2(
'fe'"
61 Oia(J1
Curve value is 2.425
Fin efficiency,
1') ==
Heat transfer, Q ==
,~
Q = 0.28
IQ=
1742.99
Dr..
t:>'Gph
As h [Tb - TC()]
1')
0.30650
rOil]
28 %
[From HMT data bookp
=>
140
10
ft", : Fi
efficiency, 1') fin

.
ture at the edge of the rod, T, =L
2. Tempera
,J
eat dissipation, Q
1
age n050j
[443 - 2981
10
3. n
4.
Wi
d:::: 1.2 ern == 1.2 x 10-2 m
Length, L == 6 cm = 6 x 10-2 rn
. ht or
HelS
ductivity, k = 25 W/mK.
(J1al con
filer
. temperature, T co = 600 C + 273 = 333 K
dmg
Olm
.
_
Sorr
f r co-etliclent, h = 4:> W/m2K.
at trans e
He
ature, T b == 1000 C + 273 = 373 K
temper
Base
X axis. value is 1.60
By using these values, we can find fin efficiency
eter,
fin effectiveness, E
So/Illion:
Result:
. .m 'ency (For insulated end)
J. Fm ell'C'
l. Fin efficiency, TJ = 28 %
tan h mL
2. Heat loss, Q = 1742.99 W
TJfin
1m A stainless steel cylindrical
rod fin 0/1.2 em diameter and

6cm height with thermal conductivity 0/25 WlmK is exposed
to surrounding with a temperature 0/60 C The heattrensfe:
co-efficient is 45 Wlm2K and the temperature at the haseo!
the fin is 1000 C Determine
where
m=
... (I)
mL
==
rtf
[From HMT data book page no.49]
hP
kA
P> Perimeter
==
nd
==
0.0376 m
2
A - Area == TC/4 d == 1.13
10-4 m2
I. Fin efficiency
2. Temperature at the edge
0/ the
rod.
m ==
3. Heat dissipation
j kAhP
4. Fin effectiveness.
Assume fin end is insulated
~ [m
24.4
m-II
45 x 0.0376
25x1.13xl0-4
I. ~"d
Mass n'ollsjer
tan 11(24.4 x 6 x I o-~~
<I)
=:}
24.4 x 6 x 10-1
thin =
'llin
= 0.61
(or)
C~!..ill==
~
61
o/j
Tenlperalure llllile edge of the rod,
J)
tall h (24.4
::=
Temperature distribution [short tin, end inslilated]

T - TX)
cos"
= -------
III
J. J 3 x ] o-~
J --25 x 0.0376
xJ
[L -
-.-t:s--~
x 6 x J 0-2)
cos" (/ilL)
cos II 11/ [L - L 1
,tSIl/I:J. flO e fJicienc)"
cos" (IIIL)
2. Temperature at the edge of rod, T, = L == 350.5 K
T - 333
373 - 333
T - 33J
373 - 33J
cos" (24.4
0.439
19_:r-Q
= 2.48
4. Fin effectiveness,
= ] 2.2
o
L=
350.5 K.
tlissiplIlitJll[shor:jill, em/ lnstdated]

("PkA)~ (T s: Tx tall" (mL)
[45 x 0.0376 x 25 x 1.13 x 10-"

x tan It (24.4 x 6 x 10--2)
-=_-~i@-8 W
-----------
1!tS
(373 - 333)
alliminilllll rod (Ii = 204 WlmK) 2ent in diameler and 2fkm

prolflllies fro", a wall which is mainlained al 300C
TIlt end of the rod is insulated and the sutface o/Ihe rod is
txposed 10 air III .woe Tile heat transfer co-efficient between
'hi rod stir/ace (II1dair is JOWl",] K. Calculale I/It /Ielillosl
~I' the rod and the temperature
of the rod at a dislance 0/
JOcm/rollltlll? WII/I.
All
/ollg
[Anna Univ- June 2006J

Givm:
Diameter, d
___--:S
Soh'ed lJni~'~rsity"ProbJems
{ From NUT data book page no.49]

~ =
~-.
Temperature at the edge of the rod, Tx =
" J~eatdissipation,
J.
x 10-2)
IT = 350.5 K I
J) Hetll
11 = 6) %
of aluminium
= 2cIlI "'-,0.02 III
rod, k = 204 W/mK
. N~ t!
tlr 111,1 HI,I,I
"
. II I -
0 'II' -
\.
Hil
11
o.zo "'
I\:\~
~I"\\
IlIhlhl 1\.11111''-'1,,1111
c\nll"\'.
"I'~II1I;",~t~ I \.'"
er
., 'il/I.
dl
I,
I '
1'", - Ill" \ \
I-
\.'1"111,
_J:'I'
II'
l\)1\" \'
1'1\ -
'"
1- 10 I "
II) \\1," "

"
1111
\I'~'"11 \
1\l'ill
I\\d
11111 111:-1"11\.'\
S.Ilt4fil'" :
I hllllt'l 1'1'1' Ih\1 t II, II - 0,0
I t'''~lh l,l'lh(
II,
1'1' 10\.'111 I
.
I)
[<> ,...
,VI)
I - 0,"0 m
10
x-'/Ol
1,11"IO"IYi'('1I
H),t)7 W
1(1)
III
~1I0\V
III
It.
Isho!'1
di~ll'ihlllinll
. 'flilif'
P' ,
)0
'()'hill/(L-
till,
'lid in ..lllIedl
')1
cos II (",1 )
So, Ihis is short lin.

We knov that,
[From /I M1' III I book p(/~e 110. 19 (Slxtlt t.:d:'/OII)
Heat transferred
=
I '" I
_IIIIJ,(),III),I)
1
1111 II \\1111
'i'I)III
1.1
()_~IO.()'O('
hid, l.,.)
\ 'I '11'1'
, 41
~ I 1\
,..1 .I, Il'al h'~1h~ Ih{'
"/,,
[short fill, end insulated]
(hPkA)Y: (Tb- Too) tan It (rnl.)
I)UIX
... (I)
[From HMT data book page no. 49 (Sixth editioll)}
1OcIII
O. 10m
h [3.13(0.20
T - 303
c
573 - 303
- 0.10)]
h(3.13xO.20)
where,
T - 303
A - Area
= 2!_
4
_ 7t
::)
d2
- 4 (0.020)2
IA
3.14 x 10-4 rn2
P - Perimeter = 7td = 7t x 0.02
.,
[p
0.0628 m]
~~-J
~
0.8727
573 - 303
=>
IT
538.63 K
Illu!! :
I. Heat lost by the rod,
Q = 30.07 W
2. Temperature of the rod at a di tance of l Ocrn from the

wall == 538.63 K
Fm
1249
'''I; -
Fin . ThickneM.
4"''\'
0.76 mm
Length, L 1.27 em
WC kllow that,
Diameter of the cylinder, d - 5 rn
Armo pheric temperature
NUI1Ib<'r of fins
0.05
45
Heal transferred, 01
ITt
; 27
... (I)
3 ....318 K
",here,
10
of fin, k = 120 W/nlK
Thickness of the fin,
(hPi<A )1/2 (T b- T (J"J) tan h (mLp
:::
c:
0.76
111111
p _ Perimctcr:::
0.76 )( 10')
::: 2
III
Length (heiglu) of the fin L/= 1.27 em = 1.27

Ileal transfer co-efficient. II = 17 W/m2K
Length of the cylinder
x \
\p ::: 2m I
10-2 III
A - Area ::: Length of the cylinder x thickness
ylinder surface It'lllp<'ralure

or
Ba e
temperaiure
T h:: 1SO C + 273 ==
::: IxO.76x\0-3
3K
Tofind:
\ A ::: 0.76 x \ 0-3 m2
I. Rate of hear transfer. Q

-.
ernperaru--
III
at the end of the fin.
==
j kA
hP
Solution:
e'
ng h
en
10
0
IS
he fin is 1._ em S
hi
. o. r IS
insulate .
IS
short fin. Assumins
\ 20
m == \ 9.30
L.
0.76
O1-1J
10-3
d Mass Transfer
1250 Heal an
we nee d temperature
Q, ::: (hPkA)Y2 (Tb- Too) tan h (ml )
(1) ~
::: [17
2 x 120 x 0.76
xtanh(19.30xI.27
10-3]~)( (423
x 10-2)
-318)
::7
Tb - T ~
::7
..:.---:::Tb- r~
T-
[Q, ::: 44.3 WJ

Heat transferred per fin
44.3 W
Heat transferred for 10 fins
T-3IS
I Q, =443 wi
105
Q2 =hA~T
17 x [(n
0.05
= Area
(T
b-
:=>
280.21
of cyl inder - Area of fin]
+ 2S0.21
[Q = 723.21
wi
We know that,
Q = 723.21
2. Temperature at the end of the fin, T
419.94 K
o Aluminiumfins
Calculate tile heat loss per fin.

K == 200 WlmoC for aluminium.
Take I, = 130 WI",2 C and
[Madras University Ocl-99, OCI-2001}

G;Vfn:
Temperature distribution [short fin end insulated]
T-T
co
4 19.94 K
1.5 em wide and 10 mm thick are placed on a

2.5em diameter tube to dissipate the heat. rile tube surface
temperature is 170 C ambient temperature is 20" C.
Wi
= 443
Tb-T
0.970
x I) -
So, Total heat transfer, Q = Q, + Q2
co
~:::
I. Heat transfer,
To:
(10 x 0.76 x 10-3 x 1.27 x 10-2)] x (423 -318)
IQ2
1.030
Result:
t x Lf) x
(nd Ley - lOx
[.: Area of unfinned surface

=
x 1.27 x 10-2)
. (2)
Heat transfer from un finned surface due to convection is
==
cos h(19.30
423 - 3 IS
10
=443
=h
r~ :::
r-31S
==
cos h (mlf)
.-:-----:- -
44.3
' put x
::: cos h [111 (l - L)]
~._
::: 1.76 x 105 x 0.240
at the end of fin. So
~s h [m (Lf- x)]
cos h (mLj)
-,\,.
'
Wide of the fin, b == 1.5 ern == 1.5 x 10-2 m

Th'
Ickness, t == 10 rnrn == 10 x 10-3 m.
~mt e er of the tube, d == 2.5 cm ::: 2.5
' .
IO'--m
d Mass Transfer
1.252 Ileal (111
~c
temperature,
Ambient temperatureT
Heattral
r, ~J7~0.~: + 2:3:::: 443)( <,

00 -
isfer. co-efficient
Them1al conductivity
----~
II)~~]
20 l. -I- 273 ::::293 )(
h = ) 30 W 11112 "C
= 200
W/moC
llsferred by fin, Q
I(
,1
Tofind:
('lesttra
14.3 W
. hi reclangular
jill has II lengll, 0/ J5 mm I~. k

I
d "
.
lie nes
TI,e tl,ernla con uctlVlty IS 55 IV/m"e T'l
11
I ",,1"
"
I tiejill IS
t:J il.
10 II cOllvectloll envlronmellt at 20" C
~ set! ,VI",] " e. Ca Icu Iate the I,elll loss 1'.0 b(IIId
t-"pO O"/j
J"a~
Heat loss
..A;"
A sll" "
Solution:
Assume fin end is insulated; So, this is short fin end'
Insulal
type problem.
ed
h$ll
Heat transfer [short fin, end insulated]

Q
------FillS I 2'
::: 130)( 0.05 x 200 x 1.5 x 1()-4]~-;---::':~
[xtanh(14.7xI.5XI0-2)
(443-293)
P - Perimeter
.F/50"e.
r,,'UreoJ
data book I)
age
Lellgd1,
L == 35 nun
1I0.49J
Thicknes ,
Breadth
10-2
1.5
10--4 m2
10 x 10-3
IP
0.05 m
T b = 1500 C + 273
Heattransfer co-efficient,
I
10-2)+(IOx
1.4 mm = 0.0014m
Base temperature,
2 (b+t]
2[(1.5
t ==
= 0.035
conductivity, k = 55 W/mo C
Thertna I
0
Fluid temperature, Too = 20 C + 273 = 293 K
thickness
1.5
.
[Madras Umversity Apr-1002j
'" (I)
~:
[FromllMT
A - Area
SO
It"rpe
(hPkA)Y2 (Tb- Too) tan h (ml.)
where
IO-3)}
= 500
= 423
W/m2 OC
r,p.d:
Heatloss, [Q1
;Wlllioll :
JhP
~ Since the length of the tin is 35 mrn, it is treated as short fin.
kA
'~sumeend is insulated.
130 x 0.05
200
1.5
14.7 m-I
10--4
Heattransferred [short tin, end insulated]

Q
(hPkA)Y2 (T s: T~) tan h (mL)
.. ([)
[ From H MT dol a book page 110.49J
Fins 1.255
_ 25
d d- .
/.254 Heal and Mass Transfer

where
P _ Perimeter
~
A-Area
[A
==
==
2 x Length (Approx'
11a e
2 x 0.035
ll t ly)
==
0.07 m
==
Length
==
0.035 x 0.0014
==
4.9
1Ifi~d:
bY the rod.
Heallost
.aJ11eter
of
==
113.9
4.9
m-
[500xO.07x55x4.9x
d - 0.025
So, thiS
== 6.4 < 30
155 0
We know that
Heattransferred [short fin, end insulated]
10-5]~x(423-293)
==
(hPkA)I/2 (Tb- Too)
... (\)
tan h (mL)
where
w1
P-Perimeter=
Result:
Heat loss, Q == 39.8 W
-:
_...QJ2_
. .. h rt tin. Assume end is insulated.
x tan h (113.9 x 0.035)
[I]
the fin, d == 0.025 rn
DI
- 0 16 rn
Length of the fin, L - .
10-5
Substituting h, p, k, A, T b: Too, m, L values in equation (I)
== 39.8
I"
1IIl11ioll:
[m
IQ
T:;::::2
..",81 COo
500 x 0.07
(I) ~ Q==
gthO
J11perattlre, b
::; 160 C + 273 ::; 289 K
ase te
erattlre, Too
2
e 1)11d'og
tel11P
a-:'
t h::; 15 W 1m K.
I
f r co_eulclen ,
surro
h at trailS e
vective e
. k == 190 W ImK.
Con
dtlctiVlty,
I;en
rite 1
55
0.025 rn
{tlte ro '
::; 0.16 m
_: eler 0
J..,:;:::: 16 clTl
6j,~Oi~(1l {the rod,
600 C + 273 == 533 K
thickness
10-5 m2
COl ::;
An aluminium rod 2.5 em in diameter and 16 em IO/lg

protrudes from a wall which is maintained at 260"C The rod
is exposed to an environment at 16"C, Tile convective heat
transfer co-efficient is 15 Wlm1K. Calculate tile Ileal/Osl by
tile rod. Take k = 190 WimK.
[Madurai Komara) University Apri/-97}
xd = n x 0.025 = 0.0785
I P = 0.0785 m\
A-Area
=..!_
d2
= ~
(0.025)2
~ =
4.9 x 10-4 m2 \
r
"6 u t 011(/
I. ]) ne
Fins 1.257
Mass transfer
"--- ______
III =
---'-',
(Jf
ferred.
pi'
ItrailS
()
~e8
{15- x 0.07~
1190
[m
= 3.5
4.9
de length is 8 ern, it is treated as short fin A

he bla
. Ssume
SiOCe I d
.
su ~te . s: red 1 short fin, end msulated]
JIS iO
1/
'Q~:
10-4
1l1~
He
t trlll1sler
PkA)~(Tb-TCXl)tanh(mL)
... (1)
Q::; (h .
(I) ~
Q = (15 x 0.0785
x
190 x 4.9 x 10-4 ]~ x (533

0.16)
- 289)
tan" (3.5
[From HMT data book page n0.49]
where
IQ = 41.03 w.j
==
lesult :
Heat lost by the rod, Q = 41.03 W
1*
kA
465xO.12
==
I!l A
turbine blade 8 em 10llg made of Sillilliess Sleel

Wln,K) has a cross sectionat area of if. 75 em} tIIltla
perimeter of 12 em: Tilt! bast! temperature of the billtleis
6IHr C Find the qualllily of I,eal given to blade if in the blade
is exposed to Ilot gtlses 850"C. Take heat transfer co-efficient
to be 465 WlmJK.
[m
(It = 32
I) ::>
length of the blade, L = 8 cm = 0.08111
Perimeter, P = 12em
0.12
-230.2 ~
Heat transferred, Q
-230.2 W.
111
+ 273
Hot gas temperature, T'Xl= 8500 C

eat transfer co"efficient,"
==
ltsuJl:
10-4 1112.
Base temperature, Tb = 6000 C
[-ve sign indicates that heat flows from gas to turbine blades]
Thermal conductivity, k = 32 W/I11K.

Area, A = 4.75 cm2 = 4.75
I
== 60.5 m-
Q == [465 x 0 12 x 32 x 4.75 x 10-4]Y2 x (873 -1123)

x tan h (60.5 x 0.08)
[Q
Given:
32x 4.75 x 10-4
= 873 K
+ 273
1123 K
'jJ
'.!J
I
= 465 W/1112K.
'11
-l
S 6 em diameter
Aheatmgunit
made in the form of a eyI'inaer
I
.
. 20 Iong!'tudinalfins 3. mm
and 1.2 m long. It IS. provided
With
J
.
.r.
Of the eyltnuer.
Ifllck whicl, protrude 50 mm from tire sur,aee 'J
bi t
. 800 C The am len
The temperatllre at the base of the fin IS
J.2j
'n"rnlllres is 2.~"C. Ttiefio heat 'ral1\r.
rem,."'.
''Jerco_
l e el,lillller and JIIIS 10 'he :H"rolilldillg
. :lJici(!11 -,
"
.
(Ur IS J
1ft
C leulnlt the rate of heat transfer from 'heli

0 If;/
(/
11111e(/
",1,.
_IrrOllll(lillO.
Take k = 90 '~/'
1 'ImA.
1v(1//, ~.
'
I
V"
0/
"
[ Man0l11110nilllll SlIl1daranar
VI .
11lJerSily
o.
(lfl ell
()~I
jl
f t Iie fin is 50 mrn. Assume end is insul a tiS

en.
I'flgth
IIlSU
. nor1
lshort
ferred
1,5
Ip
lated Iype problem.
thi
IS
if)
tan IT (mLf)
'"
(J)
~ '9(J
Gil'en:
l}
Oiameter of the cylinder, d
Length of the cylinder,
= J.2
Ley
6 ern
(From HMr datn book page n0.49]
0.06 rn
\vhere
III
J11e
Number of fins
p- Pen
20
ter
===
===
= 3 mm = 0.003 m
Thickness of fin (t)

Length of fin, Lf
Base temperature,
50 mrn
Tb
0.050 m
T IX
)<
J.2
[!_2_.4~
= 80 C + 273 = 353 K
===
A - Area
= 25 C + 273 = 298 K
Film heat transfer co-efficient,
= J
1.2
0 W Im2K
[A
= 90 W/mK.
Toftnd:
J11
-3.6
j
III
L--
d=~jomrt_--
~~~
~~
(I) ~
0, = [10
~-r-r-r-~
01
t =
0.003
Length, L = 0.050 m
x tan h
Thickness,
{-
0.003
10-3
m21
IOx2.4
90x 3.6
10-3
~~f2J
2.4
90
3.6 x 10-3)12 x (353-298)
(8.6 x 0.050)
62.16 W.
J11
Heat transferred
thickness offin
J kA
Sotution :
~hP
Rate of heat transfer
. -i-
'
fin, end IIlsulated]
Heat trans
1/.
Q, ::::= (hPkAV2 (1 b- T
No
per fin
62. I6 W

Fins 1.261
Number of fins = 20
0, :; 62.16
So, Total heat transferred,
20
10, :; 1243.28~
Heat transfer from untinned surface due to Cony
.
eCllon'
IS
1,,"l1oth,
c;:>
,J,)
0.050 rn
-x:
rnrn :;
0.003
0.0 2 0
111111 :;
I conductivity.
m
111
k= 45 W/mK
298)
[o_ = 122. 5 W 1
Surroun
r,fif/d:
I'
111 :;
. .
co-efficient, II = 100 W/m2K
etlan
nve
Co
_
erature. 1 b:; 120 C + 27J = J9J K
P
Base tem
d'10 temperature, T C1J = 35 C + 273 = 308 K
[ .. Area of un tinned surface= Area of cylinder - A

. .
reaoff!n)
]0 [x x 0.06 x 1.2 - 20 x 0.003 x 0.050J f3'~
50
Ine(1J18
= h x [11 d Ley - 20 x t x Lji (T, - TyJ
Q=Q,
===
. kneSS,
Inle L === 20
02 = h A t1.T
So,
Total hear rraasf e t,
6jl'tJI 1.alTlcter.
I. Heat
+Q2
~.."
II::>
n 0\
rate per fin, Q
Fio efficienc
_43.28 - 122. ~
..,
, Fin effecti ene s. E

).
Q = 1366 If.!
)4IJlliDfI :
20 rnrn, it i treated as hart fin.
; e the fin len

Inlllt :
~: '. ilD lated,
Heal rans err
!l
urne
A dlcum/uential
rtC/ungulor profile fin on a pipe of
5fJmmlluJutli!uneler nJ mm 'ltick uno 20 mm Mn;:. Thermal
fJntlucti.,il i. 45 WlmK. Convection
co-efficient
is
100 W/",1X. Bote temperature i, /2(1" and urrounding
0:;
hP
I. /legl jll'if41 rut.eper [in
fin, en i ula ed]
)Y2(Tb-T'f)Lanh(mL)
[FfI'Im HMT d.
P _ Pcrimc -r
fllr lemperu/ule I. JJ" C Determine
[sbo
11 /
[P -
(J, J
0.050
57
mJ
2. FIn ejJkkn(:,
2
. f'lli tj/et:II'Iene.u.
I M(lnriMlflnllHrI
/:/H1d(Jf(~nar I/nM;rKlly,
(
/,/r I
/I/{JV ()6/
..!..
((),(J5(J
.. '
/0
Q(j.
I)
page!1O ,')/
)$'':
s For Practice
[t.
J.QO
x 0.157
-1 - ,---.:...:.__
1.96 x 10-3
'_3.3 m-
......
1_11_1
=> Q
,.-__
Jj
O.157
. . 1{llet
. 0
(f//II
1/
d/I
tan" (13.3 ' 0020)
Fin efliciell~Y,
'
'C
tall
'1=
x 10-)
1y,
2)(
lell'P
.'
b
KI
I (If II Inllg .' rod of I em dml1leler if'llel",lIilllfll'
,
ell~ 'J
(It
a furnace.
The rod is 1!\/7o"e(11
.'1 Otll!
(I"C bv pl{lcillg It 1/1 ....
.
...
() utr. (It
,!(/
'(11 (I c:ollveUIOII co-efflclelll
of 15 WI,II1K .,..,
"I' C wt
.
. t ne
.1/'
Illlfe
melHllred
III II dlSIIlIH:e
0
78 6 ""
"perl
,
:J"
n Will'
l de Delermille
(t
lite thermal eOllllliClivilV Of lite "'(II
. I
141.5
. '.I
ertat.
J(8)
[Ans k = 45 WI",KI
tall" ",L
'l
(39'
.J -
1llL.
, Oder",;ne lite Iteal flow for-ti} rectangula fins (ii) Triallgular
Ii (13.3
13.3
0.020
97.7 ~
tan II IIIL
----_
..
E==
jf~
Etl'ectivcnss, E == 1.56J
tan h (13.3
/-'00
=:
tJ/ 20 ""
ami J ""~' buse ~/lic/(//e.H. Tlter",a/
CIIJI(IIIc1iv,Iy ts 45 WlmK. Convection
coefficielll
is
100!VIm]/(, base temperature is 120vC. SlirrOll/lllillfJ fluu!
((",pertltllre is J5" C. Determine also jill effectiveness. Use lite
eI/nrl
/AII,\' I. Rectangular jill Heat flow, Q == 285 W
Fill effectiveness, E == 11.6
2. Triallgu/ar jill Heat flow, Q = 268 W
Fill effectiveness, E == /(UI
0,020)
Fill effectivelless
45
x 0.020)
1.96
x
0.157
10~J
WlmK) 3 mm thick 11/1(/7.5 em long

prolrudesfrom II 11',,/1 tu JOO" C The ambient temperature is
50C wit" " = 10 WIlli] K. Compute heat loss from the jill per
IlIIil dept" of the material. AI!;() calculate its efficiency 11IIt!
effectivelless.
/ AilS Q = 359 Wlm T] = O.9J7, E = 4UI
I, All"llIlIIinilim
jill (k
= 200
i. A one meter long, 5 CI1I diameter cylinder placet! ill {I atmosphere

I. Heat flow ' Q -).
- 2' 9 W
w--(
(II
'J'
/JII'
.I, fill
Re.m/I:
I'.
39.1 nuujrom tue Iurnace end. D'I

.
'.
e trlll"'e the
er{l/llre oj the rod.
{Ami T == 773
. "IIIIICe
45 x , 96
~J
_5.9
'ltin
()
I'I!
[I 00
x
IQ
1ertl
r,.ob
.-J.9
.fIlII" rOil I em diameter
1IfI,Villa a Ilte----'
"
d II] II
""(1 COlltlU'I'( IVtty.
I/ttll
II' i\,1i(lced 1/1 a furnace,
Tlte rod is '
V W/IIII\ '.
exposed 10 .
/'H' 0 er its !I'lIr/act! (l1Il1 the COlivcction
'{','fi' tur (/(
Ilj C
I'
,
.
co-e tctetu .
/6(1 . I (II 1.5 I,Jljm'" R.. TIle lemperullire
is relit/liS 2651) IS
2. Fin efticicncy n - 9
,
'" - 7,7 %
3. FIll dfectiv
cness, E ::: 1.56
~/
11/40 C is provided
with 12 IOllgillll/illa/llrfliglll
[ins
(k:::75.6 WIIIlK). The fins art! 0.8 111111 thick and protrude
~.5('111/rolll the cylinder surface. T"e "ellllrall!Jjer co-eflil.ielll
IS 23.25 WI",] K. Catcutatc
lite rate ofhea! IramIe, illlle mr/(Ice
(ell/pert/tllre is 1JO" C
1;1/1.)' Q = /170 JIll
Transtent
. Heal ( ,
-ondUClion 1.265
}.5 TRANSIENT HEAT CONDUCTION

UNSTEADY S!ATE CONDUCTION
0
( Q.)
where
If the temperature of a body does 110t vary .-~

.
"
With ti
.
to be IIIa steady state. But If there IS an abrupt cl
.rne, It is .
.
.
lange In .
sal~
temperature, It attains a steady state after SOlne p'
lis s~r[
.
.
.
ertod. D . aCt
period the temperature vanes with time and the b dv : lJrlng tho
.
0 )'Issa'd
II
an unsteady or transient state.
I to be in
Transient heat conduction Occur in Cooling of
automobile engines, boiler tubes, heating and coolina f Ie enginel
t> 0 metal b'l

'
rocket nozzles, electric Irons etc.
I lets,
Transient heat conduction can be divided
flow and non periodic heat flow.
in to
varies on a r
. . Ien gth , L c -terlstlc
for slab :
..
Characteristic
In non p~no. diIC h eat flow, the temperature

the system vanes non-linearly with time.
Example .. Heat' mg a f an
an i
.
ingot 111 a furnace,
L - Thickness
::J__ _ A
Lc~
~ \
A --:;;:-
of the slab
For cylinder:
Characteristic
Lc = -A
length,
at any point within
~
cool ing of bars.
The ratio of int

I
.
convettion'
erna conductIOn resistance
reSIstance is k
nown as Biot number.
Biot. umbe r -- _Intemal con ducri
.
uctlOn resistance
Surface co
.
nvectlOn resistance
where
R - Radius of cylinder
1.5.1 Biot Number

to the surface
For sphere:
Characteristic
tI
ength
Volume
- V
Surface Area -
_
Lc -
.
length,
egu ar basIs.
Surface of earth during a period of 24 ho urs.

(ii) Non periodic heat flow:
Charac
length or Significa
where
Examples.' Cylinder of an IC engine,
8.I ---.::.
- h Lc
k
Characteristic
Lc -
'.
penodlc heal
(i) Periodic "eat flow
In periodic heat flow, the temperature
..
hennal conductivity,
WlmK
T
kh _. Heat transfer co-efficient,
W/m2K
lenzth
Lc = V
0'
A
n:R2 L
2n:RL
hA (T - T )
. 'ble
Ne~"!'
V ciT
cit
Internal
where
Resistance
R - Radius ot the sphere.
For c"be:
Characteristic
length, Lc
T
V
A
T:::: To at t
LJ
Lumped/,etd
fIg 1.13
6L1
.
've heat \
convect I
bodv
fronl t h e
'
\Lc~ ~]
::::
-::::>
1.5.2 Lumped beat Analysis [Negligible
internal
In a Newtonian heating or cooling
is assumed as
resistance
process
is considered to be uniform at a given time.

called lumped parameter analysis.
is known as
the temperature
Such an analysis is
energy
Cp x V
dt
-hA
respon
determined by relating its rate of change

conve ti e exchange at the surface.
energy with
-hA
dT
T - T
dt
/11
b und
ry c ndiu
III
lib titutin
cit
t + C\
At t =
\.&0)
x \
t -T
e of the body can be

of internal
Integrating
r\ppl
Let us consider a solid whose initial temperature

is To and
it is placed suddenly in ambient air or any liquid at a constant
ot
pCp V
T-T~
resistancel
resistance
negligible in comparison with its surface

Newtonian heating or cooling process.
T~. The transient
Rate of change
dT
dT
temperature
ctlp"cily system.
-::::>
L - Thickness of the cube.
The process ill which the internal
internal
-hA (1' - T F)
where
o-T \==
jj
C\
. .. (\ ,80)
Transient Heat Conduction 1.269

_ Lumped
Heat Analysis
bleJ1lS
I,ed fro
I SO
~ In [T - Too]
-hA
p Cp V
+I
11
-------[To - T <xlJ
alum'
'"illm slab of 6 mm thick is at 400 C

,
,
50 c"',
d /ellly immersed In water, So Its surface
;0 ~
illS SU (
"
~li',/1" gJld
ed to 50 C Determine tIre time required
IV '/1# /
's lower
~I
Ilre'
DC
~~(r"t
reacl. 120 '
I ~~ lab 10
I for/h{ S
fer co-efficiellt, I. = 100 Wlm1 K
D
=> In [~ ,-_ T.;:.
Mal ,ra"s
I ra~{
,
_ SO x SO em:!
. OS-
~ Di,(enSlo L'" 6 mm
SO x SO x 10-4 m2
10-
. knesS,
,hie
T = 4000 C + 273 = 673 K
.' temperature,
0
Initial
T = 50 C + 273 = 323 K
. I temperature,
co
na
fl
.
mperature T = 120 C + 273 = 393 K
mediate te
'
Inter
f
o-efficient, h = 100 W Im2K
Beat trans er c
, , , (1.81)
where
To - Initial temperature of the sol id, K

T
- Intermediate temperature
of the solid, K
Too - Surface temperature

of the solid (or) F'
temperature of the solid, K
Inal
- Heat transfer co-efficient, W/m2K
A - Surface area of body, ml.
lIioll :
Speci fie heat of the body,

- Time, s.
Cp -
I
I
Density of the body, kg/rn-'

V - Volume of the body, m3
'fiwd:
. (t) required to reach 120 C

Time
J/kg
Propertiesof aluminium
K.
Specific heat, Cp
I. In lumped parameter
than 0.1.
i.e.,
Bj <0.1
-Initial
system,
hLc
temperature,
- Intermediate
are
Density, p = 2707 kg/rn '
Note
2. To
{From HMT data book page no. I}
Biot number value is less
896 J/kg K
k = 204.2 W/mK.
irllab,
< 0.1
Characteristic length
K
.
(or)
Significant length, Lc
temperature, K
Too - Surface temperature or Final temperature,
~'~-=:m-=~
__'~_L-
.J_
L
=
1.270 Heal and Mass. Transfer

where
_------71:.:.r~alnsielll
_______
=ue:
\,/~cre
L - Thickness of slab
10 - Initial temperature,
L = 6 x 10-3
c
2
.,.. _ Final temperature

1<1)
1 - Intermediate
I'
Ii
We know that ,
.
hL
B lot number , B.I = __k c
Specific
p _ Density
3
W /1ll2K
length,
III
kg/rn!
10-3
t - Time,
204.2
Bi = 1.46
heat, J/kg K
Lc - Characteristic
x
temperature,
h _ Heat transfer co-eflici('nt
100
eat CondUCTion 127
10-3 < 0.1
393 - 323
~iot number value is less than 0.1. So thi "

analysis type problem.
' IS IS lumped heal
(Il :::>
673 - 323
For lumped parameter system,
In (0,2)
-1,609
'"
(I)
[From HMT data book page no, 5 i (.'iixlh editioni]
-100 XI]
= e 3 x IO-J )( 896 x 2707
G" .~
-100 x 1
3 )( IO-J x 896)( 2707
-IOOxl
3 x 10-3 x 896 x 2707
117.1 s
Nfsu1t :
Time requ ired for the slab
10
reach 120 C is "7, I s,
We know that,
Characteristics
T - T~
(I) ~
"C
length, I.e
:i._
[Lc:~p,p"'1
To - T",
o A copper
rod of oilier diameter 10 mm illilia/~I' (I' a

umperature of 31J(}UC is sllll(lell~11immerseti ill a water
allOO"C. Determine the lime reqllired/or Ihe rOt/IOreach
2 J O"c. Tali e COli l'eCI;W! Ire(II ITlIIIS/tr co-e//iciol' is
9J WlmlK.
.'.
Transient Heat C
onduc(
value is less than 0.1. So th"
Ion 1.273
Inbcr
'
IS IS lu
,
'011111 blerll.
Illpedheat
l
I'
e pro
. :; I)'P d parameter system,
,~~l~"C(l1and Masj' Transfer
()'/,.,,, .Dlnmctcr of the rod, D
20 mm - 0.020
Radius of the rod, R = 0.0 10m
=
In
I ,.,1
/'fo(
To = 380 C + 27 _
3 - 65" K
T = 100 C + 273 ==373,)K
Initial temperature,
Final temperature,
t]
... (J)
~~e
T ==210 C +
fo - T
273==483
h ==95 W Im21(
[-hA'
pCp V
IX)
Intermediate temperature,
~.'
1lI(llP
[F rOI1/ H MT data b ookpa

ge nO.5 J
0)
n'llntl:
Time (t) required to reach 210 C
Solutlon :
[From H,\fT data book
Properties of copper are

Density, p
page "o.l)
8954 kg/rn!
Specific heat, Cp
383 J/kg K
Thermal conductivity, k ::: 386 \\ ImK.
-95
In (0.392)
For Cylinder.
Characteristic length, Lc :::
R
2
[1
10-3
x t
383
8954
=169.03s
::: 0.010
/JjMlt:
Time required
We
know that,
.
B lot
to reach 210 C is 169.03 s.
] A 5 em thick copper
hLc
number , B,'::: - k
suddenly immersed
slab is at 200 C initially and it is

in water. So its surface lemperature is
lowered to 90 C. In one test run, the initial temperature is

::: 95
386
Bj ::: 1.23
10-3 < 0.1
10-3
decreased by 40 C and the time taken is 6 minutes.

Determine the heat transfer
capacity method
of analysis.
co-efficient by using lumped
't
/-:
. kl1(1'
I'.L .:'''"~
.
If
Iii
II
il :lllenrper:llure.
\I~
III
T; :::90
I
I L - V
engt 1. c - A
.'
(hMae
T ::: _000
erarure.
Transtem Heal C . I
______ --------------~~~O~I~Ir.~II~C/~I~OI~/~/
lensllCS
1 _T
[P
== e
-11
Cp
Lc
x t
.:.------:;To-' fcc
Ti ie,
I=
6 min
~3 - 363
= 360 s
4
473 - 363
Heallransfer co-efficient.
== -----.::....:...::.._-
360
8954x 383x 0.025
d,
ata book
Page no.}
Pr perties of copper are
107.77 W/m2K
Density p = 8954 kg/m-'

383 J/kg K
-h
/11 (0.636)
{From IiMr
So/ution:
For
-11 x 360
]
[
e 8954x 383x 0.025
Tofind:
Specific heat, Cp
==
JtS,,/1 :
k = 386 W/IllK.
Heat transfer
h == 107.2 W/m2K.
co-efficient,
Slab.
Characteristic
length, Lc
==
B.A
For lumped
==e
0.05
2
Lc
==
Lc
= 0.02)
again measured
==
III
0.025
(IS
of tile cylinder is
C. Determine
unit surface
conductance by using lumped heat analysis method.

Givtll :
Diameter of cylinder,
parameter system.
-hA
[ pCp V
... (I)
{From f-f "'"T data book page no 5ij
diameter is initially at a
suddenly dropped into ice
IS
water:After J mill utes tile temperature
where L - Thickness of slab
of _7 ""
solid copper cy/:"der
temperature of 25 C and it
Radius of cylinder,
To
Cylinder
is dropped
is 0 C, i.e., Too
0
==
==
==
7 em
0.035
==
==
0.07 m
111
25 C + 273
0
298 K
ill to ice water. So, final tempcralure
0 C + 273
0
==
273 K
6 Heal and Mass Trans er

__
---...:7.:_:ra:::n_:::s,_,i"ent
lieal
Conduct'
[-h
Time, t.,
min - 180
774-273
::.:-:----;::;:
nit surface conductance,
=el~l<180\
So/"t;o" :
[From flMT d
Pr pcrties of copper
ala
book
383
p 10
.,c
are
,]
[h
length,
Lc
unit surface conductance,
I Lc
F r lumped parameter
T-T
=e
= 0.0 I 75
sy
2
0.035
=O.OI75m
In
==
1073.21 W/m2K.
'
Girt" :
= 7 kg
Initial temperature, To = 320 C + 273 == 593 K
MasSof the sphere,
rem,
[-C-_I~......;.~-x-p x
aillm;nium sphere weighing 7 kg

d'"
] A"
an Initially
at a
. ",peralure of 320 C 1.'1 sUc/tieniy immers d .
'.
Ie.
e In CI lIqUId at
25'C. Tile cOllve~/lve heal, transfer co-efficient is 50 W/ml K
Valermine the time required for the sphere t0 reuc II 100'C'
-2
1073.2IW!m2~
Ili"ll:
k = 386 W/mK.
'ylinder.
haracteristic
1)0 ,
Specific heat, Cp = 383 J/kg K

x 180
0.0175 x 89S4
-h
/11 (0.04)
Den ity, p = 8954 kg/m!
Final temperature,
t]
, .. (I)
To - T
[From I-IMT dat a book page
n0.57j
Too = 25 C + 273
==
298 K
100 C + 273 == 373 K
h = 50 W Im2K
Tofind:
We know,
Time requ ired for the sphere to reach 100 C
Characteristics
length, Lc
Solulion :
= V
[From HMT data book page no.l]
(I)
I
'
1.277
298 - 273
Tofi"d:
For
IOn
T-Too
Properties of aluminium
JCp:l~c' "1
= 2707 kg/m3
Thermal conductivity, k = 204.2 W/mK.
Density, p
To-Too
are
I
11{f/Jf I till
fl71.!
" ~.",
110
1/1111'/1'1
Itl~'
'"'/
IIDif';';
1M ~ 1/ I'
/1.lmlr
/ ,I
/'
;t
,
, ,,
II'
II
'J
tlly'!
III
'Z'1,/
~ "1 {
"
"'h
. 'J II -
1 Jd
~/
'
'''/,
-'
(),(JX5 rn
373 - 2<)~
593 - 2c)~
I'
h' t: Cti" ic leng h, Lc
It
----
W)61' ()'(J2~31' 27()7
In (0,25 ) -
For Sph('fe.
- SO
--
1 /
-50
~961' 0,0283/
2'1(J7
=1881.33
O,DRS
---
ltlU/t :
3
Lc
'~I (;
cnow
Bioi
= (J,(J2IO
Time required
to reach
hLc
umber. . 13I =-k
initially at
1I
made
of copper of dtumeter 6 mm
of 2(r C These spheres are
annealed in a annealing
unneuling furnace
50 /. 0.0283
for the sphere
204.2
13i
ana Iysi
= 6.92 /. I 0- 3
10
furnace.
The temperature of the
L\'450" C. Calculate the time required

reach the temperature
It
J 0 W/ml K.
6 mrn
of 320 C Take
0
CiVet! :
O. j
/3iot number value is less than 0.1. S ,this

type problem.
temperature
~ Thousand sphere
hat,
IO()O is 1881,33
is lumped heat
umber of sphere
= 1000
Diameter of the sphere,
0.006 rn
___(
1iIIl4""
,u~ . \1,' .11lt'
c,
R = l. OJ
11\
. 1 11,11'
It
.n'
1
UI, I \.:,'I :r:\1 I
Inl nll('dinle
II '.
e. r =
T ==
lellli ernture.
-effic
Ir:\H~fa'
4' 0"
ient.
")
-
h ==..,
J;:::-
W 11ll- K
'I(
1+,
'L...
ime rec uired
10
r'" _0 c
reach the leillperature
S{lIUlilln:
(Fr m H.I(T d
crt ies
en il~.
book
, red l)fHllmeter
-r
I-I
_:----;=-
==e
-hA
[C v P
P
...
(From HAn dala b k
, 1'1,0'"
(I )
page no.5il
that
\\ ~ I'
c,aI racteristics
Lc
length,
==
"!_
A
S - 4 ,,::/111'
pC'il'heal.
(
The mal
/-'0
It
ndu livir).
'8
,,==
W/mK.
-30 x
593 - 723
293 - 723
R
::::>
--
111 (0.302)
-30 x t
383x 0.001
8954
== 0.001
\1
136.87 s
1m
Rt'Hllt:
Time requ ired to reach the temperature
is 136.87 s
~o " 11.00 I
Jso
().I
',
t.
y. tern,
f r Il.Iln
pper are
==
..
I'"
"problem.
. I) II;,
51
00
.. ,.,
,ber value i
10-
Ti) fiff"
of 3200 C
''"1~1.. ~
",I,
>h....
/.lBi lieal an d~ Mass Transfer
Transien; He
, d ;cal stuinless steel i"l:0t 170 mm il',.
r:7I A ('ylm r
Lc
0,0425
==
II
OlldllClioll
1.2 J
I~
( '(11"1.'1
I "" pll,ue:i t",ollg" II "CIII tremmelllji',r
e'r'''rl
'50 em I} t.I
,
11(,(,(, IV '
10 "" le"gt", T"e tC'mpcrm"'e of '''C'ji",
/"C/,
;,~5(1("
'"
'It'ce "
;",'1111 1111:(1(Icmperfll",c
is 12()" ~("113'
I'
I
C'. 'fl
,mlim" 11111 CI)l/I'C'C:/'I'eleflllrall,\/er
C
'r
('''III "",.
,o'c{fi
"
" I~II'IIII} K, C.,lelll,,'e tlu: "'"xi",,,,,,
'\'J1ced '\I' ," (Ir",
1,\ H,
',II
, "'/'i,
'
I ,,""'(',~ IImJIIJ:II 11",./ ""'''Ce 1110 fllI(lill 800"
e/,
IIIf! "'1/"
""
C'. l' ,
I(Idc.
I,ft h
' ,I
1/1<1'"111
Tile
is
fI,
46 x I (h~
"I' Ih\' steel '\lil, l) .. I 0
\),;,,"cl~'r
",h,I'"'~, I,,'III\,
,
L\,
'lI).tlh,
~ll.'d
I\ld,
511em
1\11II;IIe"-' kll, Ih
hI
:111 ~'" 1,1
O.\IS:i
~O \\)
111111.. 0, I 0 'II
III
\' II
,r",
\:11'1""
for
:i
1\\1\\
;11111 -,
N\ \ " 1...'
==
. T
1"1"\. "\. , "I,',
"
[Fran, J /.1 IT 1,1/I I 01) I .~,J
Il)
,I
'
_;
\:i \\' '"'1\.
I { '~
r r.
~\ - r,\,
.. ,( I)
,I~ \\ HlI\.
\. I
.... ~
t ,l :-;,
0, I
I:':P. l ~::~v '1
1\1
1 J 1 I"~ ,
0.099
' I til' 11\ I,

ue'r value is less than 0,1. So, this is lumped heal
H'O 'problem .
."IYP~
~~,~
I'
II\~'.
cd purruuetcr s S em,
l)" 0 1\\
IHIllal klllll\,f:III1' '.
I-'i II ,11 1,'11 I ,1:11111
s, =
(I"tl
III}/ ,\',
(l'i,",. :
I
45
I I'
"",111('111"'1'" III '\'(fllllle,\'~',"/I'cI is, 4 ,~ .JlI "'I( (lAr
,h"fllUI I t lillll~iI'i'"
\,'
,
105 x 0.0425
==
~ ,
, II - $,
13i - Hi
)1 HlIl\1\
:1'
III),
'"J

T == 20 C + 273 = 293 K
rature, .
tc(11pe
ature, T = I SO C + 273 = 423 K
'f)1II
te!11per
fl
d'ate
.
r!11c I
nsfer co-effiCIent, h = 110 W/m2K
1~le
. e heat tra
ccttV
3
cof)V
"" 7850 kg/m
ef)sitY, P
.. ty ex. == 0.044 m2/hr
O
diffuSIVI ,
fhertllal
[; == 1.22 x 10-5 m2/s
r:f)

~
-0.099
In (0.423)
Ingot speed
3_4_1_2_.5_3_s--,'
1__
,--I
x 0.46 x 10-5 ~
(0.0425)2
x t
Furnace Length
Time
C == 474 J/kg k
.fic heat, p
CI
Spe
d ctivity, k = 43 W/mK
Icon u
erJlla
'fh
5
3412.53
I ingot speed
1.465
10-3 m/s1
(0
Result:
Ingot speed
filld:
e requIre
I. TIJll
1.465
d for the sphere to reach 150 C

.
s heat transfer at I SO C
tantaneou
2. Ins II eat transferred
3. Tota 1
10-3 m/s.
[!) A mild steel sphere of 15 mill diameter is planned to he

cooled by an air flow at 20 C. The convective Iteattransfer
co-efficient is 110 W/m2K. Calculate the following
1. Time required to cool the spit ere from 700 to 150 C
0
up to 1 SO C
Solution:
For
Sphere,
Characteristic
length, Lc
R
3
I;
2. Instantaneous
heat transfer rate at 150 C

0
7.5 x10-3
3
3. Total energy transferred up to 150 C.

0
p = 7850 kg/m3
Takefor mild steel
Cp
= 474 J/kg K
a = 0.044 ",2/11
We know that,
hLc
k=43 W/",K
Biot number, Bi = -k-
Given:
Radius of the sphere,
= 15mm = 0.015
7.5
III
To = 7000 C + 273 = 973 K
~
43
10-3111
Bi
6. 3
10-3 < 0.1
r
TranSient Heat . d
em UCllon 1.287
ana),
.
ber value is less than 0.1. So, this is I
Blot num
. Ulllpcd h
. woe problem.
I:~I
I ),..For lumped parameter
T - T a)
::::
::;;110 x 7.06 x 10-4 t423 - 2931
.~
q:::: 10.09 W
system,
-hA
e[ Cp x V
x
x
ow upto J 50 C
t}
I heat
~fola
p
... (I)
qt
~p'i-
fl
c..>
P
V [T - T 01 [From HMT dala bo k

0 pageno.57j
",here
(From HMT data book
4
Volume,
page nO.57]
:::
We know that,
Characteristics
length,
Lc
= 3
A
V
423 - 293
[-IIOxt
el474X2.s
3 .
31tR
x10-3x 7850
1t x (7.5
10-3)3
=1.76X10--f>m3.J
==' qt::: 7850 x 474 x 1.76 x 10--f>[423 - 9731
Total heat transfer,
qt = -3616 j
973 - 293
{The negative
=>
-110
In(0.191)
474x2.s
It
Time required
Xl
Result:
= 139.9 s \
to reach
1500 C is 139.9 s.
q ::::hA [T - T (1)]
{From HMT data book

page 110.57 J
where
A - A rea ::::4
x \
1t
2
R ::::4 x
0-4 1Ta2
1. Time required
for the sphere to reach 1500 C is \39.9 s
2. Instantaneous
heat flow at \ 500 C is \ 0.09 W
3. Tota\ heat flow up to 1500 C is -36 \ 6 J.
A ::::7.06
coming out ofthe
Iphere 1
x 10-3x 7850
2, lnstantuneous Ileal flow at 150 C
sign showSlhaH-R~~s
1t x
(7.5
x \ 0- 3)2
Transient Heat C
onduClion 1.289
hLc
s, =
ul1lber
8Ix8~H~ea~l~a~1I~d~A~la~s_s_Tl_ra_n~sfi~e~r-------___
/.2,, '4 Soh:ed Unh'ersity problems - Lumped H eat All alYsis
I5
1'ot
ill An alu",inium
plate (k = 160 w/mrc, p == 279

C == 0,88 KJ/kgC) o/thickness L = 3cm and
0 kgllrrJ
P
,('225"C '
dd
at a Ii'
temperature oJ
IS su
enly immt?rsed at'
'd
'
' d
t""e t
a well stirred f1UI mamtame
at a constant te
"'"(}ill
T tD == 25"C. Take h = 320 Wlm2oC. Deter mine
,tnperatllr
th
e
"'fo,,,,
I
required/or the centre of the plate to reach 50"C e tilrre

[Dec-2005-Ann
Given:
of aluminium
,k
1 _ TtD _ e
vx p x
..:---:::..,(I)
10 - Tao
[From HMT data book page no . 57 !,IS'/XI h edlllon)]
..
160 W /moc
We knOW that,
Characteristics
To == 225 C + 273
Too = 25 C + 273
298 K
T ,;" 50 : + 273
Heat transfer co-efficient?
323 K
(1) =='
320 W Im20C
r
323 - 298
Tofind:
Solul;on:
In (0.125)
We know that, For slab,

length, Lc
L
2
-2.079
-320 Xl
]
x 103 x 0.015 x 2790
l 0.88
0.88
= -
-320
x t
103
0.015
0.00868
2790
t
s
ltsull '
'
lIme
-I
= 239.26
0.03
0.015m\
498 - 298
Time (t) required to reach 50 C.
Characteristic
= y_
A
length, Lc
498 K
system,
l~:~I]
Univ]
L == 3 em == 0.03 m
Final temperature,
Illber value is less than 0.1. So ' thiIS IS

. Iumped heat
e problem.
= 0.88 x 103 J/kgoC
Specific heat, Cp == 0.88 KJ/kgoC
== 0.03 < 0.1\
lysiSt)'P
for lumper parameter
Density, p == 2790 kg/m-'
Thickness,
320xO.01S
160
IlU
iot
I'"
"
required
to reach
50 C is 239.26 s.
NVH&/i.~
'.-'
v,
I
Transient Heat Cunduction /.29/
:}
__
~ - ....
1) ...fr
i,lu",ilflu",
~lIbc 6 e",
s;dr is or; ,;
011 (I
'(5 0 O C . I 11,\'
. Hulth'"''
Ii'HlPI"Mlllrt'
()J
~'/ "lilly
.
b"'"l!r\"
"
..____''.
c ((
1I, "
(I,
I'
10' C for M'lflClt h U' 1]0 "r",] /(. 1:'.\li"'flle u ''1'';'1

uquire'(/ ' for Ih~ cub to reach (I "''''[la'''"r',
,r te "''PIt
e ''.1 250'
For (J/u"'illi~'"
p
] 7(10 1.1:/",3, C" ::: 900 J/~. ~.
Ilf
, ]04 "I"'~'
lOCI - 00] "'I.
To::: SOO
Final temperature,
Intermediate
I.sis type
Heat tran fer co-efficient,
Den it). p
= _700
pe ifie heal.
--
::: 283 K
T-T.Xl
, .. (I)
[From HMT data book page no.57]
Characteristics
length,
Lc
=A
_04 W/mK
[ Cp~hLcx P x t]
To filld:
Time required
for the cube at reach _ -0
SOllll;Oll :
(I)~
TO-T<Xl
=e
Xl]
-120
=e [ 900xO.01x2700
523-283
For Cube.
Cbaracteri
t]
CpxVxP
We knoW that,
p = 900 J/kg k
onductivity,
-hA
==e
system,
To - T <Xl
It::: 120 W/rn~K
kg/rn '
.d parameter
For IUlllpe
T::: _'0
temperature,
10-3 < 0.1
problem.
~~,)
- "::: 773 K
= 10
. nunl b er value is less than 0.1. So, this is lumped heat

Slol
f ubc. L ;:; 6 em ::: 0.06 m
Thickness
204
B, == 5.88
II ~,
GiI,tll :
Thermal
120xQ.01
==
773 - 283
tic length
Lc
-120
6 -
In (0.489)
0.06
6
0.01
III
900xO.0 I X 2700
== 144.86 ~
Rtsult:
ach 250 C is 144.86 s.
.
r the cube to re
.
Time reqUired fo
0
1.292 Heat and Mass Trans er
rn A copper plate 2mm thiclc is heated
up to 400
quenched into water at 300 C. Find the time r
. C Q"d
eqUlred
the plate to reach the temperature of 50 C H,
fo,
eOI Ira"
co-efficient is 100 WlmZ K. DenSity OF
sfe,
~ wekn
[Oct '97 M U. Apr'97 Bharmhiyar u'n'
l\lerSlfy}
s, =
Thickness of plate, L = 2 mm = 0.002 m

Initial temperature, To = 400 C + 273 = 673 K
=
50 C + 273
Heat transfer co-efficient, h
100 W Im2K
2.59 ~ 10-4 < 0.1
. type problem.
lJIalyslS
for lumped parameter system,
303 K
Intermediate temperature, T
IOOxO.OOI
386
. num ber value is less than 0.1. So, this is lumped heat
Blot
Final temperature, T eo = 300 C + 273
Blo
J cOP ,
.
8800 kglm3. Specific heat of copper = 0.36 kJ/kg K.Pe IS
Plate dimensions = 30 x 30 em
Given:
hL c
. I number, Bj -
323 K
T-Too
Density, p = 8800 kg/rn!
[~::vx xt]
p
=e
... (1)
[From HMT data book page no. 57]
Specific heat, Cp
360 l/kg k
Plate dimensions
= 30
We know that,
x 30 ern
Characteristics length, Lc
Tofind:
Time required for the plate to reach 50 C.

Solution:
{From HMT data book page no.l]
(I)
=>
Thermal conductivity of the copper, k = 386 W/mK

For Slab.
323 - 303
Characteristic length, Lc
=e
-100
x
[ 360xO.00 Ix 8800
673 - 303
_1._
2
=>
In (0.0545)
-100
= [ 360xO.001 x 8800
t]
t]
=~
2
I Lc
= 0.001 ~
=>
Result:
h 50 C is 92.43 s,
late to reac
Time required for the p
0
r
s:
I. ]Y-I
1I1'(/I_III!d_M,:.:(I~.~.I~
l_i_(/_I1.....
f
II 12
1.295
Transient Heat COlldliC/ioll
lOll/: bur illililllly

(II It
.
l!J
'.
II "1/ ,
temperature 0/40" C I.~"I(fcet! III II mediu", (II 65(JoC0Iv.'"
1.11
II
('III
diameter
convective co-efficient
0/22
WI",}
K. Deler"'i",
I' .. '1/,
e ne .II" Ie
required for lite center 10 rca cit 255"C. For lite "'(11
11,e' bar k = 20 WI",K, Dell!Wy
. == 580 /( m e"cllo. /
fll 3
heal = 1050
'
llkg K.
e
','Pee'/ie-
:= 22 x 0.03
20
Bj:=
[OCI '98 MUj
Given :
Diamctcr of bar, D
= 12
em
Radius of bar, R
6 CI11
==
==
To
Final temperature,
Intermediate
rs)
==
650 C + 273
0
Density, p
== 2550 C
22
==
== 20
==
=:
=:
313 K
+ 273
==
BIO
ForIUl11pe
923 K
W/1Il2K
W/IllK
580 kg/m3
Specific heat, Cp
0.06111
temperature,
. t number value is less than 0.1. So, this is lumped heat

,
problem.
I)sis type
I)l
d parameter system,
== 0.12 III
== 400 C + 273
528 K
T-Too
[~h~vx
=e
(1)
[From HMT data book page no 57}
I Weknow thaI.
Characteristics
length,
Lc
==
V
A
1050 J/kg k
'I' _ T",
,I)~
Time required (t).
---'
[ Cp~hLcx p
To - 100
For Cylinder.
~
length. Lc
==
5211 - 923)
III [ 313 - 923
R
2
0.06
2
=:
Time required
for the cube to rcac h 255 C

0
I' _
t]
2
105~ 2x O.~3t x 580]
360.11 s
ult:
=e
Characteribtic
XI]
To - Too
To [ln :
SO/Iltioll
< 0.1
0.033
. 3'0
IS
II
.0
S
.
-_\--
1.296 Heat and Mass Trans er
rn
A steel ball (specific "eat = 0.46 kJlk /(

..
35 "'ImK)
16/
g . alld IIr
conductivity =
having J em dia",
trlflo,
eleralld'
at a uniform temperature of 450 C is "
II,ilill/I]
SUudelll
in a control environment in whie" II'e tem Y PlaCed
maintained at 100" C. Calculate II,e li",e,e
~erQIllrt i.
qU"ed/o
ball to attained a temperature of 150.C.
r Ille
Take h = 10 Wlm1K
10)( 8.3
35
::
10-3
1M. V. April-lOOO,
2001, 2002, Barathiar Uni A .

. Pfl/98]
Given:
Specific heat, Cp
= 0.46
kJ/kg
Radius of the sphere, R
D
::s
J/kg K
ee
5 ern
0.025
0.05 m
In
TIlJ - 1000
Final temperature,
-I-
273 - 373 K
tempcrarurc,
1500
10 W/m2K
Intermediate
To flnd:
Time: required for the ball to reach
I From
Solution:
T- T
so
To - T
To - 450" C + 273 - 723 K
value is less than 0.1. So, this is lumped heat

Siot num b er
. type problem.
aoa1ysiS
ed parameter system,
For I urn P
35 W/mK
= 460
Bi:: 2.38 x 10-3 < 0.1
+ 273 423 K
1)
V
length, Lc"
To - T""
"MT data book. pO~Jeno. II
423 - 373
R
J
(),025
3
-_
8.33 )( 10-3
-e
-10
( 460 ~ 8.33 x JO-J
_l<
t]
7833
723 - 373
-10
~
Rtf"lt :
Ill]
_Mt
In ...;4.;:..23~-_3_73 ----8-3-)-x-,0-3)(
723-373
460)(
For .'pllue,
(I) -
150 C
p - 7X 1-'-k-gl-n-13-'~
Ci; -
x ,]
I From H MT data boo. page no. 37J
(f)
Characteristics
I.e -
We know that,
De:nflit)' of steel is 7833 kg/rn)
Ch,.ractc:riKtic length,
J C;.h:.
.Time required
78)3
- 5840'B
o. C is 5840.545.
.
ball to reach 15
for the
/,2')1)
n~II'\~'1I1 /"'/11 ('III11/III'/jOll

j.,j
I.:.t.I
,i" {,I"",III/"",
_\",,,"",
"
111",\',\'
l.f 46:
,",,1/
,!
11/111111,
IM'I'i'f{""rtl 'if 2911 ( 1,\' ,\,,,,ItJ,'''~I'/""",'r,\'"" I"~ .I '" II

, J" C 11,1", lu'{"
"'1-,:1111'/,'''' IN """"A' 1':"~',/'1",
, 1:,\'1'
lilt'
,(,,,"If'~" ", ('11111tlu (""111",1,
'1""1"
""
I"
9r.
For 111"",1111",,, iliA,' P 17m) *1:/111" C
9
'c.
'f'''',~/'''
"'",,!
3V _ 3
lUI J/k
2,()J)
4;- - -
'I'
A 10J 11'/",1:,
nl{J
:::; 0,0786,11
I: A',
,,; -
10
/tI/.{/, 0('(-99, 11(/I'(/fltiu/, U,'

1/,
GII'i'II "
Mass,
III ;:: 5,5
To:: 290 C + 17 J :: 563

0
T :: 15 C + 273 :: 288
temperature.
Heat transfer co-efficient.

Thermal conductivity.
=
Specific heat,
.!
;::
r:: 95" C + 273
I(
0,0786
=--
I(
==
3681\
r
" :: 58 W Im21(
k :: 205 W /I11K
, , knoll' that,
Lc
0.0262 m
IL
III
1 C
Biotnumber, Bj = -k-
2700 kg/m3
(p =
'.,
,
!'riSIIC length, Lc
, C~Brnct
Final temperature,
Density. p
Jphi,re
kg
luitial tcmpcrature,
Intermediate
Nov 96/
58
900 J/kg K
0.0262
205
Tofind,'
Time required to cool the aluminium
Bj=7.41
at 95 C
10-3<0.1
. nunl ber value is less than 0.1. So, this js lumped heat
BiOt
~I)sis type problem.
Solution:
mass
volume
Density, p
For lumped parameter
= _!!!_
T-T'IJ
V
system,
:: .!!!_
[C(l~I~xp
x]
To - T
J)
2.037 )( 10-3
Ill]
(1)
From HMT data boo]:page
5.5
2700
IV
...
_=c
Charactcrist ics length, Lc ::
1/0.57/
=
[k
-h
T - T r;r,
(I)
To-
.
:;::7865 kg/m!
DenSIty, p
1 d'ffusivity,
ex
p x t
Tr;r,
368 - 288
563 - 288
]~
= e [ Cpx Lex
Thenna
= e [ 900
2700)(
= 55.55 W/mDC
900
-58
0.0262
= 1355.36 s
[.: lIs
WI
0.06 m2/hr
0.06
3600
t]
2700)( t
= 1.66
368 - 288]
In [ 563 _ 288
It
~.~~62
55.55 lIs m DC
Specl'ficI heat
c, = 0.45
=
m2/s
10-5 m2/s
kl/kg DC
450 l/kg DC
h = 140 kllhr m2 DC
= 140 x 103 l/hr m2 DC
Result:
Time required to cool the aluminium to 95C is 1355.6s
ill Alloy
steel ball of 1.5 em diameter
= 140 x 1031/36005
= 38.8 lIs
h = 38.8 WI
heated to 700' C alld
quenched in (I bath at 100" C. The material properties of

tk ball are thermat conductivity, k = 200 kJ/m hr' C,
Density,
p = 7865 kg/m}, Thermal
dijjusivity
a= 0.06 ml/lt, Specific heat, Cp = 0.45 kJlkg"C, Conveai
heattransjer co-efficient, It = 140 kJII" ml C. Determint
the temperature of lite ball after 10 seconds.
Given:
(Manonnranillm Sundaranar
= 1.5 cm = 0.015 m
Diameter of the steel ball, D

Radius of the ball, R = 7.5
x
0
Final temperature, Tctj'= 100 C + 273

0
Thermal conductivity k - 200 kJ

-
=
=
973 K
373 K
1m hr" C
'=
200
'=
200 )( 103 JIm x 3600 soC
105
Tofind:
Temperature
103 Jim hr" C
of the ball after 105.
Solution:
For Sphere,
Characteristic
10-3 m
Initial temperature, TO = 700 C + 273
University Nov- 96)
Time, t
length, Lc
==
R
3
7.5
10-3
m2 DC
m2 DC
m2 DC [.: lis
= W]
1.302 Heal and M,

_
W
ass rransf'e .
e know that,
I
Bior number,
Transient
~cI
B, == ~
38.8 . .., -
C- " .
(i) Temperatllrl!'
~I
5).5 BI --
anal
balf to cool
I . 746
-hA
.
== e ( CpXV . p
To- Tco
Charact
==
SIS
IUn
lped heal
t]
... (I)
HMT d uo book page no 5ij
[froll/
. .
ensne, length, Lc
(0
4 hall
afer I (J second atul
Gille" :
Diameter of the ball.
= 12
T-T<Xl
T
== e
0- T<Xl
[c
TO = 800 C + 273
Final temperature,
1000 C + 273
:=
:=
10
3r K
205 kJ/m hr K
56.94W/mK
:hL
p
[. .:
".
Density, p
==
7860 kg/m3
T - 373
[
-38.8
973 _ 373 == e 450 x 2.5-x-I-0--3-x 7865 x 10]
T-373
973 - 373
205x
1000J
3600 s mK
:y_
Heat transfer
=>
= 0.012
rum
Specific heat, Cp
=>
tu,
= 0.006 m
A
(I)=>
0,45 kJ/kg K
450 J/kg K
co-efficient,
150 kJ/hr
"
= ~lltH
0.957
11I~
3600
S 1\\- "
= 41.()6 W/ \\\~"
To find:
Result:
T ITIpcralurc
or
(i) Temperature
I
11Cbali
nner 10 s is 947.2 K.
of ball after I 0
S~'(
(ii) Time for ball to cool to 400"
'.
:/,
MI"" I
/11
400" C.
Radius of the ball, R
We know that,
h e atrt!
10-3
Blot numb
0.1
.
er value is I
ysis type probl em.
ess than 0 . I . S o.lhi
F
-or lum ped pa
( rameler S\_,stem
T-T
///11
~ ;l11OY " ,/,ed ill a but]) at 100" C. Tire "'fller/all"'II"

!) '. if,'il
1.1
I '" h{lIl arc k :: 205 Ii.///II I" K, P
7f!f,/,
/I(. _1 Ie('145 kJ/Ii~ K. Ir :: 150 KJ/ ltr 1112 I<. IJK'
k
==
11i.:01 ( 'fit/dill
---------------~
htlll of 12 nun diameter
11
l
1"
I~
___ .Iss(1_'~/.'i.:...:ie.:...:".:.....;{
/{e
J. 304 Heal and Mass Transfer
(I~
(a"d
Lief ion
-41.667
SoiuJion:
Case (i) Temperature of ball af/~~ J 0 sec
o.oo~ ,
7860
==e
For Sphere,
Characteristic
length, Lc == _.!i_
~3
I
== ;,__
0_.0_06_
_ 3
[LC
==
0.002 m
-:)
'J Ttn1t
(pi III
41.667
==---:----
0.002
10-3 < 0.1
:::>
x t
1
I
... (I)
{From HMT data book page no.57]
We know that,
Characteristics
lenzth
o
L
'c
V
A
.. (2)
'If
-41.667
0.002 7860
==e
111 (673 - 373 ] ==
system,
-hA
[ 450
1(7) - J 73
Biot number value is less than 0.1. So this is lumped heal

analysis type problem.
=e [ CpXV x
40lr C
T:= 4000 C + 273 ==673 K
673 - 73
1073-373
56.94
T-Ta;
coo/to
T-T?J
To - T
hLc
Biot number 'IB ==- k
For Jumped parameter
fior hal/to
We know that,
Bj == 1.46
1031.95 K.'
450
== 143.849
-41.667
0.002
7M60
sJ
llsII1, :
of ball after 10 sec. t: 1032.951\

1-13.8-19.
(ii) Time for ball to cool 10 -IOO~C. t
(i)Tcmperaturc
I.J05
Transient Heat Conductio" /.307

are
conditions
1.306 Heat and Mass Tram; "er

1.5.5 Heat Flow in Semi-Infinite
fhe
Solids
dir .
.. cellon'
' S Of
IS spill '
.
IIIlite
nile Solid
In II semi infinite solid, lit any instant oftitnc tl
' '
, lere IS 81
II point where the effect of heating (or COoling")"
.
Ways
.
.
.
"
,\I One f'
boundaries IS not felt at all. AI this POIIII the IClllll' .
0 lIs
cralnre re .
unchanged.
ilia Ins
OllOd3r)'
- T
I. 'f(x. 0) -
A solid which extends itself infinitely in all

. k.nown as In
. fuute so I'dI. If' an infinite
.
splice IS
solid'
..
middle by II plane, each half IS known as semi infi
2. T(O, t) ::: To for t
u=
). T(Cl,
Ti for t
I tical solution
for thi case is given by
'n: :::
r :~
o
Y
!b'
err \ 2
Tj - T~o:!--
(l
...
( I.R2)
. ,rf indicates "error function of' and the definition

f ction is gencrally available
in mathematical texis.
~(rror U~~IatiOnof error values are available in data hooks.
where e
where
~'j -
r0 -
Initial temperalure
Surface temperalure
1111= 0
usually til '

(,(_ Thermal
I -
Time,
diffusivity,
m2/s
x - Distance. m
Tj -Initial
temperature,
To- Surface temperature

T, - lmermediaic
FiR I.U Semi II,/illite P/flle

Consider a semi infinite bod
. .
the +VC x directio
'rl
. y and It extends to infinity in
n.
Ie entIre bod
. . ..
temperature
'I'... 1 .
Y IS Initially
at uniform
I Inc ud Illg the
su rface
. _
.
tempcrature at r == 0 .
d
at " - O. The surface
.
IS su denly raised to T
dT
equation
I
d\,2 == a
l. In semi infinite
number value
i.e.,
solid, heat transfer co-effici~1l1 or biot

is
00.
or
Bi
2. Tj -Initial
T
0-
temperature,
urfacc temperature
Tx - Intermediate
"
is
dT
dt
temperature,
Nolt
The governing
(or) final temperature, K
K
(or)
tempcrature
fl'11al temperature. K
K
/;'(I!,siC11I 1/c'lIl Conduct

~--1.308 Ileal and Mass trails er
1.5.6 Solved problems - Semi Infinite Solids
ill A /t"ge
WI~1'
illili{/Ih
-
high
concrete
70 C mill stream water is direcled

U
fit
1,-::------flllperfit
:=
~ 0J
fill lilt! Ilirrl.
Ure of
'''flY \.
the surface temperature is sliddellly low
0 I"u/
eret/ to 40.
Determine lilt! lime required 10 reach 55" C
C
IlIlld.
I
" em from the surface.
f'Pt" of
e ,
IS W,
6.I,a Iu C
I
For
Given :
..
solid type p
lfinlic s('I'id,
5C;:I~IT0
"':--T
Initial temperature. Tj =70 C + 273 = 343 K
So. ihis is semi infinite
TI
:=
elf [..,j.\' _]
- (l I
(From IIMT
I
agl'
110.58(Sl.r/ll
Final temperature
or
Tr - To
==
_:.--
Surface temperature, To
= 40 C
Depth. .r =
em
= 0.04
Tx
+ '273
= 313 K
55 C + 273
= 328 K
0((1
b 001(I. page
(Si.l'lh
0.48
1.2790 W/IIIK
1.1:..
.. ,.
2300~O" ..
Il~"-I co-cltlcl~'Ill"
II -
= 0.4') ...., f) (,
::::.
is 111)1~i\~'11. S,.
::::.
"I).
.r
2...;at
1I1~1,
0.48
.r
2jOi
0.48
2
Z is O.-lS
I From nut
1"'Ke
\I.e know that,
==
prllhklllh~';)llJ"1
0.5. corresponding
crf (Z)
edition)/
1.2790
r:
0.5
110./8
Thermal diffusivity,
IlIlh;,
er] (Z)
0.5
Properties of concrete are
1.lh, ll;)~
Z = 2/0 I
err (Z
{From HI/7'd
.
.r
343 - 3 J3
Sailitioll :
\\ here
328 - 3 13
Time (t) required to reach 55 C
Ii
(Z)
III
Ttl filltl :
('11
Tj- To
,/O.59(Sixlh
data
edil/(
,..
,...
a: ~.: .:.._:_~.;.
.. :...
1.312 /feat alld Mass Transfer
111 A
Transient Heal Conduclioll 1
large wall 2 em tltick
II(U~
illitial(" and the W(/1/ temperfltllre

.
maintained
at 4()O(}.C. FWd
is
SII'"e"'Perlll lire 30'
"lle,,/), r'
,
(
(1lSerl "~d
I. TIll' t(''''peratllre at (I deptlt of 0 8

.5IIT/(lel' of the wall (ifter lOs. . . ell, firo",'hi
2. Instantaneous
Item flow rare tl"olloll
per m-, per hour.

Take a
e ,
1l
:
.
So "lioIn thiS
. pro blem heat transrerC co-e ff"icrenr h IS. 1I0tgiven.
'
lake
it as
cf).
i.e
t. .,
h~
00.
We know that,
"'nt SlIr'
JQCt
= O.OOH /112/It,.,k = 6 W/m0C.

Bj value
J..
.
IS
C/).
Tj ==
400 C + 273
To ==
Thermal diftusivity,
(.( == 0.008 1112/h

=
So , this is semi infinite solid type problem
2.22
==
673 K
T.,. - To
'rj- To
c=
Depth,.r == O.~ em
[From
('1/
T, - To:"
Tj- To
k == 6 W/mC.
==
0.8
JO-2
Z
Putr
=>
Tofind :
I. Temperaun.,
ofthcwall<lfter
2. Instamaneon,
per hour.
O.OOS m,
IZ
the surface
0f
0 .8 em from
lOs.
I that stir ~ace ,
heat flow rate (qx) throug 1
. .. (I)
(Z)
2 22
.
10-6
1II2/s.
2'1':'" ==
0.S4iJ
I eli (Z) := O.
.
:=
= 10 s, a
Z == 0.84S, correspOI1
=::>
110. 58
0.008
!?2? x 10 6xlO
Z:=
== 3600 s
(I. .x) at a depth
lata book page
== 2Jc11
10 s
Case (iij
jJHT
7)
III
0.008 m
::.:
I lt
t]
[-2/atX
a
crf
10-6 m2/s
where,
For semi infintie solid,
Case (i)
Time.
CI)
Cns' (i)
30 C + 273 == 303 K
==
2 em == 0.02 m
Time,
CI)
[B;
=>
[Apr'97 MUj
Given:
Thickness,
hLC
k
Biot numbcr, B;
di g erf (Z) ;S 0.7706

111
ni61
~
[Re/e
rHA
IT dala boo k page no. 59]
~ ..'
LV
1.314 II eat and Mass T

ransfer
Tx - To
(1) =>
T, - To
:: 0.7706
Tx - 673
Transient Heat Conduction 13 J5

sltlnlllneous
heat flow rate at a depth 1"300

2. I n
0./
mmand
on surface after 7 hours.
3. Tottll heal energy after 7 hours.
303 - 673 ::: 0.7706
Take k == 0.75 WlmK,
Tx - 673
::: 0.7706
-370
Gillen:
final temperature,
::: 387.85 ~
Case (ii)
Depth, x
Instantaneous
heat flow
Time, t = 7 hr
[-x
e 4a. t
-_.:..___:..::_
25 C + 273 = 298 K
To
700 C + 273 = 973 K
mm
=
T.
0.300 m
25,200 s
k[T() _ Tj]
= 300
a = 0.002 m2/hr.
a =
0.002
m2/hr
5.5
10-7 m2/s
JWrt
{From HMTd
ala
ilatA
page no. 58(Sixlh ed"
Thermal
conductivity,
k = 0.75W/mK.
ItU)ftIJ'
3600 s ( iven)
Tofincl :
6 (673 _ 303
-"'Ix =
In
/c
/2.22 / IO-I'i;; 3600
I qx=13982.37
I. Intermediate
[-(0.008)2,
4x2.22xIO-liYJ6fXJ
2. Instantaneous
heat flow, q.x
3. Total heat enrgy, q,
In this problem
take it as
Intermediate
temperature,
Heat flux, qx = 13982.37
Tx = 387.85 K
h ~
'I
(I
jro/tllk
surface after 7 hours.
i.e.,
B.lot number
temperature of 25' C a~d

ftJ
u C nd re/tlal
wa II temperature is suddenly raised to 70O {t
constant there after. Calculate the following
l
ill plane (It
00.
(I
depth of 300 nlfn
h is not given. So
00.
We know that,
W/m2.
very thick wall initially at
1. Temperature
r,
Solution:
W/m2.!
Result :
!iJ A
temperature,
hLc
B = k
h = 00
B
B j value is
00.
So, this
.
IS
semi
. . fi't
olid type problem.
111 uu e s
J.316
____
Heat__:~.:.::~~.
and Mas' :_'.!_J!:
s 'T!_IiilI11S,er
.c
I. For semi infintie
SOlid~
Transient Heat Cd'

on
~_
T, - T 0
T;- To
[~l
~ erf
::=
[From HMT I
? qx
(.Ola
=>
= erf.
book
Page n~~
.
. . . ( I)
(Z)
where
::=
q.r.__
0.75 (973 - 298)
Ii x 5.55 x
----...J
[From HMT data book page
2/S.SSx
0.75 (973 - 298)
q = 121.72
r------
1.2iJ
25,200
x 5.55 x 10-7
106 J/m2
Result :
I. Temperature
Z = 1.27, corresponding
at a depth of 300 mm, Tl
err (Z) is 0.92751

2. Instantaneous
I elf
7t
10-7 x 25,200
110..17/
J 7t~
0.3
10-7 x 25,200
q,.::= 2k [TO - T j]
2J(Xt
-(03)2
[ 4x555 I' -7 e
. x 0 x2),200
483.36 W/m2 .
=>
]. Total heat energy
1.317
UCllOIl
-------~
(Z) = 0.927SI
heat flow, qx
= 483.36 W/m2
q, = 121.72
3. Total heat energy,
= 346.9 K
106 J/m2
[Refer /-I MT data book page 110j9j

(I)
=>
T,. - TO
large cast iron
750 C is taken out from afurnace and

its one of its surface is suddenly lowere{llIIul maintained
~ if
= 0.92751
Tj-TO
(1/
T,. - 973
=>
=>
45 C. Calculate
tile following
0
I. The time required to reach tile tempertltllre 350 C lit tt
= 0.92751
depth of 45 nun from tile surface

2. ill.'itallllllleoll.'i
heat flow rate at a ,Ieptll of 4.' 111111
and
298 - 973
I Tx
(It
346.9
Olt .\. IIr
l'ace
after 3() minutes.
3. n,ta/II(,'al e~,er{:y after 2 I" for ingot.

2. 1nstantaneous heat flow
Take
[;~~
]
e
[From
a ==
(J.(M m2//".
48..l w/",K.
Gh'ell :
HMT
book !,ng
ala
C/1041]
Illiti a I klllpl.:ratlirc
S
'
'llrfa.:.
l: klllpl.:raturc,
r ""'7S0~
I
C + 273
='
1
10s
' K
318K
1'0 == 45 C + 273- -
Intertnediats
temperature,
.r = 4- mm
Depth.
=:
Tx == 350 C +- 2
0.045 m
1.3/8 Heal and Mass Transfer
Transient Heat Conduction
:~432~
I?
conductivity,
==
48.5 W/mK.
Tofind :
er. I
'. The time required
to reach
2. Instantaneous
heat flow
surface after 30 minutes.
3. Total heat energy
Solution ;
~
of 4Ure
_ J Sf}' C
at a depth
mill an '-'
\\e k.now that
co-efficient
h is
nOI
0.045
0.41
gi en.s,:
")
B
,
hLc
__
k
:::- 0.41f
1_8_I_A_2_s_1
L_t
Time required
OJ value i
r/).
Z is 0.41
0.41
[Z
after 2 hr.
We know that.
number
;;:;0.432. c rresponding
the temperat
In this problem heat transfer

ta .e il as -r.,. i.e., h ~ 'ZI.
Bi
0.432
==
erf
:::: 1.66 ~ 10-5

Thermal
er/(l)
= 0.06 m2fhr
1.319
$0, this i semi
infinite
solid type problem.
1.lnstunlflneous
reach
350C
is 181.42
s.
It eat flow
I. For semi lnflntle solid,

T -To
., j -T()
=erf
[2yCt.t
~]
I From
- elf (7)
II MT dar a book PQ}?,c110 58J
where
Z
_Q_2 J -l.!!
1023 - 18
0
err (Z)
.x
2fo1
[From HUT data book page no. 58}

I:: 30
I::
minute
1800 ,
(Given)
.-.,ILI;"
Transient Heat COlldut:tion 1.311

~
Gilt" .. ,tc:tnperature
T i = 6000 C 2 3::: 8 3 K
a
\olU
e tc:tnperature,
TO =50 C.1. - 1"' ::: ' _ ' K
sur f ac
Thermal diffusi\,ity,
sign show , that heat I
f
osr rom th e .In!!
3. Total heat ellergr
~o 1
0.004 m- hr
["egati\e
[From
H.\fT d
3600
a/a book
Or
e tJl;:.
La
ito.
== 2
IT'
48.5018
. .
l Ime IS given,
2 hr
it /
1.66;
10--'
\
\qT == -803.5
Toji/ld :
\. Temperature
106 J/m2 \
1.11
IO~
1.2 W/mK.
\~
51
7,200
- 1023)
m-) Ilr
--0.004
(T x) at a depth of 3 em after 6 minutes.
2. How much time (t) required,
the temperature at
de
of 3 em will reach to 350 C.

0
[Negative
1'1)
how
that heat lost from the ingot}
3. Cumulative
Result :
heat (qT) at a depth of 3 till within first
hour.
I. Time
required
Ilcat
3. Total heat cncr 'y,
'IT
2. Instantaneous
350 C is 1&1.1:1: Solution:
to rca h the temperature
w, qx = -I ()1)72SA W/m2
-
-XO".5
In this problem hcat transfer

take it as
i.e., h ~ 00.
10(' J/m2
A IlIrlo:C .,111" ;1I;1;lIlIy III

surfuce temperature
ICIIII'et'lIlIIrc
(I
h .'illddc"ly IlIlI'act/
n is not given
CY).
We know that,
@)
co-efficieut
of' Mill'
.
\3 lot nllmber,
C ilndin
105(1"(. CII/(wl~1
u.,
= I
k
CIJ
tile! /i,llol\';"1o:
I. T"IIIf1"rtIll1rC
2. II,,,,'
3
011
.,
3. 1/,,
.
""h'III111ll'
or 3
required.
will rc aclt
'0
01
.
tI"I'0l (~,.3
<'III
,~I~I
III)
I(fit'r (, ",;IIIIIt'S. i~
, IIIre! /II II ilt'p'
3 -' 0" C.
'.'
,'''111''/1111''''
= 0.004
nil
III,' tc'/IIpcNl
"
11"1111(1/1'
[l1c",' til II
Tuk
11/11 tlc'[lIII
.'
~H'IIIIITf"'~
lu 1111"'"
.
"1 Iwe
11"1",, .f"s
IIr. I. == 1.1,,-,,,,1\
III,IIT.
BI vai
.
a lie IS
00.
S 0, this.,
IS
seuu .' III 1-III itcI.: solid type pro

oV
~~~-
/.322 Heal and Mass Trails er

Case (i)
Depth, x
= 3 em = 0,03
Time, t
6 minutes
For semi infintie

Tt - To
Tj-TO
= 360 s
solid,
=erf
T.x _ To
T. _ To
=>
C'
III
jet;;)
- 0 03 m
=== 3 ern -,
0
Depth, x 'ate temperature,
T x::: 350 C + 273 = 623 K
d
loterrne t
Forsemi infintie solid,
0:::
erf r !c.1
Tj-To
l2...;ut
[21at]
[From HMT d ata book
= erf (Z)
."
page no 58]
(I)
Tx- To
erf (Z)
==
Tj-To
where
where
Z
Z
0.Q3
2-/1.11 x 10=6
r:
LZ
Z
==
==
623 - 323
873 _ 323
360
erf (Z)
erf (Z) == 0.545
II1g erf (Z) is 0,71116
elj(Z)
erf (Z) == 0,71116
==
==
0,545 = erf (Z)
O,75J
0 ' 75 ,correspond'
2#
==
[Refer HMTd
0,71116
ala bo k
0
== 0,545, corresponding
Iz
= 0,53]
(Refer HMT data book page no. 59]
pageno.59}
We know that,
==>
873 - 323
==
0,71116
2-:;at
x
0,53
:=
2-:;at
0,03
0,53
Z is 0,53
:=
2jl.ll
10:::()x t
pa
. I .,325
__
7;'ans I.e 11]' Heat COl1dUCI1O!1__
I
Mass transfer
'!ea!_
llII!i__
:._:;:__---
/.m
(0.5))'
(2)'
---I
)'
~.
(0.03)'
1.11" \0-('"
I. " .
Oux,
@'
_ 0 25
}-le
MW/m
I 06W 1m
-'0
llt
qo
::=
0.25
lime,
I ==
=-=
1:1)1'semi infinite
1.:11\
== 0.03
\.
11\
I hr == 3600 s
. T) after
1 Surfocc rem pcrat '" e (0
.
.
..c (T .\ .) (\t a cit. ranee
2.TcmpcJ'(\tlll
It
-424
1.11
IQ-6
Heat fill',
-1'06l/~
Si!!n shl)ws
that heal
.. , (I)
<to'
),',
n I
lost from Ihe slabl
/1,
R,.\'IIII:
rrun
11M'! data how,I J1 iv,I'; e

/11 A'IT . rial
I. l"
2.
10 minute ..
nil em from Ihe surface
50"";011 :
-~
lN~'gativc
md:
r.fi
29R K
solid.
Total hcnt energy
['I r
_ 0 10 III
- 30 em - ..
Distance, .
.
:= (l00 s
\0
lllinutes
Tillle, t :.::
11,'IUll
Depth,
?73
1-I = 2S
. , temp erClture
Om! (iii)
"=
7I-U I\.
==
-42.4
106 J/m(
III A ".,1 Infl,,;t, 'lab of

hetll Jlllx
til
Propcn ic: of aluminium
I == 721.6 S
3. 4 T
nie Sllr/ace
01" ml" I"m
I, spose to 0""",,,
0/ O. 25 \1Wlm2.
1)
'
Thcrmal
diffusi"ity.
Thermal
cOlldllCtlvlt).
=.::>
025
'.
)I)t)
...
5!()
/}
I/O.
2
Xt1. ! R )' 10
(I.
III)
k fJ(/" ('
'''-
II III /~
7.04.2
W/mK.
.
204.2 (Ttl - 29~) _.

-~- R4.1.. n
oo
;-='10 (;.
10(' :-
Illitialtemperatilri
u/lhe slab is 25 C. ClIICIllllle tlte :lllr/llce telllpeNltllre il/ttr

10 milllltes and alsu /illt/tlte
temperatllre
3(J em from lite SlIr/ace after 10 milllll .
es
til if tlistallcl!/if
(ii) For sellli infintie

'1 \. - T 0
-:--1- '-T
i-
~olid
-r \ ... x _. 1
l'1.
/')(11
.
/1'/,0111
Ii
I-IM7 dat a
100
IllW
J)II
e.
58)
FTTtt
1.326

~
T.\.-
To
T'-T
I
Transient Heat CondUction 1.327

== erf
(Z)
... (2)
e s Ia b initially at a temperaturo of J 20 C alld itS

peralllre is suddenly lowered to 0 C. Calculate
, .Iace tent
'11
where
i
==_
2.jOi
Alatg
slit}'
foJlowtng
the The time reqllired for tire temperatllre gradient at the
J.
2)84.18
[Z
==
.f.
e to reacll 6C/cm
Sllt,oc.
. .
2. The {Iepth (~t which tire rate of cooling IS m(Iximum
after two nun ute.
Take thermal diffusivity, a = 0.612 m1/II.
0.30
! ,
x 10-6 x 600
0.667 ]
Given:
Z
==
0.667, corresponding
elf (Z) is 0.65663

[From HMT dala book
,---___
[ell (Z)
(2)
"('.f
T, = 120 C
Final temperature,
TO
0 C + 273 ::::273 K
page nu.59)
0.65663]
CI
0.612 m2/h
----m
0.612
3600
-To
T'-l
I
0
0.65663
I Tx
2/h
1.7xIO-4m2/s
T{ - 785.61'(
298 - 785.68
+ 273 ::::393 K
To find:
= 0.65663
I, The time required
::; 465.4SK]
2. The depth at which the rate of cooling is maximum after

two minute.
for the temperature

surface to reach 6C/cm
gradient at the
Sfllul/OII :
Tcmperaturc
Resutt ,
at 30 em is 465.45 K
at a distance
.In this problem

take It a
.
S C1.l. l.e.,
I. Surface
temperature,
2. Temperature
TO = 785.68 K
at a distance
of 30 em, T,
h ~
heat transfer
II is not given. So
We know that ,
=
465.45 K
".
Btot number
B. .
'I
~
13
.
,V.lue IS
hL
k
00
\ Bj =
00 \
co-efficient
tJ).
'.
00.
. I'd
So, this is semi infi,"" sou
t .pe
problem.
1.32H
------__
neat and
",,'
Moss 7'.
lanVe,.
Case (i)
---.--
I,
Transient Heal 'onduction I.J2~
We know Ih(l1.
Temper(llllrc
=>
---:>
!!radicnl
<iT
<ix
_6nc.
<iT
<ix
(inC
.-~.:.--
IS
~oo
dT
~ -fo1lt
dx
273 - 393
em
IO-2m
cll
<ix
0==
- .MIOne
---
74.89 s
Case (ii)
III
1==2 min
We know
= 600
120 s
that,
For maximum
Heat transfer.
:::::::>
x=
:::::::>
:::::::>
qo
dT
/2
x 1.7 x -10-4 x 120'
Result:
ciT
k ,._
cix
required for the temperature

6 "Czcrn is 74.89 s.
J. The time
J
o
[Heal flux,q
2. The depth at which

two min lite is 0.20
dx
~=
600 nC/m
rate
I x = 0.20 m I
ciT
k -.
cix
-
cooling
x=~
Q == kA ciT
dx
Q
A
1.5.7Transient
A solid
600 C/I11
space is known
Consider
gradient
the rate of cooling
to reach
is maximum
after
111.
Heat Flow in an Infinite Plate
which
extends
as infinite
an infinite
Shown in fig. I. 15, which
Tj It is slIcicienly
exposed
itself
infinitely
in all directions
flat plate of uniform

is initially
thickness
2L as
at a uniform temperatllre
to a large mass of fluid having
1cnlperfltllr" Tv. Thi. temperature

is aS~lJIned to be constant
IhrOllnl
. '1" ie p I a te. is extended
. r 1 out the process
of cooling or heating.
10 InC'
Illlty In the y and z directions.
of
solid.
of
a
/.330
----
Heal and MaS\" Tor "f,

__ ..:.:._:::.
~1~/ans.ler
Transient Heal Conduction 1.331
r.: r,
I-I
==f[~' ht,~~)
tion we know that conduction resistance is

this equa
,
fro~
The temperature
history becomes a function of
liulble.
neg hLc] Fourier number [a-2t and the dimensionless
,
L
JTIber [ OU
k
(.!-)which indicates
the location of point within the
I ::
I
.!f3rneter
"
e temperature
is to be obtained.
The dimensionless
dale Vi h er
~rameter
is replaced
by [ ~ lin case of cylinders and
l~ 1
-x
Heisler has prepared
Fig. 1.15 Infinite plate

The heat transfer C
f .
plate and the fluid
O-e ficlent between the
center of the I
.on both sides is assumed t b surface of the
p ate IS selected as tl
..
0 e constant. The
ie orgln.
The governing different'
I
.
d2T
ra equatIon is
==i_ dT
dx2
a dx
The boundary
,
dT
cJx
2.Atx==0,
3.Atx==L,kA
bo
The solution
Ulldary conditio
0 -
fj
solutions
of the
steady state conduction
problems.
These charts have been
onstructed in non-dimensional
parameters.
The charts are
: 9Jitablefor problems with a finite surface and internal resistance.
I for suchcase the biot number lies between 0 and 100.
These heiler charts were further extended
!rober.
T i-Initial
ciT
dx ==hA [TO - T ifJ
for graphical
and improved by
For infinite solids

Take
'
==0
of the ab
.
.
. .'
ove dIfferentIal
n IS gIven by
charts
The heiler and grober charts are used to solve the problems
ofsUddenim'rnersion of plate, cylinder
.
.'
or sphere 1I1toa
fluid,
NOle:
co di .
.n Itlons are
I. At t ==0 1" _-
.pberes.
T C7;J
.'
equation
with these
temperature
F'mal temperature
- K.
- K.
To - Center line temperature - K.
It. T x - Intermediate
temperature
- K
11~lfinite solids, biot number value is in between 0.1 and 100
r.e 0 I
., . < B, < 100.
Transient
Heat
I.JJJ
COlldUClioll
l
2
0.05
I
Given:
We knoW that,
lhic.kncss,
Initial
L == 5 ern ::::0.05 rn
Finaltcmperature
Distance,
t
v-
1 minute
Heat transfer
1800
==
III
Biotllumber
60 s
III \
==673K
::::900 C + 273::: 363 K
.r = 10 rnrn == 0.0 I 0
0.025
hlc
I3j =
T == 4000 C + 273
temperature
Time
BiotllUl\lber.
L.
i in between O. I and 100.
value
i.e .. 0.\ < I3j
0.025
204.2
0,
\ 00.
thi
i infinite solid type prubleill.
h = 1800 W/m2K
co-efficient,
To Ii IItI :
Case (i)
1. Mid plane temperature

2. Intermediate
(TO)
lifter I min
( T .r ) at a
temperature
distance
ofO.OIOm
X axis ----)fourier
Sotution :
rt-
Propel! ies of aluminium

l diffusivity,
at
from the mid plane.
Thr-rma
1'0111
IJ '1'( doto hun' I

7/1
iHC
(1
'l hernia I conduct ivity, k
~-=
~4. J R
==
204.2\\
/mK.
iter
r ;n'il/;te fI )11'. rej

"pera(llre fio 'J'
J
{Tv calculate III/ p ane et
..
f!e;\'/er "hart
n
.
6- (S'/x III e(//t/O ) HAfT data book p .Ige no.o:
.,
lIumber
==
'(lg~ 110 11
==
L;
~
10-6
(0.025)2
60
. nt Heat Conduction J .335

Trans re
.'
hLc
Curve
k
\ 800 x 0.025
204.2
X axis value is 8.08, curve value is 0.22 F

can find corresponding Y axis value is O. \ 9 lFr' rom that, ~t
om graph\.
(II)
distance
f 0 0 \ m from mid p\ane

.
ra\Ure at a
1et1\\)e
HM
T data book page
no 66 (Sixth
J
[Refer
charI
,~eisler
_ hLc::
.
Blot number, B, - k
Y. at-is ~
x _ _Q_.O\ :: OA
Cut'le ~ ::
0.015
0.11
Lc -
. 0 4 from that, 'Weca

. 0 11 curve va\ue is . .
. ova\ue \S . ,
'j. aY.\S .
'{ axis va\ue is O.9S.
lInG corresponding
Q\
o
II
QO
0:
o
II
at
--
8.08
Lc2
Y ax is = TO - Too
~=
\r.
= O.\ 9
T-T
1
0.11
00
TO-363
=0.19
673 - 363
TO
= 421.9
\
Mid plane temperature or
Center line temeprature, To = 42 \.9 K J
edition).
\x-363
41\.9 - 363
=O.9S
Trans I'ent Heal Conduction 1.33

/.336
Temperature
at a distance
of 0.0 I 0 fr
420.72 K.
om the mid
plane'
IS
.....cificheat,
5yTo
2. Temperature
at a distance
T, = 420.72 K.
= 421.9
(l
c::::
896 J/kg K
tfuSIY1t)'.
11'ef11lal
dl
Result,'
I. Mid plane temperature,
10-6 m2/s
:::: 84.18
.'
fIIe
of 0.0 10m fro

In
I
tIe rn'd
I
.....,alcoo
'.
ductivlty.
k:::: 204.2W/mK.
ll"
_L
plane
Slob.
eharac
If
.'
length,
tenSue
Lc::::
2
0.120
2
== -
III A
slab of aluminium
120 "'''' thlck is illitiall
.1' 600" C I'
.
temperature oJ .
. tIS slIddenly
itnmer!)"edin IIYIi "' .II
"0"('
.
I'
.
I.'
qUId
til 1~
,re'HI ttng III (I teat transfer c()-e//iiciefl'
0/
1400 WlmlK. Calculate the [ollowing
I.
== 0.06 ffiJ
~~c:....-__
--We knoW that,
I. Temperature (It tile center line after I millute.

2. Temperature (It tile surface
3. Total thermal energy removed per unit area
Give" :
Thickness,
L ::;:120
mill
== 0.120
= 600
273
873 K
final temperature,
1'0 = 1200 C
273
393 K
co-efficient,
Toflnd :
I. Temperature
2. Temperature
3. Total thermal
Density,
J(
= 1400
[Bi = 0.41
iJ
.'
. olid type problem.
0.\ < Bi < \ 00, So this IS infinIte 5
W/Il12K.
CUt (i)
at the center
.
11111.:
a t" ter I'
III
ture/or
[To calculate mid plane temperah tJ
'H
ar
i AfT data book page 110.65 H e IS. Ire
e
inute
at the surface
..
book page
[From HAn data
of aluminium
are
..
'illiteplate, refer
In}'
at
energy remover I pe r unit area
Solution "
Properties
a, == k
\400
O.Q
204.2
T,
Heat transfer
Biot number,
III
h Le
X axis -+ Fourier number::;
L;
"AIK)I.~
,,0 / J
0-6
)I.
60
:::~)2
l. t=
minute=
60 51
p = 2707 kg/rn-'
~
1.33

Hear and Mass Transfer
I "J
I..tIll
tUre at t
V" re(1lpera
he surface
i.e., x
hLc
Cune
-...
k =
X a,XIS ~
0.411
X axis value is 1.403, Curve

can find
rresponding
alue is 0 4
alue is 0.62.' II. From that, lI.e
Y axis
curve ~
B = -
Biot number,
~=
x == Lc -
0.411
0.06
1 . 0 411 curve value is I.From that, we can

va ue IS.
,
:) rresponding Y axis value IS 0.85.

X
a,XIS
hLc
-k-= 0.411
1-
Too
= 0.85 ~
~~
- Too
1.403
Y axis=
TO - T
---
0.62
hLc= 0.411
k
To - 393
0.62
873 - 393
TO
I Centre
line temeprature,
To
Y axis
T -T
x
ee)
= 0.85
To-Tee)
Tx - 393 = 0.85
690.6 - 393
690.6 K
690.6 K
.c HMT data book page nO.66 - Heisler chart]

[ Rejer
:::; 0.411
hL
Lc
\ x = 0.06 m
urvc -...
I -:;
T,
= 645.96
Tronsie,,' Heo: CQMuction 1.341

C4S~ (Iii)
Total thermal enercv
. e.J re moved
or
Total heat energy removed.
[Refer HMT data b
0.8
ook Po
_ h2 at
----..:....
X axis
ge
110.6 }
0.6
k2
Q
- (1400)2
-~I(M>,
84 18
/"
04
~ .
(240.2)2~
\ X axis
Curve ~
==
0.171J
hLc
-k-
\()2
\0
1400 x 0.06
204.2
Curve
(J):::::>
hLc = 0,411 \
-k-
i--s
_g_ =
0.24
0.24
Qo
:::::>
X axis value is 0.171, curve value is 0.411. From that we

can find corresponding Y axis value is 0.24.
'
Yaxis = - 0 = 024
00
.
~~7::
0.24
\39.7
lO~
\Q
Rts .. " :
00 = pCp LITj
= 2707
... (I)
We know that,
[Refer HMT data bool

page "0.6J)
896 x 0.120 x [873 - 3931

106 J/1I12
I. Temperature at the centre line, TO = 690.6 K
2.Temperature at the surface, T, = 645.96 K

3. Total heat energy removed, Q = 33.52
l()6 J/m2,.
I1J A
long steel CYlinder 15
.
temperature of 350 C. It is Icm lI'am
. eler 01';0'
p
ocea
Ill(
a/"l1/t
Calculate tl,e fOllowing
0 Q fur"ac
Y 01 Q
e Qt 950' r.
.
1 ,.,..,.
. lime reqUiredfor tile ax'
IS temperatu
2. Correspondtng temperatur
re 10,.elle!, 820'
.
e at a radius 01"
C
t'me.
'J 6 e", III
Take a = 6.11 x 10-6 m2/s, k = 20 W.

~ we~(10
hL c
. number, Bi - k
610t
150
:::>
IhQl
Diameter,D=
0.0375
Bi == 0.281251
0.1<Bj < 100 , So this is infinite solid type problem.
'/tng, /1 :::: J 50 WI",1!.
Given:
20
15cm==0.15m
Radius, R ==7.5 ern ==0.075 m
I cast (i)
Final temperature,
Tj ==35 C + 273 == 308 K

T
ex)
==950 C + 273 == 1223 K
a == 6.1 I
10-6 m2/s
AXIS.
temp erature (or) centre__Ime temperature
To==8200C+273=1093K
To ==1093 K
Time (t) ==?

k == 20 W/mK
[Refer HMT dolo book page no.68(Sixth edition))
h == 150 W/m2K
Tofind:
Curve
I.Time required
for the axis temperature to reach 820e.
2. Corresponding
temperature
For
0.075 = 0.5625
20
Yaxis
To-Too
T, - Too
Cylinder,
Characteristic
K
ISO
at a ra d IUS
. 0 f 6 ern at that time.
Solution:
hR
length, Lc == R
2
0.075
2
0.0375 m ]
1093 - 1223
308 - 1223
= 0.142
. 0 5625. From that, we

Y axis value is 0.142, curv e value
. 2IS5 .
can fiInd Corresponding X axis. value
IS
'*li!J/l::
L
"
'-:;-'
1.344 Heal and Mas. Transfer
Transient Heat Conduction I.~
X ,axis
0. t
,. ., -- -""'25
R2
==
. 0 8 X axis value is 0.5625. From that,

.
. 08on diIn g Y axis alue IS . ).
value
CurVe
corres P
(LIl d
15
Tr - T
.;J)J
yaX
is ==-
= 0.85
To-Ta.,
(J. t
-=
2.5
R2
T, - T if.
_:.----
0.85 th-----~
-:=
To - T,FJ
-R2
U t
6. J J
x J ()-6 x t
(0.075)2
= 2.5
hR == 0.56
k
= 2.5
/t = 2301.55/
== 0.85
Case (ii)
r = 6 em
Intermediate radius,
[r
= 0.06
Tr - 1223
0.06 m
1093-1223
mj
== 0.85
_8200C+273=10931<
[ .: To-
{Refer HMT data book page no. 69(.S Ixth edilion)]
Curve
r
R
0.06
Result:
0.8
dt-230
I. Time require
, -).5s
0.075
.
2. Intermediate
X axis
hR ,
tern perature, T r
:=:
1112.5 K.
A sphere of 30 mm dia
meter is .
temperature of 450C It is t
,nitlally III
p
aced
in
Q IIJ,'
center lme temperature rea h
llir at 2'
c es 3500
~oC
transfer co-efficient /, = 15 W/nr2
C "'ith tire IIIrtiJ ~
immersed in a water at 220C . K. After thlll fir locoJ ~
wlIh he
e $ph
of 5500 W/m1 K until the cent
. attrQlISJer Cn.... tlti
if,
~ for
. .
. Characteristic
I Lc
Calculate the following:
3. Surface temperature after cool'
mg
III
a= 6,6 x 10-6 m1/s.
= 30 mm == 0.030 m
3.4 x 10-3 <0.1.
OC)
Density, p = 3100 kg/m'

For lumped parameter system,

-hA
[ CpxV x p x
W/mK,
t]
.. , (I)
==e
Thermal diffusivity, ex. = 6.6 x 10-6 m2/s.
[Refer HMT data book

page no. 57]
Characteristics
Solution:
Case (i): Cooling in air
We know that,
(I)
::)
T-TOC)
where,
s, = T
h
15 WIm2K
length, Lc ==
.[Cp:hLc'
'I]
==e
_xt]
hLc
Biot number,
Final temperature, T = 220 C + 273 == 295 K

0
.
Intermediate
temperature, T -- 350 C + 273 == 623 K
Radius, R = 15 mm = 0.015 m
= 22
10-3 m
To = 4500 C + 273 == 723 K
analysistype problem.
For lumped heat analysis (Cooling in air)
Given:
Diameter of sphere, D
Biot number value is less than 0.). So. this is lumped heat
lVtlJer
0.015
3
15 x 5 x 10-3
22
BI
C p = 1005 Jlkg, k = 22 WI""
= 3100 kg/mJ,
BI
1. Time required/or cool,'n'o' ,

Gina"
2. Time required for coolinG in Water
Take p
3
=
ter /llre t
v-tf!~
elllperOll4re r~
from 350C to 60C
= R
length Lc
623 - 295
723 - 295
15
[
==e lo05x 5 x 10-3 x 3100
fi
'
.r~I.;'.
.1,
,.

In [623-295]_
-~
It;:
Time required
_-
-15
723-295
)( 10-3 '(100)(
sJ
276.3
~=3.75
"'"
for cooling in ..
air
22
276.3 s.
IS
Case (ii) Cooling in water

333 - 295
:::623 - 295
Blot num b er B == --hLc

,
I
k
where h - Heat transfer
co-efficient
5500 W/m2K
For sphere
Characteristic
length, Lc
3 75 Y axis value is 0.1158. From that, we

Curve value IS . ,
.
8
d
X axis value IS 0.4 .
:In find correspon
109
Xaxis=
== 0.1158
~
R2
== 0.48
0.015
3
I
= 5
Lc
x 10-3 m
5500
BI
_E!_
To- T
__
00_
== 3.75
= 0.1158
r, - Too
10-3
22
I Bi
a. t == 0.48
R2
1.25 ]
0.1 < Bi < 100. So, this is infinite so
Id
I
ty
pe problem.
E:...L
== 0.48
R2
for infinite solids (Cooling
Final temperature,
in water)
0
T, = 350 C +
Too
Centre line temperature,
= 22
C+
273 ==623 K
273==295
0 C + 273
To == 60
[Refer HMT data
6.6
bOOK
pO
geno)1
10-6
x t
== 0.48
(0.015)2~
333 J(
==
== 16.36 s
. 1636
1. in water
The time required for CO mg
IS
S
~.
' ..... '
.~~
"....':
/ I~II IfNI/lind M'I"e
n", II)
'l"il'"
, ''''?,t'f'
~rt-'J/"
(
r ~
::().J
;:;
To - Trl..
333 - 295
,
~
T, - 295
J,(J ~
(j (1' I
1'1
X
It I)
"'1;
fi1IJ(",M
<.
~lJit;,-"
rrr =
'
.,,,.r-kJ
villo
i. o,'},
,
= 276.3
2. Time required for cooling in water, t = 16.36 s
- ,,7
i1,d~
after cooling in water is 306.4 K.
L Time required for cooling in air, t
22
,I}
In'" :
. ')(J(J / C).{j I
Curv v~llI(;
3()6.4K
surface temperature
III'
lf~I'"
:: 0,3
J. Surface temperature after cooling in water, T, = 306.4K.
I. X axivalue ; ~ ),75,
com: pon
M d'
mg Y
1.5.9Solved University
Problems
on Infinite Solid!
I1]A
L:
R
I:
slab of aluminium
10cm thick is originally at II
temperature of SOODe. It is suddenly immersed in a liquid
at /{)ODC resulting in a heat transfer co-efficient of
1200 Wlm2 K. Determine the temperature at the centreline
and the surface 1 minute after the immersion. Also
calculate tire total thermal energy removed per unit arell
of tireslab during this period. Tireproperties of aluminium
for the given conditions are
a = 8.4
hR
T-
3.75
x 10-5
m]ls
2700 kglm3
k = 215 WlmK
C = 0.9 kllkg K
[ May 2005. Anna un.iv.]
~.l~
I.>.,
1:_1~_~ Iltffl/ tmtl A111.\.~

-
---
(ti"ctn .'
7h"""re,.
----~..::::::.--....c----="=>-_
llli '''"eSS,
10 ell)
0.10
111
Initial
hllllP~1'II11I1'
.73 ... 77
273 .. 373
h::::: 1100
c\)- 'I)'icirlll,
Prop,.rtico!tof "'''",ini"",
"'('
p - .700
kg/Ill
Density,
~.
(11
00"
T - 100"
FillaltcmpCl'lItlll'("
I kilt lntllslcl'.
Tj
L'
1\
plane temperature for infinite plate. refer

rTo ca
10
6S
bOOkpage I . (Sixth edition) - Heisler chart]
leu late
condul:ti,
uv, k ::: .. I" W/mK
Specific
heat,
I,
.
Fourier number
X aXIs
-+
[.: t
r:l_!axis. -+ Fourier
k.l/kg K
. 103 J/kg~ K .
Curve
I. Temperature
at t.he
-. Temperature
at the surface
entre line after 1 minute.
energ
c2
removed
per unit area.
We know that
for slab,
= 0.05 m
1 minute
number
= 60 s]
=2.0161
hLc
k
Carve -> "~"
0.2791
. 0279. From that, we

. 2. 016 , cu rvevaluels.
X axis value IS
. 064
Y axis value IS . .
can find corresponding.
L
0.10
L =_=c
2
2
ILc
--+
10-5 x 60
(0.05)2
1200 x 0.05
215
Solution:
length
8.4 . 10-5 m2/s.
== 0.9
Characteristic
i!.!._
i) :::::
1lJjilld:
I
hLc
hLc
s, =T
Biot number,
1200 x 0.05
215
Bj = 0.279/
at
. In
. between 0 . ) and 100,
Biot number value IS
blefll.
i.e., 0.1 < B, < ) 00, So, this IS., infinite. sorid type pro
lJ
8.4
Thermal
I
I
I(
I
3. Total thermal
III id
t'fdllIS
~~
Whn2K
Thermal ditTusivit
p " O.
== 2.016
0.279
\).119
~2
Tran .
_-=-:=--=-:-7_~:..::.:~sl~en'!!_t!}_H.~e(Jalend'
Temperature at the surface T _
0
llello" 1.357
.
, x - 598.28 K
3. Total thermal
Qo = 0.34
energy removed per urut. area

33.04 x 106 J/m2
'
r1I A large iron plate of lOcm tl,iclcnessad'

.
I.:J
n ongma/lyat 800-C
is suddenly exposed to an environment at O.C
,1"1"...
",'here'''e
convectIOn co-efficient IS 50 Wlm1K . Calcula'e 'he
ttmperature at a depth of -Icm from one OJ'he
.
facts
100 seconds after the plate is exposed to t'he tnv"OIf~IIL
.
We know that ,
How. muclr
. th
l
.. energy has been lost per unit area oJ
e pille
durtng this time.
[June 2006 - Anna. Univ]
[Refer HMT data bookp
= 2700
Qo = 97.2
x
x
0.9
103
age no.63 (Sixth td"1I101lj!
0.10[773-373)
106 J/m2.
= 0.34
= 0.10
Ti
= 8000 C + 273 = 1073 K
Final temperature,
Too
Distance,
x = 4 em = 0.04
time, t
100 s
0 C + 273
0
heat transfer co-efficient,
Io flnd :
I. Temperature
0.34 'Qo
= 0.34
of iron plate, L = 10 em
Thickness
Convective
From graph, we know that,
Q
Qo
GiI'en:
= 273
h = 50 W/m2K
(Tr) at a depth of 0.04m from one end of
the plate.
6
97.2
10
2. Total thermal energy lost per unit area, Q
Q = "3.04 ' 106 Jim
Solution:
Properties of iron are
l raj
Q=33.0-l
Thermal
10 Jlnt
Th erma I diff
.'
I USIVlty,
~.Sldl:
I. Temperature
at
the centre line
conductivity,
To::: 629 K
(l
k = 72.7 W/mK
2
- 20 .34 x 10-6 m /s.
-
1. 358 Heal and Mass Transfer

7897 kglmJ
Density,
Specific
heat, Cp = 452 J/Kg K.

______
.> curve::::
For Slab
Characteristic
length,
L
2
c " -:::
0
.10
-....::.
hLc
k
50
i"ve
x 0.05
72.7
:::: 0.0343/
~
We know that,
Biot number,
hLc
== _
can
is 0 183 curve value is 0.0343. From that, we

X xis va Iue I . ,
a
ding
Y axis value is 0.92 [From graph}.
find correspon
50 x 0.05
72.7
TO- Teo
Ti - Teo
[Note:
Biot number value is less than 0.1. So, thisislumped

heat analysis i.e., Neglecting internal resistance.
Bur
we have to find temperature at a depthof 4cm from
one end. So, we can go for Heisler Chart}
Y axis
TO - 273
To calculate mid plane temperature, refer HMT data bookpage
axis ~ Fourier number
=>
at
0.813J
1009 K
Case (ii)
Temperature at a depth ofO. 04 m from mid plane.
(0.05)2
number
TO == 1009 K
. plane temperature or Centre Ime temperature, To

Mid
20.34 x /0-6 x 122
~ Fourier
= 0.92
= -2
Lc
I X axis
== 0.92
1073-373
edition).
.
To - Teo
0.0343
Ti - Teo
Case (i)
no.65(Sixth
:LC =
= 0.92
I,
[Refer
HMT
H""'A
66 (Sixth edition)
data book page no. -
1.360
Heal and U
ass Transfer
X axis ~ B'
lot
Curve
::::
t- ",~
c
can
numb er, B.",

I
h Lc
k:::
0.0343
Val
aXIS value'
IS
.
Ue IS
0.90
~Fourier
number = h
X 8,,15
0.05'" 0.8
. X axis value is 0 03
find corresponding
4~, curve
Transient Heal Conti .

_-------.....::..=.:::.:..:-:::::..~UC~/lIloon 1.36/
11 t
k2
= (50)2 x (20.34 x 10-6)x 100

0.8 F
. tOrn th
(72.7)2
at, "'e
X axis = 0.962
x
L"'0.8
c
10-3 ]
hLc
Curve
=
@urve
-k-
50
0.05
72.7
0.0343/
10-3, curve value is 0.0343. From

that, wecan find corresponding Y axis value is 0.02.
X axis value is 0.962
hLc
k=
0.0343
0.6
Tx - 273
1009 - 273
r,
Temperature
0.90
935.4 K
at a depth of 0.04m from one endoftheplate,

T, = 935.4 K
Qo
0.4
0.2
10-5
10-4
10-3
10-2
h2a
Case (iii)
1 xlOl
10-1
k2
Total thermal
energy lost per unit area, Q
67 (.'Six/h edition)}
[Refer HMT data book page no.
Y8)(15=_Q_=002
Q
.
o
... (I)
Transient Heal Conduction 1.363

_

We know that.
..
edition)]
= 7897
452
0.10 [1073 - 273]
Qo
0.285 x 109 J/m21
go
0.02
. iry k::: 42.S W/mK
,henna
Qo
0.02
0.285
2. Temper
x
109
To
ature inside the plate
~"';o":
fll Platt:
106J/m2
Q=5.7x
\ conduCtlVI
~fj"d:
. e temperature,
I. center lin
Q = 0.02
=
25 min :::0.0125 m
80
.inutes::: \
s
3 Ill
fit1le, t :::;
fficient, h = 285 W/m2K
sfer
co-e
O
tlest tra
. iry a.::: 0.043 m2/hr
I ditTuSIVI ,
fhef(lllJ
= \. \ 9 x \ 0-5m2/s.
Vista
[Refer HMT data book page no.63 (Sixth
(lCe,
r - \.
hL
leogt
Characteristic
Result:
I. Tx = 935.4 K
2. Q = 5.7
106 J/m2
Weknow that,
111 A
large steel plate 5 em thlck is initially at a uniform

temperature of 400 C. It is suddenly exposed on hoth sides
to a surrounding at 60C wit" convective "eat transfer
co-efficient of 285 Wlm}K. Calculate the centre line
temperature and the temperature inside the plate 1.25 em
from tile mid plane after 3 minutes.
Takek for steel
= 42.5 WlmK,
a for steel
= 0.043 m1/hr.
[Nov'96
Given:
Thickness, L
I ..
;,
~
~
= 5 em
n.llIal temperature,
Flnalte
mperature,
= 0.05 m
r, = 400
+ 273 = 673 K
TaJ = 600 C + 273
333 K
MUj
hLc
Biot number,
~
L
2
0.025
= Q;Qi
2
m]
_ _]8S .::-Q.:021.
a, = k ~i::
\ 2S em from the mid plane.

.
42.5
0.167~
id
O.\ <
s, <
\ 00, So,
hi . infinite soh ty
pe problem.
t IS IS
.
temepratul
rature or Mid plane
line tempe....ook page no. 651
{Tocalculate centre
.
HMT data vvv
for infinite plate, refer
Case (i)

J.364 Heat and Mass Transfer
~
X axis ~ Fourier number
Ti - Tet)
at
Lc2
=
=0.64
~:::0.64
673 - 333
1. 19 x I 0-5 x I 80
1--------
(0.025)2
\ X axis ~ Fourier number = 3.42 ,
550.6 K
= hLc
Curve
~~
285
Curve
0.025
42.5
x
Temperature (T;t) at a distance of 0.0125 m from mid plane
0.167
{Refer HMT data book page no.66}
hLc
u., = 0.167 \_
-k-
X axis ~ Biot number,
X axis value is 3.42, curve value' .

can find corresponding' Y r..
.
IS 0.167. From that, we
axis value IS 0.64
e urve ~
::: --Lc
a, :::k:::
0.0125
0.025
==
0.167
0.5
X axis value is 0.167, curve value is 0.5. From that, w

== 0.64
TO-T
T
i-
tan find corresponding
hLc
"',
0.64
-k-= 0.167
T 1- T
(I,;:::
0.97
Y axis value is 0.97.
~~...,_:>....--~
O.S
To-Tu:
0.6
T."
h~
k
0.\67
:::::1 hour == 3600 s
fme
Y axis ==
T, - Ta>
P == 998 kg/m3
.
2
fer co-efficient, h == 6 W 1m K
tieat trans
h at C == 4180 J/kg K
specific e , p
al conductivity, k = 0.6 W/mK
Therm
k _
0.6
al
diffusivity,
ex
==
-p
C
998
x 4180
Ther m
p
I
To-Too
= 0.97
To-Too
T, - 333
----'''----
550.6 - 333
'.
penslty,
== 0.97
Tx-Too
0.97
(ex == 1.43 x 10-7m2/s.\

Temperature at a distance of 1.25 em from the mid plane is 544 K.
Result:
ToFind:
Center line temperature (To)
1. Centre line temperature, To == 550.6 K

2. Intermediate temperature, T x == 544 K
Solution
For
III A 10 em diameter
apple approximately spherical in shape is

taken from a 20 C environment and placed ill a refrigerator
is 5 C and average
where temperature
Sphere.
Characteristic
length, Lc ==
==
heat transfer
= 998 kglm3. Specific

conductivity = 0.6 WlmK.
Thermal
heat == 4180 J/kg K,
We know that,
hLc
Biot number, Bi ==
[Apr'98
M.UJ
Given:
:::
Diameter of sphere, 0 = 10 em
ma temperature, Too= 5 C + 273
0.6
Initial temperature, T, = 20 C + 273 == 293 K

I
0.10 m
Radius of sphere, R = 5 em = 0.05 m

F'
0.05
3
Gc ~ 0.016 mJ
coefficient is 6 Wlml K. Calculate the temperature at the centre

of the apple after a period of 1 hour. The physical properties
of apple are density
R
3
= 278
~.
0.1 < Bi < 100. So,
lid type problem.
. . . finite so
this IS In
1. 368 Heal a"d Mass Transfer
I"fi"ile Solids
d
--------b [To calculate centre I'me temp

ala ook page no.71 (S'IX th editionj]
"
erature
for sphere ' reler
c.
Ii
Xaxis
MT
= ~
R2
=
1.43
10-7
3600
,tsll/f: Center
(0.05)2
I X axis
= 0.20
I
hR
k
Curve
.Curve
0.5
c,
~90.9K
] A long steel cy! i,," 1_ cm ,/illmtltr and illi,ially ., 20' C

0
i> plac,,1 in 0 [ur nil<' at 820 C wi,h h = 14 IfI m ' K.
\ C.lc.
,I" ume "if"ir_" fur ,I.. <is " .. p"II'."
I
lote
800 .,t I 0 CIIlc "IIIte ,I.. corr<spo",lillRttn",,,a,."
.,. r.di. of 5.4 <III ,II ,IIU' time- Physic,,1 proper,i" of
'0
".eI,
0.05
0.6
0.5
To - Too
Ti-Too
stee! CITe k
X axis. value is 0 20
find corresponding
Y '. ,curve. value is 0.5. From that w
axis value IS 0.86.
' e can
~ Y axis
line t~l1ll;pr:ltLln.:.
= 0.86
:: 21 WI",K, a= 6.11 )( Itrb m /!.
GiI'tn:
Diameter
Radiu
f c lin lcr. \) :: 1- em :: O.\ f phere,
R -
Final temperature.
Heat transfer
or
Axi temperature
cm " 0.06
111
273 = 109- K
2K
_etli~i';llt. II - 140 W/ln
} .,
800 C 21)
o
4
0.05
III
\ 0-6 mIls.
~t1I::
1
Thermal dillusi it)" u. ;::: 6.1
Th
. I:: 2 \ W /In K
ermal conducti It),,"
til
273:: 293 K
T, ==
T = 8,0 C
Centre line temperature

Intermediate
radiu , r:: SA
~.
M. Vj
II
Initialtemperatur.
hR _
k - 0.5
[0(.'('99
= ,01'

To find:
_____
I. Time (t) required for the axis temperat
ure to reach 800
2. Corresponding temperature
(T ) at a
r
ra
d'
IUS
Solution:
i
of5 . 4 ern
C.
1073 - 1093
::: 293 - 1093
or Cylinder,
_ 0.06
Characteristic length, Lc ::: R
-2
0.03 m
lue is 0.4 Y axis 0.025. From that, we can find

curve V a
'.
l.,rr~~I[)()n(Jlm~X axis value IS 5.
We know that,
Biot number B.::: hLc
k
'I
::: 140 x 0.03

21
Ir--B-:::-0-.2-1
j
at
0.1 < Bj < 100. So, this is infinite solid type problem.
':ase (i)
= ~
~ X axis
Axis temperature
}
or
To ::: 8000 C
Centre line temperature
5
t =
TO::: 8000 C + 273
R2 -
1073 K
It
Time (t)?
R2
(0.06)2
(6.11
2945.9
10--6)
sJ
Case (ii)
[Refer HMT data book
page
Curve ::: hR
no. 68(Sixth edition)]
Intermediate
k
:::
140 x 0.06
21
radius, r = 5.4 em'
::::0 054 m
[Refer HMT dala book p g
::: 0.4
Curve
_L
= ~::::0.9
0.06
. h dition)]
a e no.69(szxt e
I. J 72 Heal alld Mass Transjer
Trans,
LJ
lent neat
X axis
hR
K
==
, ~ems
cylinder 5 em in diameter and initially ot
/. 200 C is suddenly
exposed to a convection environment

'
at
2
70llC and I, = 525 Wlm K, Determine the temperature at a
radiUS 0/1.25 em and the heat lost per unit length 1minutes
nfter the cylinder is exposed to environment.
11
== 0.4
21
for practice
~uminium
140 x 0.06
Conduction I. 373
Curve value
. is 0.9 ,.~X axis va I lie IS. 0 4
find corresponding Y axis val
. 0
.. FrollJ that
lie IS .84.
'
We can
Take P = 2700 kglm3, C = 0.9 kJlkg K, k

a= 8.4 x 10 52'
m Is.
R
0.9
215 WlmK
I Oct' 2002 M U]
]. A slab of rubber of thickness 40 em, initially at a uniform
temperature of 300 e. It is exposed to air at 30" C, the
convection co-efficient being 240 kJII" m1 "C. Assuming that
il is a large slab, find the mid plane temperature after 15
11
Y axis
==
T -T
r
hR
k
minutes.
== 04.
{Manonmanium
<r.l
TO-T(1J
== 0.84
J.
Wlmll C) thickness 5 em initially at

uniform temperature of 200 C is suddenly immersed in an
oil both at 20e. The convection heat transfer co-efficient
between the fluid and the surface is 500 Wlml "C How long
will it take for the centre plane to cool to 100"C
{ Madurai Kamara} University Apr'97]
= 43
11
== 0.84
Tr-1093
1073 - 1093
(a = 1.25 x 10-5 m1ls, p = 7833 kglmJ,
Cp = 465 Jlkg C, k
Tr -T (1J
TO-T(1J
A steel plate
Szmdaranar University Nov'96]
== 0.84
~1076.2KJ
R~sull :
initially at a uniform
I'
't .
I d b"jirsl coo s I tn
temperature oif400 C. It is "eallrea e
'I '
ntralltmperalure
air (/, = 10 WI",2 K) at 20 C unll ~/S ce
both 01 20" C
hed m awaltr
reaches 335 e. It is then quenc
if Ihe sphere cools
re
with h = 6000 WI",1K until the cenl 0 uired/orcooling
uJ Ihe time req
from 335C to 50 C. Co",p e
. oJ ro.nertieso/sphert
.
fi L wing phYSIC p r
'" air anti water for the 0 ,0
.'
, A metallic sphere of radiUS 10 mm
IS
IT"
. nne required for I
.
2945.9 s.
t re aXIS temperature
to reach 800C is
2. Temperature (T
r) at a radius of 5.4 em is 1076.2 K.
74 Heat and Mass Transfer

1. 3
~onduction,
In c
motion or ~irect impact of molecules. Pure conduction is found
only in sohds.
p= 3000 kglnr3,
C
= 1000 Jlkg
Define Convection.
k=20 WlmK
4. convection is a process of heat transfer that will occur between

solid surface and a fluid medium when they are at different
a
.
.
temperatures. Convection IS possible only in the presence of
a= 6.6 xlfr6 m2ls.
[ Bharathiyar
UniversityA
pr'97]
A 15 em thick plate initially at 20 C is suclden/u Pt'

U Into a
furnace at 1100 C. The values of thermal condu CtilV,ty
.
J
0
5.
Conduction 1.375
energy exchange takes place by the k'memauc.
fluid medium.
:J
and diffusion co-efficient
of plate are k = 30 WlmK

I
an
a= 0.042 mllhr. The average heat transfer co-efficient;s 350
WI",2 K. Find the temperature

after 5 minutes of heating.
at tire surface and at the centre
[Nov'97 Manonmanium Sundaranar University]
Define Radiation.
5. The heat transfer from one body to another without any

transmitting
medium is known as radiation. It is an
electromagnetic wave phenomenon.
6. Sttrte Fourier's law of conduction.
[Apr'97, Oct' 98 Madrasllniv ,
May'04, May'05 , June'06 Anna Univ]
The rate of heat conduction is proportional to the area measured
normal to the direction of heat flow and to the temperature
1.6Two mark Questions and Answers
gradient in that direction.

1. Define heat transfer.
Qa-A
Heat transfer can be defined as the transmission of energy from

one region to another due to temperature difference.
2.
Q= -kA dT
dx
What are the modes of heat transfer?
1. Conduction
2. Convection
3. Radiation
3.
dT
~
where, A - Area in m2
dT _ Temperature gradient, KIm
d.x
What is conduction.
Heat conduction is"amechan ism of heat transfer from a region

of h~gh temperature to a region of low temperature within a
medlUm(solid
I'IqUiid or gases) or different medium 10
. direct
" .
I
phYSicalcontact.
I
k - Thermal conductivity, W/mK

7
.
'97 M U. Oct' 99 M lJ.'

.,
bility of a substanceto
. defined as the a
. 'ty
Define Thermal conductivi .
.'
Thermal conductivtb'
conduct heat.
IS
[Apr
Conduction 1.377
1.376 Heat and Mass Tra17~r('_,.__
s.
Write down the three dimell!i;0IU1/~u
where
cIon e
in Cartesian co-ordinate system,
heat conduction
L _ Thermal resistance of slab
R:::::V:
[May'05 & June'06 A
The general three dimensional

,
,
cartesian co-ordinate IS
T - T2
Sf:::::
qUatioll
nna Univ.)
e
.
qUatlon in
T hiic kness of slab
J..,l( -
a2T +
ax2
a2T +
ay2
a T + ._~ = .L a~
az2
A - Area
01
\
,
where
9.
conductivity of slab
Thenna I
q. -
Heat generator - W /m2
a-
Thermal diffusivity - 1112/s
Write down the three dimensional
heat conduction
eqllation
in cylindrical co-ordinate system.
[May'05 & June'06 Anna Univ.]

The general three dimensional
cylindrical co-ordinate is
heat conduction
equation in
lotion for conduction of heat througlr a
"'"'te down tire eql

, h 1I0wcylinder.
o
6.T overall
Heat transfer, Q =
R
J2 "rl
where
6.T=T\-T2
1
R=_'n
27tLk
~2)
_Thermal resistance of slab
r
I
L _ Length of cylinder
k _ Thermal conductivity
.s. = j_a
crT + .L aT + .L ;/T + a T +
or2
r ar
r2 a$2
8z2
k
aT
ae
10. List down the three types of boundary conditions.

1. Prescribed temperature
[Dec-2005. Anna Univ]
rOuter
2 rl -
radius
Inner radius
.
13. Write down equatIOn
t through
fi
spl,ere
2. Prescribed heat flux
3. Convection boundary conditions

11. Write dow" the equation for conduction of heat through a slab
or plane wall
Heat transfer, Q = ~ T owrall
~c
or condllction of I,ea
Heat transfer, Q :::
~T
~
overall
/IO/low
Conduction 1.379
..,n tIle eq
til! ile tI0
U. State Newtons law of cooling or convection la;;-----'__
I~"r'pes of cylinder.
[ April'98 M Uj
Heat transfer by convection is given by Newtons I
aWofcool'
Q = hA (Ts - Too)
uation for heat transfer throug" composite
109
where
A - Area exposed to heat transfer in m2
B
h - heat transfer coefficient in W/m2K
Convection
Ts - Temperature of the surface in K
hb
Too- Temperature of the fluid in K

15. Writedown tire equation for heat transfer tllrouo/I
a compOSlIe
.
to
plane wall.
[ April'97 M u.}
Tb
d) T2
(DTI
L\T overall
Heat transfer, Q::::
(D
(i)T)
where
LI
Heat transfer Q _ 6T
L2
L\T::::Ta-Tb
)
I
R=-
21tL
overnll
R
61-'1' u- 'l b
-L+
I A
--.s_+
L2
L3
,--+--+
'.
kl A
k2A
L - Thickness of slab
k3A
,
hbA
A - Area
11(/
Ileut transfer' coe.f'Tiicienr

"
'
,
at Inner
diameter
hI; - Ileat transfer"

" coe ffici
ic lent at outer side
2.)
lr,
In
r ~3
.-l..-+-+
k
hart
___l.2k
I
+ --hbr3
uation
I steady state conductIOneq
lOna, .
17. Write down one t/imens
without internal/leat generatIOn.
where
R-
In
ciT ::::0
QX2
'
I conduction equation
wo dinrenslOna
18. Write dow" steady stllte, t
without heat generlltion.

/9. Write down the general equation for one dim .'
state heat transfer in slab or plane wall witbout ell.~/O"(l1
l
SIf.'(fdy
leut gener .
llt1o"
a2T + a2T + a2T = .L aT
ax2
ayl
az2
<X:
al
20. Define overall heat transfer co-efficient.

.
The overall heat transfer by combmed
in terms of an overall conductance
efficient 'U'.
Heat transfer, Q
= UA
[ April'97 MU
modes is Usually
.J
expressed
or overall heat trail l'
sler Co-
dT.
Conduction U81
~1
AddlUO of insulating material on a surface does not reduce

ount of heat transfer rate always. Infact under certain
t~eam s tances it actualiy increases the heat loss upto certain
Ircum
.
c. nesS of insulation. The radius of insulation for which the
thick
"
" I ra d'IUS0 f iI11SUIa tiion,
sfer is maximum
IS ca IIe d cntica
heat tran
".
.
.
thickness IS called critical thickness.
and t Iie c orresponding
.Ii
U~M
fins or Extended surfaces.
C
transler
ar e called extended
21. Write down the general equation for one dimensional steady
state heat transfer in slab witll heat generation.
[Oc('99 MUj
22. What is critical radius of insulation or criticaltllickness.

[May'04 & Dec'04 Anna Univ - Nov'96 ,Oc('97 MUj
= rc
radius
Critical
thickness
= rc -
surfaces or sometimes
nown as
24. Stale the applications of fins.

The main application
offir.s are
I. Cooling
of electronic
2. Cooling
of motor cycle engines.
components
3. Coo[ingoftransformers
of small capac Iity compressors.
25. Define Fin efficiency.

rl
fins.
4. Cooling
Critical
.
ible to increase the heat transfer rate by mcreasmg
[t IS possi
. hthe
f
heat
transfer.
The
surfaces
used
for
increasing
eat
surface 0
.
k
[Dec'04 & Dec'05 - Anna Uni!']

[ Nov'96, Oct'97 M U]
e ratio of actual heat

f ' define d as th
f
The efficiency of a III IS
ibl h at transferred by the III
. m POSSI e e
transferred to the maxunu
Qfin
Tlfin = Qmax
26. Defille Fin effectiveness.
~~_r_I
r,,c
[Nov
'th fin to that

, of heat transfer WI
FIII et of,'ectivenes SI'S the ratto
without fin
Dec'05 - Alllla Univ]

[Dec'04 &
'96 Ap,'2001 M Uj
Conduction 1.383
J,382 Heat and Mass Transfer
Qwithout fi~
17. What is meant by steady state heat condu CIOn?
tt
If the temperature ofa body does not vary Wit. I1tlln
. .
to be in a steady state and that type of cond uctlon
. IS
.e,kIt is said
steady state heat conduction.
nWn as
18. What is meant by Transient heat conduction

conduction?
or unsteady state
lfthe . temperature of a body varies with time ' it' IS salid to be in

transient state. and that type of conduction is kno wn as transient
' a
heat conduction or unsteady state conduction.
29. What;s Periodic heat flow.
In periodic heat flow, the temperature
varies on a regular ba SIS,'
Example:
1.Cyl inder of an Ie engine.
2. Surface of earth during a period of 24 hours,
30. What is non periodic heat flow?
In non periodic heat flow, the temperature

the system varies non linearly with time.
. meant by Lumped heat analysis?

{Oct'98 M VJ
.
I'
heatmg or coo mg process the temperature
111 a n~out the solid is considered to be uniform at a given time.
throUg analysis is called Lumped heat capacity analysis.
_ such an
. meant by Semi-infinite solids?
'~ {Oct'99 MVj
ot
IS . I'nfinite solid, at any instant of time, there is always a
\ JJ. Jfh semi
i
111 ~
h re the effect of heating or cooling at one of its
lint
w
I
pO
. e is not felt at all. At this point the temperature remains
boundanesd In semi infinite solids,
.' the blot number value 'ISCXl.
unchange .
IS wtonian
J1, '.JI/,{lt
"
,Fin effectiveness ~ Qwith fin ~
at any point within
34.
WI,at is meant by infinite solid?

id hi ch extends itself infinitely in all directions of space
A soh W I
is known as infinite solid.
, fi't
ol'lds the biot number value is in between 0.1 and
In m iru e s
,
'00.
0.1 < B; < 100.
35. Define Biot number.

,
'
0 the
It is defined as -the ratio of internal conductive resistance t
surface convecti~ resistance,
Internal conductive resistanc.:_
Bj == Surface convective resistance
Examples:
I, Heating of an ingot in a furnace.
2, Cooling of bars.
31. What is meant .b~ Newtonian
II.T
I,eatin~ f or cooling process. ?
The process
in w hiIC h the internal
.
'~ r sistance IS
. assume d as
,
neg
igfble
in
comp'
"
.
as
N'
anson with Its surface resistance ISknown
"
ewtonlan
heatin g. or cooling
. process.
hLc
Bj== k
.
.
.'
., Bioi Number".
36. What IS the sIgnificance oJ
,
U APr'2002 M. V]
[ NoV 96 IYI, ,
,
. Semi infinite
. '.
d heat analySIS,
..
.
d to find Lumpe
.~
B lot number ISuse ."
solids and Infinite solids
1.(
1.384 Heat and Mass Tram,fer

If
n, < 0.1 ~
B.
= r:IJ
Lumped heat Rnalysis
_________
Semi infinite solids
0.1 < B; < 100 ~
Infinite solids.
37. Explai/l the significance of Fourier number,

.,
"
It is defined as the ratio of characteristic

temperature wave penetration
nSl01l to
depth in time.
Characteristic
Fourier Number
( Apr'2002 Mu)
body dime
r BastC Concepts
body dimension
Temperature
cr Dimensional
wave penetration
depth in time.
It signifies the degree of penetration
Analysis
cr
Boundary Layer Concept
Forced Convectlon
.
d Turbulent Flow
Lammar an
of heating or cooling effect
ofa solid.
38. What are the factors affecting the thermal conductivity?
1. Moisture
[Apr'9 7 M. u.]
2. Density of material
r Internal Flow
3. Pressure
r::?
4. Temperature
it problems
39. Explain the significance of thermal diffusivity. [Oc/'98 M u.j

The physical significance of thermal diffusivity is that it tells us
how fast heat is propagated or it diffuses through a material
during changes of temperature
40. What are Heisler charts?
with time.
[Oc/'99
M u.j
In Heisler chart, the solutions for temperature distributions and

~eat flows in plane walls, long cylinders and spheres with tinite
Internal
.
.
. and sure"
lace resistance
are presented. Heisler
c Iiar ts are
nothing but a a na Iytica
. I solutions
.
.In the torm
.
of graphs.
/
" ,t.
Free Convectlon
cr Solved Problems
5. Structure of material.
Chapter 2: Convection
C?
Solved Unlversl y
------
Ctl~PTER - II
2. fONVECTIVE
HEAT TRANSFER
~~~===========================
2.1.DIMENSIONAL ANALYSIS
Dimensional analysis is a mathematical, method which makes
of the study of the dimensions for solving
several engineering0
~.e
prohlems. This method can be applied. to all types of fluid

resistances, heat flow problems and many other problems in fluid
mechanics and thermodynamics.
2.1.1.Dimensions
In dimensional analysis, the various physical quantities used in

fluid phenomenon can be expressed in terms of fundamental
quantities. These fundamental quantities are mass (M), length (L),
lime (T), and temperature (0).
The dimensions of commonly used quantities in heat transfer
analysis is listed in Table 2.1 with reference to MLeT where
M
Mass,
L -
Length,
Temperature,
Time.
For example,
Velocity V
L :: LT-I
Distance - - T
Time
~
/
] 2
Heal
and Mass 7i'C/I/!Jjer
. ,
r--j---------------- .
-__
No.
Length
2,
Area
Velocity
1"',,, I pr
In
uch
h is kn
"hi
"'0
"
~cOreI1'l'
rem t te t1 foil ws.
l3IJCkil1gharn 1t the
..If I~cr< 3re n v3fiabk
in a dimensi nail' h moe
,
lntalll In funds mental
dimensi I n inen
h he
<'loai n and I the-c
Quantity
I.
applie.
61'ffef(Oua o'~ hire I. required
TUb/~~
S.
learl
,,,i,bt
Or<.1 ran ed inl
n
dimen ink"
le
dio
i IIle icrrn arc ailed 1t term ..
>
term . The
'"
1cl1
Acceleration
1.1. . ,.d._nlage.
3
Mass
I.
Density
It exprc
varia
2.
fJ
01 Dimension_I An.lysls
the fun ti nal relation
se
ionic s term'.
n:tical
hip between
'olutiun
the
in a implified
It en
W
T
3.
11'1
the experilllental
data or direct solution of
P
[ern.
\I
ne 'eric'
4.
The re
of tests call be applied to a large

problems with the help 01
Q
dimen
II
k
W/I11K
(L
11111s
J/kg K
i nal analysis,
2.1.4. Limitations of Dimensional AnalysiS

The omple,e inlo""alion
is not provided by dimensional
onsh
\. analy is. It onl indical's Ihal Ihere is some rel,II
,P
ani
between the paral~leters.
al
No inf r nation i given aboul Ihe in"rn n,,,,,h
m ,f
2.
the ph~ -Jl:al phenornenon.
2.1.2. Buckingham 1t Th eorem

A more general sit
be profitably
.
.
employed uation
is one'in wllie. I1. dimensional
analysis may
.
In which
tl 'ere IS
. no governing
3.
DimcII~o!,al
electidn
analysi
f ariables.
doe
not
give
allY c1llC re~
Irding Ihe
24
Ileal and Mass Transfer
2.2.
DIMENSIONLESS NUMBERS AND TH

SIGNIFICANCE
EIR PI-t'rSIC
_------
I
~l
2.2.1. Reynolds Number (Re)
(1"
ellcc
~Lon\lecli\le
num ber provides

a
Pr andt'
measure
tivencss of the momentum and energ t
Heal T.
ranifer
of th
e relative
Y ran sport by dffi .
I USlon.
It i defined a
2.2.3. Nusselt Number (Nu)
It is defined as the ratio of the heat flow b

.
.
Y convectIOn process
gradient to the h
fl
nde,. an urut temperature
Ll.
.
eat ow rate by
onductlon under an umt temperature gradient th
h
.
c
roug a stationary
thickness of L metre.
qconv
Nusselt Number (Nu)
qcond
Velocity
L
\I
==
Length,
rn/s ,
where
m,
Prandtl Number (Pr)
It i the ratio
difiusi it)'.
f h
t e rnomentum
diffusivity
1]
Nu
Length,
k A t1T
=T
L
... (2.3)
f
111,
Thermal conductivity, W/mK.
The Nusselt number is a convenient measure of the convective

heat transfer coefficient. For a given value of the Nusselt number,
the convective heat transfer coefficient is directly proportional to
thermal conductivity of the fluid and inversely proportional to the
significant length.
to the thermal
2.2.4. Grashof Number (Gr)
Pr ==
MOlllentum diffusivity
Thermal diffusiviry
as the ratio of product of inertia force and

buoyancy force to the square of viscous force.
It is defined
E~~;J
v
... (2.2)
Kinematic viscosity,
m2/s,
(l
Therrnal ciiffusivity,
m2/s.
Inertia force
Gr
Heat transfer coefficient W/m2K,
p
Kinematic viscosity, 1112/s.
Reyn Ids
be
.
num r. is therefore
'
m nltude of the i
.
, a measure
of relatlv!.'
e merna force to til
.
n "'.
e VISCOUSforce Occurring in the
2.2.2.
... (2, I)
u -
"here
=~
(viscous
Buoyancy force
forceY
e.. U2 L2 x e P g iH
(J.' U L)2
LJ
Convective
J.6
'~Ow
1. L.a
:J
g x
~;r
where
p x L3
. of tOw.
~f
a smooth
'" (2.4)
Length,
v -
Kinematic
~T
1I111lnar
1
the
x L1T
Coefficient
13)
m,
and each
.
.
fluid panicles
..
path. The fluid panicles
sequence
2i
tream line now. In this
called
lavers
fer
without
mixing
in each
with each
other.
visco it)', 1112/s
2.2. 8 .
I
diffe renee K.
Grashof Number has a role'

played by Reynolds numb
. f III free convection
I
er III creed convection.
~.
illlilar to thai
Turbulent Flow
In addition
:~rbul~nt
turbulent
to th
e product
the lam.inar
b erved
Ire uentl
w.
Th
11
type of fl~w,
In nature.
::I
distinct
irreg~t1ar flow
This type of flow
path of any individual

h \\
irregular. Fiu.2.1
2.2.5. Stanton Number (St)

It is the ratio of N
I
nu b
usse t NUlllber
III er and Prandtl number.
III
COlltll11101lS
an order!
er rel1la
al
. .
and
joIl0\\5 .. in in
of expa nSIIIII,
.
K-I
Temperature
.
(lmetlllles
.'
[luid move
floW is
I
IJ
\12
Heal Trail
the ill iantaneou
called
panicle
is zig-zag
and
velocity
in laminar
and
w.
Turbulent
flow
Laminar
flow
<II
:J
of Reynold
0>-
gE
_ 0
c'Q)
>
II>
Nu
St
~
x
Jl Ce
k
Time
Fig. 1./.
eJU:
Jl
St
2.2.6. Ne
==
2.3. BOUNDARY LAYER CONCEPT
Jl Ce
k
Th
e concept
II
ie staning pint
__}1__
pUC
P
...
(2.5)
Vilonion and N
on-Newto .
he fluids wl .
mon Fluids
the N
uch obe h
ewtonioll fll .
y t e Newton's I
.
io flu: lids and thos
.
aw of viscosity are called
n ulds .
e which do not ohey are called nonT
.ed by Prandtl forms

layer as propOs
.
.
.
f h equations of mOllon
for the simplification
0 t e
f a boundary
and energy.
.
. 1
along a stationary
towS
. When a real fluid i.e., VI COli fluid,
.
.
. 'ontact Wit. h th e
sohd boundary
a layer of fluid which comes III C
.
wa
bo
fl id which callnot slip a )
undary surface. Thu the la er of III
'.
d d laver
th b
dation ThiS retar e .
e ollndar),
urface and undergoe
retar
.
f h fluid. So,
Iu h
. d' ent layer 0 t e
n
er
cause
retardati
II for the a .lac
.
. .....
of the
s
.
edlale VIUlllt)
Illall I egi n is developed
ill
the 1111111
r":
Convective
_______
boundary
surface
in which
the
velocity
increases rapidly from zero at boundary

velocity of main stream.
of the~o
.
Wing
urface and "
fiUid
( PJ)roaches the
HydrodynamiC
:.3.2.
Boundary
boundary .' layer

111 drodynamiC
hy
99% of free stream velocity.
[hall
In this concept, the flow fie Id over

b d . .
regions .
a 0 y IS divided
rfJ% of free stream temperature.
int o~
1. A hi'thin region near the body calle e d t Ite bounda

I
were me velocity and temperature
grad'
ry ayer,
.
.
lents are large
.2. The region outside the boundary la yer w Ilere velo . .
temperature gradients are very nearl
city and
stream values.
Ileal y equal to their free
The thickne s of the
distance from the surface
reaches 99% of the extern'
.
boundary la -er ha .
at whi I I I)
S been def.lIled as the
rcn tne ocal velocit
I I ..
I Y Or temperature
a ve ocrry or temperature.
a solid surface
of the fl UIid IS
. less
velocity
Thermal Boundary layer

2,3..3
111thermal boundary
layer, temperature
2.4. CONVECTION
convection is a process
2.9
Layer
The layer adjacent to the boundary.

IS k nown
layer. Boundary layer is formed wheneve r tl iere IS
. rei' as bounda ry
between the boundary and the fluid.
at,ve motion
Heal Transfer
'J'
of the fluid is less than
of heat transfer that will occur between
and a fluid
medium
when they are at different
temperatures.
2.4.1. N'.!wton's Law of Convection
Heat transfer
from the moving fluid to solid surface is given by
theeljuation,
Free stream
velocity
U""
This equat ion is referred

where
h
A
Til'
Trailing
edge
Fig.1.1. BoUII dary layer

2.3.1. Types of B oundary Layer
l. Hydrody namic. boundary I
ayer
(or)
Velocity bo un d ary layer
2.
Themlal boundary
layer.
011fit/t
_
_
Too _
to as Newton's
law of cooling,
Local heat transfer coefficient
in W Im2K,
Surface area in m ,
Surface (or) Wall temperature
Temperature
in K,
of the fluid in K.
plate
2.4.2. Types of Convection

I. Free convection,
2. Forced convection.
2.4.3. Free (or) Natural convection
.
to change in denSity
If the fluid motion is produced
ue d f heat transfer is
res I .
di t the 1110 e 0
:u tltlg from temperature
gra len s,
said to be free or natural convection.
d
2./0
Convective Heal Transfer
2.1 J
I'
2.4.4. Forced Convection

If the fluid motion is ar1ificialh
.
.' created b
external force like a blower or fan , tl iat type of YI Illeans II "
known as forced convection.
leat transfer'
illl
IS
THE LOCAL AND AVERAGE HEAT T

COEFFICIENTS FOR FLAT PLATE RANSFER
- LAMINAR FLO
At the surface of the flat plate heat fl
W
,
ow may be wrl'tt
_ Q.
ell as
q - A = hx(lll'-Ta-.J
8y
'" (2.6)
y =0
r, x
vx
T", - T so x ~
x ( 8e )
8n
'1
1)
We know that,
Local N usselt ~
number, Nu, J
x 0.332 (Pr)O)]]
8e
[ .: (8 )
11 11 = 0
T", - T~ x ~
(T", - T~) x ~
h:o; x
-\I -;
_ . ,ubstituting
'\\
T".-Ta',)
x
(~T)
UY
X III
0.332 (Pr)O.133
(Pr)0333 x
x-'
x 0.332 (Pr)O)]]
in equation
x 0.332 (Pr)OJ33
(2.6)
y=O
'
.. , (2.8)
'\1 -;
J-
x ~J x 0.332 x (Pr)OJ33
_ ~
x
==
x;k (R e)05
x 0.332 x PrO)]]
rill
T '" - TO')x -~
... (2.7)
0.332 x ~ (Re)05 (Pr)om
0.332
(,aT)
oy
Re = -;
:::J
Local heat transfer

coefficient, h x J
We know that,
Till -
Ur
h, == 0.332 x ~ x (Re)05 (Pr)OJ33
1c(8T)
(~n,.-0
rL':
k
oS (pdJ33 dx
1.L SO'".-' 32 x -x (Re)
o
L
2.12
Convective Heat Transfer
.!_
L
fo""".s s : x .~k (UX)O.5

-;o
'~A"erageN~~elt}
number,
m dx
(Pr)O
)0.5
x (Pr)03J3
m eq
11.
F rO
L.
.\" x (.\"
)05
(U)O.5
x kx ~
k
0332
LX,
0.5
0.664
III
Avcrugc
(P
)0333
IL.
x-I
x xo
dx
IX-05
x (Pr )0333 x
The heat transfer coefficient for turbulent flow can be derived

by using Colburn analogy,
L.
From colburn analogy, we know that,
dx
sr, ( Pr
!d )0.5
(~Y'
(k)L
x (
PI' )03JJ
-:
..
[.,'
heat tmnsfor
(t) ( Re
- 0.664
UL
v
"L
-
0.664
(t) ( Rc
0.664 ( Rc
)05
)-0.2
r 0.2
0.0296
(Rex
>- 0,2
0.0296 ( Rex
r 0.2
Nux
x ( Pr
Rex
'r
1/3
>-1/3
Nux
Local Nusselt
NlI~,
)0.5 (
PI' )U m x L
k
Nu
ex
ex
0.0296
x ( Rex) ( Re,f
0.0296
(Re.{)O
0.0296 (Re
8 (
Pr
r 0.2
)J/J
)08 ( Pr )OJJJ
.. , (2. J J)
We know that,
k
Nu
x [ pl"]213
Number,
N urn bcr, N II.
= 0.0592 (R
(R
(PI' )om
... (2.9)
Nussclt
0.0592
2
Nux (PI'
)0.5
sr, ( PI' ) 2
NUr
--'_
Rc
/3
Rex PI"
)0,.133
[From I1MT data book, 'Page No.113 (Sixth Edition)]
0,5
(Pr)o
)21
0.5 + I ] L.
x ( Pr )033J x [ L 05]
(UI)O
"
[X-
- 0.5 +
(C) ( Rc )o.~ ( PI'
coc:llil.:icnl,
We know thllt,
Avel'U~C
... (2.10)
uation (2.7) and (2.9), we know that,

h = 2 h .r
Qlll
_J
tHE LOCAL AND AVERAGE HEAT TRANSFER

:2.6. COEFFICIENTS FOR FLAT PLATE-TURBULENT FLOW
0.332
L
)0333
dx
(!l)0.5
v
[ x 0.332 x k x
(Pr
)05
--.!_ LX 03"2
. ..) x k x ( ~U
QlE
= 0.664 (Re
~_1I....t.-
ll3
PI' )O,JJ3
h,
0.0296
(Rex
0.0296
P )0.333 x k
( R,:e:!..x
:.-)O_'8 _x_(_r_
-
)0,8 (
Pr
)0 JJJ
Convective Heat
2.14

h; = 0.0296
::::)
,...-__
Local he~t .lran~fer)
coefficient.
II .1
.__
_._
e icrent
l.
LI
(Re
'
II
IS
( Pr )0 JJJ
8(
Pr
, .. (2,13)
)0.333
'" (2.12)
._-._- given
0.037
)08
__.
= 0.0296 (~)..\'
v ( R e)O
The average heat transfer co t't- .

h
(~)
:r
by
j' hI' d x
we kllow that,
Average Nusselt}
Number, Nu
hL
k
(Pr)03J3xL
0,037 (t)(Re)OR
(l
NlI
1
IO.0296 (~)
t f
( Re.,
)0.8 (
I'r
)0 J)J d x
(u.:r)o.8
v
J<
(P
r)
0,037
Average NlIsselt }
Number, NlI
I.
0.0296 x (.~)
Fronlequation (2.12)
dx
333
(Re)08
(Pr)O.JJ3
,,,
(2.14)
and (2.13),
we know that,
Average heat transfer}

coeffie ient, h
1,25 x
fix
["-17--1-,2-5 -h
= 0.0296
L [ '.:
Re - ~x
J' (1.)x
0.'
x ( ~ )
( Pr )0 33J
x O.S dx
o
= 0.0296 x
(!)
L
(!)
L
(!)
0.0296 x
= 0.02% x
0.037
= 00"'7
. J
(U)0.8
~
(U)O
(!)
(UL)O
L
-;(. k )
)0.8
(U
(Rc)08
..< (Pr)(I333
x (Pr)0.3JJ
8
x (Pr)03J3
(Pr)OJ3J
(Pr)OJJJ
2,6.1.
Heat Transfer Coefficient for combination of Laminar

and Turbulent Flow
Heat transfer
Ix-L o.
02 1
[x-
coefficienl
for laminar-turbulent
cOJllbined flow is
given by
dx
.r
- 0.2 + I
[LOS]
0.8
~f
hxdx
(Turbulent)
(Lammar)
0
t [j
O.JJ2
U) (R<)"
L
f
x
0.0296
(Pr)' JJJ dx +
(!)(Re)OS(pr)OJ3)
X
dXJ
2.16
Heal and Ma!,'S Transfer
t [J
Conveclive Heal Transfer
U)(~)O.~
0.332
I
(,x
(Pr)OJ3J
~!cpr)O.333
/1 _. L
i-
2. J 7
(Rex)Oj + 0.037. (Re )o.8

L
[0.664
I.
f 0 0296
.,'
::: Ii
( U X)O.8
(~)
X
-;;--
(PI')O.33,J[ 0.332
I'r ),)]3 dX
["R .
(~)(J..~IX ~
- 0.037 (Rex)08
e::::_
U.t]
V
.'
occurs at critical R.eynolds number, Re,. = 5 x 105,
TranSitIOn
. floW IS
. Ian iinar upto Re = 5 x 105, after that flow IS turbulent.
/.t'.,
. t e Re c = Re x = 5 x J 05 .
SubstJtu
dx-+-
(~)C.8
ft ~ ds.]
v
0.0296
= ~ (Pr)O 333 [
0.664 (5 x J05)O.5 +
0.037 (ReL)O.8
00296
!::
Lk
(Pr)03J]
[ 0.332
.r
(~)"
(!l)O.5[~]
V
0.0296
(PrJO]]] [ 0.332 (~)"'
-.~
[ ~05']
M
,
(Pr)0333
[ 0.8
U
(!l)0.8
v
- 0.8
[O(N-~ (~)O.5 . + ~ (UL)O.8
0.8
x08 ]]
871 ]
h -
-k (Pr)
- L
0333
. [
0 .037 (Re L )0.8
871
... (2. 15)
Average Nusselt Number,
Nu
0.037 (ReL)08 - 871]X L

_ L
k
:::> N u 7 (R )OB- 87 J 1
_ Prom [0.03
eL
~~~Nusselt
Number, Nu .. , (2.16)
!!.. (Pr)OJ33
. v.
_ 0.029Q (' U X)0.8

O.H
ilL
+
J8
0.037 (Re,f8
We know that,
.r
0.0296
(!l)0.8 [ x~ ~2++: ] L ]
V
0.037 (5 x 105)0.8 ]
rage heat transfer coefficient,
dx ]
x-02
0.5 + I
(Pr)OJ33
L f 63 0 ~
~J 8
I
AND-
uation for b 'II

equati
We know that, Von Karman momentum
layer flow is
7 do
72 dx
:::----
oundary
,
Substitute,
!!..U
_-
;x [[ ~ (I - ~)
P t~
... (2.17)
.J_
U2 do
'to :::: 72 P
dx
dy ]
(?)In
We knoW that,
_jL.
'to :::: 0.0225 P U2
;x [[ (i)'" [ (i)'" ]
I -
WI" - (i
~ ;x {[[
)211 ] dy
dy ]
J y211 dy
dy - 0:"
=>
dx
,7+
{
0 117
(.JLU0)
(.JL::: 0.0225 U 8 )
dx
,1/4
0.0225 P tJl
J +,
_'_L(7+ J
0 -
L~
217
+,
11/4
.-l!- ,\114
0114 do ~ 0.0225
I2 )
/;
.. (2.18)
PU&)
II
,\14
do ::: 0.0225 ( p U 8 )
= __d
do
72 p lJ2 dx ~
1.. do
72
(2.17) and (2.18),
Equating equation
;x { o~n J yin
56&
72
~~ l ~o 1
2.7. BOUNDARY LAYER THICK"NESS SHEAR

SKIN FRICTION COEFFICIENT FOR TURB~TLRESS
ENTFlQ
pt~
:::: dx
0\14
do ~ 0.2314
72
x -:; dx
,\"4 72
~)
(;0)'"
x 7" dx
dx
Integrating
~ ;x { o~"(~):-
[I (0
_. <)7
817
!!.... 8 8ii7
)
dx
_- !!....
dx
[78
I) -
7 ]
I)
0:" (~):
(B
917 )
B217
2.19
=>
J 0'/4
do
.l.- ,\1/4 + C
(
0.2314 pU) x
,
Convective Ileal Transfer
_.---.-----....:..:..:..:...:..:....:..:.:::.:.:~:2~::-.~21
~""
u, )11,1
( plJ
5
~
~S
.
~'J~
OW thut,
IVc kll
shear stress, to
I)U.\'
I'
Assumilll.!, boundarv 11\\'(:r

I'S t III 'b u I~lIt ov
J
the plate.
fo:
\",e"f
.\' ...
( J!..)II-I
0.2314
I
er t ie entire length of
'tUting ()
Sllbstl
to
0.0225 p U
==
(_l!.
)1/4
. pU8
valut.!,
z:
0.0225
] 1/4
P U2
pU x 0.370 (Re
,_-0.2 x
So. at x
~
~
O. 0 = 0 ~
-5 0 .'/~
OS!~
(l!_)114
pU
(_g_)1/4
x 0.2314
O. 022- :>
(0.370)1/4,
C =0
0.2314
U2 [ L x
P
pUx
0.0225
U2
(0.370)114 p
pU
0.0225
= [~
(_g_)1/4
0.2314
0.289 x
(0.289)415
0.370 x
pU
(~)"4
x
(_g_)~)(
~
pU
(ptt.)'/5
(0.370)114 pU
] 4/5
rl5
x x
0.0225
(0.370)1/4
l/5
4/5
0.370 x
= 0.370
- 0.370 x
(_l:.!_)115
pUx
(~xY'5
( Boundary layer thickness,
(ieYl5
5 = 0.370 (Ret
5
02
X
x
1/4
~--~ pU1
We know that,
0.05769
Shear stress,
Also, we know
x x
I .. , (2.19)
to
to
CfX
[.,'v=~J
J 1/4
[.,' Re=~
1/4
]1/4
1-01
[ .,' v = ~ ]
[ .,' Re = ~
1/4
Local Skin Friction coefficietll Cf(:
xx
03. 70 (RetO.2
115
~~=~~o
..__ -~ 2
0.2
pU2 [(Re)1I5 x (Re)-I]
0.05769 pU2 [Re

~
2 [~e)O.2
Re
0.02884 pU2 [Re]-
x~/5
Rc
(
[Y-Ux (Re)02]
0.02884 pU2 [( Re r 4/5
x x
eY.:
er02
2 (K
eY.:
2
.. ' (2.20)

2. 22
Heal and Moss Transfer
-----
Equating both equations,

~
0.05769
pU2
2 (Re)-O.2
pU2
2
fx
CIx
Local friction coefficient, C
Avullge Friction Coefficient
0.05769 (Re}:
0.2
= 0 . 057 69 (Re )- 0.2

(elJ :
x
x L-I x
::: 0.072
(~Y'/S
x L-
elf.fL
::: 0.072 (~L
)-115
::: 0.072 (Ret
lIS
Average friction codficient,
LI
(~t/S
... (2.21)
(U)-I/S
~
0.072
We know that,
A verage friction coefficient,
::: 4 . 0.05796
L4/S
L4/5
lIS
L ==
2.23
0.072 (Ret0
[ .: Re
Clx dx
...
(2.22)
==
u~ ]
o
L
tf
2.8. HEAT TRANSFER

0.05769 (Re)-O.2 dx
USED
I. If velocity is given, that types of problems are considered
as forced convection problems.

TIP + Tao
2. Film temperature, Tf == ~,
where
T; _ Plate surface temperature, oC,.
tf
0.05769 (Re)-1I5 dx
tf
0.05769
(~x }~/5 dx
3.
x 0.05769 x
(U)-1/5
-;
IL
x-
liS
dx
flow is laminar.
Re
==
x 0.05769 x
-'- 0.05769
LXv
(~r/~[~:+1JL
- +1
5
(!I)-1/5
L415
4
5
!Lh
If Reynolds number value
is turbulent flow.
==
Re
where
u -
. _
1_
v .-
.
IS
IS
5 x 105 then the
th
If Reynolds number value
Fluid temperature, C.
r1J
L1
FROM FLAT SURFACES-FORMUlAE
less
an
'
< 5 x 105 -+ Laminar floW

105 then the floW
ater t h an 5 X '
gre
!:!h:;>
5 x 105 -+ Turbulent floW
Velocity, mis,
Length, rn, . sit)'
Kinematic VISCO '
2/
m s
1.24
For Flat Plale Laminar Flo", :

IFronlllMT
l
---
data book. Page No.112 (Sixth Edition)!
I. Local Nusselt Number,

Nux
where
0.332 (Re)05 (Pr)0333
Pr
Prandtl number.
2. Local Nusselt Number,
flat plate,
Turbulent Flow (Fully Turbulent from leading

lFrom HMT data book. Page No.113 (Sixth Edition)\
(If
l,Jge)
. \ Nusse\t Number,
LO~a
Nux:::
0.0296 (Re)o.s (Pr)0.333
\.
1Nusse\t Number,
2. LPca
h L
_.1_
Nux:::
k
h~L
=
NUt
where
3.
where
Thermal conductivity, W/mK.
4.
II -
Average heat transfer coefficient, W/m2K
A -
Area, m2,
T" -
Plate surface temperature, 0(',
T." -
Fluid temperature, C.
5. Hydrodynamic boundary layer thickness,

Sx
0hx
x (RerO.5
3. Average
0h.r(Pr)-o.m
0.664 (Ret
TIV
T", -
Film temperature, C.
5. Boundary layer thickness

8 ::: 0.37 x x
-0.2
x (Re) .
For Flat Plate. Turbulent Flow:
1.328 (Re)-O.5
Heat transfer Q ::: h A rr,- T~)

4.
h _ Average h~at transfer coefficient W/m2K.,
where
A - Area, m2,
Plate surface temperature, C,
No 114 (Sixth Edition)
MT data boOk., Page

.
)
lFrom H
t wall temperature
0.5
8. Average friction coefficient,
efL
heat transfer coefficient,
7. Local friction coefficient,

C/.r
Thermal conductivity, WImK.
6. Local skin friction coefficient

C/ ,:: 0.0576 (Re)-02
6. Thermal boundary layer thickness,
O-r..
Length, m,
h ::: \.25 hx
2xhr
Heat transfer Q = hA(T,,-T,.,)

where
01,
Average heat transfer coefficient,

h =
Local heat transfer coefficient. WIm K.
k _
Length,
L -
hx - .:-Local heat transfer coefficient, W/m2K,

L -
2.25
(Laminar, Turbulent com

\.
bined - constan
Average Nusselt Number, ,

Nu ::: prOJ3J
037 (Re)o.s - 871 )
lO.
Conve tive Heal Tran

2.26
----

2. Average Nusselt Number,
Nu
where
h -
hL
k
Average heat transfer coefficient,
Length, m,
k -
rropt ",t.'
. . ./,,;, at 40 ~ :
oJ
I r mHMTdlJ
.33
0.02756
ol1du ti iry k
Tlwrl11 a I
.
iry, v
Kinematic
prandtl
2.17
I.I 28 kg/m
en iry, p
W/rn2K,
W/mK.
K, Pa e
16.96
W/mK,
10-6 m-/s
"I C
number.
Pr
Re n II.!' number
Re
0.699
:::
We knOW that,

elL
0.074 (Re)-O.2 - 1742 (Re)-I.O
2.8.1. Problems on Flat Surfaces
I Example 1 I Air
- Forced Convection
at 20 "C~at a pressure of / bar is flowing
over aflat plate at a velocity of 3 m/s. If the plate is maintained til

601:(', calculate tile heat transfer per unit width 0/ the plait.
Assuming the length of the plate along the flow of air is 2 m.
Teo
200e,
Pressure,
I bar,
Velocity,
3 mis,
Tw
so-c,
Given: Fluid temperature,
Plate surface temperature,
Tofind:
Width, W
1m,
Length,' L
2m.
Heat transfer (Q).
4
5 lOs
)5.377 x 10
So this i laminar
than 5 x I 0
'
Re
ReynoldS numbr
i le
vahle
flow.
For Flat plate.

Local
II
ell
flow
Lanllllar
I
:::
0.332 (Rd
u...
umber
IF r
,
. book, Page
m II cil data
0.332 (35.377 )(
We knov
that,
IQ4)O 5
h )( L
Solution: We know that,

Film temperature,
:::
_!.--
TI
Tw + Teo
2
60 + 20
2
:::
Local Nusselt Number
Nux
(Pr
)0 J
112 ( ixth Edition)!
o.
0) J
x
(0.699)

2.28
----
We know.
A veragc heat transfer
coeffic ient
[From HMT data book, Page No. 33 (Sixth Edition))
2 x 2.415
h
Heat transfer
~fa;rat80C:
oner I
Pr r
1 kglm3
21.09 x IQ-6 m2/s
[/7
4.83 W/m2K]
Pr
h A (Til" - T a:
0.692
0.03047 W/mK
UL
4.83 x 2 (60 - 20)
[.: Area
Width x Length
[Q =
Res"lt:
Heat transfer
I Example
I Air
0 =
I Re
at 25'1:' flows over aflat plate at a speed of
T ff)
Til'
25C
3m
Wide,
1.5
III
Distance,
0.5
III
-[N-u.-
We know,
_-_
Solution:
Nux =
100.9
Heat transferred
0.332 (Re)Os (Pr)0.333

..
[from HMT data book, Page No. 112 (Sixth Edl~lon))
Tofind:
2.
1.18 x 105 < 5 x lOS
For flat plate, laminar flow,

Local Nusselt Number Nux
5 rn/s
Length,
J05
1.18 x
.
R < 5 x lOS flow is laminar.
Since
e
'
I.
L = O.S m]
0.332 (1.18 x 105)0.5 (0.692)33>
Velocity,
5 x O.S
21.09 x 10"-6
386.4 Watts
Fluid temperature,
[x
5 mls and heated 10 135 '1:'. The plate is 3 m long and 1.5 m wide.
Calculate the local heat transfer coefficient at x = 0.5 In and the
heat transferred from the first 0.5 m of the plate.
Given:
Re
Reynolds Number,
I x 2::= 2]
386.4 Watts
2.29
(hx) at x
= 0.5
(0) at x = 0.5 m.
Ill,
~10;:-:-0.~9
]
h xL
2..k
h x 0.5
...!---
ee
[.,' x= L :::0.5 m]
0.03047
Local heat transfer coefficient,

-c
coefficient,
Average heat nansrer
hx :::
h:::
2xhx
h ::: 2 x 6.14
We know that,
TII'+Tff)
Film temperature,
Tf
2
135 + 25
2
Heat transfer,
::=
[~
T)
h A (T\I' (I ~)5_ 25)

S 0 5) x
12.29 x (I. x . .
C/)

2.30
---
Result:
1.
Local heat transfer coefficient,
hx
6.14 W/m2K,
2.
Heat transferred,
1013.9 W.
I Example 3 I Air
at 20C at atmospheric presSure /1ows
. We know
so/lIlio" .
. tel11perature
Flltll
rtle
4. Averagefriction coefficient,
5. Local hea~ transfer coefficient,
T", + T a:
2
~
= SO:C I
latic viscosity,
prandtl Number,
Pr
l conductivity,
Therm a
We knoW that,
ReynoldS Number,
Re
0.698
0.02826 W/mK
UL
V
JxOJ
17.95
7. Heat transfer.
Fluid temperature,
T co
20C
Velocity, U
3 mls
Wide, W
Tw
Distance, x
Tofind:
1.093 kg/Ill}
17.95 x 10-6 m2/s
6. A-verage heal transfer coefficient,
Given:
80 + 20
[From HMT data book. Page No. 33 (Sixth Edition)!
liL
Density,
i(lnen
T!
. s of air aI50C:
prope
over aflat plate at a velocity of 3 mls. If the plate is 1 m wide and

80 'C, calculate the following at x = 300 mm.
1. Hydrodynamic boundary layer thickness,
[':x=L=O.3m]
x 10-6
.
Since
Re < 5 x 105 , flow is laminar.
For FIL-t plate, laminar now,
112 (Sixth Edition)]
[Refer HMT data book, Page o.
1m
80C
300mm
I. Hydrodynamic
=
0.3 m
I iyer thicklless :
bounc ary. (
05
5 x x x (Re):"
5 x OJ x (5.01 x 104t0
I. Hydrodynamic boundary layer thickness,

[}ltf
=__ 6.7 x - 10-
2. Thermal boundary IOJ'tier thickness:

S (PrtO
"x
S. Local heat transfer coefficient,
(6.7
[~x =
tn]
3JJ
10-3) (0.698t
it!iJ
6. Average heat transfer coefficient,

7. Heat transfer.
2.3/
7.5x
0 JJJ
----
Heal and Mass Transfer.

3. Local Friction Coefficient:
Cfx
0.664
r:-__
(Re)-05
0_._66_4_,(,
_5,.01 x 104)-
Ie
2.96 x 10-3
fr
I~ansfer:
\\ e knoW that.
12.41 x(1
(Q
0,
\.
1.328 (5.01
l<PtO:
x 10-3
2.
Tx
3.
4.
elL
5. Local heat transt;

OJ er coefficient (hx) -:
10-3 m,
7.5
10-3 m,
2.96 x 10-3,
0_.33.2(5.01
x 104)06~
(0.698)0.333
)__:.9:__
We know,
5.9 x \0-3,
6.20 W/m2K,
hx
6.
12.41 W/m2K,
7.
Example 4
223.38 W.
0.332 (Re)0.5 (Pr)OJ33
____
6.7
5.
1:"7
5.9 x 10-31
I ell
NUl"
0.3)(80-20)
223.38 Watts
Result :
1.328 (Re)-05
5.9
II A (T'I" - TaJ
0 5
4. Average friction coefflcient :

C/L
2.33
I Air
at 10 ~ (It atmospheric pressure flows over
aflat plate at a velocitv of 3.5 m/s. If the plate is 0.5 m wide and
at 60 ac, calculate tire following at x
(i) Boundary layer thickness.
n, L
=t:
hx
65.9
l hx ~-;6-:::-.20::-:W-I-m-2K-1
6. A verage heat transsfer coefficient (II):
h
Lh
==
2xh
2 x 6.20
12.41 W/m2K]
m.
,...
(ii) Local friction coefficient.

A verage friction coefficient.
0.3
0:02826
= 0.400
[.: x == L == 0.3
mJ
(iii)
(iv)
(v)
(vi)
(vii)
Shearing stress due to friction.

Thermal boundary layer thickness.
Local convective lIeat transfer coefficient
A verage convective heat transfer coefficient.
(viii) Rate of hea! trlrnsfer by convection.

(h:)
(x)
Total drag force 3n the pillte.

Total mass flow rate through the boundary.
\ el
iry,
3.5
Wide,
Plate
urfa e temperature,
0.5
T '"
60C
To find:
(I) Boundary
Local friction
(iiI)
Average
(iv) Shearing
0.400
coefficient
(vii)
Average heat transfer
(viii)
Rate of heat transfer
by convection,
Q.
the boundary,
0.5
5 x 0.400 x (8.25 x 104)-0.5
=-
CIX':
0.664 (RetO)
0.664 (8.25 x 104)-05
coefficient,. Cit :
efL == 1.328 (Re)-os
"
\.328 (8.2S x 104)-.
~~
(IV) SIIC'(/rlllg
P,op~rties of air at 40 ~ :
[From HMT data book, Page No. 33 (Sixth Edition)1
1.128 kg/m?
16.96 x 10-6
1112/5
0.699
W ImK
___"'_'-J.
stress or j'C(/
We know that,
(Re)-
:-0
0.02756
x x
l-.S_-fx-:-=-2~-\-~.
m.
60 + 20
book, Page No. 112 (Sixth Edition)]
fPJ
FD.
T",+Too
Pr
5x
C[x
(iii) A ver(lge friction
105
0.400 m :
==
Local friction coefficient,
(ii)
h .
= --2-
5x
6.96 x 10-3 m )
We know that,
oor&hxJ'
h x'
coefficient,
(x) Total mass flow rate through
Tf
(It
layer thickness , 0 Tr:
Total drag force on the plate,
.I
F I m temperature,
,,,;ckness, 8 or 8trx
t;.
stress due to friction,
(VI)
8.25 x 10~<
Boundar)' layer thiCkness,.\.
Cfl.
Thermal boundary
e So/lIIion:
5 flow is laminar.
Re < 5 x 10 ,
IRefer H n data
Boult(
(i)
, Cf x :
(v)
(ir)
Re
lar)' laver t/rickness or Hy(lrodynamic bOllndary layer
friction coefficient,
2.35
3.5 x 0.400
16.96 x I Q-{l
Since
III
Heat Transfer
Ux
Reynolds number,
I Re
layer thickness,
(il)
Distance.
----
20C
T'll
GiwIf : Fluid temperature.
Convective
J;lIear stress,
.
Crt =,
"
2
2
f~:
2.36
M Thermal boundary layer thtckness,

0rx
0T.\".'
elL
x (Pr)-- 03J3
(> hx
. )-
6.96 x 10-3 x (0699

Orr
7.84 x 10M) Local heat transfer coefficient, ".1:.'
3 IrQ
Local Nusselt Number. Nu,.\

r+:__
I Nu
==
1Xusse
~ge
shear stress,
Drag force,
0.)"2
. .) (R e))0 (Pr)0333
FD
==
Drag force on two}

sides of the plate
[ Total drag force, FD
Here,
0lx
== Q.,
02x
m
Result,'
0_5 x 0.400
[.:
r----
W> k
" orce
e no\\ lha!.
cragt fn
Ii
==
9~
0" the plflle,
n C cft-
IClcnl
"
D
, C IL.
==
_'
eJE
2
6.38
10-3
0.0127 N
(60 - 20)
.r == L == 0.400 rn]
'8 p U [ 82.r - s
8 x = 6.96
i
x
1.128
3.5
( i)
6.96
x 10---3m
(ii)
c.,
2.31
4.6:!3
CfL
[6.96
10---3]
0.017 kg/s
(iii)
lr ]
10---3m
I "'0
:=)
T(,,,j;
(x} Total mass flow rate, m :
(L\") TU(u/d
0.5 x 0.4 x 0.Q319

6.38 x 10-3 N
l'iu
k
--2__
11.66
Area x Average shear stress

Wx Lx
" .. L
k
N/m2 I
0.0319
't
Nu
O_..)_'
3~_ (8.25 x 104)0.5 x (0.699)0333
84.
I 'umber.
e.!E
4.623 x 10--3 x 1.128 x (3.5i
0333
We know that,
L
2.37
10---3
x
10---3
0.0159 N/m2
( i\')
tx
(v)
Tx
( vi)
hT
5.83 W/m2K
( vii)
I 1.66 W/0l2K
(vi ii)
93.28 W
(ix)
FD
0.0127 N
(x)
111
7.84 x 10---301
0.017 kgls
(
I?
Convective
2.38
239
4x0.4
\ x
[ Example 5 , A flat plate -measuring 0.8 m x 0;;-;;;---'

longitudinally in a stream of crude oil which /lows witl Placed
of 4 mls. Calculate tirefollowing:
' a veloCity
(iii) Friction drag on one side of the plate.

Take
Specific gravity of oil = 0.8
Kinematic viscosity
1 stroke
\<
:::::)
Length,
0.8 m
:::::)
Width,
0.25 m
Velocity,
flow is laminar.
&
layer thickness,
&
'Boundary
0.8
Density of oi I, p
0.8
5x
_ ..
x (Re)- 0.5
= 5 x 0.4 x (\.6 x 104)- 05
\':x=L=OAm1
-:?
[8
-:?
0.0\58
ni]
ess at tile middle of plate,
'l'x:
tr
("") S/tear s
:lction
Loca \ f \
4 m/s
Specific gravity oil
5 x \05
{Refer HMT data book, Page No. 112 (SIxth l:dltlon)1
0.8 m x 0.25 m
Plate dimensions
\0-4
= \.6 x 104
lRe
.
Re -: 5 )( \ 0\
Since
(i) Boundary layer thickness at the middle of plate.

(ii) Shear stress at tire middle of plate.
Given:
Heal Transfer
coefficlc.nt,
CJ x
0.664 (Reto.
1000
800 kglm3
Kinematic
viscosity,
I stroke
1 x 10-
We know that,
m2/s
Tofind:
(i) Boundary
~
layer thickness
at the middle of plate, 8
(i;) Shear stress at the middle of plate
, 1: x
(iii) Friction drag on one side of the plate,
FD
33.54 NIln2
Boundary layer thickness at the middle of plate,

0.8
L =2 =0.4m:
Reynolds number,
Re
UL
x 800 x (4)2
Solution:
1.
'tx
..,
2.40
Com ecti
t. l:::
I x 10-4
I
Re
3.2 x IO~ < 5 x 105
Since Re < 5 x 105, flow is laminar.

Average friction coefficient , -C JL --
1.328 (Re)-o.s
1_.3_28_{3_.2
x
7.42x I!rJ
elL
104)-0.5
{l1If1
lJ.5 .,,';5:
I ({OWIng
.
L. all, of plale over which
the boundary la) er is laminar.
1[0
/. e"~
Thickness of the boundary layer.

1. Shear streSS (II lite location where boundary layer is
J.
lamillar.
where
toto! drag force on both sides of IIIe plate
4.
boulldar) layer is laminar.
rake, p == 1.205 kg/m3; v= 15.06 x 1tJ-flnt]/J
Gil'en: Fluid temperature,
pU2
20 e
Too
Velocity,
3.5 n s
5m
Length, L
7.42 x 10-3
I Average
=:>
47.488
shear stress,
47.488
Drag force on }
one side of the plate
FD
==
i/m2
N/m2
0.25
0.8
9.49 N
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
Tofind:
0.0158
47.488
Wide,
Density,
K ineJ113tic viscosity,
2m
1.205 ks m}
15.06
\{ laminar condition,
Length of the plate, L.

(ii) Thicknes
fthe boundary layer, 8.
Shear tres , x .
Total drag force on both ides, FD
Solutiou : \
that,
e knov
Reynold
!&
number,
Re
s:
III
1506)(
33.54
N/m2
10-6
~5)(IO~
9.49 N
ince
R eynold
10
(i)
(iii)
(iv)
W x Lx.
Result:
.Are a x A verage shear stress
r.::-----
2 m wide. Calculate the
We know that,
is 5 m long
~/(Jle
0.8 Ill)
2." /
Air at 20 't'flows over a flttl plate {II a velocity
~
~
Heal Transfer
R
number
105.
vallie
nO\\
. I
))(
. I rbulenl
i.e.,
IS II
. now
105 after Ihal
i.laminar
is Ilirbulent.
uplO
"-rewm
2.42
Hreal and Mass Transfer
(i) Length of lite plate,
L (AlIa
Reynolds number,
!~.----=-~
ml11l1r COllditi
!:_Ii
Re
we knOW
011) ..
that,
CJ L
_. 3.5
105
I~
.:.2.15
II,
Tille/mess
~~-;I~ear
layer thi c k ness, 0 .,:::: 5 0 (AI/lIlllin ar cOlldit'

.
x x x (R )_ _
I()II):
BOllndary
[From HM"I'
data hook I)
r;--"_
L~~_ j~:20
.
SS,
LoCClI frict ion
X -
Ed .
105)-
[..
x
I~
r.\. (AI/al11il1ar'
II 1011
(5 x 105)-
__~.664
(i1~
T,otat draofi
~~
..~2~~
COI/ditioll)
orce
-T - ..z;'.
Oil
Averaoc f.' . .
~. "ellon eo'ffi
.
\: IClen!,
-C'
~\
Drag force on both}

sides of the plate
(J
Result:
----
__
f.
1.32R
11.
(Re)-U.-\
.. ...I..~~.~ __(~ x W)-- ()'i

~-~
.._1.87~
/
0.0138
N/m~
2 x 0.0593
FD
[F
'i
x 1.205 x (3.5)2
-
N/m2
0.0593 N
T\
-1-'
z. .. ---.
v. 9
0.0138
2 x 2.15 x 0.0138
2.151111
x 10-3 N/,V
b I'
'~
011 Slfle!!' of III
I
e J1 file, FD (At laminar
-
. (.: At laminar condition, L = 2.15 Ill]

==
We know that,
2'
1I
Ill_J
L
ocal shear stress.
1.205 x (3.5)2
2
Area x Average shear stress
iO-3 ~
cotu 111011) ..
coe rcient, C
zr:
.fl
0.664 (Re)-05
=.:
Drag force, F D
O.S
ffici
0.939 x 10-3
stress,
eO)
.
o :::: 5 ,x 2.ageI 5No.x (5112 (Sixth
(iii) Sh(!ar stre
10-3
III
e, ~ - 2 ~
of II b
------.~
.
Ie Olllldary laver
IIiL~e~n-:gt-;-h-o-=-ft-h-epl-at-.I
(ii)
1.878
0.1186 N
(i)
2.15 m
(ii)
I S.20 x 10-3 m
(iii)
Tx
6.9 x 10-3 N/m2
(iv)
F[)
0.1186 N
I Example
I Castor
oil at 30 C flows over a jl(1t plate at
{I
velocity of 1.5 mls. The length of tire plate is 4 m. rite plale is

heated
uniformly
ami
maintained
(II
90 'C. Calclliate tile
following.
1.
Hydro{lynamic
2.
Thermal bUlIIlllary layer tllickne:;'s,

Total drag force per unit widtlr on one side ofille plate,
3.
4.
boundary layer tlricklless,
Heal transfer rate .
2.44
Heat and Mass Tramfer

90 +30
T/ -_ ~::::
At the mean film temperature

properties are taken as follows,'
p= 956.8 kg/m3;
Fluid temperature
0.065 m
Length,
6QoC ,
3Qoe
T CtJ
"-"slefl/
a= 7.2 x 1()-8m2/s.
Velocity,
At Tf
5 x 4 x (9.23 x 104t0.5
c,PL,., .
V= 0.65 x lO-4m2/s;
k = 0.213 W/mK,'
Given:
60
k
v
2.
a
Tofind:
956.8 kglm2
6.74 x 10
W/mK
0.65 x 10-
m2/s
0.65 x 107.2 x 10-8
Total drag force per unit width on one side of the plate,
Heat transfer rate.
4.37 x 10-3
t
We know that,
We know
~ U2
R eyno Id' s N urn b er, Re
__ U L
v
1.5 x 4
0.65 x 10-4
[Re
9.23 x 104 < 5 x 105
5
Since Re < 5 x 10 , flow is laminar.
For flat plate, laminar flow,'
4.37 x 10-3
=>
Average shear streSS r

Drag force, F D
{Refer HMT data book, Page No. 1 12 (Sixth Edition)]
1. Hydrodynamic boundary layer thickness,'

5 x x x (Re)-
0.5
0.5
1.328 x (9.23 x 104)-05.
3.
4.
==
902.77
Average s kiIn friction coefficient,

1.328 (Ret
ltx
7.2 x 10-8 m2/s
Thermal boundary layer thickness,
L = 4 m]
OJ33
force on one side

I
3. Total {.rag
. of the plate:
I. Hydrodynamic boundary layer thickness,
("\\
2.
Solution,'
0.065 x (902.77)-
4m
9QoC
0.213
[.: x=
Therl1l{l I boundary layer thickness:

s:
= 8 x (Pr): 0333
UTx
hx
1.5 rn/s
Til'
2.45
Convective
2.46
Heal
and Mass Transfer
-------
4. Heat transfer rate :

We know that,
0.332 x (Re)o.S (Pr)O.333
..- __
0.332 x (9.23 x 104)0: x (902.77)0
\ Nux
3)
le 8 Air at 30C flows over a flat plaIt at II velocity

. Calculate tht
plate IS'. 2 nI long and 1.5 m Wide.
of 2
r: :
folli,,,"II~ydrodynamic and thermal boumlary layer thickntss at

1 . trailing edge of the plale,
the
rotal drag force,
2. rota nWH flow rate Ihroug/. II.t boundary layer ~twtt"
l
J.
_ ~O em and x = 85 em.
Given:
F\lIid temperature,
Length,
0.213
To Jintl :
I.
Local heat transfer coeffil.: ient
h~ - 5 I .7 W /111- K
A verage heat transfer coeffic ient

2 x hr
2 m/s
2m
Hydr
dynamic
2. Tota\ drag f rce.

tal rna s flow rate through the boundary layer between
3. T
r == 1\ rn and x == 85 em.
Solulion:
Pr perties of air at 30C.
fA
"
103.58 W/m2l{]
It A (T," - T )
" x L x W (T\II - T, )
Pr
103.58
\Fro
24.859 kW
Result:
~\x
0.065
2.
0Tx
6.74 x 10-3 Ill,
3.
Drag force
4.
Heat transfer , ()"
1.165 kglm)
16)( 10-6m2/s
0.701
0.02675 W/mK
We know that,
Ids Number.
Re
v
~
Ill,
F IJ
HMT dilta book, Pag~ No. }3
I (90 - 30)
Reyn
I.
\.s m
.
and thermal boundary layer thickness.
2x51.7
Heat transfer,
30C
Wide. W
h; x 4
972.6
Ve\ocity,
h~.L
k
Nu x
&
18.8 N,
24.859 kW.
2.47
_to'" rh
x- ..
We know,
Heal Transfer
10\ floW is laminar.

Since Re
tSixth
..
Edl\lon)J

2 .J8
Heal
0.036 N
and Mass Transfer
--------

(From HMl data book. Page No. 112
Hydrodynamic
""-1
(S'
Ixth Edi .
5x x
(Ret
'fotal rn
aSS
f1 0
w rate between x == 40 cm and x = 85 em.
Am
n
lJo ))
boundary layer thickness
bhx
0.5
.c boundary
5 x 2)< (2.5 x 105)-05

b- --O.-02-m___;1
BY
drodynalnl
"8 p U
rf'
bhT=40
1 ... (1)
== 5 x r x (Ret 0.5
uhx == 0.85
hx
5 xO.85x
= 0.02 x (0.701)-0333
u
[~
J-:-O.5
1-
r 2 x 0.85
5 x 0.85 x L 16
==
I~J
= 0.0225
r-..,0J
[0hx=85
layer thickness

&rx
bhx x (Pr): 0.333
I &rx
2.49
0
.5
X }O-6
[.:' x
== 85
em,= 0.85 ml
A verage friction coefficient,

CfL
Ghx
1.328 (Re)-os
r------
I SL
1.328
(2.5
105)-
0.0130
== 0.85
==
0.5
Ohx
0:
OJ
5 x x x (Re
0.40
r 0.5
(u ) -
0.5
2 x 0.40
)-0.5
== 5 x 0.40 x
2.65 x 10:]
We know,
==
5 x 0.40 x (
_?';
16 x 1Q=6
e.!!:
2
2.65
10-3
1.165
shear stress,
Drag force
= 6.1 x 10-3 N/m2
't
Area
Average shear stress
2 x 1.5 x 6.1 x 10-3

[.: L = 2m; W = 1.5 m]
I Drag force.
0.018 N
Drag force on two sides of the plate

;: 0.018
3
]
(l)~
x (2)2
~ I Average
5
[00130 - 8.9 x 10_ x 1 165 x 2 .
.
0.036 N
..
I:
:::: 0.02 m,
thicknesS,Uhx
\ . Hydrodynamic boundary layer . k"ess Orr:::: 0.0225 m,
layer thlC ,., , .
ry
Therma\ boun d a
_ 0036 N,
2. Drag force, F 0 _.
_
97 x \0-3 kg/so
f).m - 5.
3. T ota\ mass floW rate,
R esult :
Convective Hear Transfer
2.50

[Example 9
\.060 kg/m3
I Air at 30.oC,flows over aflat
Plate--;;;-;;----:O
.
.
.
d
at
a
unl
01" 4 mls and tireplate IS maintatne
at a uniform temo ei CIty
'J
rerature
90 'C. If the transition occurs at a critical Reynolds nUlllb of
5 x 105, calculate the thickness at which tire boundary lerOf
.
changes from laminar
to tur b uI ent. A t that location fi daYer
,
' n lire
following:
(i) Hydrodynamic boundary layer thickness.
(ii) Thermal boundary layer thickness.
(iii) Local heat transfer coefficient.
(iv) Average heat transfer coefficient.
(v) Heat transfer from both sides for unit width of the plale.
(vi) Mass flow rate.
(vii) The skin friction coefficient.
Given: Fluid temperature, T eo
Velocity, U
Plate surface temperature, TlI'
\8.97 x \ 0-6 m2/s

Pr ::: 0.696
k ::: 0.02896 W ImK
UL
ids number,
Re ::: -v
R~~
5x
\05
4xL
\8.97 x
:::
turbulent.
. lfrom HMT data
book Page 'No. , ,

'
(ii) Thermal boundary layer thickness,

(iii) Local heat transfer coefficient,
~Iu
::::
\ 05)- 0.5
237><(5)<
.
["x::::L::::2J7m.
0.0\67 ~
\a er thickness .
0Tx'
(ii)
hx'
(iv) Average heat transfer coefficient,
5><
==
0 hx
2 (Sixth Edition
At L == 2.37 m .
\ yer thickness:
od
mic boundary a
05
(i) Hydr yna
&:::
5)(. x x (Re t .
105
Tofind : At, Re = 5 x 105

(i) Hydrodynamic boundary layer thickness,
\0-6
~
[L:::
2.37 m~ 237 m. After that flow
. r uplO the length, L - .
F\oW is \am\Oa
h.'(
Critical Reynolds number, Re
2.5/
Therma\ boundary
Y:::: 0 Iu (pr
OTx
h.
r 0.333
::: 0.0\67 (0.
696t 0.333
(v) Heat transfer from both sides for unit width of the plate, Q.
(vi) Mass flow rate, m.
(v i i) The skin friction coefficient,
~
CIx .

Film temperature,
Tf
(iii)
\ N usse\t \ :::: 0.332 (Re)

6)0 333
Number, NU
105)0.5(0.69
:::: 0.332 (S )(
f
Tw+T<Xl
2
90+30
2
---
o (pr),J)]
.Loca
We know that,
h_!--L
'Nux::::
~
2.51 Healand Mass Transfer
hx
208.07
2.37
= 0.02896
::) h,
= 2.54
Local heat tranSfer}

coefficient, h,
-----
W/m2K
Ohx
(iv) Average heat t~ansfer} _

coefficient, h - 2 x h x
Ih
(v)
5.08 W/m2K
Heat .transfer from both}

sides for unit width
- 2
of the plate, Q -
x L\
11'
2 x 5.08 x I x 2.37 x (90-30)
IQ
Mass flow rat'e,
Here
1444.75 W
5
= - pU [
III
OJ/IX
0,
['," W
211,r -
= 8"
(vii)
[il
h;r;
2.54 W/m2K
(iv)
5.08 W/m2K
(v)
1444.75 W
(vi)
III
0.04425 kg/s
c.,
0.939 x 10-3
~mple
perI m width of the plate.

Given: Fluid temperature,
0.0167
III
Tofind :
T"fJ
30C
4 m/s
Tw
130C
Length, L
1.5 m
Width,
lm
I. Average heat transfer coefficient, h.
Solution:
We know that,
TIP + T",
x 1.060 x 4 x 0.0167
Skin friction coefficient}

.. or
ocal fnctlon coefficient
pressure of 1bar is flowin
2. Heat transfer, Q.
x 0llx
Film temperature,
0.04425 k
II
Velocity, U
= 1 m]
0, IIx]
2hx = 0hx =
pU
10] Air at.30 C, at
Plate temperature,
= 8"
(iii)
0.0188 m
overaflat plate at {I velocity of 4 m/s. If the plate is maintained

a uniform temperature of 130 'C, calculate the average he
transfer coefficient over the 1.5 III length of the plate. Al
calculate the rate of heat transfer between the plate and the a
= 2 x h x W'x Lx (T .- TUJ)
(vi)
111
Tx
(vii)
2 x 2.54
0.0167
(ii)
~tSIl
W/m2K
= 2.54
Tf
130 + 130
2
gls
C'fx
= 0.664
(Re )-
[fL
0.5
80C]
Properties of air at 80'C :
[From HMT Jata book, Page No. 33 (Sixth Edition:
I kgllnJ
2.
1~
'\I
Pr
k
Reynolds number,
c::
=
=
Re
hxWxL(T
21.09)(
0.692
10~~
0.03047
W/Il1I(
'
n2/
s'
1.:'__
IQ =
/(1!.\lIll:
UL
v
4 x 1.5
[ Re
Local NUSSeIt}
Number, Nu,
:J < :; x 10
/oJ sfi
(II)
.
O.332(Re)05(Pr)0333
I From
IM'r data book, Page No. I J 2
Nu, = 0.332 (2.84 x 105)05 x (0.6~~;~~~:itiOnjl
I Nux
h = 6.358 W/m2K
2.
Q = 953.7 W
(II 30C, flows over a flat plate (tl (t
of
Paral/ello
50 em,
(b) Paral/ello
30 em.
Also calclIlale the percentage of heat loss,
Givell: Fluid temperature,
T:1,) - 30C
Velocity,
156.51
-T '1')
4 m/s. Tile plate measures 50 x 30 emm~il .

I
,,'IIi/lt/tilled (II (I uniform temperature of 90C Compare lite heat
romthe plate when the air flows
'1'(1)
~~J.
2.84 x 1051
S rnce Re < 5 x I 05 , flow i'5 I am rnar

.
For flat plate, laminar flow.
.
1t'
6._3 _S8_x_, I x 1.5 x (13 0 - 30

953.7 WJ
)
1.
-----., Air
EXlIm
21.09 x 10-6
.
__ ----------~~:('~on:I~'e~C/~il~~~~~e~a/~T.~~,
ran.",er2.55
Plate dimensions
We know that,
4 rn/s
50 em x 30 ern
0.50 x 0.30 m2
Local Nusselt Number,
Nu
hx L
.r
156.51
hx
Local heat transfer}

coefficient
h
, "
We know that,
.
Surface
hx x 1.5
0.03047
3.179
W/m2K
3.179
W/m2K
temperature,
T;
To find :
I. Heat loss when the flow is parallel to 50 em, QI'
2. Heat loss when the flow is parallel to 30 em, Q2'
3. Percentage
of heat loss.
T + Too
Solution : Film temperature,
TI
[rr
2 x 3.179
Ih
We know that,
Heat transfer,
2
90+ 30
2
A verage heat tranSfer}
coefficient,
90C
6.358
Properties
of air at 60C,
..
[From HMT data book, Page No. 33 (SixthEdillon)]
p :::
1.060 kg/rn3
,
Convective
~
2.56
-----_

v
18.97 x 10-6 m2/s
PI'
Q\
~-
case"(
0.696
~:
Reynolds number, Re
30 em side.
==
\I
[.: L = 50 em
105 < 5 x 105
-i~o~'x
<:
t:
Since R
10-6
=
"
"
. te laminar
for flat p I u ,
0 50
. S . lOs flow is laminar.
III]
Local Nil
st;;\1
flow,
Number
0.332 (Rer
NUf
.
105, flow is laminar.
10
4xO.3
(':L==30em=O.30m\
18.97 x Io-t'
Re == 6.3 x I O~ < 5 x 16~J
UL
18.97x
Since Re < 5
ReyllO
._~..9.2Q__
~-:-
2ji
UL
Re
Case (i): When the flow is parallel to 50 ern.
99.36\\
==
,
ihe flo\\ is parallel
..) . \\ hell
Id.; Nurnhe,r
0.02896 W/mK
Heal Trallsfer
(Pr)o
J3J
.. ..'} (632 x 104)0) (0.6
0.))-
For flat plate, laminar now,

Local Nusselt Number, Nu, ~ 0.332 (Re)O 5 (Pr)OJ.H
96)0333
74.008]
h.L
..2-
[From HMT data book. Page No.112 (Sixth blillUlI1!
Nu,
0.332 (1.05 x
105)05
x (0.696)0
'.:=~~3T]
-L-oc-a-I-N-l-Is-se-I-t
-N-lI-n-lb-e-r,-N-lix
'I
0.02896
7t008
:::
We know,
k
95.35
_!2_x__ ~:~~_
28.96
10
r------------------L.ocal hcnl transfer coefficient.
II~
coefficient.
>
~Iill
----------~
5.52 W/1I1 K
It
h,
It "
5.~
lit
I kill truustcr,
Ilcallr;II\$fcr,
We know rhar,
Average hent transfer
" t\
('1'"
~\
"1', .. )
(I.
11.0 I
(OJ
II.W
\')
OJ)
_
O2 '"
\~'~
II.n1 WhwK
11.0 I'
7.141 W/1ll1K
hx
\41 WIln2K
. I /, :::7.
coefliclen,
s
Local heal \ran er
.
h::=
2)( h,
r coefficient.
e Ilcal tr3nSler
h ::= 7- x 7 14
A era"
::::>
"x L
NlI.,.
h. x 0.30
~
3H
(1"",
(f)()
'J',J
\0)
(ii/) :
l'
n 41
\'IKIII
loSS
11' - T:f})
A x \ \I'
1 W (T\I'~ T,,)
/,)( ~
.
6) - ..0 )
O.
(
O
.
14"8
"
W'~
2. 58
C 011\ ective Heal Tr(Jllsj'er
Hear and Mass Tran~rer

128.5-99.36
99.36 -
[oX of heat
Result:
loss
I.
QI
29.3%
99.36 \V
2.
Q2
128.5 W
Case (i) :.
18.97 x 10-0 1112/s
PI'
0.696
..
For first halfofthe

x
Plate
tit (/
==
==
plate,
0.4) m
U xL
\\e knoW.
Reynold
number,
Re
First hut]:of tile plate,
I Re
3. Next half of the plate.

Fluid temperature,
I
For flat pate,
Local Nus
Plate' dimension
90
It
1.
First half of the plate, i. e., x
2.
Full plate,
3.
Next half of the plate.
i. e.,
laminar flow,
.).
umber. Nux'
I Nu .
0,
0.45
rn,
==
(Pr)
10)
90.21
L oca I Nu sell Number, Nux
0.90 rn,
90.21
We know that,
[!ix
=
==
T". + T~.
~------z.:-;;
efficient,
Local heat transfer co
Average heat trans
~
[..._T...__/
fer coefficient
h == 2 x hr
_~~~
Properties of air at 600C :

[From HMT dala bod
~
v
Page No, 33 (Sixth Ediuonj]
Heat transfer,
Q1
112 ( iXlh Edillon

0333
405
0.332 (9.4
1112
" )1
[From HMT data book, I age

== 0332 (Re)O.5
h_x_
xL
flow is laminar.
Heat transfer for
Film temperature,
0.45
9.4 x J04 < 5 x 105
30 ern?
0.90 x 0.30
Solution:
5 x 10\
Since Re
T rn
Velocity, U
Plate surface temperature, T".
Tofind:
18.97 x 1~
2. Full plate,
Given:
2.59
0.02896 W/mK
fl
velocity of " m/s. Tile plate is nUlilllllilled at 90 t The pltl/e

dimension is 90 x 30 cmt, Calculale the heat transfer for the
following conditio"
1.
1.060 kg/m?
3. % of heat loss == 29 ....

.-,-E-x"-u-"p-'-e-1-2-'1 Air at 30C flows (J1'''r
.
~
100
?\
hx A
- T",)
x (T II'
(0696)0.333
____
2.60
Case
2.61
//~ (lise "(iii':

Heat lost from the nextxv half
I
,
nau of
ot tl
tne pate
hx L x W
[~I
(Til" - Tn)
----
\_x=~~~
11.61 x 0.45 x 0.30 x (90

.. _
-30)
[ . x - L = 0.45 Ill' W= 94.04W
-0.30111]
~\
\-0,-\_0
'
(ii) :
Reynolds Number,
Q3 =
L = 0.90 m
For full plate. ~
\33.48-94.04
, Q3
4 x 0.90
18.97 x 10-0
1
Re
1.89 x 105 < 5 x 105
Since Re < 5 x 105, flow is laminar.
For flat plate, laminar flow

Local Nusselt Number , Nu x ' 0.332 (Re)o.s (Pr)0.333
0_._33_2......:(~1.89x
105)05
r:-;- __
I Nux
128.18
x (0.696)0333
We know,
1.
Heat lost for first half of the plate
Q,
2.
Heat lost for entire plate
O2
3.
Heat lost for next half of the plate
03
O~xample
=
=
Ih -
2 x hx
J.
Overall drag coefficient,
2.
Average shear stress,

Compare tire llverl'ge slrear aress withloeal shear stress
Velocity,
1'0 find:
= 2 x 4.12
8.24 W/m2K
h x A x (T 11' - T co )
133.48 W
U ::: 3 m/s
\. Overall drag coefficient,

2 . Averaoe0 shear streSS,
3. Compare
Solutlon :
. loc
hear stress with
the average s
shear stress.
.
f ir at 40(. :
Propel11es 0 a
HMT data
IFroll1
8.24 x 0.90 x 0.30 x (90 - 30)
(91 -
39.44 W
a velocity of 3 m/s. ClIlculllte tirefollowing:
Heat transfer for entire plate
Q2
l33.48W
13J Air at 40 Cflo ws over a flat plate of 0.9 m at
4.12 W/m2K
A verage heat transfer coefficient
94.04 W
(shear stresS at tire trailing edge).

Given: Fluid temperature, Ten
40C
Length, L ::: 0.9 m
hx x 0.90
0.02896

hx
39.44 W
Result :
3.
128.18
Q2-Q,
UxL
Re
3-
:::
bOO\;,
1ll3
1.128 kg/
e No.
pag.
..
33lSixth EdItIO
\
t
!,
2.62
I
t'i
----
Heal and Mass T ransjer

.c
Pr
0.02756 W/mK
Reynolds Number, Re
I Re
For flat plate , la mmar

.
flow,
D
we ~now that.
_t_.t
tpCs' skin friction coefficient CIt
2
'.66)(
0.9
1.59 x 10 <5
x \O~
Local shear stress, 'tx
CIl.
1.328
.:..:.1.3~2~08
x (1.59
3.3
0.52
x (Re)-O,5
10-3
105)-
Result:
t. Drag coeffICient
or
05
3.3 )( 10-
A\'erage shear streSS,
2.
P U2
fl
3.3
x ~
lfl
1.128
Exampl.
Given:
O.S
Fluid temperature, T:f)
plo" '"
61llfs
I III
0.5 III
6 kN/1ll2
6'1. \03 N/II'!
Pressure of air, P
'
30
0'" fI'"
p'''''
Ve\ocit)', lJ
Length, L
Wide, W
HMT
.
(1 data book, P age No. 112 (Sixth
Edition)}
.59 x 105)-
aI 290'C flow'
290C
pllJl~.
Local skim frinction

. coeffiicient
.
Cjx = 0.664 x (Ret05
- x
141 Air
'.mp.,.,."
1-=-.66- x 10-3
:; 052
't
p""."
(3)2
Average shear ~tress t

2
w~e~k~n~o~w~,~~~~,~~JO~.0~1~6~N~/m~2 \
(From
0.664
0.016 N/tn
."ocity of 6 ,,;;.. r pial' is I .. long on4 0.5 .. wide. TIl'

of I.' .1, Is 6 ANI"". If IA.
is "",in,.i.tII '"
of 10 'C, .. ,i..... Ibt ,."t ., h ' ,. ... .""
x 10-3 x
't.1'
3.
2
'
't ==
1:
Average friction coeffiicient,

.
C- fl
___
Average skin friction coefficient, ell
We kno~' that,
______
S.4 )( 10-3 N/m2

0.0\6 N/m2
Local shear stress, 't x

A "erage shear stress, 't
[From HMT data bo .
~,
\.\28x (3f
rag coefficient (or) A verage skin. friction

ok, Page No. 112 (S' . h ..
c ffici rxt Edllionll
_
oe IClent
,0-3
S.4 x 10-3 N/m2
nar.
\ C/l
16.96 x 10'
105 , flow
i lami
ow IS
Since Re<5x
UL
2.63
__ ------~C~o"~v~ec~t~ive~H~ea~/!.~a~1'{.e,
n.~er
_::~
.t
70C
r
lI'
,ro" ,
~2~.6!4~R~e~a~ta~n~d~~~m~S~T~~a~m~~_r
~
________
Tofind: Heat removed from the plate.

-----flow is laminar .
...........--'nee Re
SI'
late. laminar flow,
,
Local
70+2~
[From HMT data book. Page No. 112 (Sixth.
Ed"
)1
ilion
Nusselt Number
Nu = 0.332 (Re)05 (Pr)0.333
2
x
Properties of air at ISOC (A t atmospheric
2.65
< 5 x 105,
F r flat p
Tw+T~
2
TI =
Film temperature,
--..._
~=
preSSure) :
0.332 ( 1.10 x 104)05 (0.681 )0333

30.631
We know that,
[From HMT data book, Page No. 33 (Sixth Edition)]
= 0.779
kg/m)
= 32.49 x I~
v
Pr
Loca
m2/s
Nu,
0.037S0 W/mK
Note: The given pressure
_x_
presSure. The
is not atmospheric
properties of air such as k, Pr and Cp do not change mUch with
We know,
.
I at transfer coefficient,
re
,
h
It = 2 x I. 15
PO/III
va/m x~
Pgiven
32.49
::::
l1iiO:_ill-W-/m-2K--'1
1Q-6 x 6
r',' Atmospheric
I bar
103 N/m
-.![:....:_ ..:_I
.:.b=ar_=_1 x 105 N/m2]
5.415 x 10- 4 m /s
Reynolds Number, Re
_ 6x 1
5.415 X 10-4
1.10 x 1Q4 < 5 x
IO'J
lI,)
2.31 x (I x 0.5) x (563 - 343)

Q
thI sides
.
b
Heat transfer from 0
254.1 W
of the plate
I
::0
::0
2 x 254. J
508.2 W
Q = 508.2 W
Heat transfer,
J 5 nrl area and -# mm
[ EXlImpleJ 5: I A sq uare glass
.
ir at 10 'r'
~ plate
d it is cooled ~, a
_,
I
to
90
\...
an
l,
Ilrick is heated uniformy
.-/ paral/ello lite pate at 3 "VS.
.
bot" slues
Which is flowing over
ling the plate.
.
..
I
te
Calculate tire initta ra oJcoo I
'''_?
1500
kglmp
Take for glass :
Result:
It A (Too - T
preSSure:::: I bar]
Heat transferred,
105 N/m2
6
32.49 x 10- x 6 x 103 N/m2
, v
A verage
Kinematic viscosity, v
[v Lr= l m]
= 37.S0 x 10-3
----~----~~~~~~~h~~1.15_w./m2K
Local heat tr~nsfer coefficient,
x
30.63
pressure. But the kinematic viscosity will vary with pressure.
~e
h L
0.681
r.:-:--~:--:-Kinematic viscosi
I Nusselt Number,
0.67 KJlkgK
",'
l
I
~
~,

~2.~~~~~~~~~
_______
For air at mean tenrperature.55 '(' :

p
Cp
=
=
0.132 (1.63x W)
1.076' kg/m3
1008 J/kgK
.
:::: 0.332 (L63
k = 0.0286 W/mK
V ~,'I'"l':
105)0.5
2.67
Pr ~ ~ ~P
\ 19 8 x 1000{)x 100810.333
0.0286
l .
\
I
p
Given:
19.8 x 1(j-(J N-S/m2
G lass plate area, A
Thickness of the plate, t

Plate surface temperature, Til'
Fluid temperature,
4 mm
p
p
Cp
k
4 x 10-3 In
Ten
20C
3 rn/s
= 0.67
0.67 KJ/kgK
=
=
x 103 J/kgK
1.076 kg/m!
1008 J/kg-K
We know that,
Reynolds number, Re
UL
pUL
1.076 x 3 x I
19.8 x 10-6
[ .: v
=; ]
[.: L = I m]
1.63 x 105 J < 5 x 105

Since Re < 5 x lOS, flow is laminar.
[Refer HMT data book, Page No. 112 (Sixth Edition)]
Local heat transfer coefficient for the air flow parallel to the
plate is given by
Nux
0.332 (Re)05 (Pr)OJ33
(.: L = 1 m]
=, 3.40 W/m2K
h :> 3 40 WIm2K
x
.
.
x.
t transfer coefficient,
Loca I h e a
2 x hx
=
[h =
x 10-6 N-S/m2
To find: Initial rate of cooling the plate.
Solution:
::::>
hx x I
0.0286
We know that,
A verage heat transfer l
coefficient, h J
0.0286 W ImK
~ = 19.8
\\8.90
2500 kg/rn!
Cp
For air,
=:
90C
Velocity, U
For glass,
~
VI e knoW that,
1.5 m2
Heat transfer from both l

sides of the plate, Q J
2 x 3.40
6.80 W/m2KJ
::::
2 x hA (Tw
- T<t)
680 x 1 x (90-20)
:::: 2 x .
[Q ::::952WJ
\ .

2.68
I Example
/6
I Air
Reynolds
over a jI--;;;--:----_,
at 300C flows
..
number,
3 x 0.9
18.97x\(T6
IRe-'=
I. Heat lost by the plate.

2. Bottom temperature of the plate for lire
steaely
condition.
Given:
Fluid temperature, T eo
Slate
Since
Re
For fla
Length,
~ x \ O'i-, flow is laminar.
t plate laminar now
'
[Refer HMl data book, Page No. "2 (Sixth Edition)l
Til'
900
Width, W
I. Heat loss,
0.9
III
= 0.6
III
0.03
III
111m =
600 mm
=>
Thickness, t
Thermal conductivity}
of the plate, k
Tofind :
Loca \
I = 0.332 (Re)Oj (Pr)o.m

"Nusselt num b er, N ty
= 0.332 (1.42 x lQ5)05 (0.696).333
900 rum x 600 nun x 30 nun
30 mm
27 W/mK
~ Nux
We know that,
~'l~_:~
of the plate for the steady
II
Local heat transfer
coetTlcient, hx
We know that,
Tf =
Tw+T;fJ
Properties of air CIt 60'C :

1.060 kg/m!
v = 18.97 x 10-6 m2/s
Pr
k
f:;
3.567 W/m2K
L __---
A verage heat transfer \ :; 2 x h.t
= 60C
p
:; 3.567 W/m2K
90 + 30
2
hx L
k
.f
state condition.
Film temperature,
Nux
h x 0.9
2--I 10.88 :; 0.02896
Q.
2. Bottom temperature
Solution:
\.42x\OS\<5x\05
<)
Velocity, U
Plate dimension
= -;
P ale ell
velocity. 01/ 3 m/s. TIre plate IS maintained CIt 90 ar-.",

\... lire I ('
dimension is 900 nrnr x 600 mm x 30 mm, lt Ilr I P tile
'J
e I 'er"
conductivity of II,e plate is 27 WlnrK, find,
't"
Rt:
2.69
UL
0.696
0.02896 WlmK
coefficient, h j
:; 2 x3.567
[[~~
Heat losS, Q
:; h A~T
It xWx L "
oJ
(r
r)
.'fl
II'
09:< (90 - 30)
7.\34)( 0.6 x .
2.70
""\e1\2.th of the plate is turbulent

WhO'"\
...
.
TO
:
I. ft"tl
'thickness
of the boundary layer, I).
We know that.
= ().
RT
where
L
kA
Heat flow by conduction,
]}
2-
dean value of heat transfer coefficient h
I"
' .
solution:
properties
T,
of air at 20
\_
p ::: \ .205 kglm3

v ::: 15.06 x \0-6 ml/s
{)'T
LlkA
[From HMT datakA

book.
'. I:.ditionll
.
().T Page No. 43 (SIxth
= _-
e:
lFrom HMT data book, Page No. 33 (Sixth Edition)1
Pr ::: 0.703
k ::: 0.02593 W/mK
We knoW that,
Reynolds
where
L - Thickness
of the plate
~
Bottom temperatu~e-}
of the plate,!,
1.
2
0.03
27
0.9
Number,
0.6
(T, -90)
Re
.~6~.6_4_X_l~06_>~5_X_l_0~_5
~~e
0.03
Since Re > 5 x \ 05, flow is turbulent.
1
f or flat plate, turbulent flow. [fully turbulent - given
(T, - 90)
90.47SoC or 363.47;1
23-1-14--\. \
.
W
IE'
T, = 90.475C
. xample 17 \ Air at 20C'
.
1
O.S m wide at a velocity 0' ;ofloowmg over aflat plate of m
Local Nusse\t Number

,Nux:::
0.0296 (Re)O:8 (Pr)o.m
[From HMT da;' bOok. P"; No. I t J
engtll
'J
m/s.
I of tile
. P "ate IS made turbulent
C I Tile fl ow over tile wllOl,
. Thickness of the bounda
. a culate tile flowing
Q"-N-u- -7J
Wide, W
Velocity, U
We
know
"
hx xL
Nux:::
1m
\l__
0.5 m
~~~~-!----~
100 m/s
' ,"
2. Mean valu ,
ry layer.
G'iven :
e OJ heat transijer
I:
Fluid
coefficient.
temperature '<Xlr
20C
Length, L
lSixth Ediiio
0.0296 (6.64 x IO'i" (0.103)333 '
t:
\JL
v
\00 x 1
\5.06x lQ-6
231.14
__:0,..4,75
rr;--:-:- __
Result:
2.71
Heal t- 11sJer
.r.
__ -------c::..:o::n:..:v~eC:"'-lllrvV((.'
7552
~fi
~
==
0.02593
1~--:;\9s~
ConvectiveHeat Transfer 2.73
I
I
~1~.7~2~~H~e=w~an~d~~~a~s~s~f,_ra_'~~fi~e_,.___________________
For nat plate, turbulent
..
tlow,
Average heat transfer
-----
coefficient
I 25 I
.
Mean heat transfer coefficient,
1x
1.25 x 195.8
244.75 W/m2K
244.75 W/11l2K
Boundary layer thickness:

Boundary
/'foft"t1:
eat translerred
l-{
.
(i) Entire
laminar
for.
plate
is considered
and turbulent
flow .
. ' E ti e plate is considered

(II) n rr
2.
Percentage
as combination of both
as turbulent flow.
error.
. . We know that,
SolutIOn.
layer thickness
0.37
x x x
Film temperature,
(Re)-02
T'F +T'fJ
TJ
2
300 + 40 ::::443 K
2
0.37 x I x (6.64 x 106)-02

[.: x = L = I rn]
IL....:O~_=o.-=-O 1:..:.59n~
Result:
I.
Properties
Boundary
layer thickness
o
2.
0.0159
Mean heat transfer coefficient

h
I Example
._
=
=
Pr
244.75 W/m2K
k
18 Air at 40C flows over II flat plate, 0.8 m long

at a velocity of 50 ntis. The plate surface is maintained at 300C
Determine the heat transferred from the entire plate length to air
taking into consideration both laminar and turbulent portion of
the boundary layer. Also calculate the percentage error if the
boundary layer is assumed to be turbulent nature from the very
leading edge of the plate.
Given:
Fluid temperature,
T'"
Length,
Velocity,
of air at 170C:
0.8
SO m/s
Til'
300C
111
0.790 kgltn3
3 1.1 0 x 1Q-6 ro2/s
0.6815
0.037 W/roK
We know
Reynolds Number,
UL
Re ::::
~::::
:::: 31.10xl~
~,~D
~--
t.26x106
_.
.
bulent floW.
tlow is
s
this IS tur
[It llIeans,
.
Re > 5 x 10', so
ombilled.
that floW IS
. _turbulent c.
x 10;, after
Case (i): Lall\ltlar
ber value IS 5
Ids num
laminar upto Reyno
turbulent.1

2.74
----

Average Nusselt
Number
} Nu
(Pr)OJ33 [0.037 (R )0.8

e
- 871]
(From HMT data book, Page No. 114 (S

.
. rxth
Edit"
0'"
Nu
(.6815)
O
Nu
QI
80.75
I Nux
We know
Nu
2010.15
I hx
92.96
1_16_:.2:...:_0_W_/m:..:_:-
L-.
hxA
1.25
(T w
24169.60 W
W/m2K
1co)
Percentage
2.
error
QI
Q2~
QI
24169.60 - 16796
16796
n x L x W x (Tw - Too)
43.90
80_.7_5_x_0~.8x I x (300 - 40)
I QI
16796W
flow'
0.0296 x (Re)0.8 x (Pr)0.33
Nux
O2
hx
116.20 x 0.8 x I x (300 - 40)
r-:-
Heat transfer,
h x A x (Til' - To)
(ii) : Entire plate is turbulent
Local N usselt }
Number
Nux
1746.09]
Ih
heat tran~fer}
coeffiCient
1.25
h x L x W x (1 w - Tco)
80.75 W/m2K
Case
Average
106)08 -871]
h x 0.8
0.037
Average heat }
transfer coefficient
h
92.96
x
1746.09
coefficient,
hL
Nu
Heat transfer,
coe
I heat transfer
A verage heat transfer }

.
(for fully turbulent flow)
h
f{iclent
IOn))
..).).) [0.037(1.286
[AVerage Nusselt Number

We know
~~a
= 0.0296 x (1.286x I06)0.8 x (0.6815)0.333

= 2010.15
hx xL
'k
=--
hx x 0.8
0.037
92.96 W/m2K
2.75
W/m2K
Result:
\
Heat transfer
bi d)
(Laminar-Turbulent
com me
QI == 16796 W
Heat transfer
(Fully turbulent)
3.
Q2 :::: 24169.60
.
100
Percentage error == 43.90 fl tplate at a speed of

"1
0 OCflows over a a
\ Example 19 J Air at
, 60 em long and 75 cm
0 C Tile plate IS
I ce al
90 mls and heated to' 10
dary layer take P a
'( n of boun
wide. Assuming t/le transl 10
,
,
Re = 5 x 105, Calculate the followmg ,
, ' coefjicient,
1. AveragefrlctlOn
'.JJ
,
.fer coeffiCient,
2. Average Ileat trans),
' sipation,
3. Rate of energy ciIS
27~.1~6
__ ~H~e~a,~a~n~d~A~la~s~S~Ti~ra~n~sfi~e_r-:
__ ~~~
.: Given: Fluid temperature, T a: - OC
__
--------
~inar-turbulent
~
Speed, U = 90 rn/s
loooe
Surface temperature, T
H,
Length, L
60
Wide, W
em
75cm
0.60 In
flow
for
[From HMT ~ata book, Page No. 114 (Sixth Editionj]
friction } C J L.
Average fficient
coe
::::>
CfL
C IL
A~e
2. Average heat transfer coefficient,
3 .16 x 10-3
friction}
coefficient
3. Rate of energy dissipation.

Averag e Nusselt } N u
Number
::!>+T
10
1742 [3.0 x 106]-10
ToJind:
L =
3.16 x 10-3
(Pr)0.333 [0.037 (Re)08 - 871]
k P No 114 (Sixth Edition

[From HMT data boo. age .
oo
Film temperature, T/
0,074 (Ret 0.2 - 1742(Ret

~
0.074 [10 x 106]-0.2 -
= 0.75m
Solution : We know that,
2.77
2
100
---+ 0
2
(Pr)0.333 [0.037 (3 x 106)0.8 - 871]

.
(3 106)0.8 - 871]
(0.698)0.333 [0,037
x
[N~1215J
We know,
p
v
1,093 kg/m'
Pr
k
17.95
10-6 m2/s
0.698
Average heat tran~fer

h
coefficient
T )
'------;Q == h A (TIY - eo
Rate of energy dissipatIOn,
= h L)( W (T", - T <Xl)
0.02826 W/mK
We know,
Reynolds Number, Re
Average Nusselt Number, Nu
UL
::: 198.5)( 0.60){
v
90 x 0.60
17.95 x 10-6
3.0 x 106 > 5

Since Re > 5 x 105, flow is turbulent.
~
x
iQJ
[Note: Transition Occurs means flow is combination of laminar an~

turbulent flow. i. e., the flow is said to be laminar upto Re value is 5 x 10 ,
after that flow is turbulent.]
Result:
1. eft.
2. h
3. Q
== 3.16)( 10==
075(100-0)
.
198.5 W Im
J(
== 8932.5 W
I
2.78
, Example 20 Air at 40 C(' flows over a jl;;;-::----'_,

.
.
.
Pate Qt
velocity of 2 mls. The p Iate IS maintained at 100 cc. Th
Q
.
e length
the plate is 2.5 m. Calculate the heat transfer per unit:..I
of
W",th Us'
(a) Exact method,
llig
(b) Approximate method.
Given:
Fluid temperature,
~(')
. Using exact solution,
ClIst , .
.n
for I,a
tplate,
laminar flow.
Local Nllsselt. \ Nux

Nutnbel I
Nu ... = 0.332 (2.49
Length L
~~
(Pr)om
\05)05
(0.694)333
hx L
Nux =
We knoW,
hx x 2.5
Tofind :
1. Heat transfer (Ql) using exact method.
Heat transfer (Q2) using approximate
x.
146.6_}
2.5 m
Width = 1 m
\46.6
method.
~-hea.t
L-
Solution:
Film temperature,
= 0.332 (Re)05
[From HMT data book. Page No. 112 (Si'>..1hEditiont!
Too
Velocity, U
Plate surface temperature, T w = 100C
2.
2.79
tran~fer
coefficmet
= 0.02966
hx = \.74 W/m2K
Average heat ~ h = 2 x h
transfer coefficient I
x
= 2 x \.74
Tf
QiiOl48 W/m2g
~
Heat transler.
Properties of air at 70C:

p
::::. 11)( L x W )((1
IV -
1.029 kg/m!
0.694
0.02966
~2Y-J
W/mK
We know that,
Case (ii):
UL
Reynolds Number, Re
2 x 2.5
20.02 x 10-6
I'S
2.49 x lOs < 5 x 105

Iammar
.
t solution:
Approxllua e
Local Nusselt
Number Nux
[Re
Since Re < 5 x 105 , flow
1co)
3,48 xl.5 x \ )( (\00 - 40)
v = 20.02 x 10-6 m2/s
Pr
II x A x (1", - 1<1:)
r ;::.O.m
~J
'05
J3J
x (pd
x (Re)
.. ')
.
. 06C)4)ll)J
9 x \05)0) ;< ( .
;::. 0.323 x (2.4
2.81
Specific heat, Cp = 1.005 KJlkg-K

2.80

hx xL
We know that, Nux
k
hx
= 1005 J/kg-K
Thermal
x
2.5
I hx
h = 2
Average heat}
.
transfer coe ffiicient
h
Heat transfer,
1.69 W/m2K
roJind:
hx
We know that,
2 x 1.69
3.38 W/m2K
Q2
hxA
(TIV
Prandtl number, Pr
I
-
~C .
e
=
2.29 x 10-5 x 1005
;::;
3.38 x 2.5 x 1 x (100-40)

Q-2--50-7-W
-'1
[!>r
0.034
= 0.676J
hx
Result:
Exact solution,
Qt
522 W
2. Approximate solution,
Q2
507 W
Stanton numbe(, St = Cp p U
N III (Sixth Edition))
HMT data book. Page o.
[F rom n
h
Example 21 Air flows over a flat plate at a speed lif

60 mls. If the local skin friction coefficient on a plate is 0.005,
calcukue the local heat transfer coefficient at that point.
Take for air:
p
IJ
Cp
=
=
Use
Given:
k :
[From HMT data book. Page No. III (Sixth Edi~ion))
<1;
h x L x W x (Til' - T co)
1.
Local heat transfer coefficient. hx'
Solution:
Ih
""-1
0.034 WImK
St Prl13.=
142.7 = 29.66 x 10-3

:::)
conductivity,
l'
5t ;::; 1005 x 0.89 x 60
0.89 kg/m3
2.29 x J
o-s
kg-m/s
1.005 KJ/kgK
0.034 W/mK
sr
Sa2
We know that,
St p,.vJ
Pr2f);::;
~
53,667
Velocity,
C [x
Density,
Viscosity,
Il
60 m/s
=
0.005
0.89 kg/rn!
)( (0.676~]
~
2.29 x 10-5 kg-rn/s
Result:
Local heat transfer

;::; 174.19
}
coefficient, h%
WI
21(
III
) I
..-_-------~COOlnvecl;veH
<orflat plute. tamlnar _ t.rbol
ea'T""",,,
11 Air at JO~ an~~1

plate til a velocity 0"
50 nv.\.
.~. Tile plate
..OI.J] bur Ilow s O"e
'J
maurlallled
al
70
-c.
C
I
"
. a cutate the heat e I.'. 1.5 n, 10,, '
II:.':mmp/~
enl combintdfl
T'
Average Nusselt \
Number. Nu J
.
Q
/l,III
I e plme, II,king into consider ,.

Irtlll'ill!rlor It I I( ""d ,.
portion ollhe boundar'"J Iayer. II ton bOlll IU"';'lttr (II1t1" 1IIIklitlll,'I/S
Gi"en .
PI
FI'd
UI temperature
''F.
1.013 bar
Velocity,
50 m/s
Length L
ate surface temperature , 'T II' --
Width, W
I. ~Ieat transfer Q
SolUlioll .. W e k now that, ,.
Tofind:
Fihn temperature,
T,
1.5
___
[
Pressure.
!'!_~=
(0.698)0333[003
5728.28 \
h x 1.5
0.02826
5728.28
107.92 W/m2K
Average heat transfer 1.

coeffic ient, h J
Til' + T.~.
-.'
2
Heat transfer,
- 871]
hL
k
III
700(
. .]
Sixth [dlhon)l
. 7 (4.17Sx 1(6)0.8
Nu
We know that,
III
- 871
[From HMT databook. Page No. 114 ( .
Nu
'h",'':'"
300(
nw:
= (Pr)0.333 [0 .O~7
J
(Re)08
107.92 W/m
h x W x L (Tw -T )
107.92 x 1 x 1.5 x (70 - 30)
C1)
')
Propert]res of air at 500
~6475.2
e:
[From HMTd ala book , Pago: No. 33'

.
P _
(Sixth Edllionll
1.093 kg/m!
17.95 x 10-6
m 215
W/mK
:::: ~1.5
17.95 x 1tr6
ro:--4"'-1
-~
~_:_Z_8_~>
6475.2 W
Convection
. \ Example 1 \ Air tl' atmospheric pressure and 200'C flo

~ver tf plate wi,h a velocity of 5 m/s. The plate is 15 mm wide a
at a temperature of 120 'C. Ca/culale the thickn
IS" taintained
Of hydrodynamic
and thermal boundary layers and lite local h
transfer coefficient at a distance of 0.5m from the leading ed
Reynolds numb er, Re :::: -...!::

U
v
Heat transfer, Q
2.8.2 Solved U'nlvarsity

. ProblemS on Flat SUrtKII - Forc
Pr :::: 0.698
k :::: 0.02826
Result:
Ass ume t'IU' the flow ls on Me side of the plate.

5 x 10;
1 84
Convective Heat Transfer 2.85
Heal and MasJ Transfer

p. 0.815 ",1",1, u= U .s /(t-(I
Pr .. 0 7, k = 0.0364 WlnrK
Gil'e,,:
NsI",1 ;
~",;c
/f!ydfodynal
{May 2004 An
n {ln'
= 200C
,ve,s;ty/
Fluid temperature, T eo
Velocity, U
5 m/s
Wide of the plate, W

Plate surface temperature, Tw
IS mm :: 0.015 m
120C
Distance, x
0.5 m
Pr
5hx = 'S x x x (Re)-0.5
I 0hx
~pu
I OTx
h:r
3. Local heat transfer coefficient, hx.
elt} N
number
"x
NUSS
0.332 (Re)os (Pr)0.333

0.332 (8.32 x 10")05)( (0,7).333
85.03
= L = 0.5 m]
hx)( L
Nu, =
We know that,
5 x 0.5
[ .: v =~ ]
!:!.
'p
8.32.x
Nux
[.: x
85.03
5 x 0.5
24.5 x 10-6
0 -,815
104
~.l'
Result:
1.
Ohx
< 5xlOS]
Since Re < 5 x'IOs , flOW'IS. laminar,

.'
. [Refer HMT data book, Page No. 112 (Sixth Edition))
(0.7)- OlB
Weknow that,
v
v
IRe
.
0.)33
10-3 x
9.76 x IQ-J
UL
5 x 0.5
"
011%x (Pr):'
3, Local/reat transfer coefficient, It % :
Local
0Tx
8.667
x 10-3
",al boundary layer thickness:
0.7
2. Thermal boundary layer thickness , 0 Tx
8.667
10-6 Ns/m2
1. Hydrodynamic boundary layer thickness 0
Reynolds number, Re
5 x 0.5 x (8.32 x 104)-0.5
,=
k = 0.0364 W ImK
Tofind:
= 18.667 x 1(}-3 m
p = 0.815 kglm3
~ = 24.5 x
boundary layer thickness :
h x 0.5
0.0364
.2---
= 6.19
8.667
= '9.'76 x
2.
3.
-r
h.;
!:::
1010-3
[.:x::::L::::O.5m]
w/m2ig
3
6.19 W/m2K

2.86
_ Heal and Mass Trall.~fc.'r
I Example 2 I Air
III
,I
----
J 34 't' a' a velocity of 3 m/s. The plate is 2 m Inllg c Pierre a,

wide. Calculate .the ..thickness of the hvdrod
. (111(1
.
YIlallllC
b 1.5 sn
ayer
ami
the
skill
friction
coefficient
at
40
c
fi
OUII(/a
...,
m
rom
the
l
..)'
I
edge of 'he
plate.
The
kinematic
viscositv
.'
. eerdi"D
r...J.
,
oJ til r lit 20
eo
IDee . ...
'005 , AmICI lJ . 't' iS
.
.
J 5 06 X. J U - nrls.
ver
Given : Fluid temperature, T <J'.' = 200C
", silJ,1
Plate surface temperature; T",
134C
Velocity, U
Length of the plate, L
Wide, W
Distance, x
Kinemati~ viscosity
air at 20(,"
3 m/s
III
1.5 m
= 40 em = 0.40111
~f} =
To find:
15.06 x ,10-6 m2/s

'
Reynolds number, Re
UL
==
local friction
1041
.
[Re
7:96 x
Since Re < 5 x lOS , flow I'S Ialllll1ar.
.
[',: L
<5x
= 0.40
m]
105
.
1. Hydrodynall'l1c boundary layer thickness,
3
bhx ::::'7.08 x 10- m
3
2. Skin friction coefficient, CIx = 2.35 x 10- .
.. ~
Air at 25~flows over J m x3 fit (3 mlong)
'zontal plate maintained at 200~ at 10 mls. Calculate the
M" e I,eat transfer coefficients.for both laminar and turbulent
averag
.
'\
'ons
"'ake
Re
(critical)
=
3.5
x
lOS.
r~
.1'
. '
[Dec. 2004, Anna
University}
Fluid temperature, T
[5lrx
==
Soilition:
We know that,
'T1I'+ Tci:l
:= ~
200 + 25
5 x 0.40 x (7.96 x 104)
_7.08 x
Plate temperature, T", == 200C

Velocity, U == 10 m/s
Re(critiCal)= 3.5 x lOS
:=~
. [From HMT data book, Page No. 112 (Sixth EditiQIl)]
10-3
25C
Length, L == 3 m
ci:l
Film temperature, T/
rodynamic boundary layer thickness:

Sir.\' :: 5 x x x (Re)-o.s
?_!~=
\()4,05
ToJind:
. fl
1. Average heat transfer coefficient (h) for lammar ow.
t (h) for turbulentflow.
2. Average heat transfer coeffilClen
3 x 0.40
15.06 x 10-6
H d.
or
0.664 (7.96 x
2.35 x \0-3 \
llesll1t:
1. Thickness
of the hydrodynamic bmm~~~
d
5
2. Skin friction coefficient
coefficient, C (x .
\ Cp
Given:
hx :
1.
cllefficient or local friction coeffic~nt :

Cj:f = 0.664(Re)-Oj
~,",i(lft
20'r is flowing (Ilollg a "eclte1 .-----
2.B7
an
'
~
Properties of air at 112.5 C(' :
MT datil boOk, Pa~e
lfrom
OJ
p - Q.
No. 33 (Sixth Edition)]
922 kglro3
It
Im.o)'
Z,)
r'
...
24.29
Pr
:c:
0.687
0.03274 W/rnK
\I
IH~w
Rc,(~~
'I)
number value is 3.5

Case
(I) :
..
lot;
Re = 1.23
},89
'
J)
[From IIMT data book, Page No, 113 (Si, th Ediu nH
0,0296 (1.23 x l06fl.8 (0,687)0 ).

1945
3
1Q-6
06
3,5 x lOS, i.e. flow is laminar

105,
[Nux
\I
10
24.29
I
For turbulent flow,

number, Nux = 0,0296 (Re)O,I(Pr)O
Nux
UL
Re .....
Con\lecti'Ve Heat Tt'Cmift'

,
Sf (il) . _ .It
'1.11 NlI~~t.:
I
I
Reyn ld number,
,~.
l/Ca
10-~'~
--
1945
upto Reynolds
after that flow, is turbulent,
= 0.03274
h r = 21.22 W/m2K
For laminar flow.
Local Nusselt
Number,
(Re )0,5
0.332
Nul'
(Pr)OJJ3
[From HMT data book" Page No, 112 (Sixth Edition))
Nux
I Nux
We kno that.
0.332 (3.5 x J 05)05 x (0,687)0

173.33
Nux
hx L
k
173.33
hx L
k
173.33
hx x 3
0.03274
h l'
Result :
~ oefficient for laminar flow,
er c
I . Average heat trans
2K
h == 3.78 W/m
. f rturbulent flow,
sfer coefficient
1.89 W/m2K
Local heal transfer coefficient, hx = 1.89 W/m2K

Average heat transfer coefficient, h
hx
2 x 1.89
h
Average heal transfer coefficient}
for laminar flow If
3.78 W/m2K
3.78 W/m2K
2 Average heat tran

2
. h - 26525 W/m K
d1 '" long is 10 be
.
'de an 5.
0"C
---:--:-:11
flat late 1 ", WI
eralure of J '
[ Example 4.J A
. P, , h a/ree strea'" temp over flat plale
90'C in air Wit
. ",ust floW
the
maintained at
'with
which air
dissipalio" fro'"
Determine tile velOCity the rate 0/ energy. of air 0150"{;,
. I SO that
along 1.5 m su e,
fi /low;ng pr opertleS 007 KJ/kg "C',
UI -rake t/le
0
Cp ... J.
'1tJ/
plate is 3, 75 k" I'
8 WI'" I{' ;
Anna Vnb,ers"J
mJ' k ::::0.02 [Mar 20M,
p = 1.09 kg~ 'S' n= 0.7.
'
JJ = 2.03 x 10-5 kgl",- ,
2.90
Given :
Wide. W
_----~(_~O::.t7\:::'(!~CI~il~.e.!.H~e~(I!...1!}.T/~a~/l;!!J.sfi~i!l:_ ~2?!.!_
_~_L2 0 ......2 ( pLU )0.5
.91
___ .
0.028
.-'-'
~l
x (Pr)OJJ3
I'~S
Im
-:;:J
Length. L = 1.5
Fluid temperature,
Tw
90C
IT
ro-c
Heat transfer or Energy dissipation,
00
[.,'
3.75 kW
817.0S
o .-'-'~x
.....,
837.0S
83.66 x (U)05
3.75 x 103 W
1.09 kg/m!
Velocity
2.03 x 10-5 kg/m-s

To find:
We know that,
Heat transfer, Q
hA (T 111 .- T ex> )
=>
~age
3.75
103 = h (1.5
h = 31.25
heat transfer coefficient,
1)(90-
10)
W/m2K
h
31.25
We know that,
coefficient, h,
h
Given:
Flu id temperature,
0.332 (Re)05
Velocity,
air at 2 75 K and a free stream
(Pr)O.333
Critical
To find:
0.332 (Re)O.5 (Pr)0333

[ .: Nu~~=
hie L ]
T",
Reynolds
275 K
2e
==
S2e
U = 20 nvs
Length, L
Plate surface temperature, T If
Width, W
h~ (From HMT data b 00,k P age No. 112 (Sixth Edition))
number, Re,
1.5 m
325 K
==
1m
2 x lOs
I. Average heat transfer coefficient. hi

Boundary layer is laminar]
[
'. t, h
transfer coefficten
I
2. Average h ea t
[Entire length of the plate]
3.
[June 2006, Ann Universityl
h
= 2
31.25
x
2
~--:-)~5.-62-5-W-/m-2-K-1
Local NUSSelt}
number, Nux
100.10 m/s
velocity of 20 nrls flows over a flat plate 1.5 m long tI,nt is

nraintai"ecl at a uniform temperature of 325 K. Calculate the
average heat transfer coefficient over tl,e region where the
boundary layer is laminar, the average lIeat transfer coefjiciellt
over the ell lire length of tire plate und tire lotll/lreat transfer rate
front the plate to tire air over the lengtll 1.5 nt and width I m.
5
Assume trm,sitim, occurs at Re, = 2 x 10 ,
Solution:
=>
of air, U = 100.10 m/s
Result:
a-i-x-,,-n-,p-'-eS"""']
Atmospheric
0.7
/ Pr
Velocity of air, U.
7J
[1.09 x 1.5 x UJ OJ
2.03 x 10-5
x (0.7)OJ3J
[_~ e-'ocity of air, U
1.007 kJ/kgOC
100.10 Illls
0.028 W/moC
Rc
'fotal heat transfer rate, Q.

2.92

Solulion:
Film temperature,
\Lbc31 heat transfer

~oefficient,
T,,+T-..::
2
52 + 2
T,
Average heat transfer}

coefficient, h
Average h~at tra.risfer

coefficient for
laminar flow, , hi
1.185 kg/m!
v = 15.53 x 1Q-{i m2/s

Pr
0.702
Reynolds number,' Re
v'
= 2 x 105
Transition occurs at Re,
i.e., flow is laminar upto Reynolds number value is

after that flow is turbulent.
20 x L
2 x 105
15.53 x 10-6
2x
lOS,

Local Nusselt number, Nux = 0.332 (Re)0.5 (Pr)O 333
[F;om HMT data book, Page No. 112 (Sixth Edition)]
Nux
0.332 (2
N-u-x--13-1.-97~1
105)0.5(0.702)333
='
44.84 W/m2K
20 x 1.5
15.53 x ]0-6
1.93 x 106 >, 5 x 1Q5
~eL,;; '., .
.
5 105 flow is tur~ulent.
.',
..,
'
.
ReL> x .'
SInce
..
,. . .: ..,. 'bl t combined flow,.
For flat plate, lammar-tur u en
!
Itl'
Av~rage, N US~~
number, Nu
.,
Nu
~1I
We kn0r-:that,
'.
(pr )0'" [0,031 (ReLl"~~ 87:J ns

.. i. .. 0.3)3 (0.037 (1.93 x 10 )
== (0.702).".
..
.
d,'
:=. 2737J!].
,
"
b Nu ==
, Nusselt-num er,
,..
hL
,
~4
2737.18 == 0.0263
.
. , h == 48.06,
We know that,
Local Nusselt number , Nu It
131.97
1
l
., UL
0.155
44.84 W/m2K
Case (ii) :
,
Reynolds number, ReL
(For entire, lengthlJ
= 0~02634 W/mK
2 x hx
h
25 '(' :
p
r-I
2 x 22.42
{From HMT data book, Page No. 33 (Sixth Edition)]
Case (i):
= 22.42 W/m K
= 27e
T,
1:1
hx
VI e knoW that,
Properties of air at 27'('
hx = 22.42 W/m2K
_._.
We know that,
2.93
hxxO.155
. 0.02634
.I.,
, ..
2"
'1!/m ~
_ 871J

2 94
~d
Heal and Mass Transfer '
temperature,
~G'tJvee"":'
Average heat tranSfer}

coefficient for
turbulent flow, hi
Total heat transfer}

. rate, Q
Coe
hi A Il T
= 2
I Air
(II
To find;
WlmK;
Solution:
(I
plate
(,t
at 60 't', calculate the IIeat
Cp = 1006 JlkgK;
R = 287 Jlkg-K; Pr = 0.7.

[Madras Ulliversi(V, 98/
19.8
10- kg/m-s
.,
ndary layer thickness, ~\ .
rate
'flow
per unit width, 1/1,
2. M ass
Q
.\ Heat transferre~ per hour, .
case (ii) :
per hour. The properties of air tit mean

(27 + 60)
temperature of
2
= 43.5 OCare given below.
= 0.02749
'
= 1006 J/kgK
,,'
Case (;) :
.J!_
Density, P = RT
~
287 x (27 + 273)
g~,~
Reyno\ds number,
Re -
transferred
~l
x 1()-6 kglms at 27OC.
If tile plate is maintained
0,400
m
,
. I
Case (i) :
1, B ou
3604.5 W
270C anti I bar flows over
= 19.8
"
Pr == 0.7
Calculute the boundary layer thickness at 400 mm from

tile leading edg of tile plate. Find tile mass flow rate
per unit widtt: of the plate.
For air p
m/s
= 400,mm =
I.
N/m2
R '= 28'7' J/kg-K
speed of 2 mls.
(2)
Velocity, U
2. Average heat transfer coefficient

[For entire length of the plate]
h, = 48.06 W/m2K
(1)
= I bar = 1 x 105
ffiIC"'1"11tof viscosity,
Result :
I. Average heat transfer coefficient
[Boundary layer is laminar]
h, = 44.84 W/m2K
Pressure. p
..) . Plate surface temperature, Til! = 60C
48.06 x I x 1.5 x (52 -- 2)

3604.5W
3. Total heat transfer rate, Q
elise (II '.

'
ties of air at 43.5'(' :
proper, '
k = 0.02749 W/mK
",xWxLx(TII-TT.)
IQ
27(
Distance, x.
We know that.
I Example
Tz.
1:' lUI
!:!h
V
UL
:s:
~
p
2.95
2. 96
I Re
I'S
'
[h
8.772 Wlrn2K ~
Heat transfer, Q
=; 4.686 x 1O~ < 5
Since Re < 5 x 105 flow
la .
hA (Tw- T..r.)
105
h x W x L (Tv - T,.J
mmar.
8.712 x 1 x 0.4 (60 - _
[Refer HMT data book P
Boundary layer thickness
=:
'x
5 ' age No. J 12 (Sixth Ed' .

Xx x (Re j-us
IliOn))
in
Here,
~ Ix
=:
115.79 Jls
115.79 x 3600
8" x
0 , U2x
~
~x
5
8
In
[in
Case (ii):
Local Nusselt number
:::::>
:::::>
N
'
Nu
=:
Nux
=:
p x U [ ~2x - 0
= 9.23
x I 16
IQ
Result:
Case (iJ :
0.0133 kglJ'
_
Ux - 0.332 (Re)o.s (Pr)Om

0332 (4 68
.
.
. 6 x 104)0.5 x (0.7)0.333
63.8D
I Example
9.23 x 10-3 m
0.0133 kg/s
= 416.84 x 103 Jib
Fluid temperature,
Too = 25C
Velocity, U
To find:
Solution:
= 7 mls
T; = 85C
Distance, x
20 cm
We know that,
Tw
Average h
== 2 x hx == 2 x 4.386
0.2 m
Local heat transfer coefficient (h;r)'
Film temperature,
103 Jib
7 Air at 25'(' flows over aflat plale at a ~

-I
7 mls and heated to' 85 '('. Calculate the local lIeat tTtoGfor
coefficient at a distance of 20 em.
IOct. 98, 2000, MU (EEE)/
eat tranSfer}
coefficient, h
~x
Case (iiJ :
N _ hx L
ux-
= 416.84
x 2- [9.23 x lO-3J
Given:
,
x 10-3 m
We know that ,
Nusselt number
Ix
)j
115.79 W
5 x 0.4 X (4 686
.
x 104)'-0
9.23 x rO-3
.S
iii]
Mass flow rate,
Tra
Convective Heal
2 x 0.4
19.8x 10-6
1.16
Tf =
+ Leo
8S + 25
---r- -z
=
Conveclive Heal Transfe,.

1.98
Air at 20'(' flows over aflat plate at 60 or with

~ ", l(!lllci(V of 6 m/s. Determine tire value of the
sirea
,
.
(ret
. 'e('/ive heat transfer coefficiem upto tllength of I nr
I't, 8
'{llfl
Properties
of air at 55C:
. [From HMT data hook,Page No. 33 (S'
Ixth Edit'
Kinematic
Density,
viscosity,
Prandtl Number,
Pr
We know that,
1.075 kglm3
18.41 x 10-6 m2/s
oe com'
'.
'
directIOn.
;~(/leflow
IManonma~ium
avertltJ
Give" :
0.697
Sundamnar University, April 97/

T
20 e
0
rF.l
'
Plate temperature,
0.02857 W/mK
600e
II'
Velocity,
6 m/s
1m
Length, L
UL
Re
[x::: L::: 0.2 m]
~:::
7.6
x 104
rojincl :
A verage heat transfer coefficient
Solution:
X
104
Tf
Film temperature,
lOS, flow is laminar.
"r
111 .
,.
, ,Pr)pertles
{From HMT (fat book, Page Nd. 112 (Sixth Eahibn)]
0.332 (7.6
jr--'N-u-x -8-1-.15-,
< 5 x 1051
For flat plate laminar flow,

. '.., . Local Nusselt .,} .'
,,', ~,'
.
,.
\\
.... Number
,NLt.l'.\:=. 0.332 (Re)0 ..5 (Pr)03~3'
104)0.5 (0.697)0:333
We know,
}' ,
Nux
hx xL
k
81.15
hx x 0.2
0.02857
Local heat tran~fer }

coefficient
11.59 W/m2K
Local heat transfer,coefficient,
r.
f ai t40oe:'
.
air a
"
, k P 'No 33 (Sixlh Edition)]
'From
HMT
data
boo,
age
.
. . '
(
":"
k m3,
.: "
Density, P
1.128 gJ
" .,
Ie - 'Q.02756 W/mK
Thermal conductiVIty,
II\.J. m21s'
.
. v'
16:96)( 'V Kinematic VISCOSity,
,. ,
'.
.'
' ._'., 0 699 "
Prandtl Number; Pr ,~
.
0
Reynolds
!:Lh
Number,
Re
,\
'
v
6)(1_
"
[.: x
0.2 m]
L
_ hx
40C 1 .
We know that,
Local Nusselt
Number
Result:
#)'
Fluid temperature,
7 x 0.2
18.41 x 10--6 ::: 7.6
Since Re < 5
1011)]
Reynolds Number,
2.99'
,
hx ::: 11.59 W/m2K
=1~_,
___
Re '"
3.53)(
IO~ < 5 x 10
.
,
is laminar.
.
105 floW I
Smce Re < S x
,
. arflow
'" ....,
For flat plate, lamm,
book. Page ,.0,
, HMT data
IFrom
'
. th [dilion)]
))?(51"
1.100

0.332 x (Re)o.s x (Pr)0.333--------
LocalNNussebelt } Nu
Ul~
r
x
I Nux
Number
Local heat transfer coefficient.
film temperature,
4.
'o ' We know that,

solll't n .
hxx L
Local Nusselt } N u
.- 0.332 x (3.53 x 105)0.5 x (0.699)0.333

175.27
Til' +T<I)
Tf
2
75 +25
hx x I
175.27
j
1~
Local Nusselt
Number
Nu
0.02756
Density,
9.66 W/m2K
Average heat transfer coefficient
I Air
= 9.66
.
Kinematic viSCOSity,
W/m2K
at 25'r:' at the atmospheric pressure is
flowing over a flat plate at 3 m/s. If the plate is 1 m wide and llu
temperature T'III= 75 'r:'. Calculate the following at a location of
1 IIIfrom
(i)
{ii)
(iii)
(iv)
leading edge.
Hydrodynamic boundary layer thickness,
LOCIll heat transfer coefficient.
(April, 97, MU/
Given:
Fluid temperature,
Velocity,
Distance,
Prandtl Number, Pr =
Wekoow,
Reynolds Number,
{.: x=L=
Re
3x 1
= 1.67 x 105
17.95 x 10-0
1.67 x 105 < 5 x lO~
. laminar
3 m1s
1m
IS
MT data book, Page

[From H
1m
I m]
75C
m2/s
0.02826 W/mK
Since Re < 5 x lOS, flow
r;
1()-O
0.698
25C
Hydrodynamic boundary layer thickness,
17.95 x
,=
1. Hydrodynamic
boundary
s
Uhx
TofUld:
I.
50C
1.093 kglm3
p =
T co
Wide, W
[From HMT data book, Page No. 33 (Sixth Edition)
2 x hx
Ih
9
323 K
2 x -4.83
I Example
4.83 W/m2K
Average heat } h
Result:
1.101
No 112 (Sixth Edition))

.
layer thickness,
x (Rer.5
5 xot
5 x I x (1.6
7"
toStO'
.--::::-----=-:;-\..
I ,Ie J 0
"tn,,>spherlc "" ,,' ]00 K'
with a vr/o ~.
.
'""
O"er
pi
..te
~(I.n.,h
L
=
2
crty oj
l/~ 1,{lK..
."
m and wid,h WI'; rl . .(1 (It "IIiform tc",pL'rlrtllre oj 400 K C I
-1m
, /5
I /
2. J 02
----
Heal and Mass Tnlllsjer
2. Local friction coeffil:ient
ef,
0.664 (Ret
05
(f~""
"fi'"
,,'",II'"''"(,, "",ffie".' (I' J

,I "" -;
1.62 x 10-
[};'.,
0.01375
==
(0.698)- o.m
surfa'c
tcmperature,
Til Pllc/ :
\.
\ .ocai h at iran
We know that,
2.
t\\'era~
3.
Heat iran
0.332 (Re)0.5 (Pr)0333

_ 0.332 (1.67 x \05)05
(0.698)0333
120.415
Nux
'II'
400 K
f r Q.
Sol Iltion :
Ctlse' (i): Locallreat
T,
L == 1m.
, 400 + 300
==
['.: x
0.02826
==
. 'II
350\(
L == I 01)
Properue
770C ~ SOC.
of air at \ <om HM1 d," ",,,,. p,g< No. II l""" Ediu,,'1
hx = 3.4 W/m K
I.
s;
2.
<
1.62 x I O-~
3.
bT.\
O.0137~ m
0.0122 m
3.4
til
1",+1",
\ kg,ltn3
2 1.09
Result:
h\
,~th,.,
h,..
Local heat-}
4.
AIsa fiI.d
0('
fer coefficient at L == \ m,
heat uansfer coeffIcient at L == 2 m.
Film temperature,
hI. x I
120.415
"'''ag'
2m
lm
h; xL
We know,
"
~~~ill~
300 K
2.S m/s
Total length, L
Width, W
4, Local heat transfer coefficient (/1.) :
Local Nusselt } .
Number
NUl'
0 III L ::; 2m.
Fluid tClnpera\\lre,
T""
Velocity, U
(;;l't'/r:
8", x (Prt0333
0.0122
' cu''''' . 'h' I
.. lellg,h and "
~~.
3. Thermal boundary layer thickness.

81x
from L
",,,I'r codJiciCllt
..
~t
0.664 (1.67 x I O~) 05
Le"
COllvecrj,e Hear T
.
"
'."1" IIOJ
W/m2K
Pr
k
We know that,
0.692
y.. \
o-b 1\,2/5
,
0.03047 W/n \(
.-v
\\L
,/
~
\
'I, \
Healand Mass Transfe,.
2.104
2.5 xl
21.09 x lQ-6
.
Since Re < 5 x
,()S ,
----
\ Re
H 8539 45 <
flo W .IS lami
. ' 5 x 1O~
ammar.
:._j
{Refer HMT data boo .

k, Page No. \ 12 (Sixth: Ldillon)l
'.
N
Number
Ux
0.332 (R e )0 '.'\ (Pr)0,333
_:_\O::_:iJD:.:..l~8
,
'VI e know that,

A verage heat
0.692)0\33
Local heat }
hx
0.03047
1.10;
2.17
4.35 W/m2K \
4.35 W/m2K
h A(T",- Too)
3.0832 W/m2K
3.08 W Im2K
.--_-~l:-,:L = 2 m ; W = 1 m]
~Q
\
-
Re
UL
v
Re
2.5 x 2
21.09 x 1~
S.
\ Re = 237Q79
mce Re < 5 x lOs fl
.
.18 < 5 x lOs
For flat
' ow IS laminar.
plate, laminar flow
870 W]
Result :
1. Local heat transfer coefficient, at L = \ m = 3.08 W/m2K
2. Average heat transfer coefficient at L = 2 m
: Average heal transfer coefficient at L ~ 2nL
= 4.35 W/m2K
3. Heat transfer, Q = 870 W

\ Example 11] Air at 20 ~ and one almosphere flows overlll II
mis, The platt is 75 cOl long "nd is "",UrtBintd

600C. Calculate the I.eat transfer per unit width of the platt. Also
calculate th turbulent boundary /tryer thickness IIIt/o< tnd oftltt
}hit pI.te at 35
pl.te assuming
of tltt pllJU.
University, Apr. '}7
it to develop fro .. the /eOdiJlg ..".
/Bharathidasall
0.~32 (Re)O.5 (Pr)OJ33
0.332 (237079 .18),5 (0.692),333

r:\N~-U:r---=1~4'3_'\
.c
ansjer
4.35 x 2 x 1 (400 - 300)

hxx1
\ hx
Nux
2xh
\ h
J Nux
eynolds Number,
l
Ih
Average heat l
transfer coefficient J h
Cast (iii): Heat transfer, Q
101.18
CIIS~ R(i;'
""
HealTr
h, xk L
1.
=>
Nu,
transfer coeffICient
We know,
Local Nusselt
Number
we know Ihal.
0....332 (1185395)0,5 (
..--- __
_--,--
-------~(~o~nv~eecclive
.'
Local heat '\..

2
transfer coefficient i h."( = 2.\7 WIm K
For flat plate, laminar flow , '

Local Nusselt
::: 20C
Given:
fluid temperature, Tao
35 rnJs
Velocity, U ::: 15 cro ::: 0.75 m
Length, L :::
2 J 06
Heat and Mass Tramier

Plate temperature,
Width,
Tofind:
-----
T",
W
1.
Heat transfer.
2.
Boundary
1111
hI xL
l
I
Local Nusselt
. Number
2107
k
hx x 0.75
2341.6
layer thickness.
Solutlon :
0,02756
Local heat
T" + T'l
T}
Film temperature,
2
For flat plate, turbulent
60 + 20
A verage heat } I
transfer l:oeffciellt
'
Properties
flow,
1.25 hx
1.25 x 86.04
"
of air at 40C:
p
1.128 kg/m '
0.02756
W/mK
Heat transfer,
16.96 x 10-6 1112/s
107.55 W/m2~1
h x A x (T" - T Ul)
h x L x W x (T
[0
UL
Re
Boundary
16.96 x 10-6
,
NUl
'
0.0296 (Re)08
,',
I N HI'
2341.6
0.37)( 0.75)( (1.54
106t0
[.:x=L=0.751
x
- given]
~
(Pr)om
I From HMT data book. Page No,

, 0.0296 x (1.54
WJ
0.37 x x x (Ret0
,\ " '\1 '--'_R_e_~I.:..:..5_.:_4_x__;I:...::0_6 _>....::5:....:x~10::._5.....J1

..
"Sinc,~ Re.> 5 x ,lOs: flow is turbulent.
flow,[Fully,turbulent
3226,50
layer thickness
Local Nusselt}
,
,NulJ\ber
11)
Bount/ary layer thickness:
35 x 0.75
,',for flat plate" turbulent
107.55 x 0.75 x 1(60 - 20)
We know that,
"
II' -
0.699
Pr
Reynolds Number,
(T", - T'/J)
113 (Si:\lh Edition)1
x 106)0,8 x (0,699)0333
Result:
1.
f
Heat trans er
2.
Boundary
,W
0 - 3726.50
- h'ckness 8
layer t I
.
===
(I,01601\l.
2. J 08
I. Example 12 t For a particular engine, the und erslde

.
0"
crank case can be idealised as a flat plate

:J the
.
"'ellS
80 em x 20 em: rile engine runs lit 80 km/h and the
UI';lIg
.
..
' crank
is cooled by air flowing past It at tile same speed. Cal
clIse
culate th
loss of heat from the crank case surface of temperature 75't e
the ambient air temperature 25 'C. Assume the bounda
to
becomes turbulentfrom the leading edge itself.
IApril ~ laye,
Given:
Area, A
80 em x 20'cm
' M(Jj
==
1600'cm2
Velocity,
Convective Heal Transfer 1.109

22.22 x 0.8
17.95 x 1ij-6
[",' L = 0.8 m]
'[iii-e-:--9.-9 X-I-O'-]
0.16 m2
80
[Fully turbulent
Local Nusselt
Number
from leading edge - given]

} Nu.
m
"-1
0.0296 [9.9 x
N-u- --16-:-:4~5.4-:-11
We know that,
= 25C
hx x 0.8
o:o2s26
Flow is turbulent from theleading edge, i.e., flow is fully turbulent.

To find: 1. Heat loss.
Solution:
Film temperature,
75 + 25
=-2-
T,
(0.698)033
h;rxL
Til' .= 75C
T co
WJO.8
22.22 m/s
0.0296 (Re)D.8 (Pr)OJ33
[From HMT data book, Page No. 113(Sixth Edition)]
3600 s
> 5 x J()5
Flow is turbulent.
Since Re > 5 x
For flat plate, turbulent flow,
80 km/hr
x 103
= 9.9 x 105
Re
105,
IT,
[.,'
58.12 W/m2K ]
Local heat } h
x
For turbulent
= 58.12 WIm2K
flow, flat plate
A verage heat } h
Or
1.093 kg/m-'
17.95 x 10--6 m2/s

0.698
Pr
k
We know that,
Reynolds Number,
Re
We know,
Heat loss, Q
0.02826 W/mK
!d....h
"
~
Result:
h A (Til' - Tao)
72.65 x 0.16 (75-
581.2 W
Heat Ioss, Q -
25)
= O. 8 m J
,I
~t,
II
I'
2.110
<Example
,'---L!
_ liJ_" Air flows over a flat plate of velo {"Yo!3
lind ambient comlltlons are pressure 760 mm tI!
IlrIs
te",perature is 15 'C. The plate is maintained at 85 'tHg an.
lengtll of the plal is 100 em .Iong the flow 0'
tl". tr, '"'t/
.. 11 Ihe
',I
h
hea! lost by 50 em of the piette wlticlt is measured ~
, e
, ,
}ron, Ih
'
trailing edge. Plate width
I
I
IS
'
50 em.
/BlllIrc,tltidasan
Unlversit J.1 N-",',96/
__
----
__
Re
_.
8SoC
Length, L
Width, W
1m
SO em
0.50
Local Nusselt
Number
lJ N u~
Solution:
T". + Too
2
85 + IS
2

.
{from HMT data book, Page No. 33 (Sixth Edition)l
Density, p =
=
17.95 x 10-6 m2/s
Prandtl Number, Pr
0.698
0.02876 W/mK
We know that,
Reynolds Number, Re
UL
V
0,332 x (Re)05 (Pr)OJ33
0,332 x (\.67 x lQ5)05 (0.698)0333
I N\I.~ =
Local Nusselt
Number
=:.>
\ 20,36 \
hx L
k
r Nux
hx x I
0,02826
\20.36
~h_x
Local heat} h
transfer coetTlcient
.t
A verage heat \
transfer coefflcitnt I I,
3_.4_W_'n_~_K~1
3.4 W'm2K
2 x II.~
II
2 x 3.4
[F-:::-6-.S-W-'-11l-2K--']
Heat transfer
~
1.093 kg/m)
[TZ=
(
{From HMT data b 00",l. P age. No. t \2 (SIxth

. Editionj]
=:.>[
Tf
.67 x \ 0'. < 5 x 105
For flat plate. laminar flow,
III
I. Heat lost by 50 em of the plate which is measured from the
Film temperature,
We know that,
100 em
To flnd :
trailing edge.
Since Re < ~ x \ 0\ flow is laminar.
Velocity, U = 3 m/s
\
760 mill of H.g = I bar
Pressure
ISoC
Fluid temperature, Too
!II' ,=
2. J IJ
3x \
17.95 x 1Q-6
Give" :
Plate temperature,
CO"\lecti\)e Heal Transfer
(For entire plate, Lc., L:= l m]

Q2
11 A (1 ...- TaJ
:: hxLxWx(TII,-Ta)
::: 6.S x \ x 0.5 x (85 - \ 5)
~
Similarly,
Heat transfer for ftrst half of the plate,
1.(1,
V 0 SO
11\
,,
2.112
Reynolds number. Re ::
UL
v
3 x 0.5
17.95 x I()-6
I Re
-----
Q2 (entire plate) - QJ (for first half of the plate)
Q :::: 238 - 168.35

~
I -.
::
/lesult :
}-Ieattransfer from 50 em length from trailing edge
0.835 x lOs < 5 x 105 .

L'ammar
. flo
For flat plate, laminar flow ,
W
Local Nusselt }
Number Nux = 0.332 x (Re)O.5 x (Pr)0.333
[]!Pnple
0_.3_3_2
x (0.835 x 105)0.5 x (0 69
85.1
8)0333
r:-:- __
I Nux
We know that,
Nux
Here
hxL
k,
85.1
I hx -
hx x 0.50
0.02826
4.81 W/m2K
14] Air
(It
(I
Fluid temperature,
OJ m
1m
Length, L
U
8 mls
Til'
78C
Velocity,
Plate temperature,
Average heat transfer coefficient h
of' 8 kNlm2 and
250C
C1.)
Wide, W
pressure
= 69.65
te",perature of 250C flows over (I flat plate 0.3 m wide and I

long at a velocity of 8 m/s. If the plate is to be maintained a
temperature of 78C, estimate the rate of heat to be remov
cOlltinuouslyfrom the plate.
/Bharathiyar University, Apr.
Given:
Pressure, p
8 kN/m2 = 8 x' 103 N/m2
L = 0.50 m
2.1
Tofind : Heat transfer.
h
Solution:
Film temperature,
Tf =
Tw+T<tl
2
78 + 250
2
Properties of air at 164C: (At atmospheric pressure)
[From HMT data
book. Page No. 33 (Sixth
Editio
p :: 0.810 kg/m3
v :: .30.08 x 10-6 ro21s
k :: 0.03645 W/roK
Pr :: 0.682
Convective Heat Tramfer
Average heat transfer coefficient, h

2.114
r a pressures
va1m
X ~
Ie
Heat transfer,
x L x W (T 00 -
Tw)
I bar
1()3 N/~
10
)-Ieat transfer from both side of the plate

o = 2 x 158.9
lOs N/m2
~~~[~:~I~b~ar~-lxIOSNI
m
3.76 x 10-4 m2/s
IQ
158.9 W I
Result:
Heat transfer,
317.85WI
0 = 317.85 W
We know that,
UL
Reynolds Number Re
2.9. FLOW OVER CYLINDERS AND SPHERES
The flow over a cylinder is shown in Fig.2J.
8xl
3.76 x
I Re
10-4
4
- 2.1 x 10 < 5 x 10
The flow field can be divided into two regions. They are:
5
Since Re < 5 x lOs, flow is laminar.

Local Nusselt}
Number
[From
HMTdata
Nux
1.
Boundary layer region near the surface.
2.
An inviscid region away from the surface.
book, Page No. 112 (Sixth Edition))
0.332 (Re)05 (Pr)O.333

0._33:..:2~(.2.1
x 104)0.5 x (0.682)0.333
42.35/
r:-:-
I Nux
We know,
42.35
hx x I
0.03645
Local heat}
hx = 1.54 W/m2K
1r)
8 x I ()3 NI;;;i
3.08 W/m2K
h x A (Too - T
3.08 x 1 x OJ x (250 - 78)

30.08 x I ~
30.08 x I~
Ih
Pgiven
8 x
~~==~~~
[Kinematic viscosity,
2 x h,
2x 1.54
Note: Given pressure is not atmospheric presSure

viscositywill vary with pressure. Pr, k; C are same fo II So, kinernar
2.115
Stagnation point
Fig. 2.3.
CI w over c)'lim/ers
no
.~
Convective Heat Tramlfer

2.116
u~
Th Pressure gradient along the surface of the c~

e
.
'.
er
and infaci this pressure gradient IS responsible"
'.
IS
'---;;prob'ems
- Flow Over Cylind,,,.
.
-:
soNe01
%.9.2~
Air at 15 OC, 30 IrmI1r flot4ls over a cylinder of
no
I~~
th:
development of a separated flow region 011 the back side of

der . The separation of flow affects the drag force on a cUrve<!
cy IIn
surface to a great extent.
I
I
l}!~
", d,a
J,o '" : calculate
\ of 45
Given.
and 1500 mm height witll surface temperature

I
the heat oss.
Fluid temperature, T'"l
\ SoC
Velocity,
30 kmlh
30 x lQ3 m
3600 s
2.9.1. Formulae Used for Flow Over Cylinders and SPhere.
r, + Too
l.
Film temperature,
TI
where
T 00 -
Fluid temperature
T", -
Plate surface temperature "C
where
3.
Nusselt Number,
mls
D -
Diameter,
v -
Kinematic viscosity.
Nu
e (Re y"
Tofind: Heat loss.

I t 'on' . We know that,
Sou'
Film temperature,
Nusselt Number,
5.
Nu
Heat transfer, Q
where,
1t
400 mm
T If
rr,- T "J
DL
For sphere :
ISOOmm
4SoC
1 +1",
T,
0.4m
U m
45+15
= -2-
Propertie
f air at 30C:
)II
n (Si~th Edition)}
[From HMT data boo~, Pase o.

.
= I I 65kg/m3
Density. P
.
v viSCOSity,
be Pr ==
Pr'andtl Num r,
Therma\ con4uctivity. k
Kinematic
.
n...J. 2/
16 \< Iv - m s
0.701
0.02675 W/n,K
We know,
Nusselt Number,
Nu =
0.37 (Re)O.6
Reynolds Number, Re
[From HMT data book, Page No. 119 (Sixth Edilion))
Heat transfer,
where
(Pr)O.333
hD
k
hx A x
8.33 mts
-,T-I--30-oC~]
m2/s
[From HMT data book, Page No. 115 (Sixth Edil.ionll
4.
Length, L
Velocity,
Diameter,
-c,
UD
2. Reynolds Number, Re
2.117
Q
A
\6)( 10-0
h A (Tit' - Too)

2. J J 8
2.119

Nusselt Number,
C(Reyl/(~
Nu
[From HMT data book. Page No. 115 (S' h
105,
ReD value is 2.08 x
IXI
correspondmg
.,
Editio
C value is 00266
n)]
. ) and I1J
I.
fl01
temperature,
TJ
130 + 30
2
value is 0.805.
Nu = 0.0266 x (2.08 x 105)0805 x (0.701
IT
)03])
~lEi-1I-=-4-S1-.3--'1
prope
I kglm3
21.09
PI"
0.692
hxO.4
451.3
I Heat
[From HM I data book, Page No. 33 (Sixth Edition))
hD
k
NlI
80C \
rties of air at 80C:
We know that,
NusseJt number,
0.02675
transfer coefficient,
Heat transfer,
30.18 W/m2K
0.03047 W/mK
30.18 W/m2K
We knoW that,
h A (Til' - Too)
Reynolds
Number
UD
v
Re
h x n x D x L x (Til' - T",)
0.2 x 0.070
21.09 x lo-tJ
[.: A = nDll
30.18 x n x 0.4 x 1.5 x (45 - is)
1
1706.6 W
Heat loss, Q =
Result:
I Example
I Air
Given :
1706.6 W
(II
Fluid temperature,
TO")
U
0.2 m/s
Heat energy,
0,
120W
70 mm
I. Heat transfer,
2.
We know that, for sphere,

Nu
Nusselt Number,
Power lost due to convection.
.
:: 0.37 (Re)o
119 (Sixth Editionl]
IFrom HMT data book, Page o.
0.37 (663.S2)06
[Bu :: Is.iD
Nusselt Number,
~
Til'
Diameter,
Tofind:
663.S2 ]
IRe
30C
Velocity,
= 663.S2
_WC, 0.2 I1Ils flows across a now

electric bulb at 130C. Find heat transfer ami power lost due to
convection if bulb diameter is 70 min.
2
10-6 1112/s
!!.Q
k
Nu::
IS.25
::
h x 0.070
:.:...:..:-:-.:
0.03047
~
~~ :: 7.94 W/m2K
0.070 m
Heat transfer coe
~
fficient, h

2. J 20
~air
We know
Heat transfer,
[From HMT data book. Page 0.33 (Sixth Edition)1
h A (T, - Ten)
hx47tr2[T
7.94x 4 x
7t
.-T]
["A-
'"
0.070)
x ( -2-
41[ r2
Q2
x
1
100
12.22
120
1 kg/m'
21.09 x 10-6 m21s
Pr
x (130-30)
% of heat lost
0.692
~---------------------,
I Heat transfer, Q 12.22 W I
2.
at 80C:
prope
Q2
2. 121
x 100
0.03047 W/mK
a . Tube is considered as square of side 6 em.

'IOl:t (I, .
CI"'"
L = 6 em = 0.06 m
t.e.,
UL
Reynolds Number Re
v
30 x 0.06
21.09 x I(}-6
10.18%
[ Re
Result:
I.
Heat transfer
2.
Percentage of heat lost
12.22 W
10.18%
I Example 3 I Air at 40 't" flows
over a tube with a velocity of

30 m/s. The tube surface temperature is J 20 't", Calculate tile
heat transfer coefficient for the following cases.
I.
Nusselt
Number
Velocity, U
Tube surface temperature, Tw
30 m/s
1200e
Tofind: Heat transfer coefficient,

Film temperature,
T,
Nu
I Nu
0.092
173.3]
hL
k
(h).
T",+T",
2
120 + 40
2
173.3
Heat transfer
==
h:..:..----x 0.06
0.03047
.
coeffiCIent,
Case (ii) :
Tube diameter,
==
88 W/rn2K
6 cm == 0.06
@
ReynoldS Number,
[From HMT dala book. Page No. 118 (Sixth Edilion))

.333
0.092 (0.853 x I OS)O.67S x (0.692)
Nu
We know that
lOs
0.675
Tube could be square with a side of 6 em.
2. Tube is circular cylinder of diameter 6 em.

Given: Fluid temperature, T",
400e
Nu == C x (Re)" (Pr)o 3H
n
For square
0.853
Re
In
. 1.1
Heat
alld
Mass Transfer
30
21.09
0.853
:O~J
c (ReD)'"
Nussclt Number. Nu
of
[From HMT data book. PUg'

~t: N o. I rs- (S
10'
R e value is 085"'
O.O~66 and 0 80-'
.) X.
"
corresponding
. :> respectively,
C and
_j_
r.l-i-~:_:_'l_t U::_~~2i
-to _l_~.
rr
,
-'f T
:~
- -$-' - - .; - ~'Ldrt
"
A"
1011)]
III
ill)lIlC'
u~
IXlh Edit
valu es are
Nu
0.0266 x (0.853 x )05)O.R05x
I"N:-:-u-=--2-19-.3-1
(0.692)0333
as shown in Flg.2A,
MOl.
(Plf333
__SI\
A ~
.:41T-~-"
\ .
II 0
k
Nu
2)9.3
hxO.06
0.03047
Result:
I. Heat transfer coefficient for square tube
II =
2. Heat transfer coeff
icienr
88 W/m2K
for circular tube

II =
I 11.3 W 1m2 K
j_
I~~~~
(b) 51aggered
(a) In-line
Fig. 2.4. rltbe Banks
The confIguration
of banks of tubes is characterised by the
tube diameter D, transverse pitch, S" and longitudinal pitch S,
measured between tube centres. The diagonal pitch SD' between
the centres of the tubes in the diagonal row is also sometimes used
for the staggered arrangements. The Reynolds Number is based on
the largest velocity of the fluid tlowing through the bank of tubes.
D
U",ox
~
ReD
v
S,
U
X
U",ax
s=o
,
where
S, 2.10. FLOW OVER BANK OF TUBES
Heat transfer in tl
nume rous industrial
ow
'. over a b an k or bundl
or air conditio:
appIrcatlons such as t
e of tubes has
I ioning cooling coil. In thi
seam generation in boiler
s case , one tl UI id moves over
I 5,
\5D:$-'\--~-
-{\f-t--(\)-i-$
\~\-~~
We know,
2.12 J
fluid at . different t emperatures passes

. "s~cond
'he 'lube rows ot a bank mavJ be etitl ier staggered
. tl
,
lbcs
Ihe It; I1 the tubes
10-('
x
Convective H eat r ramie,.
0.06 __________
.,
0
2.10.1. Formulae
Velocity of fluid, mIs,

Transverse pitch, Ill,
- Diameter,
1\1.
used for Flo'll Over Bank of TU~S
UX-S:O
I.
Max.imum velocity, UIIIlIX

where
S, -
'
Transverse pitch,
til.
I
.til"'"

12~./~24~~H~e~a~l~and~M~~=s~~~ra=n~sfi~e_r ~
.:.
_
Umax
2.
Reynolds Number,
Re
3.
Nusselt Number,
Nu
----
1.13 x (Pr)O.33 [C ReI!]
[From HMT data book, Page No.122 (Sixth Ed'r
v =
18.97 x I~ m2/s
Pr
0.696
0.02896 WImK
:=
nOW that,
We k
lion))
. urn velocity,
MaxiOl
2.10.2. Solved Problem
I Example
staggered tubes while the air is passed ill cross flow over the
tubes. TIle temperature and velocity 0/ air are 30C and 8 nrls
respectively. TIle longitudinal and transverse pitches are 22 mm
and 20 mm respectively. TIle tube outside diameter is 18 mm and
tube sur/ace temperature is 90 'C. Calculate the heat transfer
s,
Ulllax
U x S -D
Umax
0.020
8 x 0.020 - 0.018
[Uma:c
80 m/s]
1 lIn a sur/lice condenser, water flows through
Umo.T
Reynolds
Re
Number,
2. J 25
coefficient.
Given:
Fluid temperature,
T <0
Velocity, U
Longitudinal pitch, S,
Transverse
20 mm
0.020 m
Diameter, D
18 mm
0.Q18 m
Solution:
Til'
[l?e
8 mls
22 mm = 0.022 m
pitch, S,
Tube surface temperature,

Tofind:
300e
90
~.
D
I. Heat transfer coefficient.
Tf
Til' + T rn
2
1.060 kg/m3
Q:.Qll
==
==
1.22
Q.018
[3
90 + 30
2
Properties of air at 600e
l.ll
==
= \.I~
S,
We know that,
Film temperature,
O.O~
0.018
==
S,
S,
- 1 1\ O - . 'D
0.556 respectively.
==
e051Sand
. C n values ar .
\ 22 corresponding ,
s: .th Editionli
.
i-
rFrom~
~
~
MT data boO"
Page No. 122 (
L"

1 1)6
Nusselt Number,
Irroll1
Nu
1.13 (Pr)o
=>
IIMT
m [C (Re)"
data book. Page No. 122 (Sixth Ed'

, 1(1011)1
Nu
r.n
[0.518 x (7.5 x 104)0

Nil
266.3
Nussclt Number.
Nu
~561
I
liD
em .ient,
~kness
of the boundary layer is limited to the pipe
of the flow being within a confined passage .
el.
.The bet'luse
radilis
layerS from the pipe walls meet at the centre of the pipe
sollodar)' I' re flow acquires the characteristics of a boundary layer.
d th~ en I
aO
boundary layer thickness becomes equal to the radius of
once the there will not be any further change in the velocity
Ihe lube.
This invariant velocity distribution is called fully
. tribul Ion.
.'
dts
ed velocity profile. I.e., Poiseulle flow.
develoP
ulae used for Flow through Cylinders
211,1. F or m
,
(Internal flow)
_66.3
Heat transfer
2./27
I,
I. Bulk mean temperature
RdUil:
Heal transfer coefficient.
"
428.6 W/m2K
where
2.11. FLOW THROUGH A CYLINDER -INTERNAL
FLOW
Similar I the flow ver a flat plate, a fluid funiform velocu,

entering a tube is retarded near the walls and the boundary layer
begin to develop as sh \ II in Fig.2.S b doned Iii es.
esiabiished flow
Inlet temperature C,
T mo
Outlet temperature "C.

UD
Re =
h 2300 flow is laminar.

less tan,
2300 flow is
. reater than
,
values IS g
number value
If Reynolds
Fully developed
Num b er,
2. Reynolds
If Reynolds
T m;
number
IS
turbulent.
3. Laminar
Flow:
Nusselt
Num
be
r,
Nu
3.66
123lSixth Editioo))
[From HMT data boOk. Page No.
I Equation)
Flow (Genera
_
023 (Re)os (PrY'
be Nu - O.
Nusselt Num r,
4 _ Heating process
n == O.
== OJ - Cooling process .'
4. Turbulent
n
[From
ng.
2.5. F/ow ""oug"
u cylinder
1;.
HMT data boO .
Page No.12
5 (Sixth Edition))
2.128
I .
I
This equation is valid for
. 0.6 <
Re >
L
>
PI' < /601
~I
'1
10000
60
';.-..:.._~~=-~C~o~n~ve=C~/i~ve~JI,~e~a'!
~Tr~a~n
~"
Tube wall temperature C,
1/11
Mean temperature 0C ,
T""
Inlet temperature C,
J"1II0
Outlet temperature
-c
For turbulent flow,

Nu
Mass flow rate
8.
::: 0.036 (Re)O 8 (Pr)033
p -
where
This equation is.valid for
i5
"
where
6.
4A ::: 4(LxW)
P
2 (L -i W)
Area,
p -
Perimeter,
U -
where
Do
7.
111,
4' 02 ,m,2
1[
Problems
Flow)
Velocity, m/s,
- Flow through Cylinders
[ EXfIIlIple J Water flows inside a tube of 20 /11mdsam

(111(13m long at a velocity of 0.03 m/s. The water gets heated
-10"('to 120C while passing through the tube. The tube w
maintained at COIISlflll1 temperature of 160C. Find Iitattrans
Gil/ell:
Diameter of tube, 0
Length, L
DJ 1
4 x 4'
l D~ -
7r [
Do + D;
J nner
Area,
Velocity, U
diameter.
Inner temperature of water,

Outer temperature
20 mm
0.020 m
3m
0.03 mls
Till;
of water, T
IIIO
Wall temperature, Tit'

To find: Heat transfer (Q).
Heat transfer
h A (1~t'- Till) where A ::: 7r x D x L

(or)
Solved
(Internal
Outer diameter,
D;
2.1 1..2
4A
7r
Density, kglm3,
1112,
L - Length, Ill,
W - Width, m.
Equivalent diameter, for hollow cylinder
D,,(or) D" :::
kg/s
< 400, Re < 10,000
5.. Equivalent diameter for rectangular section,

D (or)D
10 <
pxAxU
III
(tD)O.OSS
III
CJl
(T1110- l'
111/
Bulk mean temperature, Till

40 + 120
~
2
.)
TI/I
80C

2. J 30
-----
Properties of water at 80C:

I
lFrom HMT data book. Page No. 21 (Sixth E ..
, .
dillon)]
974 kglm3
0.364 x 10-6 m2/s
When 0.6 kg of water per minute is passed

~I
2 cm diameter, it is found to be heatedfrom
Ih,olllh a
The heating is .achieved b~ condensingsteamon
ZOIlC to 6 if the tube and subsequently the surfacetemperature
e sur/ace ~ aintained at 90C. Determine the length of the
th
be IS m
of the "". dfior lully developedjlow.
requIre
. 0.6
;~c.
Mass,
Given:
0.6687 W/mK
I"be
2.22
Pr
Diameter, D.
UD
Inlet temperature, Tm;
outlet temperature, T mo
Re
0.03 x 0.020
0.364 x
1648.35
IRe
ToJi n .
solution:
Heat transfer, Q
122.39 W/m2K
PropertIes
hA
(Til' - Tnr)
h x
1t
x D x L
122.37 x
IQ
Heat transfer,
f water 'at 40C:
1t
ltDL]
1845.29 W
boOk, Page No.
995 kglro3
Mass floW rate, in

U
21s
. 0.657 x 10-6 ro
Pr ::::: 4.340
k
,0.628 W/roK
:::: 4178J~g K
Cp
x 0.02 x 3 (160 - 80)

1845.29 Watts
20+60
.=.:;.....2
(From HMT data
(Til' - Tm)
[.: A
Result:
+Tmo
40iJ
668.7 x 10-3
Ih
=>
0.02 m
hD
k
h x 0.02
3.66
60 kgls
_!!!!.---
Bulk mean temperature, 'r m
=. 3.66
Nu
2 em
We know that,
Tube surface temperature, Tit'

d : Length oftije tube, (L).
1"0-6
Since Re < 2300, flow is laminar

For laminar flow,
. Nusselt Number, Nu
0.6 kg/min
0.01 kg/s
Let us first determine the type of flow.

Reynolds Number,
2.131
:::: pAU
i!pA
21 (Sixth Edition))
2}~.J~3~2~H~ea~l~m~l~d~M~a~s~s~~~ra~lI~sfi~e_,.
__ ~~
.:
0.0 I
Convective Heat Trans'r,

'Jer 2/J3
114.9 x 7'C x 0.02 x Lx (90-40)
__
_________
[-L--4.-62-n--',
1t
995 x 4" (0.02)2
I Velocity.
0.031 I11ls
l10th of the tube, L

. L eng
eSll It
~
Let us first determine the type of flow

!
Re
Iv
.1
II'
0.031
Re =
0.02
Wuter
(It
50 C enters 50 111m diam~ter and 4 m
'ent 111,1 t u total
a CO"
...nerO
/tll'l'
Give" :
Inner
tel
nperatllre
water,
soae
ml
50 mm
Diameter, D
Since Re < 2300, now is laminar.
Velocity,
=
Nu
3.66
Tube wall temperature,
[From HMT data book, Page No. 123 (Sixth Editioll)1
Nu
3.66
We know that
liD
k
II
[I =
=>
Heat transfer, Q
x 0.02
0.628
114.9
W/m
We know
that,
70 e
Exit temperature of water, T",o
t. Heat transfer coefficient, (II).
Tofi"t/ :
2. Heat transfer, (Q).
0
Bulk
Tm;
mean temperature,
T",
+ T",o
2
50 + 70
::..----
11/
Cp dT
11/
Cp (T/IIO - T/II)
0.01 x 4178 x (60 - 20)
[Q
900e
IV
So/ul;oll :
2K
0.05 m
0.8 m/s
4m
Length, L
For laminar flow,
Nusselt Number,
if exit water
of "eallralls/erred
(/111011111
CI
cotffi ture is 70C.
0.657 x IO~
943.6
4.62 m.
~"elocitv
of 0.8 m/s. r"e lube wall if maintained
be wlI I
.r
90.0,,", D
'
...., elernllne tlrt heallransfer
/u~gIII s/(ll,1 temperatllre oJ
UD
1671.2 W
60C

p
hx
1t
x D x L x (T". _. 1'/11)
Pr
k
(From IIMl data
N 'I (Sixth Editionli

boOk I'a~~ I 0..-
985 k~tnJ
0.478)( W61112/s
3.020
0.6513 WhnK
2. J 34
----
Let us first detennine the type of flow:
UD
_.
Re::
0.8
x 0.05
0.478 x ,10-:<>
eRe
8.36
Since Re > 2300, flow is turbulent.

L
,4'
0.05::
80
80> 60,
Re
8.36 x 104> 10,000
Tube \ all temperature,
Pr
3.020 => 0.6 < Pr < 160
To find:
than 60. Re value is greater than 10 ,000 and
solution:
'
x (8.36 x 104)0.8 x (3.020)04
I Nu = 310 I
'
-,
~now
that,
' Nu
310
__
v
0.65 x O.O_Q!
0.657)( 10-6
ro '
= h x 0.05
2
4039.3 W 1m K
A (T 1\1 - T m )
I.
Since Re > 2300 , flow

is turbulent.
.
h.
_1-:: 375
o
0.008
10 <
h x ~ x 0 x L x (T w - T m )
4093.. 3 x
7t x
D ratio
76139,W
un
Re
We know,
1\'.'
0.628 W/mK
'
0.6513
,
.'
4.340
H eat tr ans fer coefficient h

Heat transfer Q
h' ' .
T;
0.657 x 10-6 m /s ,
Pr
..
[Inlet temperature 50G Exit t

.
Ed "''')1
Process, So, n = 0.4]
'. XI emperature 70C => Heating
= 0.023
140C
9.65 m/s
::
.[From HMT data book, Page No 12S'CSixth
Nu
40C
Pr perties of water at 40C.

p
995 kglro3 ,
Nusselt Number, Nu :: 0.023 (Re)08 (pr)"
=>
3m
Heat transfer c:oeffieient, (h).
Pr value is in between 0.6 and 160.'So,
0.8 em :: 0.008 m
Length,
Average temperature, T m
Velocity, U
oL ratio is greater
5, at trmrsfer coefficient.
,e Diameter of tube, 0
GIve" .
I'
4039.3 W/m K
.
transfer Q :: 76139 W.
Meat te 4 Water
'
z.,_~
floWS through 0.8 em diameter 3
, m
, t all average temperature of 40 "C. Tireflow velocityis
""gIllbt
",! aOIld [ube wal I temperature IS. UO'f:. C.Ic.I.tt tht
~~
a' !tragt
n=
I.
~65
104]
~esll/I: transfer coefficient
0.,05 x 4 x (90 - 60)
2. J 35
.'
h .:::'
400
o
d 400 Re
IS
in between
10 all
'
<::.
IOOOq,
SO"

2.136
2./37
Heal and Mass Transf_er.
Nusselt Number,
Nu
D)O.O~
== 0.036 (Re )0.11 (Pr)O 33 (
'.
[From HMT data hook. Page No. 125 (S'IXl. h Edir
0.036 (7914.76)0.1( (4.340)0.33
Nu
=1
x(
o.~~)
lonll
rties of water at 40C:

prope
(From HMT data book. Page No. 21 (Sixth Edilion)1
O.O~5
N=u~===5'=- .4=4=J
We know that,
Nusselt Number,
Nu
55.44
Heat transfer coefficient,
0.008
628 x 10-3
Cp
Result:
I Example 5 I Wattr
rst determine
Let uS fi
4352.3 W/m K
20 m/s flows
throug" a
ac
transferred and Ihe tube length.
of water,
T""
U
20 m/s
Diameter,
60 mm = 0.060 m
700C
t:
of water,
Tit,
T",o
2. .Heat transferred,
3.
Tube length, (L).
Bulk mean temperature
T III
(Q).
\.8
\O~
Re > 2300 flow is turbulent.

S tllce'
\ uation is (Re > \0 000) .
For turbulent flow, genera eq
as (P )"
Nu == 0.023 (Re) .
r
...
Pa e No. 125{Sixth Edl~n)1

(From HMT data boO", g
L.
.
So n::: 0.4
4
This is heatUlg process.,
8 x \06)0.8 (4.340)0
Nu == 0.023 (\..
50C
I. Heat transfer coefficient, (h).
Solution:
eRe
30C
\ Velocity,
Tofind:
UD
Re
20 x O.Q60
0.657 x \Q-6
straight tube of 60 mm diameter. TIre IIIbe surface is mailllained

a1 70
and outlet temperatllre of water is 50C. Find the "eat
traIISfe.r cfHfficient from the tube surface to the water, "eat
Outlet temperature
the type of flow.
Jr = 4352.3 W/m2K
at 30C,
Inlet temperature
0.628 W/mK
4178 j/kg K
h ==
4.340
Pr
"x
0.657 x I~ m2/s
hD
k
Reyno\ds Number,
Giv6r:
995 kg/m3
We know that,
hD
Nu
k
~
4\77.7
0.628
4\77.7)(~
~60
ConveClive Heal Transfer
2 J 36
I
2./37
Heal and Mass Transfor
Nussclt Number, Nu
0.036 (Re)O.R ~(pr)OJ3 (Q,L)0.055

[From HMT datil hook ..Page No. 125 (Si>;th ' '.
. s of water at 40C:
propertle
EdlltOl\l1
=>
0.036 (79l4.76)0.t( (4.340)0.33 x (~)
Nu
=>
[From HMT data book. Page No. 21 (Sixth Edition)l
OOS~
= 995 kglm3
~I N-u--S-S .-44-:-11
We know that,
hD
k
Nusselt Number, Nu
4352.3
0.657 x lQ-6 m2/s
Pr
4.340
0.628 W/mK
4l781/kgK
Cp
h x 0.008
55.44 = 628 x lO-3
I Heat transfer coefficient,
Let us ir st
W/m2K
determine the type of flow.
Reynolds Number,
Result:
UO
Re
20 x O.~60
0.657 x \0-0
Heat transfer coefficient, h = 4352.3 W/m2K
I Example
I Water
at
se-c.
20 nrls flows
throug"
II
straight tube of 60 mill diameter. The tube surface is nUlintained

at 700 and outlet temperature of water is 50C. Find the "elll
transfer coefficient from the: tube surface to the water, heo:
transferred and the tube length.
Given : Inlet temperature of water, T nil
20 m/s
Diameter, D
Tube surface temperature, Til'
60 mm
700C
To find :
.
R > 2300 flow is turbulent.
Smce e,
. . R > \0000)
for turbulent flow, general equation is ( e.
.
Nu = 0.023 (Re)0.8 {PrY'
30C
V~locity, U
Outlet temperature of water, T IIIU
\.8 x 106 \
{ Re
lFrom HMf data
= 0.060 m
J--,
[Bu
We know that,
4\771]
hO
Bulk mean temperature , T
",
T
+T
-l!!!__.2!!!!
2
0.060
~62S
O.
4\77.7x~
11)(
4\77:7
Solution :
Nu
2. .Heat transferred, (Q).

3. Tube length, (L).
..
.
So n = OA.
This is heatlng process.
,
x \06)0.8 (4.340)
Nu
0.023 (\.~
50C
I. Heat transfer coefficient, (11).
book. Page No. \25 (Six.thEd
'I :::: ~60
d' Hea

~~~~~~~~=~4:37:2~6.:59~W:=/m~2:K-------Heat tranSl1r"ercoefficient , II
,i,
Mass flow rate,
1m
1t
Mean
'4
. 5
propertle
m Cp (1"'0 - T",I)
56.2 x 4,178 (50 - 30)
43726.59 x
4.69 x 106
1t x
18.96 m
7t
of air at 30C:
D x L x'(70 - 40)
= 7t
.=
2.
Heat transfer, Q
3.
Length, L = 1,8.96 m.
.
E uivalent diameter
Hydrauhc or q
DL)
I
,h
= 43726.5
Velocity, U
Imler diameter, DI
6 em
450C
'Tube wall temperature,
Til'
(Do + OJ) (Do -1j2

(Do + OJ>
600C
'
U De
v
35)( 0.02
35 m/s
Do
[Do + Od
o~
:::~
4 ern = 0.04 m
E~'it temperature of air, T mo
1t
0.06 m
~
.s turbulent.
Since
se > 2300, now
==
Reynolds Number, Re
15C
02]
[Do -
0o-0 '
::: 0.06 - 0.04
at J 5 CC, 35 m/s, flows tilroul;II a 1r~lIow

cylinder of 4 em inner diameter and 6 em outer diameter and
leaves at 45 CC. Tube wall is maintained lit 60 cC Calculate the
heat transfer coefficient between the air and tile inner tube.
Inlet temperature of air, T mi'
x:1
[02 o _02]'
--0 + O
W/m2K.
4.69 x 106 W.
Out~r diameter,
1t
x 0.060 x Lx (70 - 40)
I Example 6 I Air
Given:
0.701
0.02675 W/mK
Result :
1. Heat transfer coefficient,
..
1.165 kglm3
16 x 10-6 m2/s
p
v
[.,' Surface area, A

43726.59 x
30C j
Pr
4.69 x 106 W I.
II A (Til'':'' Till) .
=.
[From HMT data book, Page No. 33 (Sixth EdItion)]
x (0.060)2 x 20
56.2 kg/s
IQ
IL
temperature, T m
LTm =
4.69 x 106
T mi + T mo
5011l1iO" ,
xD2xU
995 x
We know that,
'
px A x U
px%
Heat transfer,
t transfer coefficient, (h).
fOP" . ,
43726.59 W Im2j(-]
-
2. J 39
1
2 /40
____
[ De
0.023 (Re)0.8 (Pr)"
[From HMT data book. Page No. 125 (Sixth Ed' .
IIlon)1
This is heating process. So, 11 == 0.4.

=>
Nu
0.023 x (43750)08
I Nu
we know
::;::J
0.436 m
that,
Reynolds
Re
Number,
(0.701)04
6 x 0.436
16 x JO-6
Wi9]
16.3
h De
We know,
=>
Result:
Nu
102.9
h x 0.02
26.75 x 10-3
Ih
137.7 W/m2K
I Example 7 I Air
Velocity,
Till
30C
6 m/s
Area, A
ill a rectangular
Nusselt
length
per
Pr
k
Number,
Nu
16x 10-6r02/s
h - 1809 W/m2K
.
.
,
't temperature dIfference.
Heat leakage per unit length per unl.
.
Heat transfer
0.701
0.02675 W/mK
Equivalent diameter for 300 x 800 mm? cross sec tiIon IS

. given
.
by
D = 4 A = 4 x (OJ x 0.8)
e
P
2 (0.3 + 0.8)
==
294.96
unit
I.165 kg/m!
=
294.96 ]
0.24 m2
Solution : Properties of air at 30C:

p
==
We know,
300 x 800 mm?
I. Heat leakage per metre

temperature difference.
. g the pipe wall temperature to be higher than air

Assumtn
temperature. So, heating process => n = 0.4.
04
Nu
0.023 (16.3 x 104)0.8 (0.701) .
[Nu
OJ x 0.8 m2
Tofind:
wi
137.7 W/m2K
at 30C, 6 m/s flows
Air temperature,
e > 2300 flow is turbulent.

Since R
'
nt flow general equation is (Re > 10000),
le
Fortur b u
Nu == 0.023 (Re)08 (Pr)"
section of size 300 x 800 mm. Calculate tile heat leakage per
metre length per unit temperature difference.
Given:
2.141
P Perimeter = 2 (L + W)
--------.1
.
where
is (Re > 10000).
For turbulent flow, general equation

Nu =
lQ
.
coefficIent,
hP
18.09
x [
39.79
WJ
Result : Heat leakage,
(OJ + 0.8) ]
Q == 39.79 W.
~.~
....". ""7
=Z;~"'\
c;
2.142
Convective Heal""Iransjer
.r.
Example i1ln
condenser,
water flows ~
hundred thin walled circular lubes having inner dia",
11110 /
eter 20
and lengtlt 6 m. The mass flow rate of water is 160 k
trr",
water enters at 30C and leaves at 50C. Calculale Iii g/s. rhe
Ie aVer
heat transfer coefficient.
Rge
Inner diameter, 0
Given:
20 mm = 0.020 m
It"
Length, L
Inlet water temperature,
T mi
Outlet water temperature,
Tmo
To find:
995 x 1txl)2
4
[u
160 kg/s
30C
r-I
2.55 mls
Bulk mean temperature,
Tm
(0.020)2
U 0 = 2.55 x 0.020
v
0.657 x I~
R-e--7-7-62-5.-57--.1
For turbulent flow, general equation is (Re > 10000).

Nu = 0.023 x (Re)0.8 (PrY'
TIII;+Tmo
2
30 + 50
2
{From HMT data book, Page No. 125 (Sixth Edition)1
This is heating process. So, n = 0.4

=>
Nu
0.023
1 Nu
= 0.657
Pr
4.340
0.628 W/mK
Cp
4178 J/kg K
UD
v
Reynolds Number, Re
Velocity, U
x 10-6 m2/s
=>
pAU
m
pA
... (1)
(77625.57)0.&x (4.340)0.4
hD
Ie
Nu
We know that,
995 kglm3
[.,' T mO > T."I]
337.8 I
Solution:
We know that,
No. of tubes = 200]
Re _
(1) ::::)
(h).
1t
995
= 50C
[ '.
160
200
6m
Mass flow rate,
160
200
337.8
h x 0.020
0.628
Heat transfer coefficient, h := 10606.9 W/m2K

Result:
Heat transfer coefficient, n= 10606.9 W/m2K
b r ressure,flowthrough 12
Example 9 Air at 333K, 1.5 a P
if the tube is
," e temperature 0
em diameter tube. The surJac
te is 75 kg/hr.Calculalethe
maintained at 400K and mass flow ra
th 0/ the tuucheat transfer rate for 1.5 m I eng
600C
::: 333 K :::
Given: Air temperature, Tnr
&.~
Surfa
( !!!!..v('('/;Vt! Ilc~.
IJ
Dramcrcr.
tcmpcrnurre.
I:!
T"
nil
.1001\
7-J..g.
- '"'7 C
rr
__
____
Tnfind:
. c;
11115 I.
Nil'.
~~
75b
I Nil
Nil
WC~O".
1k11 Iransfcr r.uc (0).
J.
0.021 '/ (Re)o. x (PrY'

. .
3(,00 ~
J . .) III
rom J J 1 J ,filla Oo.ll Pa.,

. ~c N(l, J J
\I
11I.97xJ()-Ilm2Is
Pr
1.060
J
(1)
1I1",ugll 3(1 em dianln" IlIb~al
;.5 mainlu;n~tIal80 'r. If
increases from JOOC 10 JIJ(Cp",J

]0 em
"'
0:'0
rn
bO
1f
4 ' W.I-f
60 kg/min - 6U k ,I'
I)
I kg!
.MS Ill/s ]
l'ip xur la
I<l'
(Jill let
Me:
l:
temperature.
LIe water.
Ill.
f]
(Si.\lh
tvmpvrauu
Til'
80"(,
'1 ".,
10"
c vI' water. Tm"
1'0 Jill":
I. Lt:II.!!lh oftlu: lube. L.
SOlllliolt:
W\.
1..1I0\\'
that.
T
~
10000)
301).82 W
lube.
IlIlel kill perature
SillLl'
==
Tile' tub surfuc
(~rwater
1.060
-
III
~_1(~X2 ~
I ,,'tller flow
mil' of MJ"l:llIIi".
It'll!:'"ofthe
(I
0.0 0
J I)
,h,. tempertuurc
'"
0.0
-1')III
II'
7~?~~!1l x 0.12>- l.5)y(127-(,oJ
I leal Iran fer rare. ()
[ EmiliI'll'
'" (I
"If
r;llc.
hAn
[__!l_
Rr.m/I:
!.!_Q
I<c
liD
k
h'
We lno\\' Ihal,
M:I"'~ 11 \\
___
().O:!896 W/rnK
J{e~'lIoJds Nllllllwr.
Bulk mean
Ecillinnil
II /. (11 ~ D x L) / (T - T
0.696
/(
(O.()%)()
7.94 W!m~K-
Heal Iran. fer rate.
.U60 kglmJ
).
(J0551.3\()~
J(
0.o1R9()
SII/lllion:
--
002
3_2.1}
~~
32.9
Since lit, prc.,slIrc i~ 1101 Illllch I .

h '.
a )()ve aim
p y~1 111pr pcrncs ( fair 111;1\ he taken ill atmo 'J .'
OSPheric.
).
."
. plenec
IIdi,'
t mpcJ1tCs (If air al (,(1' r ' .
II
IOn.
heilll np proce. s. S(I, n= 04
n.ozn _J..W.:.J
J.clI;!lh.
h:lOperalUrc.
T",
T
2
,,"
II~
_--------~~C=o=n~v~ec~t;~ve~H~e~a~tT~~.(.~r
Iran.',er 2.147
2.146
r,
------
20C
r Nu -\ Nu =
'I
we knoW that, .
Nu
39.50
Pr
h x 0.30
0.597
78.60 W/m2K
\h
Heat transfer,
1.006 x 10-6 m2/s
hD
k
[From HMT data book, Page No . 21 (Sixth

. E ..
p = 1000 kg/m!
dillon)!
=
0.597 W/mK
4178 J/kgK
Cp
1 x 4178 (30 - 10)
\Q
UD
Reynolds number, Re
... (1)
83.56 x
h x 1[ DL (T w - T m)
Mass flow rate,
=>
83.56 x 1O~
pAU
pX'4D2xU
~ IL
1[
Result:
1[
=> 1 kg/s
1000 x '4 (OJO}2 x U
ju
0.014 m/s
UD
(1) => Re
0.014 x OJO
1.006 x.] 0-6.
.
j Re
4174
Since Re > 2 , 300 , fl ow IS
. turbulent.
(lnternaljlow)
Nusselt number, Nu
> 2300
=>
Nu = 0.023 (4174)8 (7.020)"

ng process. So, n = 0.4
18.79
1t
x 0.30 x L x (80 - 20)
m \
=
18.79 m
I Example
11 \ Air at 2 bar pressure and 60'(' is heatedas it

flows through a tube of diameter 25 mm at a velocityof 15mls.lf
the wall temperature is maintained at 100'(', find tl,e heat
transfer per unit length of tl,e tube. How much wouldbe the bulk
temperature increase over one metre length of the tube.
Given: Pressure, p = 2 bar
2 x lOs N/m2
0
Inlet temperature
Diameter
of air, T m;
of tube, D
Velocity,
:
0.023 (Re)0.8 (Pr)"
78.60 x
Length of the tube required, L
60 e
;: 25 mm
U
T". ;:
Length, L ;:
[From HMT d at a b ook, Page No. 125 (Sixth Editionll
This is heati
w\
)03
We know that,
We know that,
For turbulentjlow
m Cp~T
m Cp (Tmo - Tm;)
7.020
39.50J
Propert;e.~of water at 20'(' :
002
. 3(4174)0.8(7.020),1,4
To find:
;:
0.025 m
15 m/s
1000e
1m
. I th of the tube, Q.
1. Heat transfer per unit eng . T - T ).
2. Rise in bulk temperature of air, (,.0
1ft'
Convective /I al Transfer
2.148
Nu
Heat and Ma'IS Transfer
SollltilJII:
(From IIMT data book, Page No 33 (Sixth

. Ed' .
P == 1.060 kglmj
Itlon)1
Note:
Given
pressure
....
IIlCI1HIIIC VISCOSity,
v an
ensuy.
. . lleatinc process. So, n = 0.4,

IS
Nu ~ == 0.023 (39.53 x I03)OM
,hiS
W/IIlK
atmospheric
il
pre'
C are same for all pressures.
.
94.70
viscosity.
V,111I
x--
Ma - now
P!_:i\'Cll
I09.70=~i~2K]
Q!
/1[11111
Killcmalic
, (0.696)04
" x 0,025
0,02896
.SlIrc. So
,!
0, 125 (Sixth EdilionH
"0k
Nil
1 vary with pres ure I' '

. r, I.
WI
PJgc !
0.02896
bUllk.
0.696
is above
d densi
18.97 x '0-6 m2/
_;
Pr
k
ki
0.023 (Re)08(Pr)"
IFrom IIMT data
2./49
rate,
pAU
III
18.97
l','
Atmuspheric
18.97'
Density,
. 10-(, x 1 bar
2ba~
pressure
z-
I bart
1 10
10-6 x --.
_ x 10
We kllnW that.
u.
Ileat iran fer. Q
RT
I;'
r)
C" ("")
,,11
, (T - 60)
0' 5 '/. 10)0
1".1
,
.'
. C :; 1005 J/kgKJ
[,.' ~or all fI
." (I)
Q
We know that,
We k.now that.
Heat transfer,
UD
Reynolds number, Rc
hA (Til' - T,,')
.
T)
" ;<nDL" t I" - "'
0'
)( I
10,).70;< n 0
J(
8.615{IOO-
:!
Re > 2300,
For turbulent
now is turbulent.
internal
now, general equation
i~ Rc
,.' (2
,~
T.,)
00
.,quatill!? I andt2),
Since
(100 - T",)
10.000).
15.075 (T".o -
6U) "" 8.615(IOO_T
.. )
1.749 (T mo - 60)
100
Tm
T
1.749 (T mo - 60) = 100 - (
~
~
1. 749 T mo - 104.94 = 100- (
1.749 Tmo - 104.94 = 100-301.749Tmo
=>
Tmo
+2
2.249 Tmo
Tmo
I Outlet temperature
Tmo
Mean
77. 78C
ity , v
Kinematic
:::
268.03 W
[v
1t
100'('
0.0298 W/mK;
p = 0.003 kg/hr-m
0.7;
(0035)2 x U
to
~
(1) ~
Re:::
UD
v
557 x 0.035
1.044 kg/m!
to 97, Madras University/
:::
3600
1.044 kglm3
7.98 x 10-7 m2/~
044x-x.
in to a helix of 0.6 m diameter. Calculate the value of air side

heat transfer coefficient if the properties of air at 65C are
=
=
l!
P
0.056 ::: 1.
30't' byflowing through a 3.5 em inner diameter pipe coil bent
... (I)
::: pAU
Mass flow rate, m
1t
{)2 x U
0.056 ::: 1.044 x 4 x
268.03 W
kg/hr of air are cooled from
UD
Q.:QQl kgls - m
2.11.3. Solved University Problems - Internal Flow
Pr
VISCOSI
I ~ T = 17.78C I
m C (Tmo - Tm;)
I Example I I 205
Ii
.
T m; + T rno = 650C
Tm =
Solution:
Reynolds Number, Re
0.015 x 1005 (I7.78C)
temperature,
Tmo ~ Tm i
77.78 - 60
Result : , 1.
0.056 kgls
t nsfer coefficient, (h).

roJind: Heat ra
77.78C
IQ =
=
=
100C
erature of air, T mi
let telllP
. T - 30C
10
ature of air, matelllper
Outlet
Diameter, D = 3.5 em = 0.035 m
174.94
205 kglhr
205
3600 k~s
\m
60 + Tmo)
Rise in bulk temperature of air, ~ T
Heat transfer, Q
m =
MaS;)
n., +T
2 mo )
= 100 - 30 + 104.94
of air, Tm0
floW rate,
~e" :
~2.IJ5~O~~R~ea~/~an~d~M~~~s~~~a~m~~:r~~~~~
~
Com ective Heal Tran.ifer
~~~~~~~~----------2.152
2./5J
Since Re
>
2300. tlow is turbulent.
For turbulent now. general equation is (Re > 10000).

Nu = 0.023 x (Re)08 x (Pr)
(From HMT data book. Page No. 125 (Sixth Edltlon)1
This is cooling process. So n = 0.3.
[.: T,I/(J<: T
[Nli
We know that.
transfer coctlicient,
Result:
0.02634 W/mK
hO
k
Nu
0.702
Pr
:!661.71
2661.7
I Heat
0.023 x (2.44 x 106)0.8 x (0.7)0.3
Nli
15.53 x 10-6 m2/s
I,
OW
that.
We"n .
Equivalent
HydrallhC or .
0.035
0.0298
diiameter
" x
= 2266.2 W/m2K
4A
P
D"
(3.125 em ID and S em OD)
the air is healed by maintaining the tempera/lire of the outer

surface 0/ inner til he at 5f) 'C. The air enters (II 16 'C utul leaves
at 32 'C. Ill' flow rate is 30 III/so Estimate the heat transfer
coefficient between air and the inner tube.
Give" :
Inner diameter,
D;
[Apr. 20(J0, Madras University/

3.125 em = 0.03125 m
Outer diameter,
Do
5 cm
T",
50
Outer temperature of air, T rna
sz-c
Flow rate, U
30 rn/s
Toflnd : Heat transfer coefficient. (lJ).
Solution :
Tm;+ T",o
Do-D,
0.05 - 0.03125
0.01875 m
Reynold
Number,
Re
v
30 x 0.01875
15.53 x 10-6
rn
IGoe
~~..
!..
"L__
D,I
Inner temperature of air, T mi
Mean temperature, TII/
0.05
rOo +
[Do + 0,1 (Do - 0,1

[Do + OJ
h = 2266.2 W/m2K
I Example 2 I III a long annulus
1t
..,
36.2)( 10D
[ Re
...00 fl
',s turbulent.
Re : 2.> , ow
. . e > 10000).
Iequation IS {R
For turbulent flow, g,t:nera
Re)os (PrY'
Nu == 0.023 {
') I til
.
Since
p-.rOJH
Thi
he.uinu
IIM['dJlabll~'"
PI' cess. S0
Nu
:::0
/I
0 4.
.
. T
l':
"'"
.., 1
_ 0 0'23 {6.-
.,bll,'
l'u~C: . u. 1- (
loJ)08 {.
c1"
Ill.
,q
--.
2.154
I Nu
We know that,
Convective Heal Ttan.t[er
~300
88.591
~tlce
hDh
Ie
Nu -
Ih
124.4 W/m2K 1
R~sul': Heat transfer coefficient, h = 124.4 W/m2K
\ Xamp/~ 3 , Engln~ oil flows 'hrough a SO mm ttl
O.SOm/s
Pr
k
816 kg/m3
8 x 10-6 m2/s
......
116
Q.133SW/mK
We know that,
Reynolds Number, Re
I Re
UD
v
0.8 x 0.05
8 x 10-6
5000
<
400
(D)0.055
-
IFrom HMT datil book, Page No. 12S(Sixth F.ditionll
Glnele,
Length, L
2m
Tofind: Average heat transfer coefficient, (h).
Solution: Properties of engine oil at 147C.
p
0L
b lent flow, (Re < 10000)

for tur u
Nu == 0.036 (Re)O.8 (Pr)OJ3
Nusselt Num b er,
'ube at an av~rag~ 'emp~ra'ur~ of U7C. The flow velocityb

80 cm/s. Calcula'~ the average heat transfer coefficient If Iht
'ube wall Is maintained at a temperature of 200C and it Is 2 1ft
Ion,.
IOct. 2002,MU/
Given:
Diameter. D
SOmm = 0.050 m
Average temperature. T m
147C
SOcmls
200C
\0 <
Velocity, U
Tube wall temperature, Til'
flow is turbulent.
L
2
= 0.050 = 40
Re:>.
88.59 ... h x 0.01875

26.34 x 10-3
2. J 5.5
(0.050)0.055
'Nu :::: 0.036 (5000)08 x (116)0.33 x -2-
Gu ::: 128.42J
We knoW that,
Nu
hD
k
h x 0.050
\28.42
QJ
==
-o.m'8
343.65 W/m2g
fti'
t h == 34365 W/m2K
coe tcten
Heat tran
fifom alf 1"let
heati", waler
fi
or
lure 0/ 40 I(' I""ol",s
[Example 4] A0C system
to all outlel tempera
I , Thepip'
lemperature of 20
5 ", diamelersteelp P .
m
passing tl.e waler '1"~U!:i:,!'i";d al 110C by co"d:;:~"~~~~h'
surface temperature IS
floW ral' 0/0.5 kl
'
F
waltf ",ass
on its surface. or a
Oct 2002}
lenolh ot tl.e tube desired.
N " 97 MadrasU"I"., .
'J
U I" 0.
IBlwratllitlasall
n ., T :; 200e
erature.
""
Given: inlet tem P
:; 400e
Outlet temperature. T "'~ :; 2.5 em := 0.025 m
Diameter,
:; IIOoe
erature, Til'
.
Piper surface temP
m :; 0.5 kv)l1l1n3 ~/S
oW rate,
:; 8 .33 )( 10- klY
M ass fl
~
Result:
.
sfer
L..;_~__''__-
&
2.156
Tofind:
~-We knOW
Length of the tube (L).
Convective Heal T.ransfer

.
hD .
Nu
that,
Solution :
Bulk mean temperature,
TI/1
~tr~l1sfer
20+40
nlC(T-T)
p
mo
8.33 x
Heat transfer,
0.610 W/mK
Cp
4178 J/kg K
Reynolds Number,
Re
6%'r-0_5__
IL
::.:: U D
... (I)
We know that ,
pAU
10-3
8.33 x 10-3
Re
For laminar flow,
Nusseh Number
4"
02
1t.
4"
x (0.025)2 x U
(foI7 m/s I
UD
v
0.017 x 0.025
0.857 x J 0-(,
__
~Re
1
1t
997 x
[U ~
(1) ~
==
_i2?]
.
. amllJar.
IS
Nu
== 3.66
(From HMT I
( ala hook. Pane
N.).
t:
,I ~3 (Sixlh Edilion)1
Re.HIII:
I EXlImple
III
696.05 W
h A (T_,- Tm)
hx
Mass flow rate,
1111
1(,.3
IQ
5.5
, flow
m Cp' AT
-._
0.857 x 10-6 m2/s
Pr
Since Re < 2300
89.3 W/m2K]
997 kg/m!
8.33
0.610
coefficient, h
Heat transfer,
[L, ::-~ooe]
Properties of water at 300e
h x 0.025
3.66
==
x 4178 (40 - 20)
D x L (T - Tm )
1t X
IV
8_9._3_x~J(
x 0.025 x Lx (110-30)
.t.24
III
Length of the tube, L == 1.24 m
I Lubricating
oil (II
(I
temperetsre
0/
60 l('
enters / em diameter tube wit" a velocity (1/ 3 m/s. The tube

sur/ace is maintained at 40 (C Assuming that the oil has the
following average properties, ealcil/llte tile tube length required
to cool tile coil to 45 'C.
p= 8M kglllr3; k = 0.140 WlmK;
<: 1.78kJIk:'t'
Assume laminar allll/IIII;V developedjlow.

IBlllIratllitinsan V,,;versity, 97/
Given :
Inlet temperature of} T
lubricating oil
ml
Diameter, D
Velocity,
6GoC
I em
U
3 m/s
I, lI':= 40C
Out let temperature of} T

lubricating oil
",0
==
45(
=:
0.01
III
_-----------------c~o='~I\~Je~ct~;v~e~/~le~>a~t~T.~/u~ru~ifI~e~r2.158
Heat and
Mass
865 kg/m3
0.140 W/mK
1.78 kJ/kgOC = 1.78
Cp
----
Transfer
1t
pX4"D2xU
tl,e wall
1t
0.204 kg/s
m Cp (Tmo
m Cp (Tm;
For cooling process,
5446.8 W
3.66
the
wall temperalllre
illcrc!ll.5cover
In
i.., 10't'
above the
'Y'
J m lengtl! of the tube.

IMtIIlrllJ Unb'ers;ty, 96/
2 bar'
105 Nlrn1
200C
25.4 11\111 =- 0.025 m

Diameter of tube. D
10 m/s
Velocity, U
0
Wall temperature is 20 e above the air It:nJp~rature.
L~,
[ ': Nu
= h~ ]
Case (ii) :
h = 51.24 W/m2K
I Average heat transfer coefficient, h 51.24 W/m2KJ
We know that,
Heat transfer, Q
hA (T",- Tm)
==
200
==
2U:=
nODe
Length, L
To find :
III
Length. L :::: 3 m
1. Heat transfer per unit length of the lube.
2. Increase ill bull-. ternperalufC over a 3 01 length
of the tube.
C
=::)
hA (Tm- T",)
II
Case (i) :
Pressure. p
Air bulk temperature, 'I'm
3.66
]
....
1111along tile tength of tire tube. flow much would
h x 0.01
270.69
Given :
- Tmo)
= 3.66
--o.i4O =
- T mJ
For laminar, internal flow
h~
cOIutmrt/retll 1111x condition is maintained at
el
the bllik temperature
We know that,
Nu
+T
2 1110
"'I
of 10 m/s. Calculate th heut transfer per unit
if
and
temperllture
0.204 x 1.78 x 103 x (60 -:-45)
IQ
",m at a velocity
letlgth of IIIbe
865 x 4" (0.0 1)2 x 3
Heat transfer, Q
iT
I
pAU
1m
Lx
[}xtlmple
6 Air (It :! bar pressure and bulk temperature of
ZOO'(";.'1 heated (IS it flows through a tube wit/r (I dil,meter of 25.4
Length of the tube, L
Result:
1. Length of the tube, L.
Mass flow rate,
T -40 ]
Flow is laminar and fully developed.

Tofind:
1t
60 + 4 51.24 x It x 0.0 I x L x [
5446.8
'-L------:-.-l
?
~_.
__
--2-70-.-69--m~
I
103 J/kgoC
h x
Solution:
. (i) Properties
{Ue
of air at _UOO( :
l[-ronl'
P
v ==
11\11
hta
bOIl".
'
0.746 kglll1
6 . )/
34.85)(
I(}
N J \ ( 'l\th Fdilillnll
P.lgc .
In-"
O.
'om' clive Heal Iran ifer

2.160
----

25.99 x 10"-6 Ns/rn?
1.1
Pr
0.680
0.03931
~I
Given
pressure
is above
kinematic viscosity, v and density,

C are same for all pressures.
atm
p will
pheric
pres ure
ary \\ ith pre
Density,
p =
:=
h 0.Q25
0.03931.
41 ....8:=
1026 J/kgK
Note:
170
Nu
W/mK
216/
"
64.90 W/m~K
:=
ure 'Pr .
.k
hA (T .. - T III)
f.r
It
('1',., - T III)
DL
(220 - 200)
Ip
Case
We know that,
Reynolds number.
(ii) :
Re
lie.
iran fer
rh
I,
We kn
v,
-----~
!!_
Heal tr ncr,
[... m =pA
~
J..l
1.473
10
I Re
Since Re> 2300, flow is turbulent.
T", _ 'I
For turbulent internal flow, general equari n is (Re

Nu
0.023(Re)
Nu
[Nu
So,
11
10,000).
I:
o. 12 - ( ixth EdIlIOn)]
= 0.4.
0.023 ( 14.17
41.28
41.20
(Pr)n
I From HMT data bo k. Pa
This is heating process.
~ (O.025i
2300
10')0
(0.680)04
Result __ I.
Q ;;;:
T
1026
[T",I)-T""I
1./61
HIt(/1
----
"lid Mass Transfer
2.12. FREE CONVECTION

If the fluid motion
.
.
is produced
due
resulting trom ICIIlJJCmlure gradients,
,
said
10
the
.
be free or natural convection,
'1 his 1110 Ic of hcilt transfer

ivcn be Iow.
exnmp Ics arc urvcn
in d
to change
1II0dl:
.
cns""
Convective He(J1Transfer
and
Ine
4.
Thl', ~o ling of transmission
lines, electric
transforllls
of heat transfer is calculated

convection equation given below.
II A
Q
where
Heat transfer in W,
Area in 1112,
T",
Pipe surface temperature
G r ::;;
L Sf
t Ire general
5.
er", .- T co
rex:> -
.
using
k -
g x Px
W/m2K
W/mK.
J) x .1T
v2
(From HMT data hook, Page No. 134 (~'Ixlh f:.dilum)J
where,
rate
Length, m,
GrashofNumber}
for vertical plate
The hca~ tran fer from the pipe carrying steam from the
wall of turnaces, from the wall of air conditioninu e IIUuse
[rom the condenser of some refrigeration
units.
'
The
L -
and
rcct If icrs.
3,
Heallransfer coefficient;
So
I. The hearing of rooms by use of radiators.
hI.
h -
where,
of heat tr'l I' I

n~ er i
very cummonly
J.
occurs
Nu
Number,
~c;e'1
Length of the plate,

TII'- T"",
m2/s.
v -
p -
Coefficient of thermal expansion.
If Grl'r value is less than 109, now is laminar. If (JrPr

value is greater than 109, now is turbulent.
.
i.e.,
Gr Pr < 109, -+ Laminar flow

Gr Pr > f09, -+ Turbulent flow.
Fluid temperature
in DC,
6.
in "C.
For laminar
Nusselt
now (Vcr1ical plate) :
Number,
This expression
2.12.1. Formulae Used for Free Convection
Nu :: 0.59 (Gr Pr)1)25

is valid for.
104 < GrPr<I09
I.
Film temperature.
where
2,
.
b k 1':lI!f No. 135 (SI~11! [dilion)j
[From JIM r data 00.
~
Til' -
Surface temperature
T <T.l Fluid temperature

OefticiCllt of thermal expansion
p =
in DC,
7.
in "C.
For turbulent
Nussclt
flow (Vertical plate):
Number,
- 010 IGr Prj(.lm
Nu -
S' 'II! EdilionlJ

k I' gc No 11.5(. IX
[From HMT tlala boll .. a
R.
Heat transfer (Vertical plate) :

Q
2.J6J
::
,.
'ddT" - "')
Heal and Mass' Transfer
liM
9.
l
I
~sPhere,
15.
GrashofNumber for Horizontal Plate:

gx
p x L~
Gr
where
x .1T
v2
Lc -
W -
Width of the plate.
:::-
2 '
10.
Convective Heal
Nusselt Number,
\I'
Boundary layer thickness

Ox
[3.93 x (Pr): 0.5(0.952 + Pr)025 x (Gr)-02S]
[From HMT data book, Page No. 134 (Sixth E
Nusselt
Maximum velocity,
17.
Gr Pr < 8
106
(From HMT data book, Page No. 135 (Sixlh E ..

dillon)]
Number, Nu = O. 15 [Gr Pr]OJ3J
Umax
= 0.766 x v x
(O.952+Pr)-'12 x
[g p (:;
- Ta]
112
Mass flow rate,
18.
This expression is valid for. 8 x 106 < Gr Pr < 10' I

II.
(I)
A ::: 4 n ,2
where
16.
This expression is valid for

104 <
Nu ::: 2 + 0 .43 [G r Pr]025
[From HMT data book P

, age No. 137 (Sixth E
Nusselt Number, Nu ::: 0.54 [Gr Pr]0.2S
Iransfer
Heat transfer, Q ::: h x A x (T - T
For horizontal plate, upper surface heated,
T"
"1
For horizontal plate, lower surface heated.
G
] 0.25
[
I.7 x P x v (Pr}2 (pr : 0.952)
Nusselt Number, Nu::: 0.27 [Gr Pr]02S

2.12.2. Solved Problems
Convection
T~is expression is valid for 105 < Gr Pr < 10' I.

12.
Heat transfer (Horizontal plate)
Q
where
13.
(hu + hI) x A x
I Example J I A
vertical plate 01 O.75 m heigl" is at J

and is exposed to air at a temperature 01 105'(' alld
atmosphere. Calculate:
rr, - Tco)
Upper surface heated, heat transfer

coefficient W/m2K,
hI -
Lower surface heated, heat transfer
hll
1. Mean heat transfer coefficient,

2.
coefficient, W/m2K.
For horizontal cylinder,
Rate of heal transfer per unil widthollile plale.
Given:
Nusselt Number, Nu ::: C [Gr PrJ'"

14.
T",
Fluid temperature, T
Tofind:
Heat transfer, Q
IX>
0.75 m
170 e
0
105e
I. Heat transfer coefficient, (h).'

2. Heat transfer (Q) per unit width.
nOL
./
..
Length, L
Wall temperature,
where, A
on Free Convection (or) N
2.166
Heal and Muss Transfer
Solution: Velocity
convection type problem.
(U) is not given.
_-===:-::-:~====:::::~C::...:().:::"::Ve~Clive
Heat T,
~
.: 8.35 x lOK]
ran_ifi_e_,_
So this-:-:;-Utal
T".+ T'l.
2
Tj
Film temperature,
I
,-I
Properties of air at
= 8.35 x 108 x 0.684
Gr Pr
~.~~
5.71
Since Gr Pr
<.
GrPrvalue
is in between IO",md 109 i.e., 1000<GrPr<
T-L.j__
137.5~;~
So. Nussel,
Number
Tj
137.5C ~ 1400C
Nil
I~
Density,
0.854 kg/m!
K incmatic viscosity,
27 .80
Prandil Number, Pr
1()9. flov is laminar.
[From IIMT datu book. Page No. 135 (Sixth Edilionll
0.59 (5.7 I
CHiC =
I ()-6 m2/s
91.2 I]
Ie
We know thai.
0.03489 W/mK
I) J.2
137.5 + 273
r-- -
2.4
----
------
10-3
II
JI Ira us fer,
()
'C
1).81:<2.4:.:103
(0.75)
(n.RO
10
4.24 W/m2K
II
4.24 W/m2gj
"A
(1'., - Tel)
4.24 x 1 x 0.75 x (170- 105)

[.,' W= J m]
o. 134 (Srxrh Erlilion)/
/(170
6)2
105)
Re.\ult :
I.
I le<ll transfer
co ffiril'nl.
Heat transfer. Q
Ii
hxWxLx(T.,-T'I))
g x {3 x LJ x ~T
v2
,FrOIllIlMT dal;} hool;. I'a
ItxO.75
0.03489
We kn "
We know Ihal,
Gr
hI.
~
.-
He at rail fer coefficient,
1
410.5
(if
Nil
f3
expansron
Grashof Number,
1011)0.25
0.684
N us: ell Number,
()fthefJ~lal}
109
0.59 (Gr Pr)02:;
'lIon)1
We know that,
Coefficienl
IOS
170 + 105
2
[From 11"11' data book. Page No. 33 fSixlh Edi .
4.2.' Wlm K
206.H \\.
2.J 68
I Example
I A vertical plate
of 0.7 m wide (lml ~
. m he;
maintained at a temperature of 90't' ill a room.

Calculate the convective hem Ion.
Height (or) Length,
If
__ ----------~~~C:nn~v~eC:'I~v~e~H~eq~I~U~a~ns~~~r~3
b
g x P x L3 x ~ T
GrashofNum
er, Gr
\...
[From HMT data book, ~age No. 134 (Sixth Edition
1.2 m
Wall temperature,
T\II
90C
Room temperature,
Too
30C
v2
It
3() Qr,
0.7 m
Wide, W
Given:
(If
Ir'-1
9.81 x 3 x 10-3 x (1.2)3 x (90 30)

(IS.97 x 1~)2
-r--S-.4-x-,-09-'1
G
Gr Pr
S.4 x 109 x 0.696
G-r-P-r--5.9-X)Q9J
To fillll: Convective heat loss (Q).

Solution:
Velocity
convection type problem.
(U) is not given.
So, this
IS
Since Gr Pr > 109, flow is turbulent.

natural
For turbulent flow,
Nusselt Number,
We know that,
Film temperature,
Nu
Tw + Too
Tj
0.10 (Or Pr)0.333
{From HMT data book, Page No. 135 (Sixth Edition)]
2
90 + 30
2
Nu
0.10 [5.9 x 109]0.333
Nu
179.3
Nu
hL
k
We know that,
Nusselt Number,
h x 1.2
1.060 kg/m-
v =
18.97 x 10-6 m2/s
Pr
k
0.696
179.3
Convective heat
= 'Q.02896
=
Heat loss, Q
0.02896 W/mK
We know,
[p
l
, .
60 + 273
3x
[Q =
= 3 x 10-3 K-I
'0-3 K-I
h A (AT)
h x W x Lx (T1I'- T.o)
4.32 x 0.7 x 1.2 x (90 - 30)
Coefficient of }
1
thermal expansion
~ = T inK
j
1
4.32 W/m2K
Result:
218.16 ~
Q == 218.16 W
Convective heat loss,
2./70
I wllnple
____
----
.--------~C~Omnveclive
9 81 x
3 A vertical pipe of 12 em oute diameler

'''',g, at a surface temperamre (If 120't' is iN a room I h' 2.5 IJI
I' ere ~
nil' is at 20't'. Calculate lite hem loss per melre leltC/110 lle
pipe.
If
Given :
Diameter,
12 em
Length,
2.5
Ihe
Ten
7.72 x 1010J
For turbulent
20C
flow,
Nu
0.10 (Gr Pr)OJ33
Solutio "
[From HMT data book, Page No. 135]
Film temperature,
TI
TII'+TIYj
Nu
I Nil
120 + 20
2
0.10 [7.72 x 10 ]0333

'
422.3
We know that,
700C]
Nusselt
Number,
hL
k
Nu
1.029 kg/lllJ
= 20.02 ;"
Pr
0.694
Ie ==
O.021)(j() W/ml<
[~Jleat
10-6 11J2/s
transfer
Heal loss per}

metre length
5.01 x1txO.12x
IQ
[f3
==
== 2.9J
== ~2.c)1 x 10-.1
x JO-.1 K'
K-t]
gxOxl)x.1T
r daril
(Til' - T .,,)
I x(120-20)
[ EX(lmple.J
_.
if
800 /11/11 Ion". 70 111m

".
I. r
140 'C ill (I Itlrgr I{/II" OJ
(It {/ temperatl
I . firo/lllhr plate.
. the 101(11 he(ll 015
!A
hortzouto! plate
(I
ITeof
"'/(Ie is maintained
,
iltll oJ water at 6(} 't'. Determ",e
v2
IFmmllM
Result:
. -
188.8 Wlm
-'
Q= 1888 WIlli
Heat loss per metre length ot pipe.
.
+ 273
h A!!.T
h x 1t X D x L
f3 = T inK
J
70
5.01 Wlm2K
II
coefficient,
We know that,
h x 2.5
0.02966
422.3
[From '-IMJ data hook. 1';J~e No, .1] (Sixlh Etlilinn)1
Number, Gr
- 2Q1
Since Gr PI' > 109, flow is turbulent.
Toflnd : Heat loss (Q) per metre length of the pipe.
Grashof
x ( 120
1.11 x 10" x 0.694
[GrPr
III
2.91 x 1Q-3X(25)3
.
(20 .0 2 x 1~)2
1.11 x 10"]
Gr Pr
0.12m
120C
Surface temperature, Til'
Room temperature,
--____
[Gr
Heal t- ,/:
ansJer 2.17/
honk. Page Nn. I.H (Sixlh EdilillU)f
L
Gil'e",'
Horizontal
plate length,
800111111= O.S III
2. J 72

Wide,
Tofind:
C onveclive Heal Transfer
____
70 rnm
Plate temperature,
Til'
140C
Fluid temperature,
60C
<I)
-- 0::----0
. 70 rn
(I):::>
Gr:=
= 0.297 x
Gr Pr
= 0.297
~-~
Solution:
Film temperature,
Tw+T~
2
Tj
IO-3X(0.035)3x(140
(0.293 >< I~)2
_.
I Gr
Total heat loss from the plate.
9.81 xO.76x
2./7
60
I09_]
x 109 x 1.740
0.518x 109J
Gr Pr value is in between 8 x 106 and lOll,
i.e., 8x J06<GrPr<lOll.
140 + 60
2
So, for horizontal

Nusselt
plate, upper surface heated ,

Number, Nu = 0.15 (Gr Pr)0.333
[From HMT data book, Page No. 135 (Sixth Editionj]
Properties
of water at 100C :
Nu
I Nu
p
v
961 kg/rn-'
Nusselt
Nu
0.6804 W/mK
gx/3xL~
Gr
Number,
119.66 =
0.76 x 1O-3K-1
GrashofNumber,
109j0.333
We know that
1.740
/3 (water)
119.66
0.293 x 10-6 m2/s
Pr
k
0.15 [0.5 I 8
hu x 0.Q35
0.6804
Heat transfer coefficient for}

= 2326.19W/m2K
upper surface heated, hu
xl\T
v
... (I)
For horizontal
plate,
Lower surface heated,

[From HMT data book, Page No. 134 (Sixth Editiom]
For horizontal
plate,
Lc
Lc
I Lc
[From HMT data book, Page No. 136(Sixth Edition))
Nusselt Number,
Characteristic
length
2
[Nu
0.070
We know that,
O.oJ5 m
O.oJ5 m
Nu = 0.27 [Gr PrjU25

Nu = 0.27 [0.518 x 109j025
Nusselt Number,
Nu
40.73 ]

1. / 74

h,
40.73
0.035
0.6804
Heat transfer coefficient for}

lower surface heated, h,
"---
J(
~ 791.79 W/m'K
----
(hll + hi) A ~T
(hll + h,) x W x L x (T +T
u-
[2326.19 + 791.79] x [0.070 x 0.8] x [140-60
IQ
13,968.55
I Example 5 I Air
flow
= 13,968.55 W.
through
long
(I
30
recltlllgular
300 mm heigh: x 800 111mwidth air-conditioning duct mainla;!s

the. outer duct sur/ace temperature at 20C. If the duel ;1'
un~nsulated anti exposed to air tit 4(J0C. Calculate the heal
gamed by the duct. Assuming duct to he horizontal.
Given:
Length (or) Height,
30e mm
OJ
Width,
I
Tf in K
We know
wi)
Total heat loss, Q
Result:
0.02675 W/mK
k
"')
3J x 10-3 K-l
[ 13
Since the duct
convection
from
+ 273 - 303
is laid horizontally,
the vertical
the heat gain is by free
and the horizontal top and bottom
sides.
Free convection from the vertical sides:
111
gx!3xL3x~T
Gr
800 mm
==
v2
[From HMT data book, Page No. 134 (Sixth Editionll
0.8
111
T",
20C
Fluid temperature,
T ""
40C
9.81 x3.3 x 10-3 x (OJ)3 x (40-2,Ql

(16 x 10-6)2
[0 ==
To flnd : Heat gained per metre length (Q/L).
6.8 x 10~
6.8 X 107 x 0.701 :: 4.7
7
X
10
Gr Pr
Solutio" :
4.7 x
[Gr Pr
Film temperature,
Tf
TII'+T""
Since
Gr Pr < 109 ,
is laminar.
. 104 <: Gr Pr
IQ4 and 109 i.e.,
Gr Pr values is in between
025
:: 0.59 (Gr Pr) . .
So, Nusselt Number, Nu
No 135 (Sixth
20 + 40
2
floW
..
[From
37
(",
IQD
t.1MT data ~ok, Page

r
<:
109.
.
Edlllon)1
2.1 6
HCQt
and Mass Transfer

Nu
Nu
,:I
48.85
:;;
11{,~"ttrans lcr from

verticul side
I'
,I
;
'Nusselt Number,
:\
II
\:
l(),
Ileal transferfrom
Fur horizontal
20)
Upper
hll = 4.82 W/m2K

surface heated:
Nusselt Number,
41.76 W
41.76W
surface heated, heat transfer coefficient
Nu
0.27 [Gr PrJO.25

= 0.27 [1.13 x 108]0.25
I"-N-u-ill]
'" (I)
\i,
hu x 0.4
= 0.02675
h" = 4.82 W/m2K
lower
f -
II'
l lcat transfer from

both side of
vertical sides
h" Lc
72.17
4. 5 x 0.8 x 0') )' (40
72.17J
Nu
II x W x I. ('I' 00 - T w )
I~~- -20.88
I
0.15 (1.13 x 108]0331
We knoW that,
,,,
\ Nu
It t\ (T - T )
<
' x 0 < Gr Pr < Ie

0.15lGr Pr)OJ33
Nu
::?
4.35 W/1ll2K
!'
'Nussel' Number, Nu
lU)2675
I,
II'
I',
-izontal plate, upper surface heated 8 1 6
" x OJ
"I: j
.
7'
I
for hor
hL
48.85
.I
/'
0.59 [4.7 x 107JO!;------'_
~u
We know that.
_------...::C:.:::'o~nVvteClive Heal ransfer 2
..------
We know that,
IlOrlzollllll.\itlt!!I"
Nusselt Number, Nu
plate.
hi x 0.4
Characteristic
length
I"c
0.8
2" = T =
0.4
,r-I,-c --0.4-1
Gr
9.81 x 3.3 x 10-3 x (OA}l x (40 -- 20)

(16 x 10-6)2
I'- G.::...:r_
_.:...:1.:::._6..:.:_x
iQ!]
Gr Pr
x 108 x
I Gr
Pr
1.6
1.13 x IOQ]
0.701
= Q.0267s
27.8
= \.85 W/m2K ]
Lower surface heated, heat transfer coefficient

hi Heat transfer from
I
horizontal pate
\.85 W/m2K
QH =
(h II + hi)
A sr
= (hll + 11() x
L t,T
x
_
1 I 8
----------~--~(~o~nv~e~c~/iI~,e~H~e~a~/~Tr~an~s2if1~er~~2
k - 0.02675 W/mK
Ilealalld Mass Transfer
[QH
(4.82
J2.~
:=
-'20)
". (2)
J Heat tran~fer 1 +
f
from vertical
sides
1 otal heat transfer
1.85) x 0.8 x O~
Heat
{
transfer
from
hori.zontal
side,
I
l
We knoW that,
coefficient
of}
thermal expansion
~
T, in K
Re!-;u/t: Heat transfer,
I E:mlllp/e
tuined
tIl
(I
73.8 W
:=
gx~xL3
Grashof
73.8 W
Number,
dimension
is
14
Determine
CIII,
heat
... ( 1')
where
LII
Irlllr,~fer
length
Lv
LH + Lv
6 em x 8 cm x 14 em
Plate size
0.06 rn x 0.08 m x 0.14
r,
Plate temperature,
_Fluid temperature,
To"
0.0509 m
OC
9.81
(h).
Tf
T,,,+T'.L)
60 + 0
2
Tf
3.3
Gr
(I) =>
10-3 y (0.0509)3
(16 x 10-6)2
Gr
1 x 106 1
Gr Pr
I x 106 x 0.701
[ G-r-P-r --7-.0-1-x-1-'05:11
(60 - 0)
30C
7.01 x 10
Since Gr Pr < 109, flow is laminar.

9
For laminar flow, 104 < Gr Pr < 10 ,

Nusselt Number Nu := 0.59 (Gr Pr)025
(From HMT data book. Page No. 135 (Sixth Edition)]
of air at JOC :
0.59 x [7.01 x 105]025
[From HMT data book, Page No 33 (Sixth EditionJl

p
1.165 kg/m!
16
Pr
Sotution : We know that,

Film temperature,
0.08 x 0.14
0.08 + 0.14
111
60C
1'0find : Heat transfer coefticient,
Properties
A~T
[From HMT data book, Page No. 1341
Characteristic
coefficient.
Given :
Gr
6 A plate of 6 CIII X 8 em x 14 em site '''lIill_

temperature of 60'(' (Inti heat lost to lite air is at (J't.
Tire vertical
1
303
3.3 x 10-3 K-Ij
41.76 + 32.05
IQ
1
30 + 273
10-6 1112/s
~[N-t-I-=-1--7-::-:.07:1J
We know that,
0.701
Nusselt
Number,
Nu
2.180

h x 0.0509
26.75)( 10-3
17.07
.---_--_.
Ih
Result:
8.97 Wlrn2K
I Example 7 I A
horizontal
pipe
----
.~~~~~::C~on~v~e~C/~iV~e~lf,~ea~/~'l~ra~Il~'(,0:r~_2
(l
~
.~
2.55 x 10-3 K-T]
Grashof
37C. Calculate the heat loss per metre length

pipe is 0.92.
r,
200C
Ton
37C
0.92
Emissivity,
Tofind:
(25.45 x 1()-{>)2
1/
2.12 x J01 x 0.686
Gr Pr
Nusselt
1 .45 x 107
[ Gr Pr
For horizontal
cylinder,
Number,
Nu
C [Gr Pr]"
Gr Pr == 1.45 x 107, corresponding
Solution:
~
Tf
x ~T
I.Heat loss per metre length.
Film temperature,
p x D3
-2-.1-2-x-lO-7-'1
Qt
15 em == 0.15 m
Diameter of pipe, D
Wall temperature,
if emissivity
gx
[From HMT data book. Pace

No . 134 IS'
. h Edi
. 1I
\ ixt
.d I!IOn
3
9.81 x 2.55 x 10- x (0.15)3 x (200 - 37)
of
o air
Gr
2 I, I
,,2
15 em dian 'eter '.

maintained at wall temperature of 200C and is exposed t . lJ
Given:
number.
8.97 W Im2K
').
II
200 + 37
__
-
In ==
0.333.
0.125(1.45xI07)OJJ3
Nu
Til' + Ton
2
C = 0.125, and
I Nli
30.31
We know that,
hD
Nusselt
Number,
Nu
h x 0.15
30.31
Properties of air at 118.5C ~ 120C,

[From HMT data book, Page No. 33 (Sixth Editionl]
p
v
Pr
k
We know,
25.45 x 10-6
m2/s
0.03338 W/mK
hA
sr
hx
1t
x Dx L
517.7 W/~
1
TJ in K
W/m2KJ
(Til' - T"')
6.74xnxO.1Sx 1x(200-37)
:l (I) ["L=lm]
0.686
1
118.5+273
o.oms
lIi].74
Heat tran. fer .by } Q

convectiOn
0.898 kg/Ill]
Heat tn~ll'i.fcr }
by radtaUOll
391.5
o.
x A x
.. '
<1
[T .. -
T4]
~~~~~~~~~--------2. J 82
tion thickness
Insu \ a
1 diameter of)
Actua
.
the p'pe, D
where
Emissivity
A - Area, m2
E
temperature,
surface
be
111
Air temperature,
Fluid temperature, K
Too
Til'
473 K
Qr
I
1t
0.92 x
1t
11'
T
rL
CSJ
x 0.15 x 1 x 5.67 x 10-8

[(473)4-(310)4]
1003.4118 W 1m
'" (2)
Heat trans~er } + { Heat tr~n~fer }

{ by convection
by radiation
517.7 + 1003.41
IQ
Til
KJ
1. Heat loss from 5 m length of the pipe,Q.

2. Overa\\ heat transfer coefficient, hI'
Tofind:
Total heat transfer per metre length

Q
0.94
T4 - T4 ]
IQ
+ 2 x 0.030
37+273
I,---T_oo
_310
x 0 x Lx o x [
1521.12 W/m
3. Heat transfer coefficient due to radiation,hr'

Solution:
We know that.
Film temperature,
TJ
85 + \5
2
Result: Total heat transfer per metre length == 1521.12 W/m
I Example 8 I A
steam pipe 80 mm in diameter is covered

with 30 mm thick layer of insulation which has a surface
emissivity of 0.94. The insulation surface temperature is 850C
and the pipe is placed ill atmospheric air lit 15 'C If the heat is
lost both by radiation and free convection, find tile following:
1. The "eat lossfrom 5 m length of tirepipe.
2.
rClI1.~fer
mm ::: 0.Q30 rn
= 0.080
Emissivity,
TIl" - Surface temperature, K
200 + 273
30
0.\4 m
Stefen Boltzmann constant

5.67 x 10-8 W/m2K4
Too
Convective Heal T
The overall "eat transfer coefficient.
3. Heat transfer coefficient due to radiation.

Given:
Diameter of pipe
80 mm
==
0.080 m
Propertiesof air
tit
s 'm Edition)\
50"C :
p No 33 ~
{From HMT data book, age .
p ==
.093 kg!m'
2/s
7 .95 )( \ 0-6 m
v ==
Pr
==
0.698
==
0.02826 W/mK
IX
__
2. J 84
-----C-o...:.n:...::_vective
h x
Tf in K
[L-Q_c:..;:_on_v__
I
50 + 273
3.095 x
K-I]
fleat loS
Emissivity
gxf3xD3x.1T
v2
Area- m2
(J
Stefen Boltzmann constant
5.67
9.81 x 3.095 x 10-3 x (0.14)3 x (85 - 15)

(17.95 x 10-{j)2
Ir-G-r--18-.1-0-x-,-06-',
18.10x'06xO.698
T II'
1.263 x 1071
[ Gr Pr
L!I_'~I'_----'_

Nusselt number, Nu = C [ Gr Pr
Jill
::>
Q rad ==
:=:
[From HMT data book. Page No. 137 (Sixth Edition))
o- ':,
[ Qrad
1.263 x 107,
corresponding
= 0.125, and m = 0.333
We know that,
Nu
28.952
~ective
28.952
h x 0.14
0.02826
5.84 W/m2K
heat transfer coefficient, he == 5.84 W/n~
Heat lost by convection,

Qconv ::: h A (.1 T)
10-8 W/m2K4
Surface temperature, K.
Too
Fluid temperature, K.
85+273
Tet):::
358 K ]
I T et) :::
-'J!]
(J
7t
DL x [T~
0.94 x 5.67 x 10-8 x
7t
15+273
288 K
I
4
x 0.14 x 5 x [3584_288]
1118.90 W ]
Qconv
Total heat loss, Qt
+ Qrad
898.99+ 1118.90
::=
hD
k
Tw
Nu = 0.125 [ 1.263 x 107 JO 333
l:HiC:::
(85 -15)
E(JA[~v-~]
Qrad
where,
=
TaJ
5.84x1t xO.14x5x
8_9_8._99_W]
t by radiation,
10-3
We know that,
GrPr
eat Transfer
D x Lx (T
7t
w-
Coefficient of thermal }
expansion, p
Grashof number, Gr
If,
Qt
::=
::=
2017.89
2017.89 ~
2. J 86

13.108 - 5.84
W/m7K]
e&_-;;':-_7.268
----
Result:
(ii)
By radiation,
2. Overall heat transfer

3.
Ol"
Or
:=0
,.=
h,
coefficient,
:::
3 x 10~J0l
g x p x 03 x IlT
W/m2K
I.
2.
Maximum current. Take resistance of wire is Zohm/m.

Horizontal wire diameter, 0
3 mrn
3 x 10-3 m
Til'
Air temperature,
T'"
Resistance of the wire, R

I.
2.
Maximum current, (I).
Gras 11
v2
Gr
9 81 x 3
Or
=>
><
10-3
176.64
~==
Gr Pr ==
Cili_1!_ ==
><
JtiiJ
Nusselt Number,
7 ohm/Ill
(h),
Nu = C [Gr Pr]"
(From HMT data book, Page
Gr Pr = 122.9, correspondins
d ..
o.
137 (Sixth E inon
C - 0 85 and m == 0.188.
Nu
0.85 [122.9]188
.-
I Nu
2.IJ
We know that,
Nusselt Number,
Nu
~lsfer
coefficient,
Heat transfer,
10-3)3 x (100 - 20)
176.64 x 0.696
2.1
~.
><
(3
(18.97 x 10--6)2
=='
Tf
1.060 kg/m!
..
ook Page No. 134 (Sixth Editiorn]

[From 1-1 MT d a ta b
,
100 + 20
2
p =
333
3 x 10-3 K-l
13.108 W /m2K
h , = 7.268
1
60 + 273
ofNumber,
Film temperature,
0.02896 W/mK
1
T in K
f
:::
:::
horizontal wire of 3 mm diameter is

maintained at J 00'(' and is exposed to air at 20 '('. Calcillate the
following:
Solution :
1118.90 W
I Example 9 I A
Tofind:
0.696
898.99 W
Radiative heat transfer coefficient,
Given:
18.97 x 10--6m2/s
:::
Pr
we knoW,
1. Heat loss from 5111length of pipe

(i) By convection,
2.187
Q = h A ~T
hO
k
h x 3 x 10-3
0.02896
20.27 W/t;:KJ
)]
_------C.:..o::n:..:v~ec~tl;ve HearT,
2,188

h x 1t x 0 x L x (T - T rn )_______
II
IQ
20.27x1tx3
15.2 W/m
ransfer
of air at I 62.5C ~ 160C
. 5
ertle
proP
x 10-3x I x(IOO
-20)
0.815 kg/m3
30.09 x 10-6 m2/s

0.682
Pr
We know that,
Heat transfer,
0.03640 W/mK
1
Tf in K
We knoW,
I
'-1
OrashofNumber,
1.47 Amps]
2.
Maximum current,
I EXtlmple
10
IA
I =
20.27 W/m2K
::::>
1.47 Amps
sphere of diameter 20 mm is at 300C is
immersed in air at 25 't:'. Calculate tile convective heat loss.

Given:
Diameter of sphere, 0
Fluid temperature,
Gr
20 mm
TlI'
300C
25C
a)
0.020 m
Gr
9.81 x 2.29 x 10-3 x (0.020)3 x (300- 25)

(30.09 x I~Y
Gr
54734.2
54734.2 x 0.682
Gr Pr
37328.7
[1 < Gr Pr < lOS]

Nusselt Number, Nu = 2 + 0.43 [Or Pr]025
N
{From HMT data book, Page o.
Nu
Tf
I Nu
Tw + Too
2
Nusselt Number, Nu
162.5C
162.5C
137 (Sixth Edition)]
2 + 0.43 [37328.7]025
7.97]
We know that,
300 + 25
2
For sphere,
We know that,
Film temperature,
Gr Pr
Tofind : Convective heat loss, (Q).

Solution:
{From HMT data book, Page No. 134(Si>.1hEdition)!
Result:
I.
162.5 + 273
435.5
f3---2.-29-x-I-0--3
-K-~I
ill
==
,,-----
_
--------------~(~~o'~'v~e:c/~{V~c:H.~e~a/~~~r~an~~~e:r~l~.
80 + 22
""~
4",.1,
14: I ,4
( r..
T, )
O.~~O )
( 00 - 2 )
pro/",,.",;e~
. (II {Ii, lit J / cr' III JO '(' :
[ Q -~~_.01 W
nveciivc
I .m"'r/~
If' 60 ~
II
he3t I,)
I .-4 vertica!
(Ind if c..\:ptl.fNIIII IIi,
I.
Bound",)'
s,
[From HMT data book. Page No.3) (Sixth Edition)!
(I'
11C. Calculate
1I~)'t" thickness tI"IIe
tailing
tI
the fol/owing
wind tunnel
1111(1
G;'~" ..
Length,
40 em = 0.40
Plate temperature,
r,
80
Fluid temperature,
22C
air is
I
51 + 273
Ip
Case
g
Gr
at velocity
5 m/s (Forced
convection).
Gr Pr
I Gr
Cast' (iii) :
erage heat transfer coefficient tor natural convection,
: We know that,
10-3 x (0.4)3 x (80-22}

(17.95 x 1~)2
x
for forced convection,
h.
h.
Pr
3.48 x 108 x 0.698

2.43 x
IOU
< 10
Smce G r P r < 109 flow is laminar.

. I mino' flow:
For free convectIOn, 0
Boundary layer thickness,
b.T
_ 05
025
'"'
x (0.952 + Pr)'
[3.93 x (Pr)
1.
Film temperature,
T..,+T
1, =
2
[From HMT data book. Page:No. 134 (Sixth Edition)j
layer thickness (Natural convection).
(ii) Average heat transfer coefficient
10-3 K-I
v2
9.81 x3.086
layer thickness
p x L3 x L\T
3.48 x 108
(i) Boundary
Solutio"
.. Cast' (i) ..
i) Boundary
3.086
(i) : For free convection,
III
Case (ii):
(i) A
0.02826 W/mK
I
Tf in K
boundary
,-4 vemge ''''(1' transfer coefficient for natural (Inti forctd

convection for th above mentioned data.
m2/s
0.698
II,icb,~n.
In),t"
Ttl find
17.95 x I~
Pr
edge of the pl(lle.
blo"'n over ;1 al a velocity of 5 m/s. Cnlclilme
J.
1.093 kg/m!
v =
plate of 40 em 1,,111: is mainlailltd
TI,t' sa",t' plait' is placed ill
2.
5.01 W
[From'
LIMT data boO...
Page No.
(Grt
0.25]
xX
x
134 (Si.xthEdilion
Ox ==
=>
_
----------------~~C~o~n~ve=c~fi~ve~H~ea~f~T~r~~m~s(l~e
~
hL
.
We knoW that.
Nu
k
2.192
lox
==
[3.93 x (0.698'-
0 5
x (0.952 + 0.698)0.25 x
(3048 x I 08)- 0.2~J

. )( 0-4
l. x == L c- 040
. In)
0.0156
----
Reynolds number,
UL
I. I I
==
Nux
I O~
I Nux
'" (I )
0.332 ( 1.11 x JOS)05x (0.698)0333

==
98.13
We know that,
layer thickness
[From
or
<5 x
h, L
k
IIx
x x ( Re )"
== 5 x
From
thickness
98.13
Local heat tran~fer} h
coeffiCient
x
5 x 0.40 x (1.11 x 10)-05

[.:
I <5x
05
IIMT data book. Page No. 112 (Sixth Fditionj]
Ox
==
6.003
10-3
L = 0.40 m]
mi
Case (iii): A verage heat transfer

convection, I, :
coefficient
for
nat"ral
Nusselt number.
Nu
data book. Page No. 135 ( ixth Edilion))
0.59 (Gr Pr)O 2:

0.5'-) (2.43
~23.~
106)<W
heat tran~fer} h
coeffic lent
II
[II
II x x 0.4
0.02826
6.932 W/m2K
2 x 6.932
13.86 W/m2KJ
.. , (4)
. C) and (4) we know that heat transfer

From equation)
. "s much larger than that in free
coefficient in forced convection I
con ecti
For free convection, laminar flow, vertical plate :

Hr"n
A veraae
(2)
equation (I) and (2), we know that, boundary layer

in forced convection is less than that in free convection.
[From
... (3)
[From HMT data book. Page No. 112 (Sixth Editionj]
For forced convection, laminar flow:

Boundary
for forced convection, laminar flow.fla: plate :

Local Nusselt number, Nux = 0.332 (Re)05 (Pr)OJ33
5 x 0040
17.95xI0-6
Since Re < 5
1.645 W/m2K
A lIerage heat transfer coefficient for forced convection,h :
Re =
Re
0.02826
Ih
Case (ii) : For forced convection.
23.29
n,
Result:
Case (i) :
I.
bs (
Case (ii):
I.
Ox
Case (iii):
1.
h (
2.
0.0156 m
alu/lIl cOll~ec(loo)
(FOIc.ed c.()n~ewoo)
'&Iura!
(FOIU'd
OOIlVt\.UOIl)
conveCtloo)
6.003
).645
10-3 In
W/m2K
13.86 W/m2K
I
I
]./94
-----------------~~~~~
11
2.12.3.SolvedUniversity Problems - Free ConVectio;--GErample I ] A large vertical plate 5 In height is
",
.
t 100'('
Given:
Height or length, L -
ersltyJ
SOIUlif1n:
6.68 x 1011 x 0.695

4.64 x 1011
[Gr Pr
for turbulent flow,
Teo
Nusselt number,
h.
~
T,. + T",
2
100 + 30
2
T,
Nu = 0.10 [Gr PrJ0333

(From HMT data book, Page No. 135 (Sixth Edition))
We know that,
Film temperature,
Nu
I Nu
-,'M
k,
1.~5
"
19A95
Pr
0.695
J.:
0.0_931 W/mK
Page No. 33 (Sixth Edition)!
kg m3
1 Q-6 m-/s
f3
I ~ K
I Heat
Result:
hx5
0.02931
h = 4.49 W/m2K
transfer coefficient,
h = 4.49 W/m2K
= 4.49 W/m1K
2 A steam pipe 10 em olltSiIk diamdeT TUIIS

horizontally in a room at 23 DC Tale the olllSiIk surface
temperature of pipe as 165't: DettTmW the Ileal loss per metre
Itngth of the pipe.
{D. 2004, Anna UnMniIy/
Diameter of the pipe D = 10 cm = O.J 0 m
Ambient air temperature, Ix
23'T
\\ all temperature, T...
165C
f3
. Gr
Convective heat transfer coefficient, h
Given :
fa
hL
Nusselt number, Nu
I Emmple
of rhermal expansion,
767.27
We know that,
Propenies of air Q/ 65'(' :
Coe
0.10 [4.64 x 101lJ0333
767.77
[From H.\IT dam bo
Since Gr Pr > 109, flow is turbulent.
T...
Tofind: Convectiv e heat transfer coefficient,
To find:
Solution:
Heat loss per metre length .

We know that
I ... + Tx
Film temperature, If
I II
2.195
6.68 x 1011
Gr Pr
and exposed 10 air at 30ac. Calculate

.f
a
n~~
htattransfer coefficient.
{June 2006, Anna Unl . e
Fluid temperature,
""lIa", d
II'e co
I,
Ill'
Gr
2
=
94C
i65 + 23
=
--2-
2.196
-----
Heal and Mass Tran:..fer
Properties of air 0194 DC R: 95 DC:
I From HMT data book l'agc No. 33 ( ..
__ 0 .959
v ==
Pr
IXth~.....
....llIon)l
22.615 / 10-6
m2/s
0.689
0.03169
W/mK
We know that,
Coefficient of thermal 1
expansion J J3
==
94 + 273
2.72
2.72 x
Grashof number,
Gr
10-3
1O-iJ0]
Result:
=>
I Gr
Pr
For horizontal
322.08 W/m
10-3 x (0.10)3 x(165

(22.615 x 10-6)2
Heat loss per metre length, ~
23)
cylinder,
Nusselt number,
322.08 W/m
elise (i) :
Diameter of the pipe, D
==
room at 23 CC. Take outside temperature of pipe as J 65 cr'.

Determine tile heat loss per unit length of the pipe. If pipe
surface temperllture reduces to 80 cr' witlll.5 em insulation, what
is tile reduction in heat loss?
{Dec.2005, Anna University]
Given:
5.09 x 106
[ExlImple 3 A steam pipe 10 em OD runs 1I0rizontallyin a
7.40 x 106 x 0.689
Gr Pr
x 0.10 x (165 - 23)
gxpxIYxLlT
v2
7.40 x 106
Gr
1t
K-I
[From HMT data book. Page No. 134 (Sixth Edition)]
=> Gr == 9.81 x2.72x
7.22x
Ambient air temperature, T so

Nu == C [ Gr Pr ]"
Surface temperature of the pipe, Til'
10 cm
==
0.10 m
23C
165C
=>
5.09 x 106, corresponding
Gr Pr
r:N__
-:-u 0._48__:l:...,5.09
x 106
I Nu
22.79
]0.25
We know that,
Nu
1/1 ==
0.25
Case (ii) :
Surface temperature of the pipe, T".
Insulation thickness, t
Nusselt number,
== 0.48, and
hD
k
BOC
\.Scm
Tojind:
1. Heat loss per unit length of the pipe, Q.
2. % of reduction in heat loss.
==
O.OISm

Solution: Case (i): We know that,
Tf
Film temperature,
Tw + Too
2
----
IT
94C
----
~
r-I
Nu
0.48 [ 5.09 x 106 ]025
N-u--2-2.-79----,'
We know that,
+ 23
165
Nusselt
number,
I
22.79
Properties of air at 94'[' 1:195'[' :

(From HMT data book, Page No. 33 (Sixth Ed' .
Ilion)]
== 0.959
= 22.615 x 10--6 m2/s
Pr
Coefficient ofthennal }
expansion
kg/m''
Heat loss per} Q

unit length
L
h x 0.10
0.03169
h A ~T
7t
7.22 x
x 0 x L x (T .. - Tao)
7t x
322.08
0.10 x (165 - 23)
W/m
Case (ii) :
New diameter,
- 367
2.72 x 10-3 K-I
h~__:_7=.22=---.:.W:....:..:/m=2..::..;K~'
W/mK
1
94 + 273
= g
L..'
hD
h x
Tf in K
Ci.:--=
..
0.03169
Grashof number, Gr
Heat loss,
0.689
Nu
0+2
0,
0.10 + 2 (0.015)
0.13 m
p x D3 x L\ T
v2
(From HMT deta book, Page No. 134 (Sixth Edition)
Gr
==
9.8Ix2.72x1O-3x(0.10)3x(l65
(22.615 x 10--6)2
Gr
==
7.40 x 106
Gr Pr
==
7.40 x 106 x 0.689
[Gr Pr
==
5.09 x 106]
=>
23)
Surface temperature
For horiZOntal cylinder

Nusselt number N
'
, u == C [ Gr Pr ]m
Tf
80 C
T .. +Too
r Pr == 5.09 x 106,
Film temperature,
[From HMT data book, Page No.137 (Sixth Edition)
corresponding
of the pipe, T..
C = 0.48, and
111 ==
0.25
~
2
2.199
----
1_}(){) Heal and Mass Transfer
Proputia of air at 5/.S 't:" .. so t
p =
Pr
Coefficient
of the~al}
1.093 kg/m3
17.95 x I~
0.02826
f-l
I
T/ in K
II x
W/mK
gxf-lxrY,
273
3.08 x 10-3
perunit}Q,
length
L
K-i_]
IGr
1.17xl071
Gr Pr
1.17 x 107
[ Gr Pr
8.16 x 106
:I
/.
x
(013)2 / (80 _ 2:>

IO~)2
~
8.16 x 106 ,
C = 0.48 and m
0.25
IFrom IIMT data book, Page No.1) 7 (Sixth Editionj]
Nu
[ Nu
0.48[8.16x
Given:
Horizontal
106)0.25
25.65 ]
Nu
25.65
[h
To find:
h 0,
in heat loss
h x 0.13
0.02826
5.57 W/m2K
80 em /ang and Il em wide horiZ/Jnlal
plate length. L
Wide. W
80 em = 0.80 m
8 ern = 0.08 m
Plate temperature,
T If'
130
Fluid temperature.
T",
7Uoe
Rate of heat input into the plate. Q.
Solutlon :
Film t,!:npcrature,
T/
-2--
.!1_0 +
2
322.08 Wlm
59.74%
T .. +T",
Ie
pkue is maintained at a temperature of /30'(' in large lank full of

water {II 70 'e Estimate Ihe rate of heal inpul into Ihe plale
necessary 10 maintai the temperature of lJO '(: IMIIY 2005, A VI
We know that,
Nusselt number,
-Q--X 100
Result :
I Exumple 4 I A thin
corresponding
129.66 W/m
59.74%
2. % of reduction
Nu = C [ Gr Pr )m
Gr Pr
0.13 x L x (80- 23)
I. Heal loss per unit length of the pipe. ~
0.698
For honzomal cylinder,

Nusselt number,
7t x
L
322.08 - 129.66
322.08
x 100
y2
9.81 x 3.08 x 10-3

--.(17.95
0, L x (T .. - T"')
yL\T
r=-
7t
129.66 W/m
0.1' reduction}
111 heat 10 s
Percentage
2 2U I
II A L\T
m21s
[p -
QI
5.57 x
Ie
51.5
Gr
1(155.
0.698
expansion
Grahof number,
--
( 'onveclive Heal Transfer

Ileat
70
2.202
-------
Properties of water 01 100 'r' :
[From HMT data book, Page No 2 I (S'

.
Ixth Ed' .
P = 961 kg/m!
- IIlon)1
Pr
k
f3waler
::::;>
= 0.6804 W/mK
=
0.76
1O-3K-1
f3 x L
g x
y2
x t1 T
Nusselt number, Nu
'" (I)
0.08
Gr
Heat transfer coefficient}

for upper surface heated hll
2113.49 W/m2K
W
2
0.04
I Nu
hi Lc
k
x 0.04
0.6804
42.06
1~)2
715.44 W/m2K
x 109
nook
(hom II.\1T d;;r.;,
. u
4i061
)09]
hi
Nu = (.15
) (Gr PrfJ.JJJ
.' .
='
Gr Pr = 0.333 x I ()9 x l.740

[Gr Pr - 0.580 % IO')]
Gr Pr valve is in betw"'hn 8 I""
'.
"'"
/ v-and 10".
t.e., 8 / If)') <: Gr Pr <: 10"
.
face heated,
. So, for honzontal plate, upper
!J\:
0.27 [0.580 x
Nusselt number, Nu
(0.293
ussclt numL~r,
We know that,
= 9.81 >:0.76x 10-3(0.04)3>:(130 .....70~
Gr = 0.333
0.27 [Gr Pr ]0.25
(From HMT data book, Page No. 134 (Sixth E '.

plate:
dUlon)j
(J)
hll X 0.04
0.6804
124.25
1.740
L,
L,
hll Lc
k
Nusselt number, Nu
For horizontal plate, Lower surface heated:
Grashof number Gr
For horizontal
We know that,
0.293 x 1 ()-6 m2/s
[From HMT data book, Page No. 29 (S' h ..

ixt Edlllon)j
We know that,
124.25
2.203
p.
' .g,e
.,
o. J 35 (S'Y.lh Edition
= O. J 5 {O.580 / lO'lJO JJ3
Heat transfer coefficient

for lower surface heated
Total heat transfer, Q
hi = 715.44 W/m2K
= (hll + hi) A t1 T
(hll + hi) .;.W
Lx (T .. - T,,,,)
(2113.49 + 7 J 5.44) x (0.08 x 0.8) x (130 - 70)
[0
0.86 '" 10J W
Result: Rate of heat input into the plate,
Q:o
10.86 x 10J W
lO.J
Convective Heat Trun.ifer
I Example 5 I A hot plate

/l5"C is exposed
10 I h e
.
following:
,;1 !tftl\';mum velocity
1.2 m wide, (J.35 III I,(.;/:-;;;;--
.
am btent
sti
'11'tur
(II
25 't: nile l lid at

" ale tI'e
180 mm from lite lellding edo
III
in.
(VI
..) Rise
in temperature
of the air passing
through the
(VII
.1'
fteOJII'e
1'1
---------) Total mass flow through the boundary,

(v
.) Heat loss from the plate. Q.
2.205
plate.
(ii) The boundary layer thickness at J 80 mm fro", the le d'

a
edge of the plate.
'"g
boundary,
tl T.

T",+T."
TJ
Fluid temperature,
(iii) Local htat transfer coefficient at J 80 mm from lite leadillg

edge of the plate.
2
115 + 25
2
(iv) Average heal transfer coefficient over lite surface of the
plate.
(v) Total massflow through the boundary.
Properties of air al 70'(' :
(vi) Heat lossfrom the plate.

(vii) Rise in temperature of the air passing t"roug" the
boundary. Use approximate solution.
{May 2004, AIII,a Universityj
Given:
Wide,
1.2 m
Height or length,
0.35 m
T..
115C
25C

Fluid temperature,
Distance,
rf)
1.029 kg/mJ
20.02 x 10-6 m2/s
Pr
k
We know that,
Coefficient ofthen~al}
expanSIon
180 mm = 0.180
J3
(/I)
(Ill)
(III)
Maximum
the plate,
0.694
0.02966 W/mK
I
TJ in K
I
In
70 + 273 = 343
Tilflnd :
(i)
..
(From HMT data book, Page No. 33 (Sixth Edlllon))
velocity
2.91 x
at 180 mrn from the leading edge of
8. x
"",ax'
The boundary layer thickness

edge of the plate, 0) ..
at 180 mill from the leading
Local heltt transfer coefficient

lending edge of the plate,
at
Average
over the surface
".r'
heat transfer
coefficient
plutc, h.
180 mill from
the
of the
Grashof llumber.
Gr
p)(
)O--J
K--I
Xl)( ~
v
..
4 (Sixlh EdltlOn)1
bo k Page No. 13
[From ','MT "qat ax ~~l x (0.18)3 (115 - 2~

9 8 x 2. l
n.-/,\2
.
(20.02 x Iv-r
[9r ..
37.4 x 12J
2.206
(i) Maximum velocity al180 mm from the leading edge, u
0.766 x v (0.952 + Prtl/2
[g
f3 (Til'
9.81 x 2.91 x 10-3 (115 - 251

(20.02 x 10-6)2
-_-=-_-0-.4-0-6 -ml-s--',
~I u-
GrL Pr value. is in between 104and 104.
1/2
i.e.,
x (O.18)IQ
(ii) The boundary layer thickness at 180 mm from the
edge of the plate, 0 :
104 < GrL Pr < 109

So, Nusselt number, Nu
t.
0.25
[From HMT data book. Page No . 134 (Sixth Ed'itlonll

.
x
I
I
x 10-3
2 x 29.66
0.01229
! I
4.82 W/m2K
(iv) Average heat transfer coefficient
plate, I, :
_ g
Grashofnumber}
(for entire plate)
Gr L
p x L3 x ~ T
v2
9.81 x 2.91 x JO-3 x (0.35)3 x (115 - 2~

(20.02 x 10-6)2
I Gr
hL
Ie
hL
Ie
h x 0.35
().()'2%6
5~86 W/m2K
We know that,
27.5 x 107
m =
over the surface of the

x
Edition
(v) Total mass flow through the boundary (,;,):
69.26
Ih
2k
Nu
69 .26
0.59 (1.90 x 108)0.25
69.26
(iii) Local heat transfer coefficient at 180 mm from the leading
m (Sixth
Nu
Nusselt number, Nu
(0.952 + 0.694)0.25 x (37.4 x 106)-025

~"--x -=-0.-0 1-22--'9-m--',

.
coe ffi cient
0.59 (Gr Pr)025
We know that,
3.93 x 0.180 x (0.694)-0.5
edge of the plate, h x
(From HMT data book, Page No.
eadlng
Ox = 3.93 x x x Pr 0.5 (0.952 + Pr)0.25 (Gr):
1.90 x 1081
Since GrL Pr < 109, now is laminar.
max
i '
[ GrL Pr
)( .\"112
JO-6 [0.952 + 0.694J-112 x
____------------=~~~~C~on~v~ec~(/~ve~~~e~a~/~~~a~m~~~
=> GrL Pr = 27.5 x 107 x 0.694
1/2"'ox.
- ~]
v2
max
0.766 x 20.02
[m
GrL
] 0.25
1.7 x P x v [ (Pr)2 (Pr + 0.952)
27.5 x 107
25
1.7 x 1.029 x 20.02 x l~x [ (0.694)2 (0.694 + 0.952)J
0.00478
kg/s
(vi) Heat loss from the piale, Q:

Q
h A (T",- T..,)
For both sides, Q
2 x h x A (T," - T..,)
2 x 5.86 x (0.35 x 1.2) x (115 - 25)
[Q
443.01
WJ
n
"
i~
2.208
I:
-(viii Rise in temperature of the air passing---;;;;;;--
We know that,
II
,
boundary (J T)
[From HMl data hook, Page No. 33 (Sixth Editionl]
0.00478 x lOllS x 1\ T
=> 443.01
Result:
of air at 356( ~ 350C:
Iht
92.21 K
GT
(ii)
Dx
0.01229
(iii)
hx
4.82 \\ Im'K
(iv)
5.86
(v)
0.00478
(VI)
443.01
( vii)
~T
I Example 6 I A large
0.566 kg./mJ
= 55.46 ' 10-6 m2/s
0.04908 W/mK
p = _1_
Coefficient of }
thermal expansion
III
Tf in K
1
W/Ill 'K
356 + 273 - 629
kg s
\V
92.21 K
vertical plate 4 m height is maintainel
tit J 06
Wall .ernperarure,
Gr
9.81
Til'
606C
106e
10m
Heat transfer, t 0).
I Gr
x ~T
,,2
1.61 x 1011 x 0.676

I.08xI01i]
Sin c
rPr > 109. flow is turbulent.

flow,
==
Nu
eh Number
Nu
.
lI'r
606 + 106
g x (~x I)
1.6IxIO"]
I Gr Pr
1- r turbulent
T +T
__
_1_"
io?J0J
1.58.
1.58 x 10-3 x (4)3 x (606-I06)

(55.46 x 10-6)2
Gr
4m
Wide
III
Nu
[From IIMT data book. Page No. 134 (Sixth Edition))
'C Calculate II.t

I Oct. 2001, MUI
Gr Pr
Air te nperature,
Film temperature,
Ip
Grashof Number.
Given: Vertical plate length (or) Height,
Solution ,
0.406 mi.
umax
at 606'C (II1t1 exposed to atmospheric air

heat transfer if the plate is 10 In wide.
Pr -= 0.676
(i)
To find:
mCp~T
Heat lost, Q
=:>
----;;-erties
2.209
0.10 [Gr PrJO333
IIMT data
boO~,
P ag e
_ 01011.08
.
1(1
135 l ixth
10"J
diti n)]
2.110
------
We know that,
Nusselt Number,
hL
Nu
Ie
hx4
0.04908
472.20
[ Heat transfer coefficient,

Heat transfer,
S.78 W/m2K]
hA~T
I!
____-----------~~~::c~o~~~~t'~ve~H~e~a~t~~r~a~~~~er~22~.2~l
v 0.264 x 1~ m2/s
Pr
1.55
Ie
0.683 W/mK
0.8225 x 10-3K-I
P(for water)
[From HMT data book, Page No. 29 (Sixth Edition)!
h x W x L x (T w
GrashofNumber,
P x L3c
gx
Gr
x ~T
'" (1)
Q
Result:
(606-106
IIS.6
103
IIS.6
103 W
100 em long and 10 em wide horiz.ontal
plllte is maintained at a uniform temperature of 150 CC in a large

tIlnkfull of water at 75 'C. Estimate the rate of heat to be supplied
to the plate to maintain constant plate temperature as heat is
dissipaud from either side of plate.
[Oct. 2000, MU/
Given: Length of horizontal
plate, L
W
10cm
Plate temperature,
Tw
ISOC
Fluid temperature,
Too
7SoC
Wide,
Tofind:
Solution:
100 cm
F or horizontal
plate,
Characteristic
length, L"
WJ
IQ
Heat transfer,
I Example 71 A thin
S.78 x 10 x 4
IIS600 W
= l rn
= 0.10m
T/
0.10
Gr Pr
1.0853
Gr Pr
1.682 x 109
109 x 1.55
I
Gr Pr value is in between 8)( 106 and 1011.

i.e., 8 x 106<GrPr<
1011.
For horizontal plale, uppersurface healed:

Nusselt Number, Nu
0.15 (Gr Pr)0.333
[From HMT data book, Page No. 135 (Sixth Editiom]
Nu
=
150 + 75
2
0.05 m
(1) ~ Gr
9.81 x 0.8225 x 10-3 x (0:05)3 x (150 -75)
(0.264 x 1O-~)2
"-1 G-r--l-.0-8-53-x-l-09---.1
Heat loss (Q) from either side of plate.

Film temperature,
[!\Ju =
0.15 [1.682 x 109)0.333
177.13]
We know that,
hll t,
Properties of water at I 12.5C :
Nusselt Number, Nu =
9S1 kglm3
177.13
==
T
h x 0.05
~
0.683
j :.
2.2 J 2
Heal and Mass TramJer
~{Imple
Upper sun,face heated. ' heat transfer coefficient
hu = 2419.7 W/m2K
For horizontal plate, lower surface heated:
Nusselt Number Nu
0.20m
Wide, W
60cm
[From HMT data book, Page No. 136 (Sixth

. Ed't'
lion)!
I ~ hot ~/ate 20 em in /reig/" lind 60 em wide is
. osed to tile ambient a" at 30 't'. Assuming the temperature of

eXP late IS. mainuunec
.,
I at 110CV"\". F'lnd the heat loss from bot"
tire P
-tace of the plate. Assume horizontal plttte. IApril2003, MU/
sur)'
Given:
Height (or) Length of the plate, L
20 cm
0.27 [Gr Pr]O 2:i
0.60 m
Nu
"
0.27 [1.682 x 109125
[NU
54.68
To find:
We know that,
2.2 J J
Fluid temperature,
T <'J'J
30C
T",
110C
Heat loss from both the surface of the plate (Q).
T", + Too
Solutio" :
Nusselt Number, Nu
Tf
Film temperature,
--2-
110 + 30
hlx Lc
54.68
\r,
hi x 0.05
54.68
{From HMT data book, Page No. 33 (Sixth Edition)!
p = 1.029 kg/m3
heat transfer coefficient
(h'l
= (h"
Pr
= 0.694
Coefficient of
x
= 20.02 x 10-{' m2/s
We know,
+ h,) x A x ~T
+ hi)
v
746.94 W/m2K
hi =
of air at 70C:
W/m2K
746.94
Lower surface heated,
Properties
0.683
(Tw - Too)
thermal expansion
l
J ~
0.02966 W ImK
I
I
T I in K == 70 + 273
\
= (2419.7 + 746.94)
UL
Result:
==
23,749.8 W
Heat transfer,
x 0.10 x (150 -75)
343
:::: 2.9 \ x 10--3 K--1
I
23,749.8
W
We know,
1,.~}~/4~~#~oa~/~a~nd~U~~~s~TI~ro~m~fi_er
:-~~~
~
g x 13 x L~ x.1T
GrashofNul1lber. Gr =
v2
__
---------'" (I)

For horizontal plate, lower sUrface heated:
Nusselt Number,
[From HMT data book, Page No. 134 (Sixth E ..
Characteristic
where
length ==
2.
Nu =
0.27 (Gr Pr)025
0.277 [1.06 x IOS]0.25

I'-N7"u--2-8-. 1
dlhon))
5-1
We know that,
= OJOm
0.30m
(I)~
Nusselt Number,
9.81 x 2.91 x 1(}-3 x (0.30)3 x (I 10 _ 30

(20.02 x 1Q-6)2
:JQl
I"-G-r--.l.-53-8-4-x-I-Os--'1
1.5384 x ]OS x 0.694
/ Gr Pr
1.0676
Gr Pr value is in between 8
i.e., 8x 106<GrPr<
x
x
lOS
2.78 W/m2K
Lower surface heated, heat transfer coefficient
106 and 1011.
hi
Total heat transfer, Q
0.15 [1.0676 x IOSJ0.333
/Nu
70.72
Nusselt Number, Nu
hu Lc
We know that,
70.72
k
hu x 0.30
0.02966
6.99 W/m2K
Upper surface heat d' h

e, eat transfer coefficient
-
hu ==
IQ
0.15 (Gr Pr)0.333
NI,J
2.78 W/m2K
(hu + hi) x W x Lx (T; - TaJ
For horizontal plate, Upper surface heated,
(hu + hi) A.1T
]0".
Nusselt Number, Nu
hi Lc
k
hi x 0.30
0.02966
28.15
Gr
Gr Pr
Nu ==
6.99 W/m2K
Result:
=
=
(6.99 + 2.78) x 0.60 x 0.20 x (110-30)

93.82 W
Heat transfer from both surface of the plate == 93.82 W
I Example 9 I A
horizontal plate 1 m x 0.8 m is kept in a

water tank with the top surface at 60C providing heat to warm
stagnant water at 20C Determine the value of convection
coefficient.
IBharathiyar University, Nov. 96/
[Procedure
I Example
is same as Example 7J
10 A vertical pipe 80 mm diameter and 2 '"

height is maintained at a constant temperature of 120'C. The
pipe is surrounded by still atmospheric air at 30 'C. Find heat loss
by natural convection. '
IManonmanium Sundaranar Univ~rsity,Nov. 97/
2.216
Given:
---
~turbulent
Vertical pipe diameter. ~80

. h
D = RO rnm -0 -----2 rn
- .080 m
Herg t (or) Length. L
Surface temperature.
Air temperature,
T II'
120
T a:
30 e
for
Convective II
flow,
Nu
[From HMT data b 00k , Page No. 135 .

== 0.IO(3.32x 1010]0333
(Sixth Editionll
ffiu.__
31:..:...:.8 . .:::___j8\
We knoW that,
Solution : We know that ,
hL
k
Nusselt Number, Nu
Film temperature,
r, + T<:IJ
T/
2
120 + 30
2
[17-::=-75oe
3 \8.8
0.03006
h
4.79 W/m2K
h x A x ~T
h x 'It x D x L x (T
Heat transfe! coefficient,

Heat loss, Q
I\' -
Properties of air at 75e :
1.0145 kg/rn-'
v ._
20.55
Pr
Result:
0.693
0.03006 x 10-3
1
Tf in K
We know,
1(3
Gr
10-6 m2/s
gx
W /mK
75 + 273
2.87
3 -IJ
2.87
1:::-__
Gr
Gr Pr
10-3 K-I
Full plate.
Next half of the plate.
. 2 158 W; 3. 46.3W 1
(Ans: I. 111.79 W, . 25 mls. Tbe plate
at
2. Air at 250C floWS past a flat plate. .' d at a uniform
d i malotaUle
measures 600 mrn x 300 mm an IS
frolll the plate if the
5
temperature of 950C. Calculate the heat 1055 h this heat \05 be
air flows . parallel to the 600 mm side. llltotel.
HoWIllhuc3noI11Ill side?
3.
__:___~(20.55
4.80 x LOIOI
x
Gr Pr == 3.32 x 1010
Since Gr Pr > 109, fl'ow IS turbulent.-
FOR PRACTICE
2.
9.81 x 2.87 x 10-3 x (2)3 x (120
216.7 W
216.7 W
transfer rate from

I. First half of the plate.
10- K
1010
4.79 x 'It x 0.080 x 2 x (120 - 30)
pressure flowSat a velocity

of2 m1s over a plate maintained at 100C. The lengthandwidthof
the plate are 800 rnrn and 400 mm respectively. Calculateheat
P x L3 x ~T
T co)
e and at atmospheric
v2
4.80
Heat loss, Q
2.13. PROBLEMS
l. Air at 200
2.2/7
0.10 (Gr Pr]Om
Tofind: Heat loss (Q).
eat Transfer
x 1~)2
0.693
3Q2
affected if the flow of air is made para e [AIlS: 100.5 W; l42 Wl
2.218
~RK
3. A thin plate of length 1 m is placed longitudinally i

stream flow of water. Calculate the mean heat transfe
n a free
r coeffi .
and the rate of heat flow from the plate, if it is kept at S00C. Clent
[Ans:
~.14.
3 kW/m2K 23
'
X 103 W
4 Air at atmospheric pressure and at a temperatur
f
]
.
e 0 3SoC
flows over a heated cylinder of 50 mm diameter whose SUrf:
.
D
.
h
I
f
h
aCe
IS
maintained at 150 C. etermme t e oss 0 eat from the I'
.
..
cy IOder
if the air velocity IS 50 mls.
[Ans: 3260 W/ ]
Ill
5. Water at 10C with a free stream velocity of 1.524 IllIs

flows across a cylinder of 2.54 ern diameter whose sUrface is kept
at 65.6C. Compute the average heat transfer coefficient.
[Ans:
7275 W/m2K]
6. Air at 27C flows across a heated 30 mrn diameter pipe at
77C with a velocity of 1 m/s. Compute the heat transfer rate per
unit length of pipe.
[Ans: 84.5 W/m]
7. Find the convective heat loss from a radiator 0.5 m wide

and I m high maintained at a temperature of 84C in a room at
20C. Consider the radiator as a vertical plate.
[Ans: 110 W]
, ,
. I;
, I
8. A horizontal steam pipe of 0.1 m diameter is placed

horizontally in a room at 20C. The outside surface temperature is
80C and the emissivity of the pipe material is 0.93. Estimate the
total heat loss from the pipe per metre length due to free
. an d ra diration,
.
[Ans' . 2617 W]
convection
. 20 em x 30 em IS
. use d as a wa ter heater-. in a
9. A plate of size
process plant. The temperature of water is 20C, while the heater
. the heatt
plate is maintained at a temperature of 120C. Determme
'
"
id
f
heat(fr
is kW]
kep
transfer rate by free convection when 20 em Sl e 0
vertical.'
[Ans : 20
2.
QUESTION
Jf'hat
is dimensional analysis ?
. .
{Nov. 96, MUj
. sional analysis IS a mathematical h

.
Du:tletl
d
f
.
met od which mak
of the stu y 0 the dimensions for I'
es
use
bl
ThiIS method can be ap so
. eering pro ems.
redVlng several
'
engltl
. d resistances,
of f1UI
.
thermodynamics.
P I toall types
heat flow problemsin fluidm han'
ec ICS and
uckingham
State B
1r theorem.
lAp,. 97, MUj
kingham 1t theorem states as follows: "If thereare n

Suc
.,
II h
.
. bles in a dimensiona y omogeneous equationand if
varIa ntain m fundamenta I d'unensions,
. then th e variables
.
are
these cO
.
.
arrange d into (n - m) dimensionless terms. These
.
sl'onless terms are called 1t terms.
dlmen
3. What are a II tire advantages of dimensionalanalysis?

1. It expres ses the functional relationship betweenthe
variables in dimensional terms.
. .
up a theoretical solutionin a simplified

2. It enables ge tt 109
red to a large
. f tests can be app I
3 The results of one senes 0
th the help of
.
. ilar problems WI
number of other Simi
dimensionless
form.
dimensional
analysis.
4. What are all the limitatIOns
. alanalysis?
if dimension
0
,
'ded by dimensional
hiIp
ation IS. not proVI
relations
1. The complete mlOrm
th t there is some
. dicates a
analysis. It on IY 10
.
f
eters.
echanlSOl 0
between the param
t the internal01
. . iven abou
2. No informatlo~ IS g
dingthe
enon.
.
I
h
nom
y clueregar
h
P ysica p e
f.~ "
t givean
'~iS'-doesno
,
3. Dimensional analy I
selection of variables.
. e
2.220
5.
Convective
Heat and Mass Tran:-,fer
Deline Reynolds number (Re).

'./'
.'
IMay 2005, June ;----006
.
,All}
It is defined as the ratio of inertra force to viscous fore e.
Re
==
Inertia force
Viscous force
6. Define Prandtl number (Pr).

{May 2005 A V, June 2006 A V, Oct. 98, Apr. 2002, MUI
It is the ratio of the momentum
diffusivity
to the thermal
Pr ==
10. What is meant by Newtonian and non-newtonionfluids ?

The fluids which obey the Newton's law of viscosity are called
Newtonion fluids and those which do not obey are called nonnewton ion fluids.
11. What is meant J,ylaminar flow and turbulentflow ?
Laminar flow: Laminar flow is sometimes called stream line
flow. In this type of flow, the fluid moves in layers and each
fluid particle follows a smooth continuous path. The fluid
particles in each layer remain in an orderly sequence without
Momentum diffusivity
Thermal diffusivity
Turbulent flow
7. Define Nusselt Number (Nu).
Laminar flow
IDec. 200J A U, Apr.

~,
MUI
process
under an unit temperature gradient to the heat flow rate by
conduction under an unit temperature gradient through a
97, 98,
It is defined as the ratio of the heat flow by convection
stational)' thickness (L) of metre.

qconv
Nusselt Number (Nu)

I
i I
, f
8. Defme Grashof number (Gr).

It is defined as the ratio of product
qcolld
IOct.
97, 99,
MUI
of inertia force and
buoyancy force to the square of viscous force.

Gr == Inertia force x Buoyancy force
(Viscous forceY
9. Define Stanton number (SI).
IDee. 2005, /.U/
It is the ratio of Nusselt number to the Jlr~duct of Reynolds

I
,I
2.221
mixing with each other.
diffusivity.
Heat Transfer
number and Prandtl number.

Nu
,
Re x Pr
St == --
Time
Turbulent flow: In addition to the laminar type of flow, .a

distinct irregular flow is frequently observed in nature. This
type of flow is called turbulent flow. The. path of any
individual particle is zig-zag and irregular. FIg. shows the
instantaneous velocity in laminar and turbulent flow.
12. Whl.' is lIydrodynamic boundary 'layer ?
fl .d i I
In hydrodynamic boundary layer, velocity of the UI IS ess
than_990/0offree stream velocity.
13. Wha! is tllermal bountlary layer?
. . I than
l',lu.,cl.hem1albO.undary layer, temperat\lre ofthp- fluid IS ess
lOci. 98, Mu,r,I
14. Define convectIOn.
f that will occur between
Convection is a process o.fheatd~:s :en they are at different
a solid surface and,a fluid me IU
. '~9% of free stream temperature.
. I.
temperatures.
Heat transfer from the mov ing fluid to solid surface i
.........
u~eqUitlOO
.
s gIven by

"'hilt are the dimensionless
convection 1
law of Cooling.
3.
Local heat transfer coetlicient

Surface area in m2
in W Im2K
Surface (or) Wall temperature
in K
TGO
Temperature
of fluid in K
(May 2004, Dec. 2004, June 2006, May 2004 AU,
11.
Prandtl number (Pr).
thickness.
18. According to Newton's

law of cooling the amount of heat
transfer from a solid surface of area A at a temperature Tw to
IDec. 2005, Dec. 2004, June 2006, AU/
divided into two regions:

A thin region near the body called the boundary layer
where the velocity and the temperature gradients are large.
The region outside the boundary layer where the veloci~
and the temperature gradients 'are very nearly equal to their
free stream values.
23. An electrically heated plate dissipates heat by convection at a
rate of 8000 Wlm2 into the ambient air at 25,\:'./fthe surface
of the hot plate is at 125~, calculate the
transfer
r:
coefficient for convection belween the plate and air_

,
{May 2005, May 2006, AU/
_
(Nov. 1994, MUj
Ans : Q = hA (T w
19. What is the form
used to calculate
for flow through cylindrical pipes?
Nu
n =
n =
Surface temperature, T w
[Oct: 1999, MUj
:::
Tofind':' Heat"tl'flos-fer--coeffic'ielrt,
We know that,
- hA(T
Heat transfer, Q -
Solution:
0.4 for heating of fluids.

0.3 for cooling of fluids.
40
250C + 273 :::298 K

l250C + 273 :::39~ K '
Ambient temperature, Ta:;
heat transfer
0.023 (Re)O.8 (PrY'
8000 W/m2
Given: Heat dissipation, Q
Too)
of equation
{May 2004" AU/
In the boundary layer concept the flow field over a body is
convection.
T t10 is given by
MU/
22. Indicate the concept or significance of boundary layer.
MUJ
(May 2004, Dec. 2004,. June 2006 AU, Nov. 96, Apr. 98, MUJ
If the fluid motion is artificially created by means of an
external force like a blower or fan, that type of heat transfer is
known as forced convection.
aJluid at a temperature
IOct.1999,
(Nu).
Define bOllndary layer
If the fluid motion is produced due to change in density

resulting from temperature gradients, the mode of heat transfer
is said to be free or natural convection.
17. What is forced
2.213
used in forced
The thickness of the boundary layer has been defined as the

distance from the surface at which the local velocity or
temperature reaches 99% of the external velocity or
temperature.
16. Wiat is Iftealll by free or natural convection?
Nov. 96, Oct. 97,
parameters
1. . Reynolds number (Re).
2. Nusselt number
It A T... -
,0.
= h A (T; - T.J
This equation is referred to as Newton's

wbere
----
___
(h
-Ta:;)
IV
r ",.'
[
I
2.224
h x 1(398 -298)
8000
:::)
h x 100
h = 80 W Im2K
Result: Heat transfer coefficient,
2.225
26. Define displacement thickness.
80 W Im2K
U. Write down the momentum
equation for a stead

.
bl
[Y, two
dimensional flow 0if an mcompressi
e, constant pf',
. Jld
operty
newtonwn
UI
m th e rec tId
angu ar coor mate system
mention the physical significance of each term.
flIrd
Th~ displacement thickness is the distance, measured

perpendicular to the boundary, by which the free stream is
displaced on account off ormation of boundary layer.
27. Define momentum thickness.

The momentum thickness is defined as the distance through
which the total loss of momentum per second be equal to if it were
passing a stationary plate.
{June 2006, Anna University}

28. Define energy thickness.
Momentum equation,
I
au
(
. (au
P u ax
The energy thickness can be defmed as the distance, measured

perpendicular to the boundary of the solid body, by which the
boundary should be displaced to compensate for the reduction in
kinetic energy of the flowing fluid on account of boundary layer
au )
p u ax + V "By
where,
au ]
Inertia forces.
+ V ay
formation.
Body force.
ap
Pressure force.
ax
a- 2u + -a2u
ox2 ay2
00
Viscous forces.
25. Sketch the boundary development of aflow.
!~ ::
~:
!:
:
I
I
I
I
I
I
'y
~U!
Laminar
I Tranii- I
boundary layar---71Ion"""__ Turbulent
boundary
layer
--I
l-U
~_~I-=~~
\~
~I
u;;'fJl '.
1
, CHAPTER~III
3. PHASE CHANGE HEAT TRANSFER
AND HEAT EXCHANGERS
3.1 Boiling and condensation
3.1.1 Introduction
In the last chapter of convective heat transfer, we have
considered the fluid as a homogeneous single phase system. But, in
many situations, the fluid changes its phase during convective heat
transfer process. Boiling and condensation are such convective heat
transfer process that are associated with change in phase of liquid.
3.1..2 Boiliag
The change of phase from liquid to vapour state is known as
boiling
3.1.3 Condensation
The change of phase from vapour to liquid state is known as
condensation.
3.1.4 Applications
Boiling and condensation process finds wide applications as
mentioned below.
1. Thermal and Nuclear power plant.
2. Refrigerating systems.
3. Process of heating and cooling
4. Heating of metal in furnaces
5. Air conditioning systems.
' ."
-----------------------------
----
3.l.5 8oili~g beat tran~fer phenomena
Boiling is a convection process involving a change f

O
from liquid to vapourstate, This is possible only when the tem phase
of the surface (Tw) exceeds the saturation temperature o~~tu~
{TsaV'
.
qUid
Boiling and Condensation. 13

c
S,g
~e
Nucleate
boiling
c~
->
Filmbollin9
Ql
II
III
107
IV
VI
According to convection law,

Q = hA (Tw- TsaV
Q=hA(~T)
where
~T = (TwTsat> is known as excess temperature.
If heat is added to a liquid from a submerged solid surface
the boiling process is referred to as pool boiling. In this case th~
liquid above the hot surface is essentially stagnant and its motion
near the surface is due to free convection and mixing induced by
bubble growth and detachment.
Fig. 3.1 shows the temperature distribution in saturated pool
boiling with a liquid - vapour interface.
.:.:.:.:.:.:.:.:.:.:.:.:.:.:.:.:.:.:.:.:y~~~.:.:.:.:.:.:.:.:.:.:.:.:.:.:.:.:.:.:.:.:.:.:.:.:.:.:.:.:.:.:.:.:.:.:.:.:.:.:.:.:.:.:.:.:.:.:
..
.....................................................
~.~.~ ~
Vapour~_-
~'<i' _ ~
--_
_- s .:_-__
-_
- -~.:-
_-_-_-_- .r:0._- .D_- _-9..- _- _- _- _- _.0_-_- ----13.....: Liquid
~-~---------------~---bubbles -_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_0_-_-_-_ -<:_-:_-_-2- .z:': -_0_-____
-0
-0-
_-_-_-_
0_
/;?;?~;;;;;?;;;;?;?;);;;;;;;;?;;?;;;
Solid surface
Fig 3.1 Pool Boiling

I .
I '
The different regions of boiling. are indicated in figJ.2.

This specific curve has been obtained from an electrically heated
platinum wire submerged in a pool of water by varying its surface
temperature and measuring the surfac,e heat flux. (q).
10L_----~--------L-----~----~-100
50
10
1
Excess Temperature
150
6 T e = T w - T sal
- Free convection
11 - Bubbles condense in super heated liquid
III
- Bubbles raise to surface
IV
- Unstable film
- Stable film
VI
- Radiation
coming into play
F;g~ s.: Pool Boiling Curve for Water

1. Interface evaporation
,
.
ocess with no bubble
Interface evaporation i.e., evaporation pr
.
I.
. the excess temperature
formation exists in region l. In tms region
"' ..
.
small (SoC). Here the liquid near the surface tS super
~ T IS very
.
h r id surfllce.
heated slightly, and evaporation takes p'ace at t e iqu .
2. Nucleate Boiling
----
This type of boiling exists in regions II and III Th

.
. e nucle
boiling begins at region II. As the excess temperature is f ate
increased, bubbles are formed more rapidly and rapid eva un~et
. d'icate d .10 region
. III . N ucleate boilinPOtation
takes place. This. .IS 10
.
.
g eXIsts
upto L\T = 50OC. The maximum heat flux, known as critic I h
.
a eat
flux, occurs at point A.
I~
. t
I'
[From HMT dOlo book
Q =
neatflUX
a.
~I hfg \ g x (PI
page No. I 42(Sixlh edilion)]
-Pv)\o.s x \
Cp, x AT \~
lCsf
hfgP;l
.
".(3.\)
q = heat flux, Wlrn2
Film boiling exists in regions IV, V and VI.

In region IV the vapour film is not stable and collapses and
reforms rapidly. With further increase in L\T (excess temperature)
the vapour film is stabilised as indicated in region V.
'
The surface temperature required to maintain a stable film are
high and under these conditions a sizeable amount of heat is lost by
the surface due to radiation. This is indicated in VI.
From fig.3.2 it is clear that high heat transfer rates are
associated with small values of the excess temperature in nucleate
boiling region.
I,
leate Pool Boiling
where
3. Film Boiling
I:
1.J-luc
11,- Dynamic viscosity of liquid,Ns/ml

hfg - enthalpy of evaporation, l/kg
g _ Acceleration due to gravity,9.81 rn/s2

P, - Density of liquid, kglm3
Pv - Density of vapour, kglm3
o - Surface tension for \iquid vapour interface,N/m
specific heat ofliquid, J/kg K
Cpl-
CsJ - Surface fluid constant

3.1.6 Flow Boiling
Flow boiling or forced convection boiling may occur when
a fluid is forced through a pipe or over a surface which is
maintained at a temperature higher than the saturation temperature
of the fluid.
This type of boiling occurs in water tube boilers
forced convection.
involving
3.l.7 Boiling Correlations

It is obvious from the boiling curve that various physical
mechanisms are involved in different regions and there will be
correspondingly many types of correlations for the boiling procesS .
. Some of them are given below.
P r - Prandtl Number
~ T _ Excess temperature = T w - Tsat
T _ Surface temperature, C
w
_ Saturation temperature, C
sat
d 1 7 for other fluids.
n = \ for water an .
b. Critical heat Flux
9_= 0.\8
A
hfg Pv
\~O 25
~a)( g(P/- PvJ
l---P;-
(3.2)
c. Excess temperature
.1T = Tw - Tsat < 50C for Nucleate
pool boiling
-----
,:::----------;here
cr - Stefan Boltzmann constant

E -
d. Heat transfer, Q = m
hfg
... (3.3)
2. Film Pool boiling
5.67
10--8 W/m2K4
emissivity
Tw - Surface temperature, C
T sat
[From HMT data book page No. 142 (Sixth edition)J
_:B:o:il/~ng~a~nd~C~o~n~~~m~a~t/~M
Saturation temperature, C
b. Excess temperature
a. Heat transfer co efficient

h = hconv + 0.75 hrad
...
(3.4)
3.1.8 Solved Problems
III Water is 10 be boiled (II atmospheric pressure in a polished copper

h
cony
0 62 [k~
.
Pv
(p,- p)x g
~IV
(hfg + 0.4 Cpv ~T)
pan by means of an electric healer. TI,e diameter of the pan is

0.38 m and is kept at I 15" C. Calculate the following
D.1T
I..
where
I. Power required
10 boil
2. Rate of evaporation
3. Critical heat flux.
Pv - Density of vapour, kglm3
Given:
P,- Density of liquid, kg/rn-'
Diameter, d = 0.38 m;
g - Acceleration
"Jg - Enthalpy
due to gravity, 9.81 m/s-'

of evaporation
J/kg
Jlv - Dynamic viscosity of vapour,
pressure
Ns/m?
1. Power required, (P)

2. Rate of evaporation, (m)
Q
111
6 T - Excess temperature
= 115 c.
Tofind:
Cpv - Specific heat of vapour at constant
D - Diameter,
the water
(3.5)
of vapour, W ImK
k, - Thermal conductivity
]025
3. Critical heat flux, (A)

= 1'w - T sal
... (3.6)
1
IlolI/nR and ('und,n.wIIQn
100'"
Specific volume of vapour v
1.673 mJ/kg
Dcnsily of vapour,
I)"
.9
..L
v
il
_11.673
copper
pan
Ii0RICl'
~T
Excess tempermure Tw -
16'1'.
Fig 3.3
15
TSIII
II sn - 100 IS C
50 . So this is Nucleate pool boiling process.
1. Power required to boil the water
We know that. saturation temperature of water is 100 C.
For Nucleate pool boiling
i.e1 T sal
Heal flux,
100 C ,
= 111 x hfg
[g
x (~/-PV)]O~
Properties of water at 100 C.
[From HMT data book page No. I 42 (Sixth edition)]
[From IIMT data book page No.21.

Sixth edition]
Density, P, = 961 kg/m!

Kinematic viscosity, v = 0.293
Prandtl Number, P,
Specific heat, Cpl
4216 J/kg K
Dynamic viscosity, J.l,
I cr = 0.0588 N/m I
1.740
0.293
1~
[R.S. Khurmi Steam table page No.4}
n = 1 for water
"Jg = 2256.9
~"hfg, PI. PV' o, Cpb ~T, Csf hfg' nand Pr values in Equn (I)
(1) ::::) -
= 281.57 x 10-6 x 2256.9 x 103 x
4216
kJ/kg
x
hfg
= 2256.9
103 J/kg
[From HMT data book page No. J4J]
Substitute
AI JOOC
Enthalpy of evaporation,
[From HMf data book page No. 144]
For water - copper::::) Csf = surface fluid constant = 0.013
= 281.57 x 10-6 Ns/m2

From Steam Table
where c = surface lension for liquid vapour interface

At JOOc.
I O~ m2/s
= PI x v = 961
[ Cpl x ~T ]3 ... (I)

Csfxhfg P;
[ 0.013
2256.9
[9.81x (961-0.597)] 0.5

0~~8
]3
15
x 103 x
(1.74)1
l3J,/~O~H~ea~t~a~n~d~U~as~s~~~a~n~~~e~r
-t
____
= 4.83
lOS W/ll12
Heat transfer, Q = 4.83
lOS x A
Heat flux,
= 4.83
lOS x
Q =54.7
103 W
x 103
54.7
I Power = 54.7 x
= 0.18
0.0588
x 9,81 x (961 _ 0.597>]0,25
Critical Heal flux, q =
-t
= 1.52
106 W/m2
=P
Result:
103 Wi
We know that,
x
103 x 0.597
(0.597)2
(,;,)
Heat transferred, Q =';,
2256.9
I. P
2. Rate of evaporation,
x[
f-d
f (0.38)2
=4,83
x 105 x
Boili"g and COfldemation J. II
54.7
103 W
2.
m = 0.024 kg/s
3.
_2. = q =
A
Jrg
1.52 x 106 W/m2.
[l) Water is boiled at the rate 0/
m=-
kg/h in a polished copper
].I
pan, 300mm in diameter, at atmospheric pressure. AsslUninl
hlg
nucleate boiling conditions, calculate th temperature of the
54.7
103
2256.9
bottom sur/ace
0/ the pan.
103
Given:
~.024kglsl
Mass flow rate, ,;, = 24 kglh
3. Critical heat flux
_ 24 kg
- 3600 s
For Nucleate pool boiling, critical heat flux,
A=
I,;.
:t'''') j
O.25
0.18 hI"
P, a' g
[
6.6
Diameter, d = 300mm
l'
10-3 kgls
0.3m
Toflnd:
[From HMT data book page No /42}
Surface Temperature. Tit'
41
I
Boiling and Condensation 3.1J
Solution:
For Nucleate boiling
We know that,
Heat flux,
Saturation temperature of water is 100 C,
i.e. Tsat
.2_=
100 C.
[gX(PI-PII)]0.5x
11 xh
'fg
[ Cp/x LiT]3
C
h
0'
[From HMT data book page No. 142 (Sitth editiOlt)J
{From HMT dolo book page No. 21 (Sixth edition)}
961 kg/m!
Heat transferred, Q =m
g_=~
A
6.6
0.293 x 10--{)m2/s
\I
(I)
...
sf x ,/g Pr
Density, PI
II
=>
h_rg
Prandtl number, P, = 1.740

Specific heat, Cpl = 4216 J/kg K
10-]
2256.9
103
.!!.. d2
4
Dynamic viscosity, III
= PI x V
6.6 x 10-] x 2256.9 x 103
= 961 ~ 0.293
10-6
.!!.. (0.3)2
4
\ .~I
From Steam table
2~ 1.57
10-6 Nszm21
-t-
[R.S. Khurmi Steam table page No. 4J
= 210 x 10] W/m2 \
At 100C
hfg
I }Jfg
Specific volume of vapour,
I
2256.9 kJ/kg
= 2256.9 x 103 J/kg
Vg = 1.673
m3/kg
At
Surface tension for liquid vapour interface
100 C
[From HMT data book page No.144J
10 == 0.0588 N/m
For water - copper => Csi
,
\
==
surface ~uid constant
0.013
\'
Density of vapour,
\Csi
Pv
<=
0.013 \
(From HMT dota book page No.143]
"g
n == I for water
1.673
Substitute
== 0.597~
Equation (I)
11/,
hfg> QI' Pv' 0, Cpl' hlg,
t,
nand Pr values in
~3.iI4~H~w~t~and~M~~~s~~~mu~ife~r
---------------(1)::::)
210 x 103
-=
x 2256.9 x 103
281.51 x I~
Tofind:
x {9.81 x (961-0.591)15
Boiling and Condensation 115
____
Voltage, (V)
0.0588
Sollltion:
4216 x &T
,[
]3
We know that, saturation temperature of water is 100 C.
0.013 x 2256.9 x 103 x (1.14)
i.e., Tsat = 100 C
il
4216 x 6T)3 = 0.825

( 5105 l.l
::::) [0.0825 6T]3
0.825
0.0825 6T
0.931
Pr=1.740
(Sixth edition))
= 0.293 x 10-6 m2/~
Cpt
!6T=11.35CI
= 4216 JlkgK
11,=P,xv=961
We know that,
Excess temperature, 6 T
Tw
T sat
1l.35 = T w
100 C.
I Tw=
III.JSOC
Result :
Surface temperature, T w = 111.35 C
{From HMT data book page No.21.
P, = 961 kg/m3
A nickel wire carrying electric current 0/1.5 mm diameter

and 50 cm long, is submerged in a water bath w/rich is open to
atmospheric pressure. Calculate the voltage at the burn out
point, if at this point the wire carries a current 0/200A.
Given:
d = 1.5 mm = 1.5 x 10-3 m; L = 50 cm = 0.50 m ;
Current, I= 200 A
0.293 x 10-6
11,= 281.57 x 10-6 Nslm2

From Steam Table At 100 C
{R. S. Khurmi
Steam table. page No.4]
hfg = 2256.9 kJlkg

hfg = 2256.9
loJ Jlkg
"s =
1.673 m3lkg
Pv =
I
Vi
=
1.673 = 0.591 kglm3
o = Surface tension for liquid - vapour interface.

At 100 C
Icr = 0.0588
N/m
{From HMT data book page No. 144]
"
J /6 Heat and Mass Transfer
Boiling and Condensation 3.17
For Nucietlle Pool Boiling Critical heatjlux
(At burn out)
Given:
Diameter, D = 8 mm '" 8 )( 10-3 m ;
".
(I) .
[From HMT data book page No. 142]
Substitute hit:' PI> P o, values in Equation (I)
2...= 0.18)(
2256.9 )( 103 )( 0.597

025
[0.0588
= 0.92
260C.
Power dissipation
A
x
Tofind:
'
(I) =>
Emissivity,
9.81 (961 - 0.597) ]

(0.597)2
Solution:
We know that, saturation temperature of water is 100
i.e. Tsat
c.
1000Cl
Excess temperature, 11 T '" T w - T sat
I'lT=
Heat transferred, Q = V
=>
=>
=>
I~T '"
x [
Q= Vx[
A
A
V
x 200
1.52 )( 106
xdl,
V x 200
1.52)( 106
It )( 1.5 )( 10-3
=>
IV
[7.9 Volts
260-100
1600 C > 500 C
So, this is Film pool boiling.

[':A=1tdL1
Film temperature,
Tf
Tw +- Tsat
2
260
x
100
0.50
I
Properties of water vapour at 1800 C. (Saturated Steam)
Result:
Voltage, V =
[From HUT data book page No. 39
17.9 Volts.
(Sixth edition))
I!l A Ileating element
c/added wit/I metal is 8 mm diameter and of
Py
emissivity is 0.92. The element is horizontally immersed in a
ky
waer bath. Tile susface temperature of the metal is 260"C under

steady state boiling conditions. Calculate the power dissipation
per unit length of the heater;
=
=
5.16 kglm3
0.03268 W/mK
Cpv = 2709 J/kg K

Ily
15.10
10-6 Ns/m2
118 Heat and Mass Transfer

.
Properlle5
f saturated water at 100 C.
[From HMT data book page No.21 (SIXth edition)]
BOiling and CorrcklUation
hrad= 20 W/m2K
1.19
.. (3)
Substitute (2), (3) in (I)
PI '" 961 kglm
(I) => h
From steam table At /OOc.
[R.S. Khurmi Steam table. page No.4]
Heat transferred, Q
103 JlkgJ
hA(T",-Tsat)
'1' g heat is transferred due to both convection and

In film poo I b01 ID ,
h"
radiation.
436.02)(
(I)
Heat transfer co-efficienl, h '" hconv + 0.75 hrad
k3)( P )( (P/-P ( g)( [hlg +0.4 (CPv .1T)
'" 0.62
COny
I'v
0 .1T
" [2256.9 )( 103 + (0.4)( 2709 )( 160)]
hconv '" 0.62
15.10)( 10-6" 8)(
10-3)(
[.: L'" 1m)
Power dissipation, P = 1753.34 W/m.
(B
Water is boiling on a horiz.ontal

maintained
tube whose waU temperatllre
at J SC above the saturation
temperature
Calculate the nue/eate boiling heat transfer c~ff1clertL
Is
of water.
Assume the
water to be at a pressure of J 0 atm. And also jlnd the change in vallie
160
of heat transfer c~fficient
'" 421.02 W/m2K
8 )( 10-3)( 1 )( (260--100)
ResulJ :
4.10" 106 ]0.25

hconv '" 0.62 [-1.93 )( 10-5
I hconv
It "
(or)
Power dissipation, P'" 1753.34 W/m
O.2S
(32.68" 10-3)3)( 5.16)( (961 - 5.16( 9.81 0.25
)( L (T", - T sat>
It )( 0
1753.34 W/m
page No. 142]
[FromHMfdatabook
+ 0.75(20)
Ih = 436.02 W/m2K I
"Jg'" 2256.9 kJlkg
I hlg '" 2256.9)(
= 421.02
I. The temperature
w"en
difference
is increased to 10 C at a presJllre
of lOatm.
1. The pressure is raised to 10 atm at ..:iT = 15"(,.
. . (2)
Given:
[From HMf data book page No. 142]
hrad
= 5.67"
10..,11
)( 0.92
C: Stefan
Wall temperature
temperature.
is maintained
(260 + 273)4 - (100 + 273)4]
T", = 115C.
P = 10 atm = 10 bar
(260 + 273) - (100 + 273)
boltzman constant, a
5.67"
10-8 W/m2~]
[ .: Tsat
at 15C above the saturation
100 C; Tw = 100 + 15 = 115C)
Case (i)
Boiling and Condensation ),11

Case (ii)
~T=300C;p=
10atm= lObar
p = 20 bar; ~ T = 15 C
Heat transfer co-efficient, h = 5.56 (~T)3 = 5.56 (15)3
Case (ii)
Ih=
P = 20 atm = 20 bar; ~T = 15 C
Solution:
18765 W/m2K
Heat transfer co-efficient other than atmospheric pressure
We know that, for horizontal surface, heat transfer co-efficient

h
= 5.56 (~T)3
h = 5.56 (Tw- Tsat P
=>
= 5.56 (115 -
Ih
= 62.19
lhp
hp=47.13
!8765:x
[FromHMTdatabook
page No. 143]
hp = 47.13
103 W/m2K
p= IObar;~T=.30"C
[From HMt data book page 11'0.143]
=
= 377
103 W/m2K
hp = 62.19 x 103 W/m2K
Case (i)
Heat transfer co-efficient, h
103 W/m2K
Case (ii)
dO]04
Heat transfel' ico-efficient,
Case (i)
hp
Nucleate boiling heat transfer co-efficient

hp = hpO.4
103 W/m2K
Result:
~.oW
= 18765 W/m2K
= h p04
= 18765 (20)0.4
[From HMT data book page 11'0.143

(Sixth edition)]
5.56 (~T)3 = 5.56 (30)3
I!J
A electric wire of 1.5 mm diameter and 100 mm long is laid

/.orizontally and submerged In water at atmospheric prnsure. The
wire has all applied '!oltage of I(J V and carries a current of 41
ampture. Determine heat flux and excess temperature.
Tile
followlng correlation for wster boiling on I,orizolftai submerged
surface IIolds good.
h
Given:
1.54 (g/14
A
= 5.58 (.!inJ
Diameter, D = 1.5 mm = 1.5
hp = h p04
Length, L = 200 nun
hp
= 150
10J ( (0).4
= 377
103 W/mlK
= 0.2
Wlm2K
10-3m;
m;
Voltage, V = 16 V; Current I = 42 amps;
.h
= 1.54 (~)3/4
= 5.58 (~T)3
",S.
r'
:J.:2:!2H~t~at~a~nd~u~au~~~a:m~~~u
----------------
'fIF:;'tI-WdVW1.J'P;TTiSf#,
___
BOiling and Condensation1.2J
3.1.9 Solved Anna Univenity Problems
To/flld:
o
I. Heat flux. ( A)
IIIAn
aluminium pan of 15cm diameter is lUed to boil waler and
the water depth at the time of boiling is 2.5 em. The pan is
placed on an electric stove and the heating element raises the
temperature of the pan to 110-C. Calculate the power Input/or
boiling and the rale of evaporation. Take Cs/= 0.0132.
2. Excess temperature, (~n

SDbltlt'" :
We know that, heat transfer
O==V"I
{Dec.2005. Anna Univ]
==16" 42
Given:
[O==672W]
= 15 em = 0.15 m
Distance, x = 2.5 em = 0.025 m
Surface temperature, T w = 110 C.
Diameter, d
Surface Area, A = nOL
=n
)( 1.5
10'-3 )( 0.2
!A ~ 9.42 " 10-' m21
Csf= 0.0132
Tojind:
=> _g_ ='

672
- 713.3 )( 103
A 9.42)( 10-'
Heat flux.
t=
I. Power input, (P)

713.3 )( 103 W/m2
Solution:
We know that,
h
1.54
(.2.r = 5.5S (~T)3
_____
L
~sat
(Given)
1000(
= 5.5S(~T)3
~ 1.54 (713.3 )( 103)3/4
= 6773.92
(~T)3
I~T
IExcess temperature,
~T
IS.')O C
IS. 9 C
Aluminium
pan
~===~=:t--....
Electric stove
ReslIlJ:
.2..=
713.3)( 103 W/m2

A
2.~T= IS.C)OC
I.
(m)
I
I
l.
Fig 3.4
Boiling
3.24 Heal and Moss Transfer
We know that,
0
Saturaridn temperature of water is 100 C.
.
T'sat-~ 10000C
i.e.,
Properties of water at 1000C.
Heat flux,.9..
A
10--0m /s
Cpl ==
4216 J/kg K
Dynamic viscosity, 11, == P, x v

= 961 x 0.293
11,
= 281.57
i"
'I
)(
en'ep/)(
N/m
Vo" hfg> PI'

.' values in Equn (I)
, P... o, ep"I ~T Csf h'fg> n a~d P,
Q
"
..
' ,:
Vg ==1.673
m3/kg
= 1.43 x 105 W/m2!
Heat transfer, Q
!p" '" 0.597 kg/m31
I Power
_1
(961--0.597')1 0.5 '

0.OS88
] 3
103
1.740
'
= 1.43 x 105 x
= 1.43 x
'" IIOoe - lOooe
2256.9
= 1.43 )(
~T =Excess temperature
. ==T w - T sat
looe
r::::------
=_11.673
S0, thoIS IS
, Nucleate pool boiling.
X'
4216 x 10
0.013
_!_
Vg
I ~T'"
2256.9 x. 103 x [9.81

. .
x [
editioni]
Substitute,
10-6 Nslm2
Enthalpy of evaporation, h/g == 2256.9 kJ/kg

h/ == 2256.9 x 103 J/kg
.. (I)
I for water
(~)~ A '" 2,81.57. x I <i6)(
r;
]3
10--0
AI JOOC
Density of vapour, p"
~T
[From HMT dolo book page No.142(Sixth
I cr - 0.0588
x
[R.S Khurmi Steam table, page No.4)
From Steam Table
,1T== looe <50oe
0.5 [
cr
At 1000 C.
'j
(P/-P,,)]
cr = Surface tension for liquid vapour interface
Prandtl Number, P, == 1.740

Specific heat,
[g)(
= Vol x h
'fg
s/xlyg
Where
(Sixth edition)j
Kinematic viscosity. v = 0.293
1. Power iDput for boiliDg
Density. P, == 961 kg/m3
1.25
[From HMT data book page No.2 I
i\
and Condensation
105
2!. d2
105)(
f (0.15)2
= 2527 W = P
input for boiling, P
2527
wi
TransLl"ifij~er:_
3. 26 Heat and
MasS
-----_
Saturation
I
(';')
i.e. Tsat = 100 C
We know thaI,
Heat transferre d, Q
::m)(

[FromHMTdatabook
hr.g
n
=>
of water is 100 C.
temperature
page No.2/,
(Sixth editioni]
Density, PI = 961 kglm3
,;,::hi
Kinematic viscosity, v = 0.293 x 10-6 m2/s

2527
:: 2256.9 )( 103
Prandtl Number, P,
1.740
Specific heat, Cpl = 4216 l/kg K
= P/)( V
= 961 x 0.293 x 10-6
iii = 281.57 x 10--6 Ns/m2
Dynamic viscosity, iii

Resllll:
I. p:: 2527 W
2.
1.11 x 1(J3 kgls
m ::
. . d' b 'il' water at atmospheric pressure on a COppe,

m/t is desire to 0
W
. h' l ctrically heated. Estimate ti,e heatfluxfrom
surface whlc IS e e
'.,
. d
h
ter. lifthe sur/ace IS malntalne at llO C
the surface to I e w~ ,
.
and also the peak hea.tfl~
[June. 2006, Anna Univ]
[R.S. Khurmi Steam table, page No.4]
From Steam Table

At
ioo-c
hlg = 2256.9 kJ/kg

hfg = 2256.9
Given:
Density of vapour, Pv
T w = 110 C.
aT
2. Critical heat flux, ~'
1.673 m3/kg
_!_
Vg
Pv = 0.597 kg/m31
Excess temperature
T w - T sat
= II OC- 1000
I aT=
Solution:
aT
We know that,
42
\03 l/kg
=_11.673
Tofmd:
1. Heat flux,
"s =
100e
100 e < 50 e. So, this is Nucleate pool boiling process.
-------------jt,22~8~H~~~I~m~ld~A~,,~~.~~S~~~o='~~ifi~er
- Nuclcare pool boiling
For
Heal flux, A
0.5
[8)(
xh
= 111
___
'fg
(P/-PI')1
----
Boiling and Condensation 1. 29
- 0.18)( 2256.9 )( 103)( 0.597
[From HMT data book page No. 142 (Sixth edt'on))
x [ 0.0588 )( 9.81 )( (961- 0.597) 0.25
(0.597)2
Where
n = I for water
a = surface tension for liquid vapour interface
Critical heal flux,
At JOOc.
0=
1.52 )( 106 W/m2
0.0588 N/m
[From HMT data book page No. 144)
For water - copper => Csf = surface fluid constant
Result:
I. Heat flux,
= 0.013
= 1.52 )( 106
= 142.83 x 103 W/m2
2. Critical heat flux,
[From HMT data book page No. 143)
W1m2
1.52
x 106
W 1m2
Substitute,
11/, hfg> PI>PV' a, Cpb \T, Csp hfg, nand P, values in Equation (I)
(\)~ -t
I
I
= 281.57 x I~
x 2256.9 x 10 x [
9.8Ix
(961-0.597)10.5
0.0588
4216 x 10
J3
x [ 0.013 x 2256.9 x 103 x 1.74
I
I
Heat flux, ;
3.1.10 Condensation
The change of phase from vapour to liquid state is known as
condensation.
3.1.11 Modes of condensation
There are two modes of condensation
1.Filmwise
= 142.83 x 103 W/m2
condensation"
2. Dropwise condensation.
Critical heat flux,
3.1.12 Filmwise condensation

= 0.18
hfg x Pv [a x g x (P/_pv)]0.25
Pv2
The liquid condensate wets the solid surface, spreads out and
forms a continuous film over the entire surface is known as filmwise
condensation.
[From HMT data book page No. J 42 (Sixth edition)]
Film condensation
\.
I'
occurs when a vapour free from impurities.
I'I
Dropwise condensation
J.I.1 3
an
J-~"'''';(''' condensation,
UIVP""' .. '
Bofling and Condensation J J I

the vapour condenses
into
sl11alll'
. us sizes which fall down the surface in a rand
IqUid
f vano
0111 rash,'
.
d
.
sfer rates in dropwlse con ensatron may be as
.
Heat rran
.'
mUch as
.
h' h than in tilmwlse condensatIOn.
10
tnnes Ig er
droplets
x ... Distance along the surface. m
0"
... Saturate
Tw
Surface temperature. OC
...
temperature. OC
g ... Acceleration due to gravity. 9.81 mlsl
4 Nusselt's Tbeory for film condensation

3..1 1
hlg ... Enthalpy of evaporation, J/kg
e mathematical solution given by Nusselt

is described OVerhere
. .
Th
The following assumption are made for derivation.
.
I.
The plate is maintained at a uniform temperature TWIn "'h'Ichis

less than the saturation temperature T sat' of the vapour
2.
Fluid properties are constant.
3.
The shear stress at the liquid vapour interface is negligible.
4.
The heat transfer across the condensate

conduction and the temperature distribution
5.
Tsal
p ... Density of fluid, kglmJ

b. Local heat transfer co-4ficient
(h~ for vertical Jllrfllce, laminar flow
h = !...
x
Ox
c. Average heat transfer c~fflClt!IIt
...
(3.8)
(II)for vertical Jllrfau, laminar flow
layer is by pure
is linear.
. . (3.9)
The condensing vapour is entirely clean and free from gases,

The factor 0.943 may be replaced by 1.13 for more accurate result
air and non condensing impurities.
as suggested by Mc adams.
3.1.1S Correlation
for filmwise condensing
process
(3.10)
[From HMT data book page No. 148 (Sixth edition)]
II.
s, =
,!
,i
d. Average heat transfer co-efflcient for Horizontal surface, laminar flow
Film thickn6s for laminar flow vertical surface,
[4 ~ k x (Tsat - T w) 1 0.25
g
hlg
... (3.7)
.. (3.11)
p2
where
e. Average heat transfer co-efficient
!'
'1.
for bank o!tubes, laminar flow
Ox - Boundary layer thickness - m

... (3.12)
J.l - Dynamic viscosity of fluid, Ns/m2

I
k - Thermal conductivity
of the liquid, W/mK
CL:WZ
&&ilME
ea&!S&4ZE&ZLW
.__
f. For La",lnar
--:---
flow, Re < 1800.
Where
g. For turblilant floW Re > 1800

h. Average heatlransfer
a, '"~PIl
P - Perimeter
co-efflclent
for vertical sur/ace, turbula"t/l
k) p2 g
h = 0.0077 (Re)o 4 [ -11-2 -
]0,)))
We know that,
F'II m temperature, T = --...::.:::.
Tw+Tsal
J
2
0",
110 + 133.5
2
" (3.13)
I TJ = 121.75 C I
0
Properties of saturated water at 121.75 C == 120 C

0
3.1.16 Solved Problems on Laminar flow, Vertical surfaces
[From HMf data book page No.2l

p = 945 kglm3
Dry saturated stea", at a pressure of 3 bar, condenses
0/ a vertical
atIlO"c'
on the s urfact
tube of heightl m. TI,e tube sur/ace temperature'
15 Ie tpt
(Sixth editions]
v = 0.247 x 10--6m2/s
k = 0.685 W/mK
Calculate thefol/owing
J.I '" p x
1. Thickness o/the condensatefllm

2. Local heat transfer co-efflcient
at a distance 0/0.25 m:
Assume Laminar flow
Given,'
0
Surface temperature, T w = 110 C

=
I J.I = 2.33 x
= 945
0.247
x 10-6
10-"' Nslm21
For vertical surfaces,
Pressure, p = 3 bar
Distance, x
Thicknes, Ox=
[4 J.I k
125
x x x (Tsal - T w)
g x hfg x p2
0.25 m
[From HMf data book page No.l48 (Sixth editiont]
Toftnd,'
I. Ox
4
[
2. hx at x = 0.25 m
Sollltiolf "
Properties of steam at 3 bar
From steam table,
[R.S. Khurmi steam table. page No.JO]
hfg = 2163.2 kJ/kg = 2163.2 x 103 J/kg
L1
t
i
2.33
10-"' x 0.685
9.81
2163.2
[133.5 - 110]
103 x (945)2
-1
rIT-h-i-Ckn-e-ss-,o-x-=-I.-I-8X-1-0-4m
Local heat transfer coefficient , h x
0.25
1.25
3.34

0.685
hx -1.I8x 10-4
[hx
= 5805.08
W/m2
KJ
We know that,
Result:
Ft'I m temperature, T = Tw +T sat

f
2
Ox =).)8 x 10-4 m
hx = 5805.08 W/m2 K
r:;l
60+ 100
A vertical tube of 65 mm outside diameter and 1.5

.'"
exposed'to steam at atmospheric pressure. The out
ITj
IO"g~
er SU'./IlCt
of the tube is maintained at a temperature 0/ 600C by
circulating cold water through
el
= 80
Properties of saturated water at 800
[From HMF data book page No.2 J]
tire tube. Calemate tht
P = 974 kglm3
following:
v = 0.364
1. The rate of heat transfer to the coolant.

2.
Diameter, D
Length, L
65 mm
1.5
0.065 rn;
60C
\I'
10-{; m2/s .
k = 0.6687 W/mK
The rate of condensation of steam.
Given:
Il = P x v = 974 x 0.364 x 10-6
III
= 354.53 x 10-{;Nslm21
Assuming that the condensate film is laminar
Tofind:
For laminar flow, vertical surface heat transfer co-efficient
I. The rate of heat transfer to the coolant (0)
l-r
h=O.943
2. The rate of condensation of steam (/;1)
Solution:
{From HMT data book page No. 148 (Sixth edition)]
We know, saturation temperature of water is 100DC.

i.e..
I Tsat
100C
h
] 025
~
.
Il L (Tsat - T w)
k3 P 2
as suggested by Mc Adams
Properties of steam at IOODC

1.13 [(0.6687)3
[From R.S.Khurllli steam table. page 110. 4}

Enthalpy of evaporation, hfg
= 2256.9 kJ/kg
2256.9 x 103 J/kg
II = 4684 W/m~
1
J
x (974)2 x 9.81 x 2256.9 x 103
354.53 x 10-{; x 1.5 x (100 - 60)
0.25
J 36 Heal and Mass Transfer

I. H_ "."sfer
BOiling and Condensalion 3.37
Rtsllh:
Q= 57,389 W
m = 0.0254
4,684
jQ
57,389
1t x
0.065
1.5
(100 - 60)
Wi
[II
kgls
A vertical flal plale in Ihe /0':'"
0/ fill
is 500 """ ill "elg'" aIId is
exposed to steam al atmospheric pressllre.
If slIr/tlce 0/
tile pi tile is
maintained til 60 C, calcllltlle Ihe /ollowing

ii) TIre rate of cOlldtlfSatiolf of steam (,;,)
I. The Jilm thickness tlllhe Irtlilinl edge
2. Overall hetlllrtlns/er co-ejfic;elft
We know that,
Heat transfer, Q
4.
m=
=>
3. Heat trtlllS/er rete
m hfg
Assllme laminar flow conditions and IInit width o/the pltlle..
~g
Given:
57,389
m=
The condenstlte mtlSs flow rate:
lIP
Height (or) Length, L = 500 mm
kgls
Surface temperature, Tw
2256.9
1m = 0.0254
Let us check the assumption of laminar film condensation
0.5 m
= 60 C
Toflnd :
1. Ox
We know that,
2. h
,
II
Reynolds Number, Re = 4m
PJl
where
3.Q
4.m
P = Perimeter'" ltD
=> Re
= It x 0.065
4
= 0.204 m
.0254
Soilltion:
We know that, saturation temperature of water is 100" C
0.204 x 354.53 x 10-6
i.e.,
I Tsat
100 C
['R-e-=-14-0-6~...L3
< 1800
Properties of steam at 100 C
So OUrassumption (laminar flow) .
IS
correct.
[From R.S.Khurmi steam table, page No. 41

hfg = 2256.9 kJ/kg
hfg
= 2256.9
Boiling and Condensation J. 39
x 103 J/kg
2. Average heat transfer co-efficient, (h)

For vertical surface, Laminar flow
We know that,
Film temperature,
Tf
Tw+Tsat
2
h = 0.943'
60 + 100
{From HMT data book page No.21}
10-ti m2/s
111 = 354.53
1. Film thickness
974
10-ti
10-ti Ns/m2
IQ
We know, For vertical plate,

4 u k x (T
r-
g x
where
sat
- T )
"lg x p2
x = L = 0.5 m
Q
(Sixth edition)}
4 x 354.53 x 10-6 x 0.6687 x 0.5 x (100-60)

9.81 x 2256.9 x 103 x (974)2
0.25
m
1m
1,23,286 W
We know that,
'.
Lx
4. Condensate mass flow rate, (,;,)

0.25
{From HMT data book page No. 148
~ Ox =
h A (Tsat - Tw )
(Tsat-Tw)
-= 6164.3 x 0.5 x 1 x (100 - 60)
Film thickness, Ox =
= h
(ox)
w)
1 0.25
I h = 6164.3 W/m2K1
Heat transfer, Q
0.364
l~
x Lx (Tsat - T
'u
3. Heat transfer rate, (Q)
k = 0.6687 W/mK
11
p2 x g xh(v
x (974)2 x 9.81 x 2256.9 x _103J 0.25

h = 1.13 (06687)3
_:_.
[ 354.53 x 10-6 x 0.5 x (100 - 60)
.
Properties of saturated water at 80 C
v = 0.364
k3
p = 974 kglm3
. m x hJg
Q
hfg
1,23,286
2256.9 x 103
0.054 kg/s
III '/PII' i/I,d Mil" 'l1f11l4/JlI
"'11'
Ii
~'J~1iIJ Vilit ~
''J,).?') I)
/1',
II) IIYif,.
)'1/1
'{".I'I'
~1l>lJitlA'''';, 1/4IJi!Q>i/
IIIIWIII"I,
'I
1'11111 ",,,1))<'1
tIl'",;,
'I,
~/
'/.,:1/
Wi
17
.'
'J h'i r" u)r ,fJ 94')
{IIi I IIJO
I'~ "I~i4'i'I,J(J by
['I[ - 1l()"C]
/ rr()l11
\I ~
0.364
1,1 ~
x \I
354.53
I. FIt""lJic/"'I!.H
974
0.364
=[ 4
(974P /
I()
I, I
425f).9
_.
OJ / (100 (0)
0,5
We know that,
x (TS<lt-Tw)]Q,25
h x p2
Jg
N IjJ
[From /-IMT data book page 0
(Sixth editiM)}
354,53
10-6
0,6687 x 0,5 x (100-6Q2]
0,25
::::>
m
m
9.81 x 2256.9 x 103 x (974)2
1m
= 1,2),286 W
4. Condensate man flow role, (,;,)
[41lk
{'Jf " 'II '. a<
,),IjJ
= It A (Tsol - Tw )
~ 6164,)
IQ
= L = 0.5 m
Ox
r<lipiawJ 1'1 J ) ')
where
::::>
10-6 NS/m2
<
Ur =
J '11) j
10-6
We know, For vertical plate,
~III
J. Iteut tronsfer rate, (Q)
(oJ
F'It m t hick
Ie' ness,
354053
Heat rransfer,
x
/ I, ' (J
I'
IIM1' data baok p(lg~ N~,2IJ
k = 0,(,687 W/",K
l' = P
'iI:
,l,r
ij/l)~
(O,fiIi~7)3
10 r, tn2/S
II
I
! Ji
JliOJJi
M~ AtJ"JI1,
11-1,11.
water nt WI" C
Pl'Op~rtles 01' saturated
1)'/-1'~
t ','II
Ill",/i
l'Jg
Q
hJg
1,23,286
2256,9
103
0,054 kg/s I
1 x (100 - 60)
j()lj
-
<)2
b'J
3~1Y ~# ,,_<1~'
=':.1'.
y/
~~
'v#
'fi'
.t~
<;:
I' ~"1"'"
'fO __
.(;
ill tfi~
!#,~,
-.
~"e
~
1~ --4.,.:L
UlJ-Jl_ #H 11IJv.'-~
~AI
,.
Sf; ~J!"~
I'/,PJ..,
j;yt;t
S'fi UftI~!'
If-
~iI!t#~iJf
Wi,
'"W
""'1If~
~
l6-_4MM ~JIfrr ~
~f_
tilt
~~r1<l'~.
Jl"t(e:!'iit!YI7(.f
~ If!tke,t4lfe..
~ .. -.,__
/f'N_ Hr-ri
tf.vN//,k
VA/ '.-"1:/J
j;,.;;.t ,,~~1I!:iottI
~.
L
e.
1iwI ~,,-ifd
lMt11 __
Pfb(
ItIWJI H lite
P--IIlflOt$fU
w-qFurior11j
Ole
'**"
~.:
Pr=~,"': 1}.1ia
a)
bar
M<2, A: '::O-cm / 50 em:
050 ' 0.'::0; a.25m)
Film thidlU1f
We know, FIlf vertical surfaces
Serface temperamre, T... = 2ft C
Distance, x
= 25
em
= (US
Iix
4 I' k x (T sat - T...) 025

=
g""lg"p2
(From H,..rr data book page No. /48J
Tafoul:
a) Ii..
c) h
0x =[4><82751'
9.81 x 2403.2
d) Q
j) h at 3D
10--6>< O.612xO.25:<{41.53-20)
Iii..
= 1.46 x 1Q-4 m
><loJ " (997))
025
F
Boiling and Condensation J.43
[Assuming Laminar q Ow]
b) Local heat transfer co-efficient (h::J

h
x
e) Tolal sleam condensalion
= !....
0.612
hx""
=nlxh/g
Heal transfer,
Ox
rale (,;,)
g__
l'fg
1.46)( 10-4
[&=4,191 W/m2gJ
c) Average heat transfer co-efficient (h)
E~~-o.o I
[Assuming Laminar flow]
k3)( p2)( g
h ""0.943
hr.]
125 kgls
025
jg
[ 11x L x (T sat - T w)
f) /ft"e plate is inclined al ONlil" IlOri'l.onla:

hinclined
hYl!rtical x (sin 0)\4
hinclined
hYertical ~ (sin 30)\4
hinclined
I hinclined
. [k3 p2 g hr. ]0.25
~ h = 1.13
jg
11 L (T sat - T w)
where L = 50 em
30,139.8
2403.2)( 10J
= 0.5
10-6 x .5
K]
4,708.6 W/m2
We know that.
(41.53 - 20)
Reynolds Number, R
Ih
5599.6 W/m2K1
W
~
We know that,
Re
~io.~<
h x A x (Tsat - T w)
(5599.6)
0.25
0.0125
827.51 x 10-6
1800
So our assumption (laminar flow ).IS correct
(41.53 - 20)
I Q = 30,139.8 W I
43
4~
WI1
width of the plate = 50 cm = 0.50 m
0.50
where
d) Heat transfer (Q)
Q = h A (T sat - T w
(Yl)\4
Let us check the assumption of laminar film condensation
h = 1.13 [(0.612)3 x (997)2 x 9.81 )(2403.2 x 103] 0.25
827.51
5599.6
$.44 Heal and Mass Transfer
-----
Result:
a. 5.\" = 1.46
b. h.t =4191
c. h
10-4 m
Properties of steam at 1.7 bar

[From R.S.Khurmi steam table, page No.9]
W/m2K
= 5599.6 W/m2K
hfg
d. Q = 30,139.8 W
2215.8 kJ/kg = 2215.8
](P
J/kg
We know that,
e. ,;, = .0125 kg/s
Film temperature,
f. hinclined = 4708.6
Solulion:
Tf =
Tw+Tsat
_.:___:.:=-
W/m2K.
85+115.2
2
Tire outer surface of a cylindrical vertical drum huvlng 25c",

diameter is exposed te saturated steam at 1.7 bar for condensation.
The surface temperature of the drum is maintained at 85"C.Calculate
tirefol/owing

[From HMT data book page No.2/
p = 961 kglmJ
v = 0.293 x 10--6m2/s
I. Lengtlr of the drum

k = 0.684 W/mK
2. ThicA"nessof condensate layer to condense 65 kg/h of steam.

f.I
Givm:
I f.I
Diameter, D = 25 em = 0.25 rn; Pressure, p
= p
=
x V =
961
0.293
10--6
281.57 x 10--6Nslm21
1.7 bar
For vertical surfaces, .
[Assuming Laminar flow]
Tw = 85 C
Average heat transfer coefficient
Mass, m
65 kglh
65
3600 kg/s
h = 0.943
1m
O.OI8(J
kg/sl
Tofuul :
LL
kJ p2 g x h.fJ
0.25
g
[ f.I L (T sat - T ....)
[From HMJ data

book page No. 148J
Using Mc Adam correlation, 0.943 is replaced by 1.13
J. 46 Heo: and Mass Transfer

(0.6804)3)(
h-1.I3
(961)2)( 9.81 )( 2215.8)(
281.S7)(
h = 5900 L- 0.2S
10-6)( L)(
103] OH
Boiling andCondefUation
(115.2 - 85)
0.%- [4
x 0.6804xO.18X(l15.2-S5)]O.2S
103)( (961)2
9.81 "2215.8)(
... (I)
~ ... =
Heat transfer, Q
X!Q-{>
281.57
1.20)( 1()-4 m
Let us check the assumption
~ Xhfg
1.47
of laminar flow
We know that,
0.0180 kg/s
2215.8
10J J/kg
Reynolds number,
39.8
39.8)(
R
e
1031/5
103 W
= 4';'
PJI
where
P = Perimeter = 1t0 = 1t )( 0.25
0.785
We know that,
I,j
R = _ __:_4_x-=0..:..:.0...;_I..:..SO.;__~
e
0.785 x 2SI.57 x IQ-{>
, ~i
103
1tDL)( (Tsat - T w )
39.8 x 103
1t x .25
39.8
L (115.2 - 85)
IR" = 325.71<
So our assumption
I. L = O.IS m
=>
39.8)( 103
2.0 x = 1.20
=>
0.278
(5900 L-0.25) )( 1t )( .25 )( L )((115.2 - 85)
=>
~fthe
drum,
O.ISm
L = O.IS m
(laminar flow) is correct
Result:
Substitue h value
LO.7S x (115.8 - S5)
ISOO
!11 Saturated
10-4 m
steam at tsat = 1ooe condenses on the outer JUrface of
1.4 m long, 2m outer diameter
temperature
folloHling.
TK, = 60C Assuming
film condensation,
find the
i) Local heat transfer co-efficient at the bottom of the tube.

ii) Average heat transfer co-efficient over th entire length of
tile tube.
2. Film thickness
.t
4 " k x (T sat - T w ) 0.25
~=,..
[
IX=L=0.18m
"tg)(
p2
Given:
T sal = 100C
Saturation temperature,
Length, L = 1.4 m
Outer diameter, 0
II
venice! tube maintained at allnl/orm
2m
T K' = 60 C
~~~~~~~-------------------J -# Helll and Mass Transfer
Tojlltl:
I. Local heat transfer co-cfficient,
h;K
2. Average heat transfer co-efficient,
Boiling and ComkJUolion J.49
= [4)( 354.53 )( I~)(
0.6687)( 1.4)( (100
9.81 " 2256.9 )(
loJ
60>] 0.25
(974)2
[.: x=L=
SoIlIlio" :
10.1'=2.24)(
of steam at I OO"C
Properties
[From R.S.Khurmi
Enthalpy
l.4m)
l0-4ml
steam table. page NOA}
Local heat transfer co-efficient
of evaporation,
"tg
.1'
2256.9 x loJ Jlkg
.t
[From HMT data book
h =
= 2256.9 kJlkg
(hx)'
0.1'
0.6687
2.24)( 10-4
I h;K = 2985.26
We know that,
Tw+ Tsat
Tf =
2
Film temperature,
Average heat transfer co-efficient
60 + 100
h = 0.943
page No. 148]
k3)(
W/m2K
(h),
p2)( g )( h. ] 0.25
JS
[ J.l)( L)( (Tsat-T >

w
[From HMT data book page No.J48]

Properties
of saturated
water at 80 C
[From HMT data book page No.21
p = 974 kglm3
(Sixth edition)}
v = 0.364 )( 10-{i m2/s

k
so
The factor 0.943 may be replaced
by 1.13 for more accurate result
as suggested by Me Adams
=:>h=1.13
k3
[
p2 g h;
] 0.25
J8
J.l L (Tsat - T IV)
0.6687 WImK
Il = P)(
'II
= 974 )( 0.364 )( 10-6
Il = 354.53 )( I~
Film thickness
surfaces,
0.1' =
1.13 [(0.6687)3)(
film is laminar.
laminar flow,
4 Ilk x (T
[
- T ) ]0.25
sat
IV
g x hfg x p2
[From HMT data book page No. 148 (Sixth edition)]
(974)2 x 9.81 x 2256.9 )( 103] 0.25
354.53 x 1~
N~m2
Assuming that the condensate

For vertical
x 1.4)(
h = 4765.58 W/m2K
Let us check the assumption
(100-60)
of laminar film condensation.

Boiling and Condensation J 51
We know that,
Reynolds number,
4 IIi
p;-
R.. '"
... (I)
[1)
A I'ertlcal plate 0.4 m heIgh and 0.3 m wide, at 40-C, Is expoud to

saturated steam at atmospheric preuure. Find the following
I) Film thldne.u
Heat transfer, Q - hA 6 T
- II
It
DL
(TSIl1
2
IQ-1.67
at the bottom of the pln'~
II) Maximum velocity at the bottom of the ptate

-
1.4
/II) Total heat fluX to the plate.
T",)
(100 - 60)
)t
Given:
Height or Length, L - 0,4 m
106wl
Wide, W - 0.3 m
We know that,
Q ""
1.67 x 106 =
';1 II'}.'g
m (2256.9"
~ 40C
Toflnd:
103)
I. Film thickness,
1m = 0.739 kg/s I
...
(2)
s,
2, Maximum velocity, umax

3, Total heat flux, Q
= nD
Perimeter, P
Solution:
=nx2
IP
6.283 m
We know that, Saturation temperature of water is loooe
i.e.
.. (3)
TSBI =
100 C
Properties of water at 100 C

Substitute P, ~, Jl values in equation ( I)
(I) ~
R
e
4
6.283
x
x
0,739
354.53
[From R.SKhllrmi steam table, page No,4}
"Jg
10-6
2256.9 kJ/kg
= 2256.9
103 J/kg
We know that,
So our assumption (laminar flow) is correct
Film temperature,
Result:
1. Local heat transfer co-efficient,
hI' = 2985.26 W Im2K
2. Average heat transfer co-efficient,
4765.58 Wlm2K
Tf
Til'
--2--
TSBI
40 + 100
2
~J~.5~2~R~e~.m~an~d~U~~~~~~~a~m~ife~r~~~::~--------. of saturated water at 70 C

~
Properlles
[From HMT data book p
. age No.(/
(SIXthedit'
p = 979.5 kg/m3
Boiling and Condensation J.53
Average heat transfer co-efficient (h),
10")J
v = 0.421
10-0 m2/s
h = 0.943
kJ
Il )( L
k =0.66 W/mK
= 979.5
x
0.421
jg
(Tsat - T w)
as suggested by Mc Adams.
10-4 Nslm2
h = 1.13 [ (0.66)3
.,
.sx =
Film thickness,
[41l k x (Tsat - Tw)]
9.81
10-4
x
0.66
2256.9
103
0..4 x (100 - 40)]

x
No.ua
IQ
(975.9)2
=
L = O.4m)
pg (ox)2
fmax
= 0.407
9.81 (1.87
4.12
rnIs /
2256.9
103].25
(100-40)
= hA (Tsa! - Tw)
5633.22
40, 559
wi
I.
c\. = 1.87 x
2.
umax = 0.407
:. Q
21l
2
0.4
5633.22 W/m2K
Result:
979.5
10-4
= h x (L x W) x (Tsa! - Tw)
0.25
[.: x
Maximum velocity , umax =
Total heat flux is given by
g x hfg x p2
(Sixthedition)]
x
9.8 I
(979.5)2
0.25
4.12
4.12
For laminar flow, vertical surface,
hr. ] 0.25
10-6
Assuming tha,t the condensate film is laminar.
= [4
u= pxv
Il = 4.12
p2 x g
10-4
10-4)2
10-4 m
m/s
40, 559 W
(0.4
0.3)
(100 - 40)
3.1.17 Solved problems on Laminar now, Horizontal sur;;---a

----------~--------------------
fl)
~~
Boiling and Condensation J jj
c~
for horizontal tubes, heat transfer co-efficient
A horizontal tube of outer diameter 2.2 em is exposed to dry stea",
kJ pl g
tit 100 C. Tile pipe surface is maintained at 62 C by CircUlating

water through it. Calculate tile rate of formation Of condensate
per metre length of the pipe.
h = 0.728 [
h = 0.728[
x 10-2
Dry steam temperature,
= 100
Tsat
Tw
0.25

No. 148 (Sixth edition)/
Il 0 (TS81- Tw)
Given:
Diameter, D = 2.2 cm = 2.2
".h ]
(0.6687)J
(974)2
9.81
2256.9
10J jO.25
354.53 x 10-6 x 2.2 x 10-2 x (100 - 62)
lr-h-=-8-78-3.-4 -W-'m-=-2K-',
62 C
Heat transfer, Q
= h
1'0find:
A (Tsat - T w )
h x nDL x (Tsat - T w)
8783.4 x
It
x 2.2 x 10-2 x I (100 - 62)
Solution:
[':L=lml
Properties
IQ = 23,068.5
of steam at 100 C
{From R.S.Khurmi steam table page No.4}
hrg
I jg
h
= 2256.9
kJ/kg
= 2256.9
x 10J J/kg /
We know that,
Q=';' ~g
=>
,;,=!L
~g
We know that,
Film temperature,
Tf =
Tw + Tsal
62 + 100
I Ii,
Properties
p
)I
=
=
0.364
23,068.5
2256.9 x 10J
= 0.010
kgls
0.010 kgls
Result:
of saturated water at 80 C
974 kg/rn!
{From HMT data book page No.21

(Sixth edition)]
10-6 m2/s
A steam condenser consisling of
II
square Ilrray of 900 I,orizolllil/
tubes each 6mm in diameter. The tubes are exposed to sllturaled

steu", at a pressure of 0./8 bar and II,e tube surface temperalllre
is maintained at 23 C, calculate
k = 0.6687 W/mK
Il
I fJ
= P
I'
= 974
x 0.364 x 10-6
/. Heal transfer co-efficielll

2. The rate at whiclt steam is condensed
= 354.53
10-6 Ns/m2/
1
I
_..-(
J56 Heal and Moss Transfer

1.57

G/~n:
= 900
D = 6mm = 6
With 900 tubes, a 30 )( 30 tube of square array could be formed
Horizontal tubes
Diameter,
)( 10- m
N
i.e.
.j9Oo
30
Pressure, p = O. 18 bar
Surface temperature, T w = 23 C
Toflnd:
For horizontal bank of tubes, heat transfer co-efficient
I. Heat transfer co-efficient, (h)
{From HMT data book
2. The rate at which steam-is condensed, (m)
page No.J48]
Sol"t;on:
(0.628)3
Properties of steam at, p = O. 18 bar

{From R.SKhurmi
steam table, page No.8]
h = 0.728 [ 653.7
T sal = 57.83 C
"Jg = 2363.9
hfg =
(995)2
10-ti x 30
9.8 I x 2363.9 x loJ
0'2.S
10-3 x (57.83 - 23)
I h = 4443 W/m2K I
kJlkg
2363.9 )( 103 J/kg
Heat transfer,
h A (T sat - T w
We know that,
Film temperature, Tf
Tw+ Tsal
4443
= ----=.::::....
IQ
2
=
40.41 C 1== 40 C

p
995 kglm3
(From HMT data book page No. 21]
11 =
111-
pxV
2916.9 W
We know that,
Q
= ,;, x hfg
~~=_g_ h
fg
. v = 0.657)( 10-ti ~2/s

k = 0.628 W/mK
1t
m = _2_9_1_6._9_
2363.9 x 103
, J,'
995 x 0.657 x 10;-6
653.7 x lo-tiNslm21 .:
6x 10-3
1(57.83 - 23)
[':L= 1m]
23 + 57.83
I Tf
I,n
1.23 x 10-3 kgls
('

for complete array, the rate of condensation
is
Boiling and Condensation J. 59
Solution:
10-3
,;, = 900 x 1.23 x
Properties of steam at 0.12 bar
,;, =
II 07 x 10-3 kgls
[From R.S.Khurmi steam table page No. 7J
Tsat = 49.45 C
,;, = I. I kg/s
Irg
IIrg
Result:
h = 4443 W/m2K
2384.3 kJ/kg
2384.3
103 J/kg
We know that,
Film temperature, T = Tw+Tsat _
f
2
"' = 1.1 kg/s
II) A condlmser Is to be Ilesiglled to condense
30 + 49.45
600 kgn, of dry saturated
steam lit a pressure of 0./1 bar. A square array of 400 tubes, each 01
8 nrm diameter Is to be used. The lube surface Is mointained at
ITf=
30 C. Calculate the I,eat transfer co-efficient and the lellgf/, 01
39.72C 1=40C

P = 995 kg/m3
each tube.
[From HMT data book page No. III
v = 0.657 x 10-6 m2/s
Given
,;, = 600 kg/h = ~
3600
m-' =-0-.1-66-k-gJ-s
I~
kg/s = 0.166 kg/s
)l
l)l
Pressure, p = 0.12 bar
0.628 W/mK
P
= 995
10-6
= 653.7 x 10-6 Ns/m21
No. of tubes = 400,
With 400 tubes, a 20
Diameter, D = 8mm = 8 )( 10-3 m
i.e.
0.657
N=
.j4Oo
20 tube of square array could be formed
= 20
IN = 201
T w = 30 C
Toftnd:
For horizontal bank of tubes, heat transfer co-ellicient

I. h
h = 0.728
[
2. L
44
)l
k3 2
h
] 0.25
P g 'fg
[From HMT date
N D (Tsat - T w)
book page No. 148
J. 61
/Ju111nKlind ('fJndenHol/on
=""""'-=="=-"~'~~--
. 'I
.
"
0.728
(1),628)3 / (99~)2 I. 9.81 'I 2384,3 ,. .I.OJ

--_._}
65),7" 10 (j r 20 ~ IJ Yo 10~3)( (<19.45
.jO)
(12
We know that,
::::> Q '" 400'
IQ
on
,fur/flU
lemperature
I" !ltpl fll J/7'C. ."Ima'e II,e 11,lckneu
condenftllefl
0/
II"
{ May 2005, Anna Untv]
1m
Given:
Pressure, p ,. 2.45 bar

Distance or height, .r '" 1m
No. of tubes '" 400
=:
__....
==~~--==-==----,h.
Heat transfer, Q. h A (T sat - Til')
::) Q
>_
3.1..8 Annll UnlvU8lty Solved p,,)blem~

-----=====~== ..
fD Dry,.,.ru,e;} " ..... t p"".re 0/1.41 bur c J.....
,fur/tlCe 0/ a verllco/lube
o/lle/K/Il
lm. The lube
5304.75 Wlm2K
h.
.'
400
x 11
Yo
5304.75
Yo
D
Yo
11
L
Yo
x (T sat - Til')
Yo
10-3
Til' '"' 117 C
roflnd:
Thickness of the condensate

Yo
Yo
film,
ox'
(49.45 - 30)
Solulion:
=:
1.05
106
Yo
LJ
... ( I )
Properties of steam at 2.45 bar.

{From R.s.Khllrmi steam table. page No.fO]
We know that,
Q=
~ =
;" x
hlg
0.166
IQ '" 0.3957
hlg = 2183 kJlkg

23843
103
... (2)
106 W 1
We know that,
Film temperature,
TI
Equating (I) and (2)

~ 0.3957 x 106
117
1.05
x x 106
::)IL = 0.37 m I
Result:
h
= 5304.75
T \I'
W/m2K
L= 0.37 m
-t
2
-!
T sal
127
I TI =
]220
Properties of saturated water at 122 C '" 120C

{From HMT data book page No.2/
(Sixth edition)]
p = 945 kg/m!
\I
0.247
10-{' m2/s
k = 0.6850 W/mK
_13~.6~]~H~e(.~1f~a~nd~~~a~~~f!1;~a~n~.if.~e~r
--------------
~
IJ - P" v
'- 945"
1" -
0.247 )( 10-6
Saturated steam temperature, Tsal = 100 C

Tube surface temperature, T w = 92 C
2JJ )( 10-4 Ns/m2 )
Tojlnd:
For vcr,.icnl surlirccs, (Assuming condensate

'I I' k ~. ( 'I'.,.
sill
.5 _
,I
Y )( hIll
II'
)]
film is laminur)
U,2$
p2
><
10 I
co-efficient. h
2. Rate of condensation,
Properties of steam at 100 C

[From R.S.Khurmi
/1M"/, data book page No, 148
(.5'lxlhedlllon)}
'2,3
I. Average heatlransfer
So/ul/on:
/FI'OIII
0.61l50)(
I )( (127-
117)
hfg
2256.9
Tw'" Tsal
2
Tf =
.. [6. 84" IO-Jlo.2~
92'" 100
1.912)( 10'3

p ~ 965 kg/mJ
Rel'ull:
Thickness of the condensate
film 0x
1.35
10-4 m
v = 0.310 x 10-6 m2/s

k
IIJ
I oj J/kg
We know rha
Film temperature,
1.35 )( 10-4111
steam table, page No.4}
2256.9 kJ/kg
"Jg -
l2$
!1.I1I " 21113 " 10) x (945)2
IOx
J. 63
A lube a/2m lellglll u/l(l 25 mm outer diameter is If}be condense

saturated steam 01 I ()o'e willie the lube surface is malnlalned al
92'C Estimate the average heat transfer co-efflclent and II,e fale
0/ condensation 0/ steam If Ille lube if

condenses on the outside of the lube,
,,=
I"
0.677 W/mK
= 2.99 x 1Q-4 Nslm2
For horizontal
= 25
mm
= 0.025
tubes, heat transfer co-efficient
[June 2006, Anna Univ)

k3
p2
g h
] 0.25
'fg
[
Tube length, L = 2m
10-6
pxv=965xO.310x
II = 0.728
Given:
Diameter, D
kept korizontal. Tiresteam
"D (Tsal- Tw)

[From HMT data book page No. 148
(Sixth editionl]
Hi,]' an.1.",us Tr,m,~f~'r
[{0.677),) )( (965)2 )(9.81
---~-
2256.~]
2.99 x 10-" x 0.025 x (100 -92)'
It - O. 28
rh =
I .166.08 W/m K
Boilmg and Condensation J. 65
11
3.1.19 Problems (or practice
I.
A wire of I mm diameter and 150 II1Ill length is submerged
horizontally
in water at 7 bar, The wire carries a current of I J 1.5 A with an applied

voltage of 2. I 5 V. If the surface of the wire is mainrained
Heal transfer.
hx
1t
IQ
(i) The heat flux and (ii) The boiling hear transfer coefficient.
[Ans : (i) 0.6 MWln,1, (#) 199]0 W/",J'q
x D x L x (Tsar - TIl')
13,166.08 x
We knov
16544.98 W
1t
2,
x 0.025 x 2 x (100
- 92)
(i) The heat flux, and (ii) The excess
J,
=Q.
=:>11/
165-R9S
~_'-6 9 '( 10;
A metal
lad healing element is of8 nun diameter and emissivity 0,95.
The element is horizontally
immersed in a water bath. Ihe surface
temperature ofrhe metal is 260 C under steady state boiling conditions.
alculate the power dissipation per unit length for the healer if water is
exposed to atmospheric pressure and is at uniform temperature.
{Am' : I. 75 K WI"'I
4,
11/
A heated brass plate at 150 C is submerged horizontally

in water at a
pressure corresponding to a saturation temperature of 1250 Whal is
the heat transfer per unit area? Calculate also the heat transfer coefficient
in boiling.
0
[Ans : 1.15
1(J6WI",l, 900 KWlmlKI
A heated pol.ished copper plate j.; umncrsed in a pool of water boiling

at atll10S~heflc pressure. If the 5l1. ;':1ce temperature or the copper plate
I' maintainer] at tempcrauvc
of 113, <)0 C. determine
the urtace heal
flux and the evaporanon rate per unit .rea of the plate.
" = 13,166.08 W1m2 K

==
7.33 x 10-J kg/s
I .,I/U':
6,
Water at atmospheric
IIJ KWlml, 49.9] Itg/mlll
p"e~-;lIrc is bodo:d ill a .dle lIlade ofcopper.
bottom or kettle i5 Ilat, 30
CIIl
ill diauictcr
and is IlIa:lllaillCd
The
at a
temperature 01'118 " '"kulatc the rate ofhcat required to boil water,
Also estimate the rate uf evaporaliull of water from the kettle.
II",,:
II
11/
temperature
[Ans : 0.679 MW/mJ, (ii) 18.5]"
= ,;, x !JIg
A electric wire vi' 1.5 rnm diameter and 200 mm long is laid horizontally
and submerged in water at atmospheric pressure. The wire has an applied
voltage of 16 V and carries a current of 40 amperes, Calculate
111al,
11/
ar 180 C,
calculate
17.1 K'II. 17.41 Itlll"f
'.
fr'
_j~.~6~6~f~/~oo~t~al~I(:/~A~~a~~~1}~(~"'~~fi~o~r
__
~~==~---------~
~
3.2 Heat Exchnngers
Heat Exchangers
3.2. t Introduction
A heat exchanger is defined as an equipment

the hellt from
II
hot fluid to
11
'l
------------0- - - -
-_ =- =- =- =- =_p=- =- =- =- ='0=-
3.2.2 Types of Heat Exchanger

There nre silvern I types of heat exchangers
which
Illay
3.67
gas
-_I --_-_---__-_--"----L
which trnllSfe
cold fluid.
Non condensable
HOI water
be
classified on the basis of

I. Nature of heat exchange
11. Relative direction
process
III. Design and constructional
=- -- =- =_p=- =- =- =- =- =b-- =---~

-----_
----.-:.:
Steum-
of fluid motion
features
Cold water
IV. Physical state of fluids,

Fig 1. of Direct
I. Nature of hC1l1 exchange

On the basis of the
exchangers
II.
nrc classified
Direct contact
process
nature
h. Indirect
of heat exchange
process, helll
as
heat exchangers
b. Indirect contact
or Open heat exchangers
heat exchangers.
II. Direct contact "eat exclumgcrs
In direct contact heat exchanger,
or Ope" "cal e:~:cll(I"gers

the heal exchange
takes place
is usually
by mass transfer.
Examples: Cooling
towers, Direct contact
CX(:/IIIIIKcr
c.\'c1I1111gcr.\
In this type of heat exchangers. the transfer of heat between two

fluids could be carried out by transmission through u wall which separates
the two fluids.
It may be classi tied as
i. Regenerators
by direct mixing of hot and cold fluids. This heat transfer

accompanied
(,I}tIIIICI/WIII
COIIIIU'I//{!III
ii. Rccuperators
(or) Surface hem exchangers
i. RegcllerlllllfJ
In the type of heat exchangers,
through the slime space.
Examples : IC engine
feed heaters
II. Rccuperutors
hot and cold fluids now alternately
. gas turbines.
(or) Surface
This is the most common
Ileal exchungers
type of heat exchanger
and cold fluid do nOI come into direct contact

separated by a tube wall or a surface.
I
in which the hot
with each other but are
~:
.,..,
3.68 Heal and Mass Transji!r.

.~
les
Automobile
radiators.
Air
pre heaters, Economlsers . ttc.
a",p C.I.
.
-';
~~
...
J 69
Heal Exchangers
1:"_
r;..l
b. Counter flow h~u' ~xchang~r
Af/vtl"'tlg~.f
I. Easy construction
In this type, hot and cold fluids move in parallel but opposite:
directions.
2. More economical
Cold fluid
). More surface area for heat transfer

DI.Jn(lvu"'tlg~.,
I, Less heat transfer coeflicient

2. Less generating capacity
II. Relative direction
Hot
fluid
of nuid motion
..
This typo of heat exchangers arc classified as follows

D,
Parallel flow heat exchanger
b. .ourucr flow heat exchanger

e.
II, "lIrllllel
III
'rU88
flllw
Fig. J. 7 Counter flow "eal excltanger
flow heat exchanger
111.1111
flxcllllltllcr
c. Cros flow keut exchanger
I.hl~type, hot uud cold fluldtl move In the
UUllle
dircctlon.
In Ihlo type, the hot and cold fluids move at right angles
other,
old l1uld
1101
~l
-~
I?
'.
thlld
. 1
II
II(Jr,
IlLlld
1
'~Il'
,(j 1'1""II,,/lI1W
11(/111~ dulltller
1111/, ). fJ
'ft/IIM//ow /111111
e. dla",,,
10
each
.....
J. 0 "'qot and Mass TrollSfer

Heat Exchangers
III. Design and constructional features

On the basis of design and constructional
features. the heat c"changers
are clas itied a follows.

tubes
than one time. This type of exchanger

manufacture,
b. Shell and lube

c. Multiple
shell and tube passes
d. Compact
heat exchangers
COlfulft,lc
In thi type, two concentric

used as a heat exchanger.
one of the fluids are
of flow may be parallel or counter.
exchangers.
They are generally employed when convective
co.efficient
associated
associated
heat transfer
with one of the fluids is much smaller than that
with the other fluid.
IV. Physical state of fluids

heat exchanger,
bundle of tubes enclosed
one of the fluids move through a
by a shell. The other fluid is forced through the
Tubes
are classified
state of fluids inside the exchanger,
heat
as
a. Condensers
Hot lluid
(001)
Ba"'e plate
Based on the physical

exchangers
shell and it moves over the outside surface of the tubes.
SIleII
and easy to repair.
There are many special purpose heat exchangers called compact heat
pipes, each carrying
The direction
more
is preferred due to its low cost of
d. Compact h~at ~xcl'QnguJ
tubes
b. S"~II lind tube

In this type of
J/It/l and tub~ paSl~J
In order to increase the over all heat transfer. multiple shell and rube
passes arc used. In this type. the two fluids traverse the exchanger
a. Concentric
II.
c. Multlplt
J 71
b. Evaporators.
a. COnlJl!nsers
In a condenser.
Ihroughoullhe
the condensing
fluid remains at constant temperature
exchanger while the temperature of the colder fluid gradually
increased from inlet to outlet. It is shown in fig 3.10.

In other words, the hot fluid loses latent heat which is accepted by
the cold fluid.
<).-
HoI tIuid
(In)
b. Evaporators
In a evaporator,
the temperature
shown in fig 3.11.
Fig J. 9 S/.~II and tube I.tat txChlllfgt,
the cold fluid remains at constant temperature while
of hot fluid gradually decreases from inlet to outlet.
11 is
1 HUll and MmJ TTamfeT
~~
'~.cn
c5fruma, ~
r.ruJ heza ~A:"
~
ttc.:pa"::1Il'
IBCXI
is tx 0t.2I.e7~
~as
~-------------------l
3.1_" ..us..ptiom
~
zn dcm-e oq:n:srioo far
unD
(-or \'IIrious
~pes
0( bc3I
...~~.-e~
o.~~~
I. .Bo!' is.
.~
5l~'
2.
Tbe p\-=u1 bar t:ransfer ~fficicm
3.
l'be ~ilX
~.
Tbe r:nots5 flo ... l'1IR of bod! fluids are
$.
A.oo rondu~:rioo along ~
is ctIOSWJI
bats ofbodl fluids are c:oomm..
C'OIISQD(
is negligible.
The change in kinetic, and potential ~~
of the fluids are
negligihle..
j .,
"1
3.1.5
~l'=t..:
,~------------_L--L
A single pass p3l'1I)JeI now heat e.xcbangtt'5 is sbo"''1l in fi&. 3.12.
L
Logaridlmic Men Temperahl~ Dirre~."

for Parallel Flo,,'
1. 74
/,!.W(
and
Transfer
M(ISS
_,
....
-. -.
-.-. -.-.
-. --..
--. -.-.
-. -.-.
Cold fluid
lIot fluid
Cold Iluid
from (3. I~).

dQ
'pedt
III"
dO
dt ..
III,
fig 3.12 Flow
e" c
Ilrrtlllgelllcllt
Let
r',' C,"""'u
"'II - Mass now rate of hot fluid
Specific heat of hot fluid
Cpll -
. Cpc
dO
c;;- - c,
.. -dO
[...!_.., ...!_]
C"
Specific heat of cold fluid
T I - Entry temperature of hot fluid

T2
-dO
dT-dt..
"'e - Mass flow rate of cold fluid
de - - eo
Exit temperature of hot fluid
C,
[...!_
+ ...!_]
C"
c,
r ,'de .. dT-cit]
t2 - Exit temperature of cold fluid
(3.IS)~
"
Let us consider an elemental area dA of the heat exchanger. The

heat flow rate is given by
[','9- T-tJ
'" (3.14)
We know that,
.!!!L =
e.,
_ UdA [
I I]
Ch +
= -mh Cph
dT
dQ
= -mh (ph
dT
dT
= me Cpe
dt
.. , (3.15)
cI
Integrating
'~ide
I '9
=~
= -
[I
I]
U IdA
mhCph
. '2
L_5]
[ I.
I]
[In B] = - U + I
_ CII
Cc
. ,,(3.16)
45
(J.I B)
[_'_+ ~]c,
de - -UdA(T-t)
U - Overall heat transfer co-efficient.
dQ
...
Substituting dQ value from Equn. (3.14) in Equn. (3.IS)
tl - Entry temperature of cold fluid
dQ = UdA (T-I)
... 13.17)
" C,JCI
1/;,01 };xcltO",lIrt J
'" (J.I~
w. know ,h.,.
0-
nt"
'ph
Cr, - T1)'"
"'e C/~
(12-I,)
I
(3.20))
fJ
, ':11
I
I
(l.21
From equn (3.20).
(Qr)
Q- C, (It -I,)
o ..
~II..It-'I)
Cc
VA (M)",
where (An", - 'o~rirhmjc
(J.21l
(AT)",
..
UTI
~n
..
T,-T2
-UA
It-t'l
3.2.6
-I'])J
-I,) - (T1
In [~:
92)
In ( 8,
lempt.nlure d,trermu
= ::1
Loga,.itllmic mn. temper.tue

tor co ter n01t'
00.
cmd fl.uid
iT, - T1
~
"J
It -
dirrereue
'I
~~r:
~ :..... _.,.
J 78 Heal and Mass Transfer
. ...
':.
Heal Exchangers
Lei
/II Ir _
Mass flow rate of hot flu id
//I
Mass flow rete of cold fluid
J 79
... (3.27)
_
(.,'c, = me
Cpcl
Cph - Specific heal of hot flui~
Cpc _ Specific heal of cold fluid

T 1 - Entry lemperalure o~ hoi fluid
T 2 - Exillemperalure
,i
"
of hot fluid
t1 - Entry temperature of cold fluid

...
t2 - Exit temperature of cold fluid

U _ Overall heat transfer co-efficient.
Substituting dQ value from Equn(3.24).
Let us consider an elemental area dA of the heat exchanger.

(3.28)~
The heat flow rate is given by

dQ = UdA (T-t)
d6
= - UdA (T _ t)
in Equn (3.28)
[J_- _!_]
c,
C/
" (3,24)
[':6
We know that,
dQ
-nih Cph (dT)
= -me
Cpe (dt)
" (3.25)
..!!! =
_ UdA
1]
Ce
C" -
Integrating
jI2da
--0
~
,r
[.: C"
From Equn. (3.2S).

dQ -
-"'e CfX'
dt.~
= -
[11]
CI, -
U dA
(3.26)
[___J
'I'.
(3.28)
[','d6 = dT -dt]
dt
="'''
x Cplrl
[In
all2
= _ UA [ 1
CI,-
1]
Cc
T-t]
Heal Exchangers
.. (3.29)
UA (TI
-12) -
(Tr
J. 8/
II)]
Q=
We know !bat,
Q=
~Q=
T2)= m,Cpc (12-1,)
mhCph(Tl-
C, (12-1,)
C/.(TI-T2)=
... (3.30)
[.: C = m
~Q=
C~I
[':92=T2-11
9,=TI-12J
Ch(T,-T2)
~IIc, =TI-T'I
...
(3.31)
from equn (3.30)
Q= CC
(12-11)
I~t =I
Substitute
-ci
and
.. (3.33)
Q=UA(~n",
...
(3.32)
where
(~T)m
- logarithmic
mean temperature
difference
values in Equn (3.29)
3.2.7 Fouling Factors

We know, the surfaces of a heal exchangers
after it has been in use for some time. The surfaces
do nOI remain clean

become
fouled with
scaling or deposits. The effect of these deposits affecting the value of overall
heat transfer co-efficient (U). This effect is taken care of by introducing
additional thermal resistance
given by as follows.
called the fouling resistance
an
(R) which is
['
Ilttll
- - ----~----"Iltl/iitl JlIIi
.--,;;;,
ttl _-hliffglffl
J If)
_-.-~
1'01 ('1/1111'" flOHI
).~.8Il:tfll(\II"4lIl"~.
lIy 11_1111 NUlllhlol"
otTl'jUl~r"J'rJuJ11i (NTI))
A hQnl oS hlln~ol' 01111hi) clo~I",110d hy tho l,olllll'ltIJmlc
(t.MTI) when Inlet and olltl~t cj)lIclhloll~
Tallil't\I'IlIUI'~ I)IIlQI\'nu
til'''
Me"1J
where
~Iledni.id, I1l1t when Ihu prohlel1l INto dUlcnnlne Ihe Inlot or e_1t
h.\Il1IWI'tlllIl'e of helll es.chllnl:!lll'. effccllvelle~s

The hem oxchnnger
ef(ecllvellLlsN
Is deflned
Maximum possible heat transfer
P,nlry h:mperll,"re
I. _ En.ry temperature of cold fluid PC

'2 - Exl. temperature of cold fluid "C
..!.L
2.
Ileullo.fl by 11111
fluid"
ber oj'r'rails f'er U'"lilts (N rU) = --UA

N 11111
3.2.9 Problems on Parallel now lind
';'11 - Mass flow rate of hot fluid, kg/s
used
';'C - Mass flow rate of cold fluid,
I From IiMT
data book page no. I 51 (Sixth edition)]
l.Heat tmnsfer Q = VA (LJT)nr
"f
U - Over~1I heat transfer co-efficient,
kg/s
Cp" - Specific heat of hot fluid, J/kg K

I
Cpc - Specific heatof cold fluid, J/kg K
where,
~n'
m"Cp,,(TI-T2)"mCCpc(~-tl)
where
Counter now heat exchangers
,A
/leul gullied by cold fluid
O,,"Oc
c.,
F(}rmulfle
or hoI nuld "C

orJlIJ' iJuld "C
'1'2 - r.xh temperature
ns rho mIlo of
actunl hem transfor to the maximum possible hen I unnsfer.

Actual hC1l1 transfer
Effecilvcncss
or I -
method IH usod,
W/m2 K
- Area, m2
-
" ,
.
ogariihmic Mean Temperature
3. Surface urea of lube

A
.
Difference '(LMTD)
n DI L
where DI - Inner diameter

I
4. Q=,;, x hlg
!I
I'
Heat Exchanger!
where hfg - Enthalpy of evaporation,
Jlkg K
Specific heat of water, Cpc
= 4180
1,85
J/kg K
S. Mass flow rate
Overall heat transfer co-efficient. U = 280 W/m2K
,~=pAC
III
Toflnd:
Heat exchanger area, (A)
I.
In a counter flow do"ble pipe I,eal exchanger; oil Is COoledfiro",

8S-C 10 SSC by water entering al 2S C. TI,e IIIass flow rat 0,/
all
ls 9,800 kgll' and specific I,eal of oil is 2000 Jlkg K. TI'e "'113
flow rate of water is 8,000 kgll' alld specific Ileal of waler ;
4180 Jlkg K. Determine II,e heat exchanger area alld "eallranSltr
rate for all overall I,eallrallsfer co-ejJlcielll of 280 WI",lK.
2. Heallransfer rate, (Q)

Solulloll :
We know that,
Heat lost by oil (Hot tluid)
Heat gained by water (cold fluid)
Q"
Qe
Give" :
Hot fluid - oil,
(TI' T2)
Cold tluid - water

(tl' t2)
Water
= 55 C
Entry temperature of water, tl
= 9,800
=
111111
Cpll = 2000
Fig.l.U
= 25
Mass flow rate of oil (Hot fluid), ';'11
Specific heat of oil,
2.22 x 4180 x [t2 - 25)
:::)
163.2 x 103
9279.6 t2 - (231.9 x 103)
:::)
t2
9,800 kg/s
3600
= 2.72 kgls
Exit temperature of water, t2 = 42.5 C
Heal transfer, Q = ';'C Cpc (t2 - tl) (or)

:::)
Q = 2.22
Q = 162
mh Cpl.
(T 1- T 2)
x 4180 x (42.5 - 25)
x 103 W
We know that,
';'c = 8,000
kg/h
= 8,000 kg/s
3600
I me
= 42.5 C
kg/h
J/kg K
Mass flow rate of water (cqld-fluid),
2000 [85 - 55)
2.72
:::)
Oil
Entry temperature of oil, T I = 85 C

Exit temperature of oil, T 2
,;,}, Cpl. (T I - T 2) = ,i'e Cpe (t2 -II)
:::)
Water
= 2.22 kgls
Heat transfer,
Q = UA (~T)III
... (I)
[From HMT data book page No. 151

(Sixth editionl]
where
(~T)m - Logarithmic Mean Temperature Difference. (LMTD)
3.86 Heal and Moss Transfer

For Counter flow,
Heal Exchanger J.87

Given:
Hot fluid - oil,
Cold fluid - water
(TI, T2)
(II' t2)
';'C
Mass now rate of water (cold fluid),
65
(85 - 42.5) - (55 - 25)
85 -42.5]
In [ 55 - 25
[(6T)m
Imc
Entry temperature
35.8 C
(I)
(6 T)m ' U andQ values in Equn (I)
of 'water,
162 x 103
= 1.08 kg/s
Ii = 500 C
Specific heat of oil (Hot fluid), Cph
1.780 kJ/kg K
= 1.780 x 103 J/kg K
60 kg/s
of water, t2' = 75 C
Exit temperature
Substitute
= 65 kg/min
280
Entry lemperature
35.8
Exit temperature
16.16 m21
of oil, T I = 115 C
of oil, T 2 = 70 C
Overall heat transfer co-efficient,U
340 W/m2K
toflnd:
Resull:
I. Heat exchanger area, A = 16.16 m2
2. Heat transfer,
Q=
162 x 103 W
I. Heat exchanger
area: (A)
2. Heat transfer rate, (Q)
Solution:
We know that,
Water flows 01 the rate of 65 kg/min through a double pi .

counter flow Ileal exchanger: Water is heated from 50'C 10 7
by an oil flowing tllrougll tile lube. Tire specific Ireal of tl,e oU
1.780 kJlkg K. Tire oil enters at 115C and leaves 11170"(. TI,eovt
hea: transfer co-efficient is 340 WI",1 K. Calcuulte II,e following
I. Heat exchanger area
2. Role of lIeallransfer
Heat transfer,
Q = ';'e Cpe (t2 - tl)
~Q=
l/~eCpe(t2-tl)
~Q=
1.08x4186x(75-50)
I'
(or)';'h
Cph (Tt - T2)
[.: Specific heat of water, Cpc
Q-=-11-3 x-I-03-w~1
4186 J/kg K]
. "'r'
3. 90 Ileal and Mass Transfer

(380-210),(6T)m'1:'
"In
,'I
(300-25)
[380-210]
'I
Heal ExchQng",~ J. 91
) ,
We know that,
300 - 25
I (6T)nr
'2'1~:~O~
,"
.;
,\
Heat transfer,
Heat transfer,
IV
.I \,
~ 184' 103
..
'I'
,,,,
A' '=
A =
1.27 m2
Percentage of increase in area = 1.27 - 1,12

1.12
I. 1'2m2
.,
= 13.3'% '
Resull:
For Parallel flow,
r :
"
= 1.27 m2
Area required for counter flqw = 1.12 m2
Percentage of increase in area = 13.3 %
"
I. Area required for parallel tlow
,,1,
2.
f.:
7S0A'>193.1)
Case (iii)
Case (il)
750. 'l' A,'I,.[:Z18.3)
Area for counter flo~
~ U A (i.\!)",
IArea for parallel tlow
(6 T)(li
QUA
184'103
=>
\
,',
We know that,
(6T)", .
J,
It)
/11 a counter flow single pass I,eal exchanger
Is used 10 cool Ihe
engille oil from J 50"C 10 55"C will, water; available at 23" C
as Ihe
cooling medium. The specific Ileal of 011/s 2125 Jlkg K. The flow
(380 - 25) - (300'- 210)

(6T)nr , (, (.1 .,/~
I (6T)ni
rete 0: coollllg water I("ougl, the hiller lube of 0.4m diameter is
.
[ 380 ~ 25 ]
~93.lo)C
2.2 kgls. Tile flow rate of all througt: II,e outer lube of 0.75 m
300-2LO
dlameler
co-efficient
10 meet
is 2.4 kgls. /f II,e value of
tts coollllg
requlremenl?
Givell :
IQ
Hot tluid - oil.

(TI T2)
,
I x 2300 x [380 - 3001
Cold tluid - water

(11.12)
Entry temperature of oil. T I
wl
ISO C
Exit temperature of oil. T 2 = 55 C
184xI03
Entry temperature of water. t I - 23' C
46
the overall Ileal transfer
is 140 Wlml K, how 10llg must II,e Ileal exchanger be

Specific heat of oil (hot fluid). Cph
2125 Jlkg K
Heat Exchangers J.93
Inner diameter. 01 = 0.4 m

Flow rate of water (cooling fluid).
We know that.
mc = 2.2 kgls
'Heal transfer ,Q = U A (~T)m
... (1)
Outer diameter. O2 = 0.75 m
= 2.4
Flow rate of oil (Hot fluid). ;,,,
where
[From HMT data book page Na.151J
kgls
(.1 T)m - Logarithmic Mean Temperature Difference. (LMTD)
Overall heat transfer co-efficient. U = 240 W/m2K
For Counter flow.

Toflnd:
(.1T)m
Length of the heal exchanger. L

SO/lit/Oil
[(TI - t2) - (T2 - tl)J
In [~~ ~ :~
We know that.
Heat lost by oil (HOI fluid)
Heal gained by water (Cold
::)
Qc
2.2 x 4186x(t2-23)
(.1T)m _ (ISO -75.6)
fl4
- (55 - 23)
In [ISO - 75.6]
Q"
55 - 23
=
=
2.4x2125(150-55)
[.: Specific heal of water. Cpc
484.5x 103
9209.2t2-(211
Substitute (.1T)m ' U and Q values in equn (1)

=
4186J
(I) ::)
::)
x 103)
484.4
::)
I Exit temperature of water. t2
75.6 C
Qz484.4
x 103
wi
240
A x 50.2
IA = 40.20 m21
Area. A = It
::)
Q = 2.2 x 4186 x (75.6 - 23)
We know that,
40.20 = It
::)
103
DI <L
0.4
IL=31.9ml
Result .'
Length of the heat exchanger, L = 31.9 m.
!II
Salllraled sleam .,/16- C b condmsing on Ihe OilIer'''be

0" single p.ss heal exchanger. Tire hea, txc/r"
'J
""It,
1050 kgllr 01 ttI.,er Irom 10"C '0 95- C. The OVerallIre.,
ctH/flciml is 1690 W/,.JK, C.lcul.'e Ihelol/ottlbt,
Heat Exchangers J 95
We know that,
91
2 R.1t 01 cOlltitludOlf 01steam.

rde"/r
Q '" ';'h x hlg
Heat transfer,
I. Area 01"tIIl exd.lller
= 1115 Ulkg
1()3= nIh
2185
Rate of condensation of steam,
1()3
n;h=
O.0416kg1s
We know that,
Gha:
Hot fluid - steam
Cold fluid - water
(TI'
(11,12)
T2
= U A (~T)",
.... (I)
fFronrHA"dolohool.
Saturated steam temperature, T I = T.

Mass tlow rate oh"3ler,"
Heat transfer, Q
pDg1!No.151J
where
= 126"C
Logarithmic Mean Temperature Difference. (LMTD)
(~T)", -
'" 10:0 kg h
1050 kg
3600 S
For Parallel
now
[ (T,-t,) - (Tl-IV]
(~T)",= ......._-[-T-I---II-]--~
Ew..~ ~ofwlter
.. I, =:!O"'C
E.l",c~of"aler.
(~'" 95~C
()\
&"""l':'
ha.llr3:ll3:-er co-efficiem,
'''~~h
In -TZ -12
(126 - 20) - (126 - 95)
'" 1800 W m2K

In [ 126- 20
126 - 95
"'_ISjUkg
'" _IS5
I~
Jk"
r-,
(~-n-",-=-6-1.
C--'I
r.foM :
..Ala oflxa1 a~.
(A)
Substitute (.~T)", Q, U values in equn (I)
2.. Rz:t of mMensatioo of sseam,
tit
(I)
s..tm..:
Hcz tn::l5!a:. Q'"
mc Cpr:
Q'" 0.19
- I,)
4186" (95 - 20)
(.: Specjjj beal of water Cpc

.Q=91"
loJ W
Q=U
:::::>
:::::>
91
:::::>
1Area,
I<P= 1800
A '" 0.828
Itesab:
= ~ 186 J
I. A '" 0.828
2.
A (dT)",
m2
mh = 0.0416 kgls
mll
61
I.'
J.96 1111(11
anti Moss 7rcm.lfer
In An ,II co,le, of tl" fom
,,,,.p,,.,u,,
of tubula, htal txchungt, cools 011t:

.
"10,,,
0190"(' 10 _'j-t by a largt pool 01 Slain 0", '" I
.$$"",,11111 "o"s'a""tmptrtl'llft
""" dI,,_lt,
H,al ExchanglTs
of 21- C. TIlt IlIbt It"IIh Is j"f'
Is 11 ",m. Tilt sptdf'" htal and Sptclflc gravity
Mass flow rate of oil.mh
2",
.. Po)( A )( C
'f
O"'.
011." 1.45 /(Jlkl K and 0.8 rtsptCllvtly. Tilt vtloclty o/Ihtoll&f

61 cmls. Ca/clIl.'t Iht ove'fllI httll I"mslt,
'" 800)(
(02(
800 )(t(O.028)2
(TI'
Cold fluid - water
T2)
0.305 legis
)(0.62
(11.12)
Heat transfer, Q
Entry temperature of oil, T, :: 90 C

Exit temperature of oil,
T2
Tube length, L
0.305)(
= t2 = 28
32 m
" We know that,
= 2.45
kJ/kg K
Cph = 2.45 x loJ J/kg K
Specific gravity of oil

Velocity of oil. C
= 62 cm/s = 0.62
mls
U A (.1nm
(.1T>~,- Logarithmic
Mean Temperature Difference, (LMTO).
[(TI - tl> - (T2 - '2) J
(90 - 28) - (35 - 28)
Specific gravity of oil
Density of oil
Density of water
In [~=~:
]
jr(-.1-T)-m-C'-=
-2-s.-2"-c-'1
_&
Pw '
0.8
=~
1000
[Density of oil. Po = 800 kglmJ
' ~ '(1)'
[Fro';' HMT data book page No, HI]
where
Overall heat transfer co-efficient U

Solution:
(90 - 35) .
\L
Q'::
In[~::::]
Tofmd:
41x103W
For Parallel flow.
= 0.8
103
.r
Heat transfer; .
Cph
2.45)(
/Q
Diameter, D = 28 mm = 0.028 m
Specific heat of oil.
';'h)( Cph (TI -T2)
35 C
Entry and Exit temperature of water, t,
0.62
c~fflcltnL
GIvrtJf:
Hot fluid - oil
J 97
Substitule (.1T)", Q. values in equn (I)
3. 98 Heal anti Meiss Transfer

=>
(I)
U A (6T)m
41 103
u " 11 0
Lx (6T)nr
U )( 11
0.028
32
StlbilkM! .
Wtknowtflat,
25.2
!Z)ln
II
'Ir{c C~ (c, - tl)(or) mh Cp" (11 - T1)
m .Cpc(I:2-.lr)
mc C~ (80 - 30)
mc C~ (50)
Co
577.9 W/m2 K
Resllh:
U = 577.9W/m2
Q ..
Heat transfer,
57.7.9
pIIrllll~1flow dOllb/e pipe helll exchanger waler flows III .
Ihe Inner pipe and is healed from JO"C
exchllllger. /)dermi"e
"'"Y be
10
10
80"C. OflflOwing t
IOO"C. II is desired
lJ:e ",ini","",
- mh Cph (220 -100)

-
ni" Cph (120)
__ --
tile IInnlllllS is cooled fro", 220"C
~ MACp,,(Tr-Tl)
_"';'cC~
120
nih Cph
50
';'cCpe
---2.4
';'h Cpli
10 COOl
Let't' is"the lowest temPerature 10 wbich the oil is cooled.
terrrperlltll.re 10 whldl Ii,
So,
cooled.
GIwn:
"
';'cC~
(1- 30) - "'h Cph (220 -t)

I'
Hot fluid - oil,
Cold fluid -: water
..
';'cC~
(TI, T2)
-.--)(
(t -30) -(220 -t)
o/II~CpIr
Entry temperature of water, tl = 30 C
2.4 x (t - 30).- (22Q r: t)
Exit temperature of water, t2 = 80 C
2.4 x 1-.72
Exit temperature of oil, T2
~
~
z(~O:-t)
2.4 t + t ~ 220 + 72
n.
100 C
Tuflnd:
t (2.4 +1)
..
""
= 292
3.4t - 292
Ii -
85.:88C
Minimum temperature to which the oil is cooled, (t)

RDIIlt:
Mioirnum
' .. _JIII!lp'.......
" ....._--
lempermln
to wilich
ibe oil may be coOled
is IS:"O C
!)
I ,.,.1Id
4" C
fl-..ItHI txjM,~r,ItOl_I~r
6, ~
is coo/~d
I~
~"'~riIt,
., 10" C. n~"'.ss flo .. ""~
_trr
Htlll .xchangers 1.101
0 ~ III
_trr is 1.1 j,1s ."d IIt~IfHISS flo.' ,." 01 cold..tI/~ris O.S t IfA.,
Irusf~r co-~fJ1ci~,,'s
on bOl" :Sidlit If
rs I,
IIt~ i.di"id .. 1 h.,

680
w,.,z K. fllld
tlI~ ana of tIt~ IIHI urhtuf,~r.
Q=0.S.4186(36-20)
IQ
... (I)
Heat transfer, Q = U A (.:\n",
... (2)
GiwII:
= 33,488 W
We know that,
Hot water (T I' T2),

Entry temperature of hot warrer, T 1 = 80 C
Exit temperature of hot watrer. T2 = 40 C
Entry temperature of cold water, tl = 20 C
(.:\T)", - Logarithmic Mean Temperature Difference. (LMTD)
Mass flow rate of hot water,';'" = 0.2 kgls

Mass flow rate of cold water,
{From HMT data book page No. lSI

(Sixlh edition))
Where
For parallel flow,
me =.O.S kgls
(.:\T)", - [(TI
Heat transfer co-efficients on both sides = hi = ho = 600 W/m2)(

Toflnd:
-II)
(T2
-12>]
In [~~ ~ :~]
Heat exchanger area, A

(80 - 20) - (40 - 36)
(.:\1)", - -------
Sol,,'lon:
We know thai,
Heat
1051
Q/.
mIl Cpl. (TI - T2>
0.2'
In [80 - 20]
40- ]6
by hot water = Heal gained by cold water
(11-20)
[.: Specific heat of water, Cp

33,488
12
~ 2093 12- 41.860

-
me Cpc (12 - tl)
- O.S' 4186.
4186(80-40)
-~
~ Qc
)6 C
2.708
(.:\T)", - 20.67 C
We know that,
4186 J/kg 1<1
Overall heal Iransfer co-efficient

I
U
!.+.!..
hi
!. _ ho+
1~llemp"'lure
of cold WIler. 12~ 36 C
hi
ho
"I
"0
... (3)
Heal Exchangers
u=ho+
Inside diameter of the tube, d, = 0,06 m
hj
Outside diameter of the tube, do = 0.08 m

600
600
Heal transferred, Q = 1.6
600 + 600
[u
(2)
= 300 W/m2 K
33,488
= 300
Q = 44, 444.4 W
Toflnd:
Length of the tube, L

So/ulio" :
20.67
We know that,
IA = 5.40 m21
Heal transfer, Q
... (I)
U A (LH)m
{From HMT data book page No. 151
ResIIIf :
(Sixth edition)]
Heal exchanger area, A = 5.40 m2
I!l /"
JOS KJIhr
3600
. (4)
Q=UA(~T)m
= 1.6 x lOS x loJ lIs
Substitute, Q, U and (~nmvalue in equation (2)
mltn
where
/rot liquid
JHlroll~1flow ~Ol uc"onf~r,
l~tflIeSal15fYC. Coldfluld
190 Wfm1K rapectfp~1y.
~/"trS III 4fWC
(~T)/II - Logarithmic Mean Temperature Difference. (LMTD)
IIIS(J"C lind leav~.f lit I/(/'f,
I"sld~ lind outsld~ htOI tl'flsnsfer cDtffici~nlS

Tht'lhsldt
IIr~ 110 WIm21
lind outsidt
tulH ort 0.06m lind 0.08 m rtsp~cti",Iy.IfI"t

hour Is 1.6 x IOSk), find tht Itngt" oflht
For Parallel flow
dillmdtfSll/
[(Tt-tt)
htat transfmS
tub rtqulrtd.
In [~~
- (T2-tV]
~:J
GiPtn:
(400 - 50) - (250 ~ 110)'
,,
Entry temperature of hot fluid, T 1 = 400" C
I [400-50]
n 250- 110
'
Exillemperature of hot fluid, T2 ',:"250 C

0
Entry lemperature of cold fluid, 11;" 50" C
210
0.916
Exit temperature of cold fluid, 12 = I 10 C

I
1,101
hjhO
Inside heal transfer co-efficient, hi = 120 W/m2K

Outside heat transfer co.efficient, ho = '190 W/m2K
L ..n,.
I (M)m
= 229,25 C
...
(2)
('
We know that,
Glvtn:
Overall heat transfer co-efficient

I
Hoi fluid - oil (TI, T2),
I
I
-+-
ro
-U
r;
h;
Entry temperalure of oil, T I - 200" C
hO
Exit lemperalure of oil, T2 - 120" C

_~.
0.03
_1_+_1120
190
Enlry temperature ofwaler, II - 25 C

Exillemperalure of waler,
_ 0.0111 + 5.26 10-3
.1. -
Specific heal of oil, CPh - I.S kJlkg K

- I.S 103 J/kg-K
0.0163
I U -61.35
Mass flow rate of oil, ';'h - 0.8 kg/s
KI
W/m2
Overall heat transfer co-efflcienr, U - 400 W/m2K
Substitute, Q, (AT) .. , U values in equn (I)

(I)
Q=U
Toflnd:
I. Rare of heallrlnsfer,
Q=U A(6nm
II
44,444.4 = 61.35
IL=
do L (AT)m
II
2. Mass flow rate of water,

0.08 L 229.25
12.57ml
3. Area of heal exchanger, A

We know that.
Heat transfer, Q =
mh CpIJ (TI - T2)
1) Mas flow ralt

J) Ana
0/ Ittal
0/ wal~r
excllangt,
~:__--
0.8'
Length of the tube, L = 12.57 m
[!!lIn a cOllnl~rflow dOllb/~ plp~ heal exchanger Is IIs~d 10 cool lite

/ro1ll 20frC to 12frC wilh waUr ava;lab/~ al 15"C as tht c
~dllllfL TIlt exh I~mp~ratllr~ 0/ waUr Is 70~ Th~ sptclflc hm ollis 1.5 tJllg K and Iht ",assflow ret 0/011 Is 0.8 /igls.1f
ol'Uall hea, lrans/t, c~fflcitnl
Is 400 WI",zK,find Iht /ollow
me
Solllllon:
Raid, :
I) Ratt 0/ .tat trans/tr
70" C
12 -
1.5' 103
Q = 96,000 lIs
(200- 120)
We know Ihat,
Heal lost by oil (hot fluid)
= Heal gained by water (cold fluid)
mhCph(TI-T2)
0.8'
1.5
103
(200-120)
';'eCpc(12-11)
=
me
4186 (70 - 25)
[.: Specific heat of water Cpc = 4186 J/kg KJ
EM
1. 106 Hem and
MUll
{rumltr
Ilwl t,u:It{j"y"'~
Man
now rile
o( willer, me
O,S(ifj kgl,
rm
In /III (III t(lt/lt'I"'

III
For Counter now
fIre by
utili/( u CIJIIIIIIIIIII/llt' Ill'w III ]1"(: 111f~"""'I /hiw
(1/1111 I, 'JIJ(J 1If1111 lind Ille mil" //(1'" 'lilt
[OI-tV
(I''' ,",
GiveY(ill' chotc
- (T1-11)]
I"[~I
fl" II plI'lIl1el/III'"II'
[From IIMT dato bOtit,
(i/
'"k
Wille, I. ?IHI 1If/1I,
Wlllllt' fluw helll e~hllnKlu,
wilit ",atO/U', If II,e (Ive'lIl1Iteal "alll/"

Jln" lite ore ul II", Itelll a.t:lIIIII/(".
T2 -II
J_t,,:_
I,J/em, (1111. t(lq4:d /",m ?lre
II 'ub,kIlIWII
tfIel/lcleII,l.
]11 WI",J K.
Talle ,pecl/Ie I'wa/
,,111,
1 kJllI'(C
(luge M.I j I (Shih edlllo,,)}

HOI Huia - oil ('1'" '121.
(2()() - 7(1) - (12() - 25)
I" [ 200 -70
'-,nlry ltmpc:rawre
120 - 25
(IiTI", - 111.112' C
(I,. Iz)
of oil. '1'1 - 7(1) C
Exit temperarure of oil. '1'2 .. 40" C

Emr)' temperature
Cold Huid - ....ater
:n
'1 he rmm flow rate of oil.
01' water, II .. 2$
h ..
90() kglh
9()O
.. --
k~;'
3600
We koow that,
- 0.25 kg/s
The mass 1101'1rate of water,
';'c" 701) kg/h
Substnute, 0, U, and (6'1')"1 values.

;:,
96,000 - 400
<
701)
.. - 3600
A " 111.82
kg1s
.. 0.194 kg/s
A - 2,146 rn2
Overall heat transfer co-etflcient,
Rtfllll:
Specific
heat of oil, Cph"
I, 0 - %,000 J/s
2. ';'C - 0.509 kg/s
2 kJlkgo C
n 2 x 10J J/kgo C
rQ/llld:
I. Choice of heat exchanger
3.A-2.146I11l
2. Area of heat exchanger.
47
U = 20 W/m2K
(Whether
parallel flow or counter now)
SlIiIIIiM :
Heal TchangC'Ts 3.109
w~know
\\~ blow thai,

H~
Heat transfer. 0
klst b)' oil (Hot fluid : Heat gained by water (Cold
Q;.
:::>
that.
Qe
:::::-
n~1
, CpnI (TI -
IIi"~Cph
T,)_ or me
CP" (t 2 -
(TI - T!)
= 0.25 x :2 103
(70 - -10)
10 = 15.000 J/s I
[.: Specific heat of water ~:
[Exit temperature
15,000
.=
12
812.08t1-
... (3)
Substitute. O. U. and (6T)m values in equation (I).
41 86 Jik&~
20.302.10
15.000 = 20 A
43.47" C
of water, t2 = 43.47"
tl )
IA
Cl > T2
= 37.02
(20.26)
m21
Result:
Since 12 > T 2, counter flow arrangement should be used.

I. Choice of heat exchanger - counter flow arrangement
We know that,
Heat transfer,
2. Surface area, A
=
... (1)
U A (6 T)m
37.02 ml
3.2.10 Problems on cross now heat exchangers
For Counter flow
(or)
Shcllandtubeheatexchangers
Formulae used
{From HMT data book
I. Q = F U A (LJT)
page No. } 5} (Sixth edit;
where
F - Correction
(70~43.47) - (40 -25)
page No. 151 (Sixth editiont]
m [counter flow]
factor - (From data book)

W1m2 K
U - Overall heat transfer co-efficient,
In [ 70 - 43.47]
(6T)",- Logarithmic
mean temperature
difference.
40 - 25
For Counter flow
11.53
(6T)",
0.569
(6T)m = 20.26 C
[(T I - (2) - (T 2 - tl)

In [~~ ~ :~
... (2)
m,d MII,u 'l'ril/l.I!m'
1/(/ /lila/
where
T, ~ 1'.,11' y
or hlit IllIllI,
llilliplinlh,r~
"C
Tl - Exit tVIIII'~rlltllf' (,floul 1111111,

"C
I, - Elllry IClllrCl'lllurC uf collllluld,
"C
(A'I)",
Ex II IClilpCfhlUrc uf' cold Iluhl, ,.C
12
LUIIlH'ltlllolc
'"V,II]
IC'"11crUlurcdlllere'ltt
1'01' eout1lcrll,.w,
For 'ounrcr llow,

],
/lilil/lo.f/
by "01 PIIIII /lillIl/lIIIIWII

Q/,
"'I, Cpl,(T,
- 1'2)
b)' 1:11111
Jill III
Qr
"tc
/)('(12 -I,)
!I1 III UcrossJIIII~ I"!III I'.H'I"IIIKers, hoi" fli,lll.f

II
u","/xell,
(380-210)
11111flllid 1111/.
In 80 - 2 10
JOO - 25
Calli flulds enters III 15' C und teuves at 110' C. Cult'lllllfe th,
requircil SIIr/II"1! areu
II/ heat
t!xcllanger, Take aVl!rtllll'l'lIllr""J/fl
co-t!J!1cil!lIl is 750 WI",} K, MIISI flow rail'
0/ hot flllill
- (300-25)
[2
IpeclJl.: IWII 0/1JOO Jlkg K tillers ut JIIO' C 1lIIlllell,'eJ at JOO'C,
2 I 8 J. C
is I kg!.!,
Given :
Specific heat of hot fluid,
Cph ~
Heat transfer, Q ~ "'" C"" (T I -. T2)
2300 J/kg K
Entry temperature of hot fluid. T I~ 380 C
I Q ~ 184
Exit temperature of hot fluid, T2 ~ 300 C

Entry temperature of cold fluid, t, ~ 25 C
Tofind
Exit temperature of cold fluid, t2 ~ 210 C
= 1
I 03 W
correction factnr F. refer IIMT data bookpag.
110
16 I (Sixt/, edition}
{Single pass cross flow heal e.rchanger - Both fluids unmixed]
Overall heat transfer co-efficient, U ~ 750 W/m2K

Mass flow rate of hot fluid, IIi"
Q = I 2300 (380 - 300)
From
graph.
kg/so
12-11
X.xis value P = -TI-
Tolilld:
Heat exchanger area (A)
T I - T,
Curve value R ~ ----
Solution :
210-25
= ---
II
12 - tl
380 - 25
~ 0.52
380 - 300
~ -::-- __
210 _ 25 ~ 0.432
This is cross flow, both fluids unmixed type heat exchanger.

For cross flow heat exchanger,
Q ~ F U A (6,.)
m [counter flow J
... (1)
{From HMT cia/a book page No. 151 (Sixth dition)
X.XIS value is 0.52, curve value is 0.432 corresponding

value is 0.97,
'IX"
i.e.
IF
= 0.971
,I 11-: II,' II ,,,,,I ""L~,'
~--.-----------------
tr'"L'J""
G/lltlII
1101 l1uid
water
Cold fluid - brine SOlulion
(TI' '1'2)
O,()
Enlry temperature of water, T I - 20" C
0.8
0.7
(II' (2)
Exil temperature
of Wilier, 1'2 - 7 C
Entry temperature
of brine solution,
Exil temperature
II
_2 C
of brine solution, t2 3 C
Heat load, Q - 5500 W
0.6
Overall hcut transfer co-efficient,

0.5
U - 800 W/m2K
Ttl fillll :
Area required (A)
0
P - 0.52
So/uliml:
Shell and lube heal exchanger
FlK' ,US
- One shell pass and
two
lube passes
For shell and tube heal exchanger (or) cross now heat exchanger.
Q
Substitute Q, F, (6 T)", and U value in Equn (I)

Q -
(I)
III
where
F U A (6T)",
A"
Correct ion factor
m21
For
Counter
Logarithmic mean temperature dilTerence for counter now.

now,
R~.full :
(ATJ",
Surface area, A 1.15 1112
iII
wilier if ('lIoled
IfI""
lit II rtlr/KulIl/IIK
pllltll
.fIIllIl/OIII:tller/IIK
111-1" C 1I11111elll,IIII(III"" C 1111! tle.fll(lI Itellll'llld
Is 55(JO W 111111
lite Ilveflllllll!lI(
WIIII( arc re"u/rl1ll
trunsfer
1"" C III 7" C by IIr/lI~
"II-IIU'c1elll
when ".J/III( II ,f/wllllll,lluhe
wilit lite wilier milk/III(
(20
I.~ROO W/",1 K,
I"
3)
(7
[1.Q__l]
7 2
I
heat excl"II/Ktif
one ,Jllell/ ,I(IU ,,,,,111,,: IIr/1I1! ",11111111(

IW(I
Illhe IJlI,f:fI!,~,
. , (I)
218.3
(6'1')",
A - 1.15
[counter tlow]
{From /-1M,/,data book page No.151 }

F
184 x 10) - 0.97 x 750"
F U A x (AT)
[(AT)",
12.S2:iJ
2)
"'I
11.1111.,,;11
Mill'
1I"II\llil
' mil
1111, 111111 1III /111 I',III /I"
III/lilil,
/ltllil l'II/IIIIIW"t
,1"/11 IIIIuA /111,i Ilfl /lll
/11111' 11111/1 /iini 11II11111'fl11I111J
1'1'"' UIIII'Ii,
'",,_ I'"hl ,
I'
I"
hlll~,II -
I'll
I I'
IAI JI/I
"I I 1\
III'
1I'liI, .1,1,
II ',II
111'111lit h!llil "Xi h~I1I!"I,
,I\I?
I~ I I
11
~ , 1,
I.!J
111/
II- fI,~.11I1i/
,\'11111'11111(1 fill1l11l1,,, /111' (_' II (IImlllllllflll,'"

",I'('IUlllfler,
n,e (Jiml/"fI wnter
Xft"i
value Iii 0,22, curve
(II) counte flow
Is 0,94.
(II) 1"""l/ul/lIlIY
fluid - steam
"01
(I" '2)
0.94
Saturated
0,9
Entry temperature
steam temperature,
Ex it temperature
(t) Cflllf JlIIW.
Cold (Iuld - water
(T,. T2)
R = 2.6
0.7
(' "",1 II"",_'
IIIltl""""P"lIluflllll//'''IIflll!
GII'c" :
l.e.!I~;;~~J
0.8
d,"11 111111 IlIh, ,"",
,1"'lIf. 1/," 1111"III J ,.
", lUI" C. ClIlI'lIlf1ll1ll1i! '''1/1'''1111111,

III tI '''''IIIflelllelll I~'
1'111111)
1\ ') ~7
HjI~1I111
II ~:
'I, 'Il
i "II
I' , '
"i ~(I(I ,
01
II
II
111/ 1IIIIIp (~, Jill' (), '/ ~III' " tt~'IIF III ,,",,1111 (')
/IIINliJ1/
II
II.
I1/'
of water,
of water,
T, ~ T 2 ~ 120 C
tl = 25 C
t2 = 80 C
Tojitlll :
(tlT)III for paraliel flow, counter flow and cross flow.
Solution :
0.6
Case (i)
0.5
[FromHMTdatabook
For Parallel flow,

(t1T)",
0
= 0.22
Fig.. U6
page No. 151]
Heal Exchangers JI17
(120 - 25) - (120 - 80)

In [
XaxlS va Iue P=~
120 - 25 ]
120-80
= 80-25
TI-tt
120-25
P = 0.5781
., (I)
(~T)m for parallel flow = 63.5 C
Tt
Curve value R
Case (ii)
= ---
T2
t2-tl
120 - 120
= ---
80-25
I R=O I
For Counter flow,

>:axis value is 0.578, curve value is 0,
So corresponding
Yaxis value is I
Factor
F = I
(3)~(~nm=Fx63.5C=
[correction
(120 - 80) - (120 - 25)

In [
120-80]
""i"2O-2s
(~T)m
63.5
for cross flow = 63.5 C
... (4)
.. (2)
(~T)mfor counter flow = 63.5 C
From (I), (2) and (4) we came to know when one of the fluids in a
heat exchanger changes phase. the logarithmic mean temperature difference
Case (iii)
and rate of heat transfer will remain same for parallel flow, counter flow
For cross flow

(~T)m = F
I (~T)",
for counter flow
x (~T)m
= F x 63.5
.. (3)
and cross flow.
3.2.11 Anna
III
where
University
Solved Problems
In a double pipe counter flow I.eal exchanger, 10,000 IIg1hr of an

oil huving a specific "eal of 1095 J/lIg-K Is cooled from 80'C
Fe correction factor
(Refer flMT data book l'oge No. 160)

[Correction factor for sillRle pass cross flow heal exchangerone fluid mixed, other unmixed]
50'C by 8000 kglhr of water enlering al 25'C Deurmine
exchanger
JOO WlmlK.
area lor all overall heal trensfe co-efflclent
of
Take Cpfor waler as 4180 Jlkg-K.

IDee-ZOU4.
10
Ihe heal
Anna Unlv]
3. 118 Heal (111<1Mew '/'rIl1l.'1~cr:_
.__
-------
_----------
!.fI'.!!!wl/ 'rchan/(lfr., J 11'1

Ilent trnnster. 0 ..
GII'I.'n :
';'1 C
,
Cold lluid - water (t I' t2)

UI
111
I' 2
.
'.
10 000 kg/hI'
The mass flow rate (If oil (Hot fluid), "'''
'
10,000 kg
1
1,ot
fl'd
'1 ('1' '1')
3600s
We know Ihal,
:-2 :27 kgl~
Hcallrallsfcr,
G",
Specific heat of oil,
=-
'd)
Q. 2.22 418() , (43.85 _ 25)

Q
iOl3
17492.
Q - UA (~T)",
(~T)I/I- Logarithmic
,
,"'e-
- 8000 kglh
= .~
.. (1)
page No. 151 (.')/xlh ed/l/olI) /
Mean Temperature Diff

, erence. (LMTD)
For Counter flow,
kg/s
3600
Gne = 2.22 kglS]

Entry temperature of water, II = 25 C
2
Overall heat transfer co-e ffici
icient, u -- 300 W/m K
(SO - 43.85) - (SO- 25)

In [ 80 - 43.85]
Specific heal of water, Cpc = 41S0 J/kg-K
50 - 25
Toflnd:
Heal exchanger area, A
I (~T)m
~~:
I
Heat lost by oil (Hot fluid)
Qit
Substitute
Heal gained by water (Cold f1u~ql.I
Qc
2.777
2095 (SO- 50)
2.22
41S0
103
9.27
103t2-
t2
43.SSo C
174.53'
z-
x (t
30.23 C
231.99
U and Q value in equn (I)
(~T)m'
Q= UA(~T)m
174.92
103 = 300
x A x
30.23
A = 19.287 m2
25)
x
I Heat exchanger
103
area, A = 19.287 m21
Result:
l
(I) =>
=>
=>
'I)
Where,
of oil, T 2 = 50 C
Mass flow rate of water, (Cold flui
lIlt
'1')
.--~.
1 - 2 or ,;," l)" (12
[From flMT dau, hook
Cph = 2095 J/kg-K
'1 T 1-- SO C
Entry temperature 0 f 01,
Exitlemperature
('I'
Heat exchanger area, A
19.2S7 m2
III In a counter flow
double pipe heat txcl,anger, water Is heated /ro",
Heat Exchangerl 1.12/
25"(' to 6S'C by an 011 with a specific I,eat of /.45 KJ/Kg K Gild

... (1)
If tl,e overall heat tronsfer co-elJicient is ,120 WI",2 C, calcu~
[From HMT data book

.
the following.
(Sf)m- Loganthmic
Tire rate of heat transfer
J)
Q = UA (.1T)",
Heattransfc:r,
mass flow rate is 0.9 Kgls. The ollis cooled from 230C to 160 C.
3) The surface area of tIre heat txchanger
(6.1)", = [(TI-t2)-
In
= 65
Mass flow rate of oil,
1(6.1)", = 149.4~ C I
Jlkg
Substitute
mh = 0.9 kgls
(I)

Exit temperature of oil, T 2
(6.1) '" Q and U val'ues
=>
=>
U = 420 W/m2
ID
. (I)
equation
Q=U A (.1T)m
91.35 x 1()3= 420" A )c 149.49
1600 C
rTI - t2l
lT2
In [230 -65]
_;_____.._:___160 - 25
.-:- __
1.45 kJlkg
= 1.45 x 103
(T2-tl)]
(230 - 65) - (160 - 25)
of water, tl = 25 C
Specific heat of oil. Cph
(lMTD)
-tl
Cold fluid - water (tl'~)
Exit temperature of water, t2
ereuce
For Counter flow,
[May-2004, Anna Un~J
Entry temperature
emperature Difti
Given:
Hot fluid - oil (T I' T 2)
page No./S/ (Sixth edition)]
Mean ...
2) TI,e mass flow rate of water
IA ~ 1.455 m21
We know that, For cold fluid,
Toflnd:
Q = mc Cpc (t2 - tl)
I. The rate of heat transfer, Q

me
3. Surface area of the heat exchanger, A
[.,' Specific heat of water, Cpc
Solution:
Heat transfer,
Q =
=
IQ
mh \ph (T I ....:T 2)
0.9
1.45
103)( (230- 160)
= 91.35 x 103wI
I mc
= 0.545 kgls
= 4 r~JA&
Result;
1. Heat transfer, Q = 91.35 )( 103 W
me = 0.545 kgls
3. Surface area of the heat exchanger, /Ii. = 1;45.fm2
I()
-lin
\]
Heal and Mass Trallsfer
)( 2130.(160-60)
,4 ('o,mterflow cOllcelltric tube IIeat excllallger is used 10 cool engille

25.(' as tl,e coolillg mediuIII. Tl,eflow rate of cooling water tllrougl,
tl,e i""er tube 0/0.5111 is 2kgls wllile tl,eflow rate of oil tllroug/, tl't
42.6
= 0.7
Ollter diameter
", is also 2 kg/so If U is

250 Wlm1 K, "ow long must tile IIeat t.'(cilallger be 10 meet its
cooling requirement?
Heat transfer , Q ==
(tl,t2)
~
"
= 2130 J/kg K
Entry temperature of oil, 1 I = 160 C

Exit temperature of oil. 12
Inner diameter. DI
mc = 2 kg/s
ni c cpc (trtl)'
I Q -'425.96)(
~~~-:--_.:..._
Q ,;; 'u A
S
'.
"
,,','.
(or.).ni"cph (T 1- T2)
__
'103
Wr
--'
(,1T) ,
m
I
I'
','
For Counter flow,

=2
75.88 C
==
(I)
f,From H MJ. daf(1 b qDf"ol- pfJgB,no., [1$11

'
(,1T)m-Logarith~'ii;M~an'Te;':;pl
,
Outer diameter. D2 = 0.7 m

Flow rate of oil (Hot fluid). ,nh
t:
Where,
= 0.5 m
Flow rate of water (Cooling fluid).
t2 - 209.3 x 10J
Q = 2)( 4186 x(15.88 -2'5)
Heat transfer
= 25
'
We know that,
= 60 C
Entry temperature of water. tl
8'37
Exit temperature ofwarer t2-- 75.:8~oC
Cold fluid - water
Specific heat of oil (Hot fluid). Cph
104
t2
(May-200S, Anna Univj
(11.12)
I ~.
Give" :
Hot fluid - oil
..
[ .. S
2,
'; pecitic
hear of water Cpc -- 4/86 l/kg KJ
:
42.6 x 104 == 8372
,,: . .'
(rr 25)
oil (C == 2130 Jlkg K) frolll 160 C to 60 C willi waler available at
outer a"nulus,
_
. , 2X4186)( (r. -25)
"'.
.,'
"f
erature Difference. (LMrD)
'
\' .
t ..
kg/s
Overall heat transfer co-efficient, U = 250 W/m2 K

"
Tofind :
Length of the heat exchanzer

to , L
(,1 T)m
Solutio" :
= (160 '- 75,88) - (60 - 25)

In [160 ~ 75.88]
We know that,
Heat lost by oil (Hot flUI.d) -- Heat gamed

.
by water (Cold fluid)
=>
Q/r
60 - 25
,
49.12
0.8768
Qc
, ,
48
'

Substitute (~T)m' U and Q values in equation (I)
Q'
Heat Exchangers 3.125
Given:
= 4.2 kg/min
Mass flow rate or hot liquid'';'h

(1)
Q =U A(~T)m
=>
=>
425.96
=>
UP = 250 x A x 56.02C
~
Specific heat of hot liquid,
30.415 m~
Cph
= 0.07 kg/s
D, . L
30.415 =
1t
x 0.5 x L
Specific heat of water,
'0 de.ermint
Overall heat transfer co-efficient, U =
is used
th inlet or exil
.empera.ure
'0 cool 4.2 kglmin
Of 1101
kJlkg K is used for cooling purpose a
of ISC. Tire mass flow rate of cooling water is
I. Outlet temperature of liquid, (T 2)
3. Effectiveness of heat exchanger, (e)

Solution:
Capacity rate of hot liquid, C = mh)(

=
of liquid
2. Outlet temperature of water

3. Effec.iveness of heat exchanger
Take
Overall heat transfer co-efficient is HOO Wlm2K.
Heat exchanger area is 0.30
m2
1100 w/m2K
= 0.30 m2
17 kglmin. calculate .he following.

I. Ou.let ttmpera.urt
kg/s
2. Outlet temperature of water, (t2)
liquid of specifiC hea' 3.S kJlkg K a. 130' C. A cooling wa.er of'

specific heat 4.18
= 0.28
Tofind:
,empera'ures of heat exc/ranger
III A parallel flOH/:hea. exchanger
loJJlleg K!
= 15C
Imc
Area, A
x,
mc = 17 kg/min
ResuU:
3.2.12 Solved problems on NTU

[Number Transfer Units) method
Cpc = 4.18 lUIkg K
Mass flow rate of cooling water,
Length of the heat exchanger, L = 19.36 m
loJ Jlleg K
= 1300C .
Inlet temperature of cooling water, tl
Length of the heat exchanger, (Single pass), L = 19.36 m
INote) NTU me.hod is ustd
ICpc - 4.18
L=19.36m
= 3.5 IUllegK
Inlet temperature of hot liquid, T,

1t.
=>
mh
[CPh = 3.S
We know that,
Area, A =
=,
0.07
Cph
x 3.S x
IC=24SWIK!
Capacity rate of water,
C = me
IC
103
... (1)
Cpe
0.28 x 4.18 x 103
1170.4 WIK
! ... (2)
J~.~/l~6~H!,a~,~a~n~d~A~la~s~s~~~a~m~~~fr~
----------------
__
From (I) and (2).

Cl1Ii~= 245 W/K
CmIX;
0.209
.
CmiR = ~=
C'ma.~
1170.4
CmiR
64%
1170.4 W/K
Effecliveness
E
. (3)
0.209
CmIX
UA
=_
CmiR
NTU
Number of transfer units.
NTU=
[NTU
Tofind effectiveness
E,
1100
Maximumpossible
0.30
245
.. ' Qmax
. (4)
= Ij~r
refer HMT data book page no 161

(Parallel flow heat exchanger)
.'
."
Qmax
",,' Cmin'(T, -I,)

. -
245 ( 130 - 15) \ '.
= 28,175 W
1.34
!
.
Actual heallransfe! rate

Q
C
Curve -+ ~
Cmax
'I~''.
'.
0.209
"
EX
Qmax
0.64 ~ 28,175
18,032
'w
We know thai,
Heal transfer,
Corresponding Yaxis value is 64%

i.e.,
hellf Iransf~r
From graph.
Xaxis -+ NTU
1.34
NTU
[From HMT data book page no. 151}'
IE =0.64
.'
;',; C;(12 -I,)
18,032
0.28' x4.18 x 103 (12 - 15)
18,032
.11 70.4
12 -
17556
30.40 C
Outlel lemperalure of cold waler,
12 =
30.40 C
J. 128 Heat and Mass Transfer

We know that,
=>
Heat transfer
18,032
T2
IOutlet temperature
'"
0.07 x 3.5 x 103 (130 - T2)
18,032
=>
mit .. 520 kglh
mh Cph (T, - T2)
mit '" 0.144
31850 - 245 T2
Inlet temperature of oil,
= 56.4 C
of hot
rIqUl,'d
T2 - 56 .4 C
k
gts
kgts
T, .. 95" C
U'"' 1000 W/m2 K

Heat exchanger area, A '" 1m2
Resllil :
I. T2" 56.4C
Toftnd:
I. Total heat transfer, (Q)
2. t2 '" 30.40 C
2. Outlet temperature of water, (t )
3. e= 0.64
Ill/" COll"'~rflo"" "tal
t.t:cllangtr, water all0" Cflowing .llltt I'GIt

01/100 k,l1I. It is "taltd by oil 01Sptcific "tat 1100 Jilt, K/10""u.,
.1 '''t rtlI~01510 kglll al inltl I~"",~ralUrt 0195" C Dtlt""I,,~ lit,
lollo""i",
3. Outlet temperature of oil, (T
Capacity rate of hot oil, C ,.
,;,,,,, C
plt
..
J. Dulin tt"'l'trtlhlrt qf oil
Capacity nile of
water,
t!.\C".",u.MJ is Iwfl.
[C
GI\wt:
... (I)
0.33"4116
1381.3 W/~
(SfHcijic
Iluid - oil
302.4 W~
';'e" Cpt.
,.
OI~rtllI"Ht ''''"sltrr CtNffiritlfl if 1000 H~:A'.
HOI
0.144"2100
[c ,.
1. Olld~ It'fffptrtlhlrt 01",.,,,
ol..! Iluid - "'liter
Sollilian :
I. Tot.llu., lTa"sltr
HH'
520
3600
... (2)
1/86
Ir"at o/""Qttrr Cp.,. -
Jlt, IV
From Equn (I) and (2)
em In -
30. 4 WII(
1381.3 WI"
o JJ
l'1
~ s
e~I(IOJ~1\
-0:.1.4
UIU
.. 0,
Odl
I'
...( l
---------
Number of transfer units,
, ,{Fi;om. HMr
'NTU"'~'
t/QtQ
book page no lSI}
Cmin
1000.)( 1
.' i
302.4
[BTl)''''
: T(I),fi;,d.ejf~ctiv~n~s
}1l '.
~j':te/P'
'II
: .....,.
,(4)
HMf: t!.qIa bOok Page' no 163
.~
."
(COU.n,{~"jlpw, 'h~at,~C#J(;lnger)
f'rOIll graph,
Xaxis -+ NTU
I:;
: .
I ~, .
!.
Corresppnding YlI?'isvab,ae is 0.95

i.e.,
,[ e
= 0:.95J
\ ',"
,I.
'.
.:
"
Cmax
:I
0.218
."
() ~.
.l'~-:'pc.'rffllM,Jlkg KJ
IJB}'.38;.~""','J.7,6'1f/4~
===- =3=S.S='C~)~ ,
1~~~~~eOf~~rit2'
___.;. =
"",'
-: .,,1
'CI" .../',
='; 35.5
'I
We know that,
H~at tl;~fer,
95%
. : : ?;I~~,~~~~,(~~-
21,5~
21,5~",
IT2
EtfecQ~eness
I o"tlot .... _ofoil.
e
Res"lt:
\ . :'{ L .:
I.
3.>
('
,.'
. Qmax;"
..
'
Q = 21.546
2. T2 = 23.751)C
3. ~ = 35S"C
~~in ("(1,;;-11)
302.4 (95 -,20)
I Qmax
. 22,680
:W, I,
',I'
W'
;:
I ~
23.75o
t ". ,:
. ,'.; .'
1,
I,'
cl
T, ~ ~1S"C
:'
~2)\
,~,,2;~,?:2,8:-:-,.Wi1T~.,.
=
;.: ~ _ t ,',.' ! :..
Maximum possible peat transfer~
0.31 ~ 4~'86..{~':'~Q.")
i-
~='
Cmin
'.' NTU
Jl
.. ';'cCpc{~-tl)
=> .:' 2I"S46

r::::=--=>-----:-""":':,~I(
Curve-+ __..:..;...=Q;~':l8
'
I"
I
1 ; t;
,'.'\
2J,5~
Cmin
CmIX
: -.'
Heat trapsfer, Q
",q
= 3.3
....
\\\'\
We knQW, m.t,
i,
1.
'I
I ," ":.""
';1
to';
/ I'
, J
I I
'/
1 I ~ :".
j.,
(,
.;
(,
,I
',
ll32

cross flow both fluids unmLted heat exchanger, water at 6' C
flowing .tthe rate 0//.15 legis.It Is used to cool 1.1kgls 0/ air that
Is initially at a temperature 0/50' C. Calculate the /ollowing
ill 111

Capcity rate of air
C = mh x Cph
= 1.2 x 1010
0/ air
2. Xii temperature 0/ water
I. Exit temperature
IC=1212WIK!
Assume overaU heattrans/er co-efficient Is 130 Wlm1 K and area Is
... (2)
From Equn ( I) and (2), We know that,
23m2.
Cmin = 1212 W/K
Givell :
Cmax
Hot' fluid - air
Cold fluid - water
Cmin _ 1212
C
- 5232.5
max
Inlet temperature of water, tl = 6 C

Mass flow rate of water,
Mass flow rate of air,
me'=
= 5232.5 WIK
1.25 kgls
= 0.23
Cmin
= 0.23
Cmax
mh = 1.2 kg/s
. : (3)
Initial temperature of air, T I = 50 C

Overall heat transfer co-efficient, U = 130 W/m2 K
Number of transfer units, NTU = VA

Cmin
Surface area, A = 23 m2
= 130 x 23
Tojlnd:
[From HMJ'data book

page no.151J
1212
I. Exit temperature of air, (T2)
INTU=2.46
2. Exit temperature of water, (t2)
Tofind effectiveness
... (4)
reier
HMT UIdata b 00k page no 165J
'./,
SollItion
(Cross flow. both fluids unmixed)
We know that,
From graph,
Specific heat of water, Cpc = 4186 J/kg K

Specific heat of air, Cph = 10 I0 J/kg K (constant)
Curve -+ ~
= 5232.5
'"' 0.23
Cmax
Cpc
Corresponding
= 1.25 x 4186
IC
= 2.46
we know
Capacity rate of water
C =mc
Xaxis -+ NTU
W/K!
Ya.xis value is 0.85

i.e.,
... (1)
Ie"
0.85
r
3. 13.4-
Heal exchangers 3.11.5
H.r a"d M(JssTransftr
-- We knoW Ihat.
Maximum heat transfer

_ Cmin (T, - tl)
Q
Heal Iransfer,
Q
I,
mex
45,328
1212(SO-6).
[ Qmax ... S3,328
45.328
w] '\
'
1.2)( 1010(50-T2)
= 60,600,-
T2
12.6
12.\2,T2
c
I
Cm'ln
-.
0.23
emlX
8S%
Outlellcmperalure
of air, T 2 '" 12.6 C
Result:
I. T2
==
12.6 C
2., t2 =, !~.6 C
Effectiveness
:'
o /n a counter flow heat exchanger; "'aler Is Ileatedfrom 20C
an oil
by
HlI~/, a
10
BO-C
specific Ileat of 2. 5 kJ/kg-K and nlass flow rate of
0.5 kg/so Tile oil is cooled from 1/oC 10 40"C. If IIIeoverall Ileal
Iransfer co-efflc/~nt is UfIO wl':"2 K,flhd thefollowing by using NTU
'2.46
",_
"
method
I. Mass flo
Actual heat transfer . -rate
,
I .
"
. ,
Q,'i'j
e><Qmax
\'
.,
3. Surface area
>< 51,3~8 .
Given :
Hot fluid
IL.:Q:.____45_,3_28_W
.......
1
Heat transfer, Q
rate of water
2. Effectiveness, of he,lltexcllt~ng~r
\= 0.85
..v:
HI
"
,'I,'; ,
me Cpc (t2 - tl)
'I',
r:
oil ,
Cold fluid - water
(T(, T2)
(t(, t2)
Inlet temperature of water, t( = 20 C
45,328
"1.25 x 4186 (t2 - 6)
Outlet temperature of water,
45,328.
'5232.5 ~'-,31,195
Specific heat of oil, Cph
.~
."
==
ti == 80 C
2.5 kJ/kg - K
= 2.5
'.';
Outlet temperature of water, t2 = 14.6 C
',\"
')
"j'
103 J/kg - K
mh = 0.5
kg/s
Inlet temperature of oil, T (= 110 C
,
I
-....,\ ,
1 J 36 Heat and Mass Transfer

Outlet temperature of oil. T 2 = 40 C
From equation (I) and (2).
Overall heat transfer co-efficient, U = 1400 W/m K

Toji"d:
I. Mass flow rate of water,
Cmin'"
1250 W/K
Cmax = 1456.73 W/K
me
Cmin
2. Effectiveness of heat exchanger, e
max
3. Surface area, A
-"""i456J3
Cmin
Cmax
Solll 1;0" :
1250
0.858
0.858
'" (3)
We know that,
Heat lost by the oil
We know that,
.
o,
Qh
mh Cph (T I - T 2)
Heat gained by the water
T1-T2
T, _
Effectiveness.
t
. mllc",. -- Cmin1
t,
E = _-
me Cpc (t2 - tl)
[From HMfd ata boak, page
110-40
0.5x2.5x
103(110-40)
4186
= mcx
(80-20)
[ .: Specific heat of water Cpe

me
0.348 kg/s
Mass flow rate of water, me
0.348 kgls
Capacity rate of oil (Hot fluid), C
0.5
2.5
Ie =
= 0.71\
From graph,
Yaxis -+
x
103
= 0.77
Curve -+ ~
Cmax
(1)
= 0.858
Corresponding X axiS
. value is 3 4 , .'..e , NTU
~c Cpe
0.348
IE
[To find NTU, refer H ut data book page no 163J I':ower fl ow)
Ie = 1250 W/K I
Capacity rate of water (Cold fluid), C
110-20
4186 llkg
= mh Cph
=
1S 1J
110
We know that,
4186
1456.73 WIK \ .. (2)
NTU = UA
Cmin
3.4
1400 x A
1250
3 .4
(FromJlMT data book,

page no.l51 J

Inlet temperature of water t _ 2
, ,- OC
0.858
0.77
Heat ExchangerJ
Mass flow rate of Water. ';'c '" 10 kg/s

Overall heat transfer co-efficie I Un , - 600 W 1m2 K
Heat exchanger area. A '" 6 m2
Effectiveness,
Toflnd:
I. Exit lemperature of oil, (T 2)

2. Exit temperature
';'c = 0.348
2.
E =
kgls.
ph
IC = 6300
apcit
It is desired to use double pipe counter flow heat exchunger to cool

J kg/s of oil (Cp = 2.1 kllkg K)from 120 e. Cooling water at 10'(
enters the heat exchanger at a rate of /0 kg/so The overall Iteat
transfer co-efficient of the heat exchanger is 600 WI",} K and tht
heat transfer area is 6",1. Calculate the exit temperatures of oil and
water.
[JlIl1e-2006. Anna
niv]
W IK
';'c x Cpc
10
... (2)
(._. Specific heal of water, C{X;

Fr m Equn (I) and (2),
Cmlll
Given :
= 6300 W/K
max =
water u.j t-)

Specific heal of oil
HOltluid-oil
,i,,, = 3 k
C/)IJ =
41860 W/K
T"T2
=
6300
41,860
2.1 kJ/kgK
=2.1
Inlet temperature
'" (I)
4186
C=4186~
rate of water,
C
3.2.13 Anna University Solved Problems
Cold fluid
x C
=3x2.lxIOJ
0.77
3. A = 3.03 1112
Q]
=,;,,,
I.
(1 )
2
Solution:
Capacity rate of hOI oil.
3.4
NTU
Result :
of water,
of oil, T,
=>
10 J gK
max
120C
49
Cl11m
0.150
= 4186 J/k
.,
----~:-----IF~;h~~--[From HMT data
3~.~14~O~H~ea~t~a~n~d~M~~~s~v~rwu~g.~e~r
__
UA
NTU= -Cmin
Number of transfer units,
600
b00 k page no 15/]
___ ------~-----:--------------~H~e~a~tr~c~h~an~g~e~n~J~.~/4~/~
Actual heat transfer rate
Q
=6300
[NTU =0.57
0.42
10
.. (4)
[Tofind effectiveness
E,
Heat transfer,
2,64,600
From graph,
X axis --+
Curve --+
C =
63
104
2,64,600 W
mc Cpc
10
= 0.571
Cmin
We know that,
refer HMT data book page no J6J} (Counter flow)
NTIl
x Oma.x
(t2 - II)
4186 (12 -20)
26.32 C
[Exit temperature
0.150
ofwaler,
t2
= 26.32
max
We know'that,
Corresponding
Yaxis value is 42%

i.e.,
E =
0.42
Heat transfer, Q
;"" Cph (TI - T2)

3
2.1
103 (120 - T 2)
78C
Effectiveness
E
Ex it temperature
of oil, T 2
78 C
Result:
I. T2 = 78 C
2. t2
= 26.32
III A parallel
0.571
NTU
flow heat exchanger lias IlOt and cold water stream
running through u.theflow rates are 10 and 1S kg/min respectillel),.

are 7SC and 15"(' on hot and cold sides. rhe
IIIlettemperatures
Maximum possible heat transfer,
Omax
Cmin (TI - tl)

6300,(120.-
lOmax
exit temperature
63 x 104
20)
WI
"i "0
=
E -
on tile hot side sllould not exceed SO-C.. usume
= 600 Wlm1K. Calculate tile area of heat exchanger using
NTU approach.
{Dec-Z005. Anna Univ]
GOlf''' .k~ "ill

~ k~/s 0,166 "'SIs
6(l
MtlSS l10w rol( of Iml WI\I~r. "'II
M:lSS 11,1\\1111113 of
cold water.
I \)
,i"." ~ k ' 111111
60 k~/s
')
We know Ihnl.
0.116 kg/s
E 111,)\;1 j Vlln~lSS.
In!cllemj)t1IIUI\l of hOI water, T I 75"

Inllll h.'IIIj)crnlure of c,)ld W[lIe,"',II
I',' ';'/', ph .. Crnln )

/Fm", IIM1' ItII/a hoo4, flaRO
.5'
I'}xil ICIIIJlllnlIUI\l of hoI water, T2 50"
75 - 50
75 - 25
Overall hcnllrnnster l'l)ctl1cicnl, "0 ", 600 W1m2 K

III fi"il :
Helll Ilxch:lIIgcr area, A
(1'()find N7V. refer N MT d.

paJ.:() no 161 (Par /I.
From
graph.
- 0.5
-';'11 x Cph
-0.166
C,
Curve -~ C
~
4186
0.399
fIIllJI
[394,87
... (I)
W/K!
t: Specific heal of water.
Cp = 4 J 86 J/Kg
Corresponding
X,nxis value rs
. 0.84 , "' e "
KI
0,5
Capcity rate of cold fluid,
c- ,;,c x Cpc
= 0.416 x 4186
EoorrwlK]
... (2)
Effectiveness,
E
From Equn (I) and (2)

Cmin
ata book
a el flow heat exchanger/
Solulill/'
Capacily rate of'ho: fluid.
C
110, I J/
(Sixth iJdltlOll)J
= 694.87
W/K
Cmu = 1741.37W/K
NTU
0.84
N'ru '" 0,84
.r.
3144 Heat and Mass Trans,er
Heal Exchangers 1.145
UA
We know that,
NTU (Number
---------------
0f
trans
fer units)
== -
.. (4)
Cmin
{From
3.2.14 Problems for Practice

I.
HMT data book page no /5/ J
The specific heats of exhaust gases and water may be taken as 1.13
~
_efficient,
Overall heat tranSler co
I
..!....+..!....
h,
and 4.19 kllkgOe

efficient
respectively.
'"
area required for the following cases, when the cooling water flow is
ho
0.5 kg/s; (i) parallel flow (ii) counter flow.
[Ans : (i) 4.84 m2 (ii) 4./5 ",1/
_.;;..---
h;ho
U-
2.
16.67 kg/s of the product at 700 C (Cp = 3.6 kJlkg "C) in a chemical
plant, are to be used to heat 20 kg/s of the incoming fluid from
600 + --600
100 C (Cp
600"
1 k W 1m2 "C and the installed heat transfer surface is 42 m2, calculate
600
= 4.2
kl/kg "C), If the overall heat transfer coefficient is
the fluid outlet temperatures
Eow/m2K]
. and U values
Substitute NTU , e mill
=>
(4)
and the overall heat transfer co-
from gases to water is 140 W/m2 "C. Calculate the surface
ho+ h;
U
1
Exhaust gases flowing through a tubular heat exchanger at a rate of

0.4 kg/s are cooled from 450 C to 150 C by water initially at 150C.
NTU"'-
[A =
arrangements.
in equation
[Ans : th]
(4)
3.
= 438.4
c, te] = 186.8 6C, 17M' CJ
8000 kg/h of air at 105 C is cooled by passing it through a counter

flow heat exchanger.
emin
at 150 C and flows at a rate of 7500 kg/h. The heat exchanger has
heat transfer
694.87
coefficient
2
area, A = 1 .945 m
Find the exit temperature of air if water enters
area equal to 20 m2 and the overall heat transfer
corresponding
to this area is 145 W/m2 C.
Take Cp (air) = IkJlkg 6C and Cp(water)
\.945 m~
Result:
Heat exchanger
and parallel flow
UA
300"
0.84 '"
for the counter-flow
==
4.18 kJlkg DC
[Ans : 76.1
4.
A shell-and-tube
-C/
type of heat exchanger is designed to cool 1.51~
kg/s of oil (Cp == 2093 J/kg K) from 65.56 C to 42.220 C by using

1.008 kg/s of water at a inlet temperature of26.67 "C. Assuming an
overall heat transfer coefficient of681.6
W/m2K and a single-shell.
2 tube pass type of heat exchanger determine the required heal transfer
area. use the effectiveness
method.
IAns: 7.9m2/
(C
1000 ~
. han er hot exhaust gases
p
g ~~
In a cross flow heat exc
g.
1000 C are used to heat Water
.
3000 C and leavmg at
,
entenng at
1250 C The overall heat
0
35 C to'
"
flowing at I kg/s rom
.
face area has been found to be
.
.
the oas side sur
,
coefficient based on
'"
h d estimate the required gas
100 W Im2K. Using the NTU met 0 ,
5.
WI,al is meant by Filmwise condensation?
6.
transr""l
fi
{April 2000. Oct 2000 MUj

. .
The liquid condensate
Si~1
3.2.15 Two mark

1.
r .d to
Define boiling
of phase
vapour state is known as boil"
In dropwise
droplets
to liquid
from vapour
state
boiling and cOlldensatioll.

".
Boiling and condensation.
proc ess finds wide applications as menu
.1"
In dropwise
directly
below
4.
1.
Thermal and nuclear power plant
2.
Refrigerating
3.
Process of heating and cooling
4.
Air conditioning
9.
systems
exposed
vapour.
The heat transfer
rate in dropwise
is 10 times higher than in film condensation.
Write tIll!force balance equation on a I'D/umeelementfor fllmwise

on a vertical plane surface.
systems
[May-2004.
Where,
AnnaUn.
and mixing
induce!
by bubble
growth
Bx - Body force in x direction

Op - Pressure gradient
ax
/0.
Draw different regtous 0/ bollill/l alld wtuu ts Nucleate boil/nil'!

[Apri//99Y
detachment.
WlllIt are tlu: modes
10
{April 1999 MUj

a large portion of the area of the plate is
condensation
"'"at is meant by pool boiling?
due to free convection
sizes which fall down the surface in a random
condensation,
condensation
. a dd e d to a liquid
from a submerzed
solid surface, the boll
If heat IS
I
e
.
~
d
to
as
pool
boiling
In
this
case
process IS re.erre,
.
. the liquid above
hot surface is essentially stagnant and its monon near the surface
5.
condensation,
of various
Give the merits of drop wise condensation.
8.
Give tile appllClltlOnoJ
{Dec2004 . 2005 & June 2006 A UJ

the vapour condenses into small liquid
fashion.
is known.
condensation.
3.
is known as film wise
[April 2000 , Oct 2000 MUJ
"'IIat is meant by condensation?

"'
The change
surface
What is meant by Dropwise condensation?
7.
The change of phase from rqui
2.
[Dec 2004 . 2005 & June 2006 A Uj

wets the solid surface, spreads out and forms a
continuous
film over the entire
condensation.
surface area.
.
and Answers
QuestIOns
Heal EJchangers 3.147
MU. April 200] MUj
Nucleate boiling exists in regions II and III. The nucleate boiling begins
tlf
condensation?
III
There arc two modes of condensation

I. Filmwise condensation
region II. As the excess temperature
is further increased. bubbles
arc formed more rapidly and rapid evaporation

2. Dropwise
condensation
indicaled
takes place. This is
in region III. Nucleate boiling exists upto 6T - 50 C.
~~~----3.148 Heal and Mass Transfer
c::
0
u ';::
5. Counter flow heat exchangers
CI)
~...
~
0
!:! c.
r:: '";.
Nucleate
boiling
6. Cross flow heat exchangers
Filmboiling -
IU
II
7. Shell and tube heat exchangers
VI
8. Compact heat exchangers
10
/3.
B
10
In direct contact heat exchanger, the heat exchange takes place by

direct mixing of hot and cold fluids.
10
U.
Whal is meant by lndirec: c,?ntaciheal exchanger?

In'this type ofheatexchangers,
,....
M
W/tal is meant by Direct heal exchanger (or) open heat exchanger?
~fh;at between two fluids
could be carried out by transmission through a wall which separates
104
the two fluids.
~
'-'
~ 103
15. J!,~a~is!!Iea'!.lby Regeneralors?,

In th is type of heat exchangers, hot and cold fluids flow alternately
through the same space.
(;
10
the t~;fer
...
Examples : IC engin~:...gas turbines.

10
100
50
10
Excess Temperature ~ Te = Ts - Tsat
150
I - Free convection
II - Bubbles condense in super heated liquid
IV - Unstable film
III - Bubbles raise to surface
VI
- Radiation coming into play
V - Stable film
l l,
What are the types of helll exchangers?

The types of heat exchangers are as follows
I. Direct contact heat exchangers
2. Indirect contact heat exchangers
3. Surface heat exchangers
4. Parallel flow heat exchangers
[Dec 2005,AU]
Whal is meant byJltCUperalOTf;(or) Surface Ileal excuangen

.....
- ..
This is the most common type of heat exchangers in which the hot and
cold fluid do not come into direct contact with each other but are
separated by a tube wall or a surface.
Examples:
/7.
Whut is heat exchanger?

A heat exchanger is defined as an equipment which transfers the heat
from a hot fluid to a cold fluid.
/2.
/6.
Automobile radiators, Air preheaters, Economisers etc.
What is meant by parallel flow Ileal exchanger? [May-05, AU)

In this type of heat exchanger, hot and cold fluidUDoye in the same
direction.
/B. Wluu is meant by counter flow Ileal exclla~ger? {May-05. AU}

In this type of heat exchanger, hot and Gold fluids move i'!.E_arallelbut
opposite directions.
/""
19.
Wluu is meant by cross flow heal exchanger?
In thi~ type of heat-exchanger, hot and coJd floids move at right angles
to each other.
\
,.
3.150 Heat and Mass Tralls[e'

20. Wlrat is meant by SI,ell alld tube I,eat exchanger?
------:~~==~~-:=------------U'''at is meant by Effectiveness r
]~.
In this type of heat exchanger, one onhe fluids move through a
Heat Exchangers J 151
The heat exchanger effectivene ss ISdefined

.
as th
.
transfer to the maximum possibl e heat transfer. e ratio of actual heat
of tubes enclosed by a shell. The other fluid is forced through the

and it moves over the outside surface of the tubes.
Effectiveness
E =
21. Wlrat is ",eant by compactl,eat e..'(c"angers?

There are many special purpose heat exchangers called compact
s.;
exchangers They are generally employed when convective heat

co-efficient associated with one of the fluids is much smaller than
associated with the other fluid.
Actual heat transfer

Maximum possible heat transftr
25. Sketc" tI,e temperature variatio ns In

. parallel flo
d
"eat exchangers.
"' an counter flo"'
(Dec-O". AU]
22. WI,at is meant by LMTD'!

We know that the temperature difference between the hot and
fluids in the heat exchanger varies from point to point. In
various modes of heat transfer are involved. Therefore based on
}fOt
..
alJicj
II
of appropriate mean temperature difference, also called

mean temperature difference, the total heat transfer rate in the
C!
II
c.
Ih2
92
9)
IC2
exchanger is expressed as
Q~UA(~T)m
where
U _ Overall heat transfer co-efficient, W/m2K
Cold fluid
Ie)
Area
Temperature distribution - rara
n
l",ei flo"'
A - Area, m2
(~T)m - Logarithmic mean temperature difference.
21.
What is meant by Fouling factor?

[ Nov.96
We
know,
the
surfaces
ofa
heat
exchangers
do
not
rem'
.'
~
~c~ I
It has been In use for some time. The surfaces become fouled
scaling or deposits. The effect of these deposits affecting the
overall
heat
transfer co-efficient. This effe C t iIS ta k en care of
.
.
introducing an additional thermal resistance called th r.
resistance.
e rou
Area
Temperature distribution - r...ounter flo"'
9) = Ih
92=lh
I
2
-I
-I
CI
c2
CHAPTER-IV
4. RADIATION
4.1. INTRODUCTION
The heat is transferred from one body to another without any

transmitting medium is known as radiation. It is an electromagnetic
wave phenomenon.
All types of electromagnetic waves are classified in terms of
wavelength
and are propagated
at the speed of light,
i.c., 3 x 10M m/s.
4.2. EMISSION PROPERTIES
The rate of emission of radiation by a body depends upon the

following f"etors.
I.
The wavelength or frequency of radiation.
2.
The temperature of surface.
J.
The nature of the surface.
4.3. EMISSIVE
POWER [EtJ
The emissive power is defined as the total amount of radiation

emitted by a body per unit time and unit area.
._
It is expressed
in
YiJJJ12.
4.2
4.4. MONOCHROMATIC
The energy
time
EMISSIVE POWER (EbJ
emitted
by the surface
per unit area in all directions
emissive
is known
length erp
as monochr Olllat~
un'
When
the radiant
energy
A part is reflected
surface, and (he remainder
AND TRANSMISSION
falling
at a given
power.
4.5. ABSORPTION, REFLECTION
happen.
Radiation
on a body,
back, a part is transmitted
three
4.3
a+p+'[
where
p and t are known as absorptivity
..
.
. a,
.
IVI
,re fl ecnvity
and
transmissIVity of the surface.
i.e., Absorptivity,
Radiation absorbed
Incident radiation
Reflectivity,
Radiation reflected
Incident radiation
Transmissivity,
Radiation transmitted
Incident radiation
thin I
throUgh t~
is absorbed.
Q
4.6. CONCEPT OF BLACK BODY

Black body is an ideal surface having the following properties.
Fig. 4.1.
If the incident
Fig.4.I,
energy
Qa is absorbed,
Q is falling on a body as shown in
Qr is reflected
energy balance yields,
Dividing
and Q, is transmitted,
then
).
A black body absorbs all incident radiation, regardless of

wave length and direction.
2.
For a prescribed temperature and wave length, no surface

can emit more energy than black body.
A black body is regarded as a perfect

absorber of incident radiation. A black body
condition can be approached in practice by
forming a cavity in a material as shown in
Fig.4.2. Radiation passing through the hole
into the cavity is repeatedly absorbed and
reflected at the cavity walls until it all
absorbed.
the above equation
by Q
Q
Q
Fig. 4.2.
A black body is a perfect emitter. This is a fact which can be

proved as follows. Consider a black body at a uniform temperature,
placed inside an arbitrarily shaped, perfectly insulated enclosure
composed of another black body whose temperature is also
4.4
Heal and Mas.' ),a",}"
-ii&'~'
uniform but different from that of the former. The bla~

the enclosure will reach a common equilibrium temperature Y.and'
. d ..
alter'
peno
ot time due to heat transfer.
a,
Radiation
AnlfLt
Enclosure at
uniform
temperature
IFrom
I Amax
4.5
28981lmK
HMT data book, Page No. 81(Sixth Edition)1
2.9 x 10-3 m~_]
... (4,2)
[':p=IO-om1
4.9. STEFAN-BOLTZMANN
Fig. 4.3.
The emissive
LAW
power of a black body is proportional to the
fourth power of absolute temperature.
4.7. PLANCK'S DISTRIBUTION LAW
The relationship between the monochromatic emissive power

of a black body and wave length of a radiation at a -particular
temperature is given by the following expression, by Planck
c1 1.-5
J~~
]_
[l-rom IIMl data "link. !'agl' No. KI(Sixth Editiun)!

, .. (4.3)
where
... (4.1)
E
"
a
where
EbA
Stefan-Boltzmann
constant
5.67 x 10 x W/1I12 K4
[From IIl'vlT data book. Page No. 81(Sixth EditionJl
Monochromatic
Emissive power - W/m2
Temperature
-.
emissive power W/m2
Wavelength - m
4.10. MAXIMUM EMISSIVE POWER, (EllA)max
0.374 x 10-15 W-m2
A combination of Planck's law and Wicns dispiacelllcill law

yields the condition for the maximum monochromatic emissive
14.4 x 10-3 mK
I
power
1'01'
a black body.
(4
4.8. WIEN'S DISPLACEMENT LAW
The Wien's law gives the relationship between temperat~re

maxi
and wavelength corresponding. to t hee maximum
spec tra I e miSSive
power of the black body at that temperature.
\\ here
T5
1.307 >. I () ~
II,-adial ion ('oll,lant
1.307 x 10 ' I ;
bLCLl1
. (-I ~)
2~
4.6
4.11. EMISSIVITY
It is defined as the ability of the surface of a body to rad'
I .
late
ea. t IS also defined as the ratio of the emissive power of
body to the emissive power of a black body of equal temperatu any
reo
t
Emissivity,
It states that the total emissive
. any directi
.
surface rn
IrectlOn IS directl POWerEb
. froma radIating
pi
. .
y proportIonal
ane
angle of emission.
tothecosineof the
E
Eb
[Eb
C(
cos~
'" (4.6)
4.12. GRAY BODY

4.16. FORMULAE
If a body absorbs a definite percentage of incident radiation

irrespective of their wave length, the body is known as gray body.
The emissive power of a gray body is always less than that of the
black body.
4.13.
KIRCHOFF'S
USED
[From HMT data b~ok, P
J.
Emissive Power (or) Total Emissive Power:
E,
LAW OF RADIATION
where
This law states that the ratio of total emissive power to the
absorptivity is constant for all surfaces which are in thermal
equilibrium with the surroundings. This can be written as
IT
T4
W/m2
StefanBoltzmannconstant
5.67 x 10-8 W/m2 K4
2.
Wien's Law:
T =
Amax
3.
It also states that the emissivity of the body is always equal to
2898,.LlnK = 2.9 x Woo) mK
Monochromatic Emissive Power (or)

Spectral Emissive Power:
its absorptivity when the body remains in thermal equilibrium with

its surroundings.
u,
4.14.
INTENSITY
E,;
OF RADIATION
u2
= E2
and so on.
C2
It is defined as the rate of energy leaving a surface in a given
In
0.374 x 10-15 W-m2
where
(Ib>
direction per unit solid angle per unit area of the emitting surface
normal to the mean direction in space.
... (4.5)
age No. 8 I(Sixth Edition))
4.
Maximum
14.4 x 10-3 mK
Emissive Power (Eb;)1II/lX

:
where
c4
4.8
5.
Hear andM ass Transfer

Intensity
of Radiation (/ t) :
--------------------2. According to Stefan-Bolt
zman law
Emissive power, Eb :: a T4
Eb
7t
6.
Absorptivity,
Radiation absorbed
Incident radiation
Radiation reflected
Incident radiation
[From HMT dal~ book P

. age No 81(Sixlh Ed' .
"b -
{ .:
Reflectivity,
Transmissivity,
Wave length
0.5 Jl
==
0.5 x
body emiUillg
u; calcukue its
10-6 III
[ '.: I
~l
= 10-6 m]
To find : I. Surface temperature,

2.
llillmple
to Wien's displacement
[From
0.5 x 10-6 x T
I
5800 K
2.9 x 10-3 rnK
Page 1\(\. X I (~i.\lh
=_ 5~0Q_ []
5800 K
black body at 3000 K emits radiation.

(It 1 pm
wave lengtll,
3.
Maximum
4.
5.
Tottll emissive I'llwer,

Calculate the tot(ll emissive of tI,e [umace if it is
assumed (IS u 1'('(11surface huving emissivity equal to
(1.85.
IMtlClras Ulliversity, April 96/
Editiollli
\.
3000 K
==
l\1onochlOmatic emissive power

A
-c. \
EbA
at
P .~ \ x \ 0 -(, J1l.
2,
Maximum
wave length, (A max ).
-,
Maximum
emls~)VC
).
emissive power.
To find :
2.9 x 10-3
JA
Wave length at .~'lricllel"issio" is mtu:imilm.
Given :
law,
HMT data book.
64.1 x 106 W/m2
2.
Emissive power.
Amax T
Calculate tile following:

1. MOlloc/rromatic emissive power
Solution :
1. According
x 10-8 W/m2 K4)
64.1 x 106 W/m21
Emissive power, Eb
~xamp_le 1 Assuming
SUII
to be black
radiation with maximum intensity at A. = 0.5
surface temperature and emissive power.
Stefan-Bohzman
constant
Re,.",lt:
I.
Given:
=_5.67
\t,
4.17. SOLVED PROBLEMS

_I
r-
Incident radiation
IIlon)1
5.67xl(}&"(5800)4
.'
Po\\ 'eI'" (F)

'1".
1111
/\
.'
4.10

4.
e;
Total emissive power,
J. Maximum
emissive power
Radialion
(E
.1
IINnta.t
5.
Emissive
power of real surface at
= 0.85.
Maximum
emissive power
Solution:
\.307 x 10--5 TS
1. Monochronuuie Emissive Power:
1.307 x 10-5 x (3000)5
From Planck's
3.17 x 1012 W/m2]
distribution
law. we know that,

ci A-5
4. Total emissive power (E,) :
From Stefan-Bohzmann
Eb
law, we know that

OT4
[From HMT data book, Page no. 811
0.374 x
where
Cz
10-15
m2
14.4)( 10-3 ]
[ I )( 10-6 x 3000
'1
II. max
I s,
10-6]-5
- I
(5.67 x 10-8) x (3000)4

4.59 x 106 W/m2\
em;ssivJ!.P0wer of a real surface /

5. Total
I'
3.10 x 1012 W/m
Maximum wave length, (A.max)
From Wien's
Stefan-Boltzman constant
Eb
[Given]
0.374 x 10-15 [I x
2.
where
5.67 x 10-8 W/m2 K4
1 xl~m
I EhI.
{From HMT data book. Page no. 811
14.4 x 10-3 mK
where
Emissivity
2.9 x 10-3 mK
2.9 x JO-3
A max
I Amax
3.90
0.85
1()6 W/m2]
Result:
1.
EH
=::
3.10 x 1012 W/m2
2.
A max
=::
0.966 x I~
3000
0.966 x 10-6 m
0.85 x 5.67 x 10-8 x (3000)4
law, we know that,

T
41/
4.12
3.
--------------------From Wien's displacement la
3.17 x 1012 W/m2
4.
4.59x
5.
3.90
I Example
106 W/m2
X
Amax
2.9 x 10-3
emissive
I.
2.
power.
(Eh),
Emissivity
)1II0X
2.4xl~m
[_A_max--,-__
of the body (s).
Wave
length
corresponding
intensity of radiation (A ilia)'
to
maximum
Emissivity of the body,
0.48
2.41l
1.
Total rate of energy emission.
2.
Intensity
3.
of normal radiation.
Wavelength
of
maximum
monochromatic emi
power.
4.
power,
[.: I Il = I~
[ Example 4 A black body of 1200 cml emits radiatio

1000 K. Calculate tile following:

emissive
~IlJI
Maximum wave length , Amar
2.
1.4 x 1010 W/m2
2._4
Result:
I.
T
1173 K
Maximum
2.9 x 10--3 mK
Given : Surface temperature,
To find:
106 W/m2
3 A gT(~Vsill/ace is maintained at (I temperature

of 90(1't' IIlId maximum emissive power at tlmt tempermure is
IA x 1010 "'/",1. Calculate the emissivity of the body and ti'e
wavelength corresponding to the maximum intensity olmdialion.
Maximum
Rudiulioll
w, We know that
(Eh)IIIGX
of radiation along a direction at 60 to
normal.
1.307 x 10-5 W[m2 K5
where
Intensity
== c4 T)
Give" :
Area, A
1200 x 10-4 m2
1.307 x"-IO-5 x (I) 73)5
2.90 x 1010 W/m2
1200 cm2
1000 K
To flnd :
).4 x 1010 W/m2
So,
/'
Emissivity,
f.
==
1.4 x 1010
2.90 x 1010
rGiven]
1. Total rate of energy emission, Eb

2.
Intensity of normal radiation, In'
4. !-I
3.
Wave length
power, A maX"
4.
Intensity
of maximum
monochromatic
4.
of radiation
415
at 60, Ie.
Solution:
::: 18,048 W 1m2
From Stefan-Boltzmann
law,
1.
Eb
Energy emission,
Result :
=
c T4

Eb
5.67 x 10-8 x (1000)4
Here
~
\ e,
56.7 x 103 W/m2
Area
1200 x 10-4 m2,
I Eb
=
,.--
.7t
x 103
7t
A max
A max
Maximum wave length, A. max
4.
Intensity of radiation at 60, Ie
6804 W
18,048 W/m2
2.9 ~
==
==
18,048 W/m2
1.
Total energy emitted by the sun.
2.
The emission received per m2 just outside the earth's
3.
atmosphere.
The total energy received by the eartl. if no radiationis
blocked by the earth's atmosphere.
t:
The energy received by a 2 x 2 m solar collector

normal is inclined at 45 to the sun. The energy_~ss
. 50% d the diffuse radiatIOn
through the atmosphere IS
0 an
is 20% of direct radiation.
Distance between earth and sun, R

Diameter of the sun, DI
2.9 x 10-6 m
[.:
In
[ Example 5 Assuming sun to be black bo.dy emitting

radiatiolt at 6000 K at a mean distance of 12 x 1010 m from the
earth. 'tu diameter of the sun if1.5 x'lOl) m and th~tofthe'earth
is 13.2 x 1(J6m. Calculate thefollowing.
Given:
2.9 x 10-3
1000
==
2.9 x 10-3 mK
2.9 Il
3.
4.
3. From Wien's law, we know that

Amax
Intensity of normal radiation, In
W/m2
18,048 W/m2
2.
Eb
56.7
\ In
'
6804 W
2. Intensity of normal radiation

In
56.7 x 103 x 1200 x 10-4
Eb
Energy emission E
1.
== 6000 K
12 x 1010 m
1.5
109m
13.2 x 106 m
1 Il = 10-6 m]
Diameter of the earth, D2
" 16
Solution : I. Total ellcrJ:Y emitted :

Energy emitted by sun, E b ==
-1/7
5.67 x 10-8 x (6,000)4

[.: o
2855.S W/m2
Stefen-Boltzman constant
5.67
3.
10-8 W/m2 K4]
Energy received
by
the earth:
Earth area
~ (D
IrE-b-----73-.4--x-10-6-W--/m-2~1
Area of sun, AI
1t
4
47t x (
1.5 x 109)
2
7 x 1018 m2
I Earth area
2855.5 x 1.36 x 1014

3.88 x 1017 W
Tile emission received per ml just

atmosphere :
4.
outside
tile earth's
The energy received
50%
0.50
Energy received by the earth
41t R2
0.50 x 2855.5
4 x 7t x (12 x 1010)2
1.80 x 1023 m2
a 2 x 2 m solar col/ector:
100-50
12 x 1010 m
Area, A
by
Energy loss through the atmosphere is 50%. So ener

reaching the earth
The distance between earth and sun

R
Energy received by the earth
73.4 x 106 x 7 x 1018

5. 14 x 1026 W
x [13.2 x 106]2
1.36 x 1014 m2
=> Energy emitted by the sun
2.
)2
=> The radiation received outside the earth atmosphere per m
1427.7 W/m2
2
.,. (
Diffuse radiation is 20%.
Eb
=>
I Diffuse
0.20 x 1427.7
radiation
285.5 W/m2
285.5
w!ffi2]
.,. (2
51
eUIMP.!&IIiJiiC
-1./8
---
Total radiation reaching the collection

1427.7 + 285.5
Plate area
A
2
2.82
400 W/m2
Tofind:
1713.2
Solution:
4831.2 W
Result:
I.
2.
'.,
-'.
4.
1.
1.
Absorptivity, a.
2.
Reflectivity, p.
3.
Transmissivity,
We know that,
Absorptivity,
2855.5
Total energy received}

by the earth
300
3.88x
=
Wlm2
IOJ7W
la
2.
Reflectivity,
4831.2 W
3.
Transmissivity
Radiation reflected
Incident radiation
100
Ie
3.
Transmissivity,
Ahsorptivity
Reflectivity
0.375
800
2.
Radiation absorbed
Incident radiation
800
The radiation received}

outside the earth's atmosphere
Example 6 800 Wlml of radiant energy is incident upon a

surface, out 'of which 300 Wlm2 is absorbed, 100 Wlml is
reflected and the remainder is transmitted through tile surface:
Calculate thefollowing:
1.
t.
5.14 x 1026 W
Energy emitted by the sun, Eb
Energy received by the}

solar collector
800 - (300 + 100)
cos 45
Jl12
100 Wlm2
Transmitted energy
Energy received by the collector

2.82
300 W/m2
Reflected energy
cos El
800 W/m2
Absorbed energy
W/1112
1713.2
Radiation
Incident radiation
Given:
0.125/
Incident radiation
400
800
It
0.5)
4./9
4.20
____-------~~~----------------~R~a~~~a/~io~n--i4.~21
Result:
Eb
\.
Absorptivity,
0.375
2.
Reflectivity,
0.125
Transmissivity,
0.5
3.
A.z T)
c 1'4
(0 -
0.6195
(From HMT data book, Page no. 82J
E,
black body is kept at a temperature
Eb (0-11.11
(0- L T)
'''2
/\.
I ExamplklA
... (2)
o T4
Of
9491:('. Estimate the fraction of thermal radiation emitted hy the
0.6195 - 0.0025
surface in the wave length band lu and 4J.L
0.617
Given:
T
:::>
1222 K
IT
To find:
Solution:
1222 K
Initial wave length,
A.)
I ~l
Final wave length,
A.2
4~
Radiation emitted by the surface [E b
:::>
0.617
E b (A)
0.617 x c x T4
A2 T)
0.617 x 5.67 x 10-8 x (1222)4

:::>
(A.) T - ~ T) ].
I Eb(A)
Result:
T- 2T)
78 x
Energy emitted E b (A)
I EXlImple 8 I A surface
I x 1222 ~K
3000 K. Calculate
1222 ~K
A) T
E b (/") T - 1..2T)
o T4
T -
T)
o T4
103
T_
A2
W/m21
= 78 x
T)
10J
W1m2
emits radiation as a black body at
the emission from
the surface in the
wavelength interval Zum L l L 5 pm:
= 1222 ilK, corresponding fractional emission,
Given:
3000 K
Initial wave length, AI
... (1)
= . 0.0025
Final wave length, A2

[From HMT data book, Page no. 82 (Sixth edition)J
4 Il
x 1222 K
4888 ilK
A2
l,,-
T = 4888 ilK, corresponding fractional emission
Tofind:
Solution:
I. Emission from the surface E b (I. I T -1..2

2
3000 ilK
6000 ilK ]
T) .
4.22
A IT
6000 ilK, corresponding
fractional emission
1. Emissive power.
2.
The wave length A. b I

.,.
J
e Ow W!riclt 20
emiSSIOn IS cOlleen/rated d
percent 0,/ th
an tlte W
e
which 20 percent of the em!
. aile length A.} abo lie
3.
The maximum
5 x 3000 JlK
4.
Spectral emissive POWer.
5.
The irradiation incident.
0.7378
'" (I)
[From HMT data book, Page no. 82)

}.2
15,000 JlK
}.2
15,000 JlK, corresponding
lSSIOn IS conce
Given:
fractional emission
walle length.
ntrated
3000K
Solution:
0.9699
'" (2)
1.
Emissive power, Eb
5.67
[From HMT data book, Page no. 82J
E b (0 - A2 T)
c T4
E b (0 - AI T)
c T4
0.9699 - 0.7378
[Eb
0.2321
1.(
AIT
==>
Energyemitted
em perature
IA
Eb(AI
1.06 x 106 W/m2
T-A2 T)
large enclosure
of 3000 K. Calculate
is maintained
the following:
at a uniform
2666 ilK
0.2321
1.06 x 106 W/m2
I Example
0.20, corresponding
AIT
o x T4 x 0.2321
Result:
4.59 x 106 W/m2]
T)
o T4
10-8 x (3000)4
2. The wave length 1.( corresponds to the Upper I'un It,

.
containing 20% of emitted radiation.
Eb (0 -
5.67 x 10-8 x (3000)4
==>
2666 ilK
AI
2666
3000
AI
0.88 Il
T he wave length 1.2 corresponds to t he Iower limit,containing

20% of emitted radiation
4.24
(1-0.20)
where
ci
c2
0.80, corresponding
Eb}.
@374 x 10-15) x (0.96 x 1()-6
6888 JlK
[(e 096 "",0-'

) ] to
10-6 3000 _ I
x
[From HMT data book, Page no. 82)
6888 JlK
3.1
1012 W/m2
So,
law,
4.18. SOLVED UNIVERSITY PROBLEMS
AIIIOX T
2.9
10-3 mK
10-3
A max
2.9 x
3000
9.6 x 10-7 rn
Amox
I Example 1 I Ti,e
emits maximum radiation' at

A. = 0.52 J..L Assuming tire sun to be a black body, calculatethe
surface temperature of tire sun. Also calculate th
monochromatic emissive power o/tlre sun's surface.
SUIl
/April 98, MUj
0.96 x 10-6 m
A lIIax --
Given:
4. Spectral Emissive Power:

distribution
EbA
The irradiation incident on a small ob' t I

'.
[ec paced wlthm the
enclosure m~ be treated as equal to emissionfrom a black body at
the enclosure surface temperature.
3. Maximum wave tength (A.ma.J :
From Planck's
=>
5. Irradiation:
6888
3000
From Wien's
Tofind:
= 0.52
x 10-{) m
1. Surface temperature, T.
2.
law, we know that,
0.S2j.l
Monochromatic emissive power,
Eb)"
Solution:
1. From Wien's law,
A
T
max
[From HMT data book. Page no. 811
2.9 x 10-3 mK
[From HMT data book, Page no.
81 (Sixth edition)]
4.26
IT
----~~-;::==~=-:---~--=
2.9 x 10-3
0.52 x 10--6
5576 K
Given: Temperature,
Solulion:
/. Monochromatic
2. Monochromatic emissive power (Eb;) :
emissive pOHler (Eu) :
From Planck's distribution law, we know that
law,
From Planck's
c1 A-5
_
Eb}. -
[J:~)- J
[From HMT data book, Page no. 81]
0.374 x 10-15 W m2
where
where
14.4.x 10-3 mK
0.52 x 10--6 m
T
0.374
x 10-15
[0.52
1.
2.
=>
14.4 x 10-3 mK
1 urn
lEbA
[Given]
[I x I~I-5
4".-3)
J4
1 x 10--6 x 2000
2.79 x 1011 W/m2/
W/m2
A,nax T
2.9 x 10-3
Tora! emissivepower.
From Wi en 's law, we know that,
1013
Monochromatic radiant flux

length.
10-15
0.374 x
1 x I~
2. Maximum WaveLength (AmaJ :
density at J pm wave
2. Wave lenglll at which emission is maximum and tne

corresponding emissive power.
J.
c2
Example 2 A furnace wall emits radiation at 2000 K.

Treatingit as btack hody radiation, calculate
1.
0.374 x 10-15 Wm2
[(
5576K
6.9 x
c,
EbA
x 10--61-5
[.(052': ;0"J~-:576)6.9 x 1013 W/m2
Result:
[Given]
5576K
=>
~R~a~$~m~iO
l um = I x lQ-6
2000 K ; A
IApril98,
MU/
(From HMT data book, Page no. 811
Amax
2.9 x 10-3
T
2.9 x 102000
1.45 Il
1.45 x IQ-6 m
4.28
Corresponding
emissive power
--
The wavelength of maxi",u",

. power.
JA :T)_1
Given:
0.374 x 10-15 x [1.45 x 10-6]-5
Tojind:
[ e(
=
4.09
144 x JO-3)
1.45 x JO-6 x 2000
]
-
0.25 m2
650 + 273
2. In;
1.
1011 W/m2
I s,
Here,
o -
=>
o T4
Stefan-Boltzmann
l s,
Eb
I s,
constant
5.67 x 10-8 W/m2 K4

Eb
Area
5.67 x 10-8 x (2000)4

907.2
Eb}.
2.79 x 1011 W/m2
2. (i)
A max
1.4511
(ij)
Eb}.
4.09 x 1011 W/m2
Eb
907.2 x 103 W/m2
3.
I Example 3 I Tile temperature of a black surface 0.25 ml of

area is 650't: Calculate,
1. Tile total rate of energy emission.
2. The intensity of normal radiation.
923 K
3. A max
5.67 x 10-8 (923)4

41151.8 W/m2]
0.25 m2
41151.8 W/m2
10.28
7t
I In
3274.7 W
3. From Wien's law,

Amax
A max
2.9 x 10-3 mK
2.9 x 10-3
923
3.13
lQ-6m 1
Result:
I.
Eb
10.28 x 103 W
2.
In
3274.7 W
3.
A max
3.13
IQ3 Watts
10.28 x 103
x 103 W/m2/
Result:
1.
==
Intensity, In
2.
429
noc'''O",atic
emissive
/'0
I ct. 96 EEE, MUj
Emissive power, Eb
From Stefan-Boltzmann law, we know that,
where
Solution:
3. Total emissive power (E J) :
s,
Radiation
"'0
10-6 m
0.25 m2
4.30
Heal and Mo." Transfer
_______
[&amele ., 1 Assuming
sun 10 be black body enritr;n,

radiaJi()n with maximum intensity at .A. = 0.5 J1, calculate the
temperature of the surface of the sun and the heat flux at its
Surface.
/ApriI97, MU, EEE}
Given:
"-max
I.
10~ m
T.
Radiation and reflection process are assumed to be diffuse.
2. Heat flux, q.
The absorptivity of a surface is taken equal to its

emissivity and independent of temperature of the source of
the incident radiation.
Solution :
1. From Wien's Jaw, we know that,
"-max T
T
IT
2.
Heat flux,
q
/q
Result:
4.3/
0.5 11
0.5
Tofind :
Radiation
2.9
10-3 mK
2.9
10-3
RADIATION EXCHANGE BETWEEN TWO BLACK

4.20. SURFACES SEPARATED BY A NON-ABSORBING
MEDIUM
"-max
2.9
10-3
0.5
10~
5800 K
Q =
Eb
5.67
10-8 (5800)4
64.16
5800 K
64.16
IT
T4
106 W/m2
Let us consl ider two black bodies separated by a non-absorbing

. .
.
medIUm.
T h e pro blem is to determine the net radiation heat
h
between them.
exc Consider
ange
area e Iemen t s dA 1 and dA 2 on the two surfaces. The
. r and the angles , the normals to the two
.
between t Ilem IS
distance
k
with
the line joining them are 91 and 92,
area elements rna e
Normal to dA2
Normal 10 dA1
X
106 W/m2
co
rig.
4.4. Rat/ilttion-lte(lt
bla'ksurfaces
exclw/lg e. betweell two
4.32
Radiation
FigAA shows the projection of d A I normal to the line between

the centres. The projected area is ciA I cos
dQ2_1
eI .
'" cos 9, cos 8, dA, dA,
Energy leaving d A I in direction 9 I

I dAI cos 91
'''1 -
where
... (4.11)
The net rate of heat transfer between d A I an d A2 is
Intensity of radiation at surface AI
dOl2
We know that,
dQI_2
- dQ2_1
'''1 cos 01 cos 02 ciA I dA2
Intensity of radiation,
1"1
,2
Eol
1[
Radiation arriving at any area normal to

solid angle subtended by it.
Let dw I be subtended
dAz by dAI.
So,
,2
'" (4.7)
"I
4.33
dQlz
will depend on the
= (1"1 -1"2)
cos 01 cos 92 "AI dAz ]

,2
We know
at d A I by d Az and d(J)z subtended
al
I"
dAz cos (:)z

,.z
dWI
dwz
dAI cos
,.2
... (4.8)
.. , (4.9)
s,
The rate of radiant energy leaving dAI and striking on dA2 is

given by
0'
law, we know
T4
, 4
(0'
IQ 12
(. 'r4I
Co
rI
[cos 91 cos 0z dAI clAz ]
- 0' T 2 )
- 'r4)
2
0'
[
1[
,.2
cos 9( cos 92 dAI clA2

1[
,.2
... (4.12)
." (4.10)
The rate of energy radiated by ciA 2 and absorbed
.
given by
by dAI is
IS
The rate of total net heat transfer for the total areas A( and A2
given by
QI'c
52
==
j'
IQ 12
(i
)J2
4.34
II
4
TI -
Radiation
4
T2 )
[creosol
cos 02 dAI dA2]
QI-2
QI
1t r2
II
AI
AI A2
cos 91 cos 92 dAI dA2

1t r2
4.35
... (4.16)
AI A2
QI-2
QI
where
FI2
FI2 -
... (4.17)
Shape factor (or) configuration factor
From equation (4.10)

(or) View factor
n,
I cos 91 cos 92 dAI dA2
cos 1cos 2dAI dA2
Shape factor is defined as "The fraction of radiative energy

that is diffused from one surface and strikes the other surface
directly with no intervening reflections."
r2
E:I
QI-2
JJ
ff
::::)I QI-2
cos 1cos 2dAI dA2
a[.T:J
Similarly,
cos 91 cos 2dAI dA2
... (4.19)
r2
... (4.14)
The total energy radiated by A2 is given by
Total energy radiated by AI is given by
QI = AI o
... (4.18)
r2
Q2
Ti
... (4.15)
Q2-1
Q2
cos 1cos 2 dAI dA2
A2 c T2
1
A2
1t r2
AI A2
1t r2
Q2-1
Q2
where
If
cos 91 cos 92 dAI dA2
F21 -
F2_1
Shape factor of A2 with respect to AI
4.36

Q2
F2_
-I
I Q2-1
Radiation
4.23. HEAT EXCHANGE BETWEEN TWO NON BLA
Q2
PARALLEL PLANES
... (4.20)
F2_1 A2aT~
. CK (GRAY)
Consider two very large parallel gray surf

f
.
rraces 0 areas A I and
A2 , at a small distance apart 'raand exchangl'ng diratiIon as sh own In
.
Fig.4.5.
From equation (4.18), (4.20), we know that,

AIFI_2
.'
4.37
A2F2-1
This is known as reciprocity theorem.

Thus the net rate of heat transfer between two surfaces AI and
A2
is given by
-,Q-12-=-A-
-F-
12
-a-[ T-4-=-1
-_-TA;I]
'"
(4.21)
This equation is applicable to black surfaces only. If surface

having emissivity,
Q-12-- - -I- -12- -[
T-4----T-~-]-I
gA F a
'" (4.22)
1
I~
E -
Emissivity of surface
4.21. SHAPE FACTOR
Shape factor is defined as "The fraction of radiative energy

that is diffused from one surface and strikes the other surface
directly with no intervening reflections."
4.22.
Fig. 4.5.
Let T I' (XI and E I be the temperature, absorptivity and

emissivity of the surface I.
SHAPE FACTOR ALGEBRA (OR) VIEW FACTOR

ALGEBRA
Similarly T2, (X2 and E2 be the temperature, absorptivity and

emissivity of the surface 2.
In order to compute the shape factor for certain geometric

arrangements for which shape factors charts or equations are not
available, the concept of shape factor as a fraction of intercepted
energy and the reciprocity theorem can be used.
The following assumptions are made for the analysis.

I.
2. There is no absorbing medium in between the surfaces.
The shape factors for these geometries can be derived in termS

of known shape factors of other geometries. The interrelation
between various factors is called shape factor algebra.
3. The emissive and reflective properties are constant for

over all surfaces.
",
The configuration factor of either surface is unity.
__ ~H~ea~/~a~nd~M~a~ss~~~r~an~~~e~r
__ ---------------------~4~.3~8
--
-.......
The surface 1: emits radiant energy E( which falls on the

surface 2. Out of this, a part of a2 E( is absorbed by the surface 2
and the remainder (I - (2) E( is reflected back to surface I.
Radiation
E( [I
Q(
" (I - ,,)
E,[I-[l-:-~,
1
The rate of radiant energy leaving surface 1 is given by

=
E( - a( (I -
(2)
(I -
(2)3 E( + ...... ]
E( [1 + (I - a()(1 -
(2)
E( - a.<1 - (2) Edl + P + p2 + ...... ] ... (4.23)
Q(
El t2
=
(
where P
(1 - al) (J - (2)
Since (l( and a2 are less than unity, P will be less than unity.
As P < 1, the series 1 + Y + p2 +
when extended to
. fini
In
imty
Q(
The rate of radiant energy leaving surface 2 is given by
El - a1 (1 - (2) EI x 1 _ p
El .'
... (4.24)
+ t2 - tl t2
Similarly,
gives 1 _1 P .
(4.23) ~
E2 tl
=
1
... (4.25)
+ 2 -
1 2
The net radiative heat exchange from surface I to 2 is given by
al (1- (2) El
I-P
Q(2
= \Q1 -Q2
E1 2
(
From Kirchoffs law, we know that,

absorptivity of a surfaces are equal.
emissivity
and
+ 2 -
1 2
E1 2-~
E1
+ 2
- E1 E2
EI
+ 2 -
E1 ~
From Stefan-Boltzmann law, we know that,
(1-<,) ]
EI t2
t( + t2 -tl t2
(1 - a()2 (1 - (2)2 + ...... ]

Q(
+',"]-',
~-t(+t(t2]
[1
E,[' -1+"
+.,-', "-', +" "J
1 - 1 + t2 + t( - tl t2
E('_[a((l-a2)E(+al(l-a()(l-a2)2E(+
a( (1 - a()2
(1-,,) ]
1 -(1- t()(1 -~)
continuing.
Q(
- 1-(I-t()(I-t2)
E,[1-(1-.,)(1-,,)_.,
On reaching surface 1, a part a( (1 - (2) E! is absorbe~ and the

remainder (1 .- a() (1 - (2) E( is reflected. This process will go on
439
.,. (4.26)
4,40

o
Radiation
r-
Heat exchange
(considering Area).
,4
cr 1 ,
0'2
=>
between two para'lle'l surface is given by
E o A [T~ - T;]
E2
.
2 - 2
cr r,
, 2
,
cr
r42
+ 2 -
cr
[ri - r; ]
+ 2
... (4.28)
[From equation (4.27)]
cr r 2
where
Substitute E, and E2 values in equation (4.26),

,
4.41
, 2
4.24. HEAT EXCHANGE BETWEEN TWO LARGE

CONCENTRIC CYLINDERS OR SPHERES
- , 2
Consider two large concentric cylinders of areas A( and A2

exchanging radiation as shown in FigA.6 .
... (4.2n
-
where,
Fig. 4.6.
'
Let
rl,
(11
and
be the temperature,
absorptivity
and
emissivity of the Inner cylinder.
Similarly
T 2'
(12
and
be the ,temperature, absQrpti,vity and
emissivity of the outer cylinder.

We can use the technique
except
as we have used in parallel plates
4.42
--....._/
:'0
Radiation
4.43
'" (4.29)
Considering the energy emitted by the inner cylinder,

1. Inner cylinder emits the energy = El
2. Outer cylinder absorbs energy = u2 E.
E2
3. Outer cylinder reflects energy

4. Inner cylinder absorbs energy
r. <X2== ~
s,
El (1 - E2)
El (1 - E2) F2l <Xl
Al
El (I - E2) A2 EI
[.: F" ~ ~~ al,"Ell
... (4.30)
E, (I - E,) [ 1 - E, ~; ]
6. Energy absorbed by the inner cylinder on the second

reflection
E, (1- E,>, E, ~; [ 1 - ~;..
This absorption and reflection go on indefinitely. So we ~

find the net energy lost by the inner. cylinder, considering infiniteI
times absorption and reflections.
Heat lost by the inner cylinder per unit area is given by
AI
01
= EI - EI (I - 2) EI
A 2
Edl
-2)2
AI 'AI]
[ I - A2
2
+ "..... .. ,'
... (4.31)
The net radiation heat transfer between the inner and outer
concentric cylinders is given by QI2 = QI - Q2
AI
~
1 A2
4.44
---
Considering
area
and
AI
A2
445
'" (4.33)
where
For cylinders,
For sphere,
AI EI E2 _ AI E2 EI
=>
QI2
AI
-A
EI
E2 _
EI E2
law, we know that,
Eb
a T4
EI
ElaTI
=>
E2
E2 a
EI
and
E2 values
AI EI
Ti
EI
A
[ ~:
a EI
EJ
Eo
T;
in the equation (4.32),
E2 _ AI E2 a
AI
+
E2
4.25. RADIATION SHIELD

Radiation shields constructed from I
.
.I I .
ow emissivity (h'
reflective) materia s. t IS used to reduce th e net radiat,
.
igh
between two surfaces.
on transfer
Let us consider two parallel planes I and 2
d Ts resnecti
each of area A t
temperatures T I an T 2 respectively. A radiatl'on S hiie ld ISi placed'a
between them as shown in Fig.4.7.
In
=>
Substituting
... (4.32)
AI
AI
E2 _- A
T;
EJ
EI E2
[Ti _ T; ]
(t, -
I) ]
E,
Radiation
shield
Fig. 4. 7. Radiation shield
The net heat exchange

radiatio 11 S I'
.
lie Id IS. given
by
between parallel plates without
A a
QI2 =
(Ti _ Ti)
... (4.34)
1 +l_1
EI
E2
[From equationno. (4.28)J
4.46
where
A _ Area in m2,
a
s I'
T1, Tz
_ Stefan Boltzmann constant

_
5.67 x 10-8 W/m2
1(4
Emissivities of surface I and 2 respectively.
_ Temperature of surface 1 and 2 respectively.

Under equilibrium condition
Heat exchange between 1 and 3 is

A a (T~ _ T;)
QIJ
I
1
-+-_
1
Heat exchange
'" (4.35)
(~3+ 1) +( t +~ -
=> QJ3 [
I)
~ _
= A
c (T~ - Ti)
between 3 and 2 .is

QI3
... (4.37)
... (4.36)
Dividing the equation (4.37) by equation (4.34),

From equation (4.35),
QI3
QI2
(1+1_1)
(1+1_1)+(1+1_1)
EI
If
QI3
QI2
Substitute T; value in equation (4.36)
=>
EI
E3
I
2
I
QI3
E2
= 2"
QI2
(or)
Q32 =
2"
012
..
. b
tw parallel surfaces,the
Thus by msertmg one shield etween 0
direct radiation heat transfer between them is halved.
4.36) =:> Q32
4.48
FORMULAE
1. Helll
USED
e.'(challge between two large parallel plate is given by
4
4
E O'A(TJ -T2)
QJ2
-
Where emissivity,
I
----
I
I
- +--1
EJ
2.
E)
EJ
Emissivity of surface 1
Emissivity of cold plane,
E2
E2
TJ -
Temperature of surface 1 - K
T2 -
Temperature of surface 2 - K
E AI
-+-AI
3.
Area, A
A2
where
(I- )
E2-
Ti ]
+ 0.7 - I
a.649 x o x A x [(900)4 - (400)4]

Stefan-Boltzmann constant
5.67 x 10-8W/m2 K4
0.649 x 5.67 x 10-8 x A [(90W-(400)4]
0'
Emissivity of shield.
[~
Result:
23.20 x 103 W/m2
Number of shields.
T~
where
AO' [T; I
211
- + - + - - (n + I)
E, E2 Es
Es -
0.7
0.6491
:::)
47t r2
0.9
[From equation no.(4.28)]
II
TI
T J - T2 ]
Heat transfer willi n shield is given by
where
:::: 900K
:::: 400 K
Q = E o A [T: -
27t r L
Area, A
is given by
0' [
Tofind: Net radiant heat exchange per

.
square meter.
Solution: The heat exchange between tw I
o arge parallel plate
two large concentric cylinder (or)
EJ
For sphere,
, T)
Emissivity of hot plane,
QJ2
For cylinder,
Given: Hot plane temperature
Cold plane temperature
Heat exchange between

sphere is given by
where
E2
Stefan-Boltzmann constant
5.67 x 10-8 W/m2 K4
0'
[xample 1 Calculate the n

.
et radiant .
",. for two large planes at a temo
Interchanoe
sq
."erature of 9
II
per
esnectively. Assume tflat tile enziss;v',"
00 K and 400 K
~ r
.
loT of hOI l
that 0/ cold plane IS O.7.
_.
Pane is 0.9 and
23.201 kW/m2]
Heat exchange,
Q
A
:::
23.20 kW/'l12
4.50
I Example
square
I Estimate
meter from
the net radiant
heat eXcllm~
a very large plate at a temperature
and 320C. Assume
0/
that emissivity
hot plate is 0.8 and
plate is 0.6.
Given:
T,
550 + 273
T2
320 + 273
c\
0.8
Solution:
cOld
823 K
593 K
3] Two large parallel

Radial"
Ion
4.5
of 900 K and 500
plclleslITeIII'
.
2
K res'
a",tQfnedat
area 0/6 m . ,Compare II,e net heal pectlvely. Eac" plate has a
for the following cases:
exchange hetweenth
an
e plllles
1. Both plats are hlack.
[Example
temperature
2.
Plates have an emissivity
Given:
0.6
c2
To find
=
=
Pel'
of 550
: Heat exchange
T,
Tl = 900 K
900 K
T2=SOOK
500 K
per square meter, (Q/A).
Heat exchange
{~,
.1'
oJ 0.5.
between two large parallel plate is
given by
(J
A [T~ - T; ]
[From equation no.( 4.28)]
where
To find:
Heat exchange for
1.
Both plates are black.
2.
Plates have an emissivity 0[0.5.
Fig. 4.8.
Solution:
This is heat transfer between two large parallel
plates problem.
I
Heat transfer, Q12
0.8 + 0.6 - 1
IE
Q
Q
A
I~
Result:
a A (Ti - T~)
... (I)
Case 1: For black surface,
0.521
0.52 x 5.67 x 10-8 x A [ (823)4 - (593)4]
[.:
=>
::
(J
Emissivity,
E
Q 12
5.67 x 10-8 W/m2 K4]
5.67
9880.6 W/m2
a A (T, - T 2 )
x
10-8
9.88 kW/m21
~
x [
lli~:__- 201.9 x 10 W I
3
Heat exchange,
Case 2:
9.88 kW/m2
Emissivity,
EI
(900)4 - (500)4]
4.52

Radiation
In equation ( 1).
Tofind:
4.53
Heat exchange. (Q).
Heat exchange between two large concentric

Solution:
cylinder is given by
1
1
0.5 + 0.5 -1
... (I)

0.331
0.33 x 5.67 x 10-8 x 6 x [(900)4 - (500~1
where
1. + AI
EJ
66.6 x 103 W ]
(1. _I)
~
Result:
1. Case 1:
Q'2
2. Case 2:
I Example
Q'2
4
201.9 x 103 W
66.6 x 103 W
I Calculate
the heat
rJ
0.6
exchange
IE
QI2
Result:
5.67 x 10-8x1txO.12x
130 C + 273
E2
403
0.6
T2
30C + 273
0.5
Heat exchange, QI2
1 x [(403)4-(303)4]
176.47 W
176.47 W
I Example 5 I A
0.12 m
1)
0.46 x 5.67 x 10-8 x 1t x 0, x L ~ [(403)4 - (303)4]
12
TI
(_1
O.S-
0.461
IQ
120mm
O.S-
1)
(I) ~
0.46
60 mm
1t 02 ~
_10.6 + 0.12
0.24
by radiation
0.060 m
r2
[.: A=1tOL]
1t 0, L, ( -1
-1 +---
between the surfaces 0/ two long cylinders having radii 120 mIll
and 60 mm respectively. Tile axis 0/ the cylinders are petrallelto
each other. The inner cylinder is maintained at a temperature of
130'C and emissivity 0/0.6. Outer cylinder is maintained at II
temperature of 30'C and emissivity 0/0.5.
Given:
A2
liquid oxygen is stored in double walled

spherical vessel. Inner wall temperature is - 160'C and outer
watt temperature is 30 'C. Inner diameter of sphere is 20 em and
outer diameter is 32 em. Calculate the fol/owing :
if emissivity of spherical surface is 0.05.

2. Rale of evaporation of liquid oxygen if its rate of
1. Heallrans/er
303 K
Fig. 4.9.
vapourizalion of latent heat is 200 kJ/kg.
4.54

_______ ------------------------~R~a~d~ia~lio~n--~4.~jj
Given:
Inner wall temperature,
Heat transfer,
- 160C + 273
TI
Q12
AI
[T~ - Ti
... (1)
[From equation no.(4.33)1

113 K
where
-E
1
41t'
-+-0.05
41t ,2
2
[.:
[I -I
0.05-
Area A = 41t,2;
E,
I
_1_ + 41t (0.10)2 [_1_
0.05
41t (0.16)2
0.05 - I
Fig. 4.10.
Latent heat
To jbld :
[( 113)4 - (303)41
[Q
=
=
200 kJ / kg
200 x 103 J / kg
This is heat exchange
2.
Rate of evaporation
Heat transfer
Latent heat
2.12 W
200 x 103 J/kg
2.12 Jls
200 x 103 J/kg
here
between large concentnv sp
problem.
E2
I. Heat transfer, Q12
Sotution :
-2.12
[-ve sign indicates heat is transferred from outer surface to

inner surface 1
= 0.16 m
0.05
0.036 x 5.67 x 10-& x 41t'~ x

[ (113)4 - (303)41
2. Rate of evaporation.
1.
Q12
. 0.036 x 5.67 x 10-& x 4 x 1t x (0.10)2 x
32 cm = 0.32 m
Outer diameter, D2
(I) =>
0.20 m
0.10 m
Inner radius, 'I
Emissivity,
0.036
303 K
20cm
Inner diameter, DI
r2
30C + 273
Outer wall temperature, T 2
Outer radius,
= E2 = 0.051
= \x
\0-5 kg/s
4.56
Result:
l.
Heat transfer,
2.
Rate of evaporation
I Example
Q12
2.12W
1 x 10-5 kg/s
Tofind:
6 \ Two concentric spheres 30 em and 40 CIII '
Rate of evaporation.
Solution: This is heat exchange betw

sphere problem.
een largeconcentric
diameter
witt. , the space between them evacuate d are Usedto Sl 'II
tameter wu
liquid air at - 130"C in a room at 25 "C. The surfaces Of ;;e
spheres are flushed with aluminium of emissivity E ==
Calculate the rate of evaporation of liquid air if the latent heat0'
vapourisation of liquid air is 220 kJ/kg.
if
Given:
Inner diameter, DI
30 em
0.30 m
0,0;
Inner radius,
Outer diameter,
Outer radius,
rl
0.15 m
D2
40 em
r2
TI
0.40 m
0.20m
- 130C + 273
143 K
25C + 273
298 K
E
Latent heat of vapourisation
0.05
220 kJ/kg
220 x 103 J/kg
41tr~ [(143)L(298tl
0.032 x 5.67 x 10-8 x 41t x (0.15)2 x

[(143)4- (298t
I Q12
-3.83 W]
[- ve sign indicates heat

inner surface]
Fig. 4./1.
.
IS
f ed from outer surface to

trans err
4.58
Heat transfer
Latent heat
Rate of evaporation
3.83
220 x 103
I.74
Result:
rofind:
kg/s
pipe of outside diameter JO em hav;"
Heat exchange per metre length.
2.
Convective "eat transfer coefficient when surrounding Of

duct is 280 K.
2. Convective heat t
Teo ::::: 280 K
ransfer coefficient
Heat exchange, QI2
emissivity 0.6 and at a temperature of 600 K runs centrally ill :

brick duct of 40 em side square section having emissivity 0.8 a/fd
at a temperature of JOOK. Calculate the foilowing :
I.
I. Heat exchange, (Q).
where,
30cm
DI
1t
DI L
1t
x 0.30 x 1
0.942 m2
4"l~
Fig. 4./1.
Surface area, A2
T42]
." (I)
0.942
Ir-'--0-.5---'5 I
0.55
(I0.8-1 )
! Heat exchange.
0.40 m
5.67 x 10-8
QI2 = 3569.2 W/m
Case (ii) :
Heat transfer by convection, Q
0.942
".
Q12
hx A
QI2
h x I x (300 - 280)
IQ
I2
20h
3569.2
20h
= 1m; No. of sides::: 4 J
(T 2 - T..,)
178.46 W/m2 K
Result:
I A2
1.6 m2/
I.
Heat exchange, QI2
E2
0.8
2.
Heat transfer coefficient. h
T2
300 K
(2)
hA(T(J)-T..,)
Equating (2) and (3).
(0.4 x I) x 4
[length L
[ (600)4 - (300)4]
600 K
40 cm
[T41
AI
'
[.: L = 1m]
0.6
Brick duct side
cx
(I) ~
0.30 m
Surface area, AI
0.6 + ~
Given:
Pipe diameter,
When
(h)
Solution:
Case I: We know that
1.74 x 10-5 kg/s
Rate of evaporation
I Example 7 I A
x 10-5
--
3569.2 W/m
178.46 W/mlK
... (3)
4.60
4.27 SOLVED PROBLEMS ON RADIATION SHIED
I Example 1 I Emisslvities
------
0/
Given:
TI
~I
-+
OJ OJ-I
0.230 1
0.230 x o x A [T4 _ T4 ]
I
0.230 x 5.67 x 100a x A x [(1073)4 _ (573)4]
Radiation
shield
800C + 273
where,
two large paral/el pl

Qles
maintained at 800 'r and 300 'r are 0.3 and 0.5 respectivel" ",.
v- r'''d
net radiant heat exchange per square metre/or these plate,.. ",.
". r'''d
the percentage reduction in heat transfer when a polish
aluminium radiation shield 0/ emissivity 0.06 is placed hettv ed
tell
them. Also find the temperature 0/ the shield.
15,880.7 W/m2
1073 K
= 15.88 kW/m2
Heat transfer per square metre without radiation shield
300C + 273
[_QAI2
573 K
0.3
Shield emissivity,
0.06
Plate 2
T,
where,
3.
in heat transfer
Temperature
of the shield (T3).
EI
1::3
cr x A [Ti - T~ ]
1
1
... (A)
- +--1
1::1
due to radiation
1::3
Heatexchange between radiation shield 3 and plate 2 is given by

Q32
Solution: Heat exchange between two large parallel plates

without radiation shield is given by
Ql2
- +--1
1. Net radiant heat exchange per square metre. (Q/A)

reduction
... (1)
Tofind:
Percentage
shield.
by
Fig. 4.13.
2.
15.88 kW/m2!
Heat exchange between plate 1 and radiation shield 3 is given
Plale 1
E)
E c A [Ti -
T1 ]
[From equation no.( 4.28)J
where,
e o A [T; - Ti ]
1
1 +1_1
E3
1::2
cr A (T; - T~ ]
1 +1_1
E3
E2
... (B)
4,62
H!!CI/and Mass Transfer

We know that,
013
Radia/ion
032
~ransfe~_with
(j
'"
A I T; - T~]
I
I
- +--1
E3
[T; - T; ]
I
I
OJ + 0.06 - I
I
I
0.06 + 0.5 - I
(1073)4 - (T3)4
T; - (573)4
19
17.6
4
T3
Owithout shield
(1.926)(T3)4
(T)4
I Radiation
Substituting
shield temperature,
I. Heat exchange per square metre without radiation shield

012 = 15.88 kW/m2
2. Percentage reduction in heat transfer

3. Temperature of radiation shield T3
r2
900 K
E,
0.4
E2
0.7
E3
0.05
T3 value in equation (A) (or) equation (8),
Heat transfer with radiation shield

5.67 x 10-8 x A x [(1073)4 - (911.5)4]
I
I
OJ + 0.06 - I
013
A
911.5 K
1012
911.5 K
= 88%
[Example 2 Two large parallel plates are maintained at a

temperature of 600 K and 900 K and emissivities of 0.4 and 0.7
respectively. Determine heat transfer by radiation and also
calculate percentage of reduction in heat transfer and shield
temperature when another plate of emissivity 0.05 introduced in
betweenthem.
Radialion
shield
Given:
TI
600 K
6.90 x lOll
T3
012 - 013
012
Result:
1.33 x 1012
911.5K
shield
0.88 = 88 %
0.926 x (1073)4 - 0.926 x (T3)4 + (573)4

x
'" (2)
15.88 - 1.89
15.88
0.926 [ (1073)4 - (T3)4 ] + (573)4
1.33
1.89 kW/m']
_. Owith shield
Owithoul
17.6 [(1073)4 - (T3)4]

19
+(573)4
(T3)4 + 0.926 (T3)4
[()~J ~
Reduction in heat transfer due to radiation shield
E2
[T~ - T;]
4,63
radiation shield
Plalel-
Tofind:
I. Heat transfer
T,
2. % of reduction in heat transfer
1895.76 W/m2
3. Shield temperature
..
Plale2
(1'3)
Fig. 4.14.
WT
4.64
Solutio" : Heat transfer between two large parallel plat

without radiation shield is given by
.
es
o A [T~ -
-e
where,
Ti ]
+ 0.7 -I
0.341
=>
Q12
0.341 x 5.67 x 10-8 x A x [ (600)4 - (900)4 ]
Heat transfer without}

radiation shield
Q12
-10,179.6W/m
I
1
- +--1
- +--1
[ (600)4 - (T3)4 ]
1
1
0.4 + 0.05 - 1
(600)4 - Tj
I
I
- +--1
,
T; -(900)4
1
1
0.05 + 0.7 -I
Tj -(900)4
2Q.42
0.949 [ (600)4- Tj ] + (900)4

7.79 x 1011
.. , (A)
(1.949) T;
:::).
I T3
7.79 x lOll
795.1 K
[ Shield temperature, T 3
E c A [Tj - T~ ]
54
20.42
21.5 [(600)4 - Tj ] + (900)4
Heat transfer between radiation shield 3 and plate 2 is given by

Q32
cr A [T~ - Tj]
Q13
21.5
I
I
1
- +--1
(T; - T~)
- +--1
E c A [Ti - Tj ]
=>
... (I)
Heat transfer between plate I and radiation shield 3 is given by
where,
_!_+_!_-1
". (8)
Q32
cr A (Tj - T~)
(T~ - T;)
0.341 x o x A x (Ti - T~ )
- 10,179.6 W/m2
QI3
-+1
3
2-1
a A (T~ - T;)
1
\. QA12
c A (Tj _ T4 )
~
We know that,
OA
...~
795.1 KJ
FFtCZ'M"f'? ..
4.66
Substituting T3 value in equation (A) or Equation (B),~

A
(J
Heat transfer wit h

}
radiation shield
r T~
013
A
II-leattransferwith
I
radiation shield
What would be the I
OSS 0/
which ts enclosed
_!_ + _!_ - 1
13
EI
013
- T43 ]
==
in
Given :
E3
Case J :
5.67 x 10-8 x A x ( (600)4 - (795.!tJ

1
1
0.4 +0.05 - 1
467
.
Radiation
heat d
ue to radialion 01' th
.
m ~"'meter hrick 0
'.
'J
e pipe
if enllsSll1ity 0.91 ?
30 em = 0.30 m
Surface temperature
}013
Air temperature
T1
T2
300C + 273
'" (2)
~,
Emissivity of the pipe ,
_J
==
012-013
Case 2 :
Emissivity,
+ 712.13
Toflnd :
Solution :
93%
Case J :
in heat transfer
Shield temperature,
T3
Reduction in heat loss.

25'C
- 10,179.6 W/m2
o A [Ti - T;
xo xn
D L [Ti - T;
[.: A
93%
795.1 K
0.8 x 5.67 x 10-8 x n x 0.30 x
= nDLl
'
L x [ (573)4 - (298)4 1
I Example 3 I A pipe of diameter 30 em, carrying steamrulll

in a large room ami is exposed to air at a temperature of 25,:1
Tile surface temperature of tile pipe is 300 'C. CalcuMe ti,e ~
of heat to surrounding per meter length of pipe due to ther I
radiation. Tile emissivity of tile pipe surface isJ).8.
0.91
Heat transfer,
Result:
55 em = 0.55 m
I. Loss of heat per metre length, (Q/L).

2.
0.93
0.8
Outer diameter , D2
012
Heat transfer without } 012

radiation shield
A
25C + 273
298 K
-712.13W/m2
-10.179.6
3.
ti.
Diameter of pipe, D
W/m2
-10,179.6
2. % of reduction
55 c
573 K
-712.13
Reduction in heat tranSfer}

due to radiation shield
1.
(I
lOlL
4271.3 W/m I
Heat loss per metre length
= 4271.3
W/m
ASPEiM- ,
.M"'
.n
Radialion
4.68
4.69
Case 2: When the 30 cm diameter pipe is enclosed ~

diameter
pipe, heat exchange between two large concentrjlll
cylinder is given by
. ivity E value in equation
stituting emlssl
sub
Q::::
0.76 x 5.67 x 10-8 x
<I)
(I),
7t x
0.76 x 5.67 x 10-8 x
7t
DI x L,
l (573)4
- (298)4 ]
x 0.30
L
x [
[~
(573)4 - (298)4 ]
4057.8 W/m \
Reduction in heat loss

4271.3 - 4057.8
Fig. 4.15.
213.4
'" (I)
where
-E =
[From equation no. 4.331
Result:
4271.3
2. Reduction in heat loss
213.4 W 1m
W/m
I Example 4 I Tire outlet
L (1-
7t 01
-+-0.8 7t 02 L
-+-01
0.8 D2
0.91-
(10.911)
header of a higl. pressure steam

superheater consists of pipe (e = 0.8) of diameter 27.5 em. Its
surfacetemperature is 500 CC. Calculate tire loss of heat per unit
lengthby radiation if it is placed in an enclosure at 30 CC.
If the header is now enveloped in II steel screen of diameter
32.5 em and emissivity of 0.7 and the temperature of the screen is
340 "(:,/ind the reduction in heat by radiation due to provision of
thisscreen.
Given:
_1 + 0.30 (_1_
0.8 0.55 0.91-
/E =
0.76/
I)
Case 1:
Emissivity,
0.8
Diameter,
0,
27.5 em = 0.275 m
T,
500C + 273 = 7 3 K
T2
30C + 273 = 303 K
-.I. 70
Case 2:
32.5
Screen diameter, D2
Emissivity,
0.325
In
0.7
340C + 273
Screen temperature, Ts
Tofind:
em =
613 K
I. Loss of heat per unit length.

2. Reduction in heat loss.
So/ulilln:
Fig. 4.16.
30'C
Cast! J: We know that,
1
~ +
Heat transfer, Q
x o x 1t
DL
[T4 (
1t
1t
D( L
D2 L
T4]2
(1 )
2 -
[.: A = 7t D LI
0.8 x 5.67 x 10-8 x
1t
x 0.275 x
L x [ (773)4 - (303)41
~
13661.41 W/m
I~ -
1;~6kW/m
Case 2: Heat exchange between two large concentric cylinder

is given by
Q =
Here
~
where,
T2 =
Q =
E
' o A [T~ - T~ ]
T s = Screen temperature.
' a A [T~ - T~]
I
I
1
AI ( I
+ A2
-I)
Substituting
E value in equati.
0.62xcrxAx[T~
-T~]
0.62 x 5.67 x \0-8 x
1t
x D( x Lx [T~ - T~ ]
0.62 x 5.67 x 10-3 x
1t
x 0.275 x L.x
(I) ~
lIi
(1),
{ (773)4-(613)4]
." (I)
4.72
Radiation

Reduction in heat transfer due to screen
Temperature,
13.66-~
7.11 kW/m
Emissivity,
Result:
roJind:
1.
Heat loss per metre length,
13.7 kW/m
T2
2
).
Heat lost by radiation.
2.
4.73
50C + 273
323 K
0.9
solution:
2.
Reduction in heat}
transfer due to screen
I Example
I Calculate
7.1 kW 1m
the heat lost by radiation per "'elre
length of 8 em diameter pipe at 400 'C and emissivity of 0.7, whell

E, = 0.7
(a) It is located in a large room with a red brick walls

maintained at a temperature of 35 DC.
(b) It is enclosed in a 20 em diameter of red brick pipe
maintained at a temperature of 50 DCand emissivity oJ
0.9.
Fig. 4.17.
Case 1 :
Heat exchange
Q1
o A [T~ - Ti ]
0.7 x 5.67 x 10-8 x
Also find reduction in heat loss.

Given:
Case 1:
Length, L
Diameter of pipe, DI
0.7 x 5.67 x
1m
8 ern
= 0.08
TI
Temperature,
T2
is given by
0.7
35C
+ 273
308K
Case 2:
Diameter,
D2
20cm
0.20m
Fig. 4.18.
10-8
7t x 0.08 x 1 x
[ (673)4 - (308)4]
... (1)
Case 2 : Heat exchange between two large concentric cylinder

673 K
Emissivity, EI
x Dl x L x
[(673)4"": (308)4]
1956.5 W \
Temperature,
7t
4.74
--------------~
E
crAdTI
...........
-T2]
-[Example
". (2)
I Emissivitles
Of tw
Radialion
large paraUel plata

",aintained at T, K and T2 K are 06
. and 0 6 respe,. I
,Fer is reduced 75 tl
.
C Ive!y. Heat
trans,.
'mes When a
I' h
adia/ion shields of emissivity 0 04
I po IS ed aiulflilliwn
r
. are P aced ill 6etw . h
Calculate the number of shields required.
eell t em.
Given:
EI = 0.6
E2
Heat transfer reduced
= 0.6
75 times
Emissivity of radiation shield
_I
0.7
+ 0.08
0.2
E = E
'
(_1 I)
3 -
~_~
Q2
004
.
Radiation
0.9-
shields
= 0.04
(2) =>
4.75
where
,0.67 \
=
0.67x5.67xlO-8xltxD1xLx
[ (673)4 - (323)41
0.67 x 5.67 x 10-8 x
It
x 0.08 x Ix
Fig. 4.19.
[(673)4 - (323t1
IQ
\854.7 W
2 - =
Reduction
in heat loss,
Q1 - Q2
To find:
...(3)
Solution:
A o (T~ - T~]
'" (I)
101.8 W
Result:
2.
Heat loss,
Reduction
Q1 =
Q2
in heat loss
Heat transfer with n shield is given by
1956.5 - 1854.7
=
I.
Number of shields required.
Heat transfer without shield, i.e., n = O.
1956.5 W
1854.7 W
101.8 W
Acr(TI
(I) =>
\
Q12
-T2 4
EI
- +- - I
... (:
,f,7(1
Ileal and Mass Transfer

Radiation
Heat transfer is reduced 75 times,

Qwithout shield
, Qwilh
~",Z7lle
71 Two large parallel plates with e = 0.5 each,
~ intained at different temperatures and are exchanging
are trIaI by radiation. Two equally large radiation shields with
"eat on ~"'issivity 0.05 are introduced in parallel to the plates.
sur/ache percentage of reduction in net radiative heat transfer.
find t e
.
. n : Emissitivlty of plate 1, EI = O.S
G,ve .
Emissivity of plate 2, E2
O.S
75
sh.eld
QI2
o.,
75
A cr [T~ - T~]
EI
E2
- +--1
o
(1) =>
4,77
Emissivity of shield,
7S
Es
Number of shields, n
2
Plate. 2
Plate. 1
7S
0.6 + 0.6
2n
Q04 -
(n
7S
I
1
0.6 + 0.6 - 1
171.67
49n-l'
75
Solution:
Case 1 : Heat transfer without radiation shield:
between
radiation shield is given by
172.~7
,=
In
Result:
Fig. 4.20.
Heat exchange
171.67
49 n
3.52 ~ 4
4
Number of shields required, n
shields
Tofind: Percentage of reduction in net radiative heat transfer.
3.33 + 50 n - n - 1
2.33
50n-n-l
Radiation
1)
= 4 nos.
where,
-E
two large parallel plates without
478

~ED
o.s
\E
1
+ O.S - I
0.333 \
Q",ithout shield
Case 2 : Heal transfer
0.333
(J
A [T4I
T41
2
0.333
(J
A [T4I
T42
with radiation
UNIVERSITY
. 28.
~
Colculate the net r d'
~
alanthet
, ea for IWO large parallel plates at te
a exchange per
"r ar
. I
mperature of 4270C
7 respecl"'e 'Yo &(ho, pia',) = 0.9 anll e
_
a"d
0C
1 I'
aluminium
shield is placed b ::'~" platt) - 0.6. If a
o ,s ti
t. wee" them fi
",age of rel/u('lion in II.e heat transl'e
",d the
P
perce
')1 r. (.11;",,) :; 0.4.
/May 2004, A""a Uni\lf!rSity/
"e
". (I)
s"ield :
Given:
427C + 273
TI
We know that,
700 K
Heat transfer with
11
shield
27(
A
Qwi1h shield
[T~ - T~ 1
(J
4.79
PROBLEMS
Plate. 1
+ 273
Plcite.2
[I
T,
300 K
0.9
A
I
(J
0.6
(T~ - T~ 1
0.4
2 x 2
0.5 + 0.5 + 0.05 - (2 + I)

A
(J
fig. 4.21.
[T~ - T~ 1
Tofind:
I.
et
81
0.0123 A
QWilh shield
radiant heat exchange.per
Percentage
(J
... (2)
(T~ - T~)
of reduction
m'! area.
in the heat transfer.
Solution :
Heat ex hange between 1\ 0 large parallel
We know that,
Reduction in heat transfer l
due to radiation shield J
Qwithoul
shield - Qwith
Qwithout
shield
radiation shield i given by,
hield
QI_
0.333 (J A (T~ - T~] - 0.0123 A (J [T~ - T~ 1

0.333
0.333 -0.0123
.....,..,
0.
(J
A {T~ - T~ 1
096
. 3
where
' (JA[T~ -T~l

I
'
96.3%
..)..)..)
Remit: Percentage of reduction in l

net radiative heat transfer J
96 ...
.J
plates without
0.9
0.6 - I
[Fromequationno.t4.281
y.,oitr=!
WE
~5
4.80
\E
Radiation
= 0.5625 \
_______
0.5625 x 5.67 x lO-8 x A x [(7
00)4- (31\1\
cr A [T~ - T~ )
-z
V\I~l
Heat tran~f~r Without}

radiation shield
Q12
A
- +--1
E,
E3
E2
E)
7.39 x 10 W/m2
"'(\1
Case 2 : Heat transfer with radiation shield:

Heat exchange
between
[T~ - T~ 1
14 _ 14
EI
E)
plate 1 and radiation shield 3' IS gIVen

. by
where,
- +--1
T~ - (300)4
1
1
0.9 + 0.4 - 1
1
\
0.4 + 0.6 - \
[T~ - Tj ]
T;
T~ - (300)4
3.166
2.611
=> 7.60
-t
io'
2.611 T~ - 2.11
- 3.166 T~
7.81
'" (2)
t1
Heat exchange
Radiation shield temperature,
T) =
606.55 K
Substitute T) value in equation (2) or (3),
t3
between radiation shield 3 and plate 2 is given by
Heat transfer with \.

=>
radiation shield J Q\3
_
-
4
cr A lT I
5.67
s
Q\3
cr A [Tj - T~]
1
1
- +--1
t3
10-8
E3
A [(70W - (606.55)j
\
I
0.9 +0.4 - 1
x
2.27 x 103 W/m2
.. , (3)
Reduction in heat loss \.

due to radiation shield J
We know that,
55
T4)
-
l. + _!__ 1
EI
where,
\010
1.353 x lO'l
1
1
- +--1
5.77 T~
1011
T4
cr A [T~ - Tj]
(700)4 - T;
(700)4 -
EoA
Q13
- +--1
cr A tT~ - 1~ 1
l.+_!__1
= 7.39 x 103 W/m2
4,81
Qwithout shield - Qwith shield

Qwithout shield
..
4.82

QI2 - QI3
Radiation
Q12
7.39 x 103
7.39
Solution .'
x
2.27 x 103
103 -
Case J .' Heat transfer without radiation shield :

Heat exchange between two parallel plates without radiation
= 69.2%
I. Net radiant heat exchange} QI2
0.692
Result:
(without
2.
shield)
shield is given by
= 7.39
103
012
II
I'I'I~
Percentage of reduction in !lIe}

heat transfer due to hield
= 69.2
A [T~ - T~]
where.
I::
1'-E-.\-'1I-'-I1P-le-2---',
Two large parallel planes {It BOOK and 6ft
-+
0.5
have emissivities of 0.5 (1/1(1O.B respectively. A rat/illtionSA~

havillg (111 emissivity of 0.1 011 one side 0/1(/ (III emiSS;";tyo/tf
011 the other side hi placed between the plates. C(tlell/me tht 6e
transfer rate hy radiation per square meter
radiation shield. Comment 011 the results.
IDec.2005,
Given :
TI
800 K
T2
600 K
EI
0.5
E2
0.8
EJa
0.1
E3b
0.05
3a
Plane.
with and
lVil~
VnivtrJi
3b
Plaro;l
2
E3a
::::>
E3b
::::>
0.444
012
0.444 x 5.67 x 10-8 x A
103
7.048
Heat transfer without}

radiation shield
-0.8
1
012
AIIIUI
T,
4.83
QI2
r(800)4 - (600)4]
W/Il12
7.048
103 Whn2
... (I)
Case 2 : Heat transfer with radiation shield "
T2
Heat exchange between plate I and radiation shield 3a is given by
T3
where,
Radiation
shield
Fig. 4.22.
Tojilld:
I.
2.
witlt
Heat transfer rate per square metre
radiation shield.
~~
Heat transfer rate per square metre
radiation shield.
_,
J.
Comment
on the re LIlt
a A (T~ - T;]
I
EI
+- E a
... (2
4.84
stitllte T 3 value in equation (2) Or (3),
II
-.........
shield 3b an d pate
I 2 IS'
.---given b
Heat exchang e b etween_ radiation
Q 3b, 2 =
where,
o A [T~ - T~ 1
5
-;:::l
}-leattransfer with}
radiation shield
QI,3a
:::
-1 +l..
-\
30
~[(800'j4
_ r,u
l..~
'" (3)
1
1
-+-_
Q 1,3a
}-leattransfer With}
radiation shield
Q3b,2
cr A [Tj _ T~)
cr A [T~ _ Tj)
1
-+-El
509.74 W/m2
E2
We know that,
E3a
1
-+
1
-_
E3b
E2
El
E3a
o.os
o.s+0.1-1
shield
]a
20.25 [(800)4 - Tj ) ==
4
8.29 x 1.012 - 20.25 T 3
:::>
x
:::>
Comment:
1012
transfer rate significantly.

Result:
1. Heat transfer without l
radiation shield 1 A
gg =
11 [T~ - (600)4]
11 T~ _1.42x
12
2.
10
significantly.
3.1072 x lOll
3 ==
7.048 x \0 W/m2
Heat transfer with l~ = 509.74 W/m2

radiation shield J A
The presence of radiation shield reduces tbe beat transfer
::::>
The presence of radiation shieldreducesihe h
31.25 Tj
T4
shield temperature,
92.7%
1
+ 0.8 - 1
2025
11
shield - Q\I;1h shield

Qwilhout
0.927
Tj - (600)4
(800)4 - T~
Radiation
Qwilhout
Qu
Tj - (600)4
9.71
509.74 W/m2
7.048 x \OL 509.74

7.048 x IQ3
(800)4 - T~
:::>
QI2-QI
-+--
:::>
QI, 3a
Reduction in heat transfer}

T4 _ T4
'h ...
OJ - \
0.5
cr A [Tj _ Ti]
E3b
4.85
a A lTi - 141
~
R adialion
746.60 K
4.86
[ Example 3 Two very large parallel plates with em' '.

ISSIIII('
0.5 exchange IIeat. Determine tile percentage reduction' le,
"eat transfer rate if a polished aluminium radiation shiel/: Iht
Ife~
0.04 is placed in between t lte p Ia tes.
Given:
Emissivity
[June 2006, Anna Unille .

rSI~J
of plate 1, El = O.S
Emissivity
of plate 2,
Emissivity
of radiation
shield,
E2
E)
= O.S
= Es
==
Q12
==
Qwithoul shield
::::>
'
J-T--+
OJ -
0.5
::::>
= 0.04
==
~
0.333
(j
A [T~ - T; 1
0.333
(j
A [T~ - T;
... (1)
Case 2 : Heat transfer with radiation shield:
We know that,
Heat transfer with n shield,
Qwith shield
where,
Radiation shield
Es
Emissivityof radiationshield.
n -
Numberof radiationshield.
A (j [T~ - T; 1
Fig. 4.23.
Qwi1h shield
To find:
radiation
Percentage
of reduction
radiation
exchange
0.04
A cr [T~ - T;]
between
two
shield is given by,
where,
_i_+li!1_(I+I)
0.5 + 0.5
shield.
Solution :
Case 1 .. Heat transfer without radiation shield:
Heat
_1
in heat transfer due to
large parallel
plates witho~
52
Qwi1h shield
We know that,
Reduction in heat tran~fer }
0.0192 A o [T~ - T;]
Q without
,shield
Qwithout
QWIith shield
shield
". (2)
4.88
.>
0.333 A (J [Ti - Ti] - 0.0192 A (J [Ti - ~

0.333 A
(J
[T ( -
4
T2 ]
Radiation
maintained
15.8 x 103 W/m2
94.2%
Percentage of reduction in heat transfer rate
I Example
- (573)41
15.8 x 1Q3 W/m2]
Q
]lesu1t:
Result:
I Emissivities
of
two
large
parallel
= 94.2%
planes
at 800 '(' and 300'(' are 0.3 and 0.5 respectively. Find
the net radiant heat exchange per square metre for these plates.
lite relative heat Iransl'.er b

'J'
etween two
1000 K ancl500 K wit en lit
Find
nes at temperature
large p Ia
1.
2.
ey are
Black bodies.
Grey bodies with emissivities of eaclt surface is 0.7.
[Oct. 2001, MUI
800
1'(
Given:
+ 273
300
[May 2002, MUI

Given:
T,t t T,
1073 K
e + 273
573 K
1>,
0.3
0.5
where
(J
A (T1 - T;)
[From equation no.(4.28))
T2
500 K
0.7
E2
0.7
~T'
Heat transfer
for black bodies.
2.
Heat transfer
for grey bodies.
Solution:
Case
1: Heat 'exchange
0.23 x a x A (T~ - T~ )
between
two large parallel plate is
given by
Q
1
1
OJ + 0.5 - 1
1.
0.23
1000 K
Fig. 4.25.
To find :
Solution : The heat exchange between two large parallel plate

is given by
T,
Fig. 4.24.
Heat exchange per square metre.
To find:
48CJ
0.333 - 0.0192
0.333
0.942
0.23 x 5.67 x 10-8 x l(1073)4
QA:::::
For black bodies ,
A a (T 4I
T4)
2
=
Q = A a (T~ - Ti )
Q
A
5.67 x \0-8 [(IOOW-(SOO)41
4.90
:: 53.15
"
Case 1:
-f.
where
(J
10 W/Il12
(T~ - T~ )
1::2
O.os
Inner temperature,
TI :::
Outer temperature,
T2
- 183C + 273 '" 90 K
293 K
I
0.7
I
0.7
-+ --
0.538
I~
Latent heat of oxygen
210 kJ/kg
210
IE
Q
20C + 273
0.5381
A
28.6 x 103
5.67
J03 J/kg
Toflnd : Rate of evaporation

10-8
x [
(1000)4 - (500)41
Solution:
w/m'l
Result:
I.
2.
(Black surface)
53.15 x 103 W/m2
AQ
28.6 x 103 W/m2
(Grey body)
Example 6 The inner sphere of liquid oxygell container is

40 em diameter and outer sphere is 50 em diameter. Both have
emissivities 0.05. Determine the rate at which lite liquid oxygen
would evaporate at - 183'C wizen lite outer sphere at 201(.
Latent heat of oxygen is 210 kJlkg.
{April 99, MUI
Given: Inner diameter,
Inner radius,
Outer diameter,
Outer radius,
D(
r(
40 cm
50 ern
r2
0.25 m
This is heat exchange between two large concentric spheres

problem.
Heat transfer,
where
=
0.50 m
QJ2
-E
0'
Al [T 4I
T4]2
... (I)
0.40 m
0.20 m
D2
Fig. 4.26.
4.92
47t"1
0.05 +
47t
(\
r;
300C + 273 _
- 573 K
0.05 - \
OJ
O.~5 + :\
(O.~5 - I )
Radiation shield emissivity"
(I0.05
o.osI + (0.20)2
(0.25)2
IE
(\) =>
- I
Radiation
shield E:! :: 0 05
Plate 1
0.031 x 5.67 x 10-8 x 4 x
QI2
.05
-_ 0.031
- 0
"3 -
7t
Plate 2
x (0.20)2)(
[ (90)4 - (293~1
- 6.45 W
[ - ve sign indicates
inner surface.]
heat is transferred
from outer surface to
2 lOx
Tofilld:
6.45 W
\ 03 1 I kg
I. Net radiant heat exchange per square metre
6.45 lis
2.
210 x 103 l/kg

3.07 x 10-5 kgls
, Rate of evaporation
Rate of evaporation
I Example 7 I Emissivities
0/
maintained at 800'('
the net radiant heat
polished aluminium
Find the percentage
Given:
TI
= BOO'C
Fig. 4.27.
Heat transfer
Latent heat
Rate of evaporation
Result:
T1
3.07 x 10-5 kg/s
(~2).
Percentage of reduction in heat transfer due to radiationshield.

Solution:
Heat exchange
between two large parallel plates without
radiation shield is given by

two large parallel plaltl
and 300'(' are 0.3 and 0.5 respectively.Fin'
exchange per square metre 0/ the plates.If'
where
E
=
shield (E = 0.05) is placed between the1l'o
0/ reduction ill heat transfer. [Oct. 99, MW
8000
+ 273 = 1073 K
4.94

1
1
OJ + 0.5 - 1
=>
(J
0.230
Q12
0.230 x 5.67 x 10-8 x A x [(1073)4-(57)
EI
E3
~I
-+1
'" (I)
E crA[T,
-T3]
(l073)4
=>
=>
... (~
-EcrA[T - 4 T4]
2
3
_!_+_!_-1
1012
43.3 Tj
I
r3::: 913.8K
T 3 value in equation (2) or (3),
Heat transfer With} Q _ 5.67 x 10-8 x A x [(1073)4 (913.8)4]

radiation shield
13 1
I
-OJ +0.05 - 1
~J
1594.6
:::
w/m'l
... (4)
Qwilhout shield - Owilh shield

Qwithout shield
012
- Ti]
_!_+_!_-l
012 -013
E2
cr A [Tj
We know that,
=>
OJ -
22.3 Tj -2.4
3.02 x 1013
% of reduction in heat transfer}

E3
T~ - (573)
21
Heat exchange between radiation shield 3 and plate 2 is givenby
2.78 x 1013 - 21 r4
Substitute
E3
- r:
Shield temperature
-+
0.05
22.3
=>
T; - (573)4
1
I
0.3 + 0.05 - I
Q12
E2
495
(1073)4 - r4
Heat exchange between plate 1 and radiation shield 3 is givenby
where
I
+--1
Radiation
o A [ T4
3 - T4]
3
Case 2: Heat transfer wit" radiation shield :
where
\E
Heat transfer Without}

radiation shield
A [T~ - Tj]
... (~
I
15.8 x 103 - 1594.6

15.8 x 103
0.899
==
89.9%
il
II
4.96
Result:
--- roJind:
1.
2.
Heat exchange without} QI2

radiation shield
A
15.8 x 103 W/rn2
Heat transfer,
= 89.9%
% of reduction in heat transfer
I Example
Solution:
250
0"
8 Tile amount of radiant energy falling

50 em x 50 em horizontal thin metal plate insulated to the bolto II
is 3600 kJlm2 hr. If the emissivity of the plate surface is 0.8
the ambient air temperature
is 30 'C, find the equilibriuIPJ
temperature of tile plate.
/April97, MUJ
250
41
_
(303)4
T
Q"~
Given:
Area,
50 em x 50 em
0.5 m x 0.5 m
0.25
Radiant energy,
ffi2]
3600 kl1m2 hr
3600 x 103
1
3600
m2 s
103 lis x m2
m
Here,
Area
0.25
IQ
m2
1000 x 2 x 0.25 m2
rn
2S0W
I TI
Result:
c A [T~ _ T; ]
0.8 x 5.67 x
1.13x1Q--8[T4
2.2 x 1010
10-8
)( O.2Sx [T4
1-(03)4]
I - (03)4 ]
417.89
Plate temperature,
TI ::: 417.8K
~u~_.
[Example 9 A pipe carrying st

'
ea", havm
diameter of 20 em runs in a large room d ' g an Outside
30 "C. Tire pipe surface temperature is 400Clr>
toQlrat
.
.....Calcu/ateth l
of heat to surroundings per metre length of
' e oss
thermal radiation. Emissivity of the pipe s ."the~,pe,dueto
.
"rlace u 0,8, What
would be the loss of heat if tire pipe is encl d'
..
ose m a 40 Clft
diameter brick conduit of e= 0.9 ?
/MU A '
, p,,12001/
{The procedure of this problem is sameas problemno.3 _

(Solved problems 011 radiation shield - Section4.27) J
I Example
1000 ~
I The surface
of douhlewalledsphericalvessel
used for storing liquid oxygen are coveredwitha layerofsilver
lining having an emissivity of 0.03. The temperatureof outer
surface of the inlier wall is - 153't' and tl,etemperature
ofthe
inner surface of the outer wall is 27't'. Thesphereare21 em and
30 em diameter
with tire space betwee them evacuated.
Calculate the salt of evaporation of liquid oxygenduetoradiant
l leat transfer. Latent heat of vapoumatlon
ifl' Iqui'd ot}'oen
'. is 220
kJlkg.
.
as problemno.6
{The procedure of this problem IS same
(Solved university problems - Section 4.28)J
10
&
Emissivity,
0.8
T2
303 K
56
4.98
( Example 11 Two large parallel

I
'
oifO 3
dO'
.
panes hav'
. an
.5 are maintained at a t
'Ilg e",
K'
emperature r
ISsi~'
respectively. A radiation shield havi
'J
00 /( q~
b h
laVing an en .
Q"d
ot sides is placed between two pia
C
IlSSivity 0'0 4~
hi
..
nes.
alculat la 'J .OS
oif .s IIeld, (u) ratio of heat transfer rate
.
e
te"'Per ~
shield.
Without sh,' e I d I 1Il~.
"1
Radiation
,I,
1M
0",.
[The procedure of this problem is

U, April 20'"
/S I d
.
.
same as pr b
~I
I' 0 ve
umverSI
roblems - Section 4.28)J
0 Ie", I!o.~
Exam Ie 12 Liquid nitrogen boil'
.
'.
Ing at - 1960C .
In a 15 litres spherical
container ot 32
.
IS Sto,~
tai
.
'J
em d,am
con atner IS surrounded by a concentric spheri
eler. 1~
.
erlcal shell
d iameter whose inside temperature is mai t .
Of 40 ~
In alned at jOt'
annular space between the two is evacuated. Tl.
. 1'1rt
l
faci
te surfaces 'f
sp teres acing each other is silvered and hav
. oJI~
35 ", ki
e an emlSsivit.,
. . ~a Ing the latent heat of vapourisauan fi
h :' ~
or t e "qllij
oxygen as 200 kI/kg, find the rate at which it evaporat IV,
the thermal resistance offered by the inner surface .~Sthe?lta
, II'
JI
OJ
e Iftlltr
sne and by the thickness of the same.
Emissivities
diameter of 20 em runs In a I~rge room and is exposed to air at

temperature of 30~. TI,e pipe surface temperature is 400~.
Calculate the loss of heat to the surroundings per metre length of
pipe due to thermal radiation. TI,e emissivity of the pipe surface
. [Bltarathidasan University, Nov. 9~

[The procedure of this problem is same as problem no.!
r-;,,;;.:...~roblems- Section 4. 28)J
of a double
walled spherkl
vessel used for storing liquid oxygen are covered with a layer~
silver having
an emissivity
of O.03. The temperature
of tile oulll
surface
of the inner wall is - 153 CC and the temperature of innll
surface
of the outer
30 em in diameter.
Calculate
wall is 27CC. The spheres are 21 cm anI

With the space
the radiation
heat transfer
vessel and the rate of evaporation

vapourisution
is 220 kJlkg.
[The procedure
them evacuated.
the walls intoIhl
of liquid oxygen
if the ratt~
University, Apr. 91)

0
is same as problem 710.
[Bharathiyar
of this problem
(Solved university problems
between
through
- Section 4.28)J
parallel plates
. t ,'ned at 800 ~ and 300 c:c are 0.3 and 0.5 respectively. Find
",a,n a
net radiant heat exchange per square metre between the
the
[Nov. 97, MKU/
plates.
[The procedure of this problem is same as problem no.4
d university problems - Section 4.28)J
(SO Ive
a-x-a-m-p-Ie-l-S"IA pi~e carrying steam having an outside
The surface
of .two large
4.99
is 0.8.
What would be the loss of heat due to radiation if the pipe is
enclosed in a 40 em diameter brick conduct of emissivity 0.91.
IBllUratlriyar University, Nov. 96/
[The procedure of this problem is same as problem no. 3

(Solved problems on radiation shield - Section 4.27)J
I Example
16 \ Consider two large parallel plates one at TI
10000[( with emissivity

emissivity
62
6]
= 0.8 and the other at T2 = 500"1( wit
= 0.4. An aluminium
emissivity (botl: sides)
63 =
radiation
shield
with
0.2 is placed between the plate
Calculate the percentage reduction in tile heat transfer rate as

result of the radiation shield.
[Bhorathidasan
University, Nov.
[The procedure of this problem is same as problem n

(Solved university problems - Section 4.28)J
4. J 00
Radiation
[Example 17 Two very large parallel pi
Q~
Illsnvities 0.3 ami 0.8 exchange heat by radiatio
. "'i1h
n, F'''d
P eTCentage reductio II ill heat transfer when a POlis/,ed.,
. 'hI
Ta.uiation shield of emissivity = 0.04 is placed betweell the",. '14",
~
(I
~ we n
Absorptiv1t)'
+ Reflectivity
, pr.98/
An alternate approach for analysing thermal radiation between

gray or black surfaces is called electrical network analogy. This
approach
is more direct, more general and much simpler. The two
terms often used in the electrical analogy approach are irradiation
and radiosity.
(,-a)G+Eh
a ==
(1-)G+Eb
". (4.39)
[Radiosiry.
J -
f.
Eb
It is defined
unit time per unit area. It is expressed
incident
upon a surface per
in W/m2.
". (4.40)
" 'a surface

The net energy 1 eav ing
radiosil)' (J) and irradiat i n (G).
A
as the total radiation
(I - c) G
G ==
Irradiation,
QI-2
Irradiation (G)
is the difference
J-G
_ (J-Eb)
I _
J(I-c)-(J-cEb)
(I - c)
Radiosity (J)
J-Jc-J
It is used to indicate
the total ra~iation
unit time per unit area. It is expressed
111
~eaving a surface per
W/m-.
So,
I.
Reflected
2.
Emitted
of two parts.
by the surface
==
pG +
Eb I -
pG
by the surface
Eb
Eb
.. ' (4.38)
cEb
1-
The rad iosiry (J) consists
t=O]
(4.38) ::::>
We knoW that,
4.29. ELECTRICAL NETWORK ANALOGY FOR THERMAL

RADIATION SYSTEMS BY USING RADIOSITY AND
IRRADIATION
[.:
a+p
,
-[p--'-_-a--"lj
[Bharathidasan University ....
IIo.j
= I
+ Transmissivity
a+p+t
"n",,
[The procedure of this problem is same as

bl
pro ell,
(Solved University problems - Section 4. 28)J
4.101
t;
.J r;
between its
4.102
Q'-2
QI-2
A(E'-J~
I-E
Radiation
Eb-J
--;his
l-E
AE
figA.29.
I
I
again can be represented by an electric circuit as shownin

0
". (4~
J,
in the form of electric I .

a CltcUQI
This can be represented

shown in Fig.
1 -E .
Fig. 4.28.
E
J2
1
. kn
.
here --F- IS own.as space resistance.
AI
12
If two surface resistance of the two bodies and space resistance

them is considered, then, the net heat flow can be
e sented by an electric circuit as shown in Fig.4.30.
repre
l-E
A
Fig. 4.19.
where
\10M
A, F'2
oo----~~~----~o
__
b tween
is known as surface resistance of the body.
If two bodies which are radiating heat with each other~'

I
the radiating heat of one b0 dy per unit'. area IS not fallingon~
Eb2
other and part of it has gone elsewhere, then, it is takenit

account by a factor which is known as shape factor or view fa~
The heat radiated by the first body }
and received by the second body
Heat radiated from second}
and received by first
Fig. 4.30.
Ebl - Eb2
JIA1FI_2
__
J2
A2
4.103
F2_1
So, net heat lost by the first body,
QI
_2
J,
AI
AI
F, _ 2 - J2
FI_2
(11
-h)
A2
F2 _ I
[.: AI
F'2=A2F1J
.. , (4.43)
J, -J2
1
A, F,'2
,,' (4.J
where,
0'
B 0ltzmann constant
5.67 x JO-8 W/m2 K4
c.
Stefan
4.104
TI T2
A2 FI2 -
Temperature of surface I, K
Temperature of surface 2, K
Emissivity of surface I
Area of surface I, m2
Area of surface 2, m2
Radiation
AI FIJ
J2 -JJ
_L__
A2 F2J
Shape factor.
For black surface,
The values of 012, 013, 02J are determined from the values of
the radiosities (J I' J2 and )3)' Kirchoffs law which states that the
(4.43) ~
sum of the current entering a node is zero, is used to find the

radiosity.
4.30. RADIATION OF HEAT EXCHANGE FOR THREE GRAy
SURFACES
The network for three gray surfaces is shown in Fig.4.31..

this case each of the bodies exchanges heat with the other two.Tt
heat expressions are as follows:
I Example
configuralions
1 Calculate
shown in Fig.
the
shape
factors
for
I. A black body inside a black enclosure.
2. A tube with cross section of an equilateral triangle.
Ebl
1-
4./05
11 - IJ
I
JI
J2
AI FI2
AI 1
Fig. 4.31.
Q/2
J1 -J2
1
A, F'2
1-
A2 2
3. Hemispherical sur/ace and 1I plane surface.
the
4./06
Solution:
Case J:
F'_2
[All radiation emitted from the black surface 2 .

IS abs
the enclosing surface I.]
oriled~
(2) ~
. [F,_2
p_,-.l
(Since symmetry rriangle1
OD
f!,-.l
Now considering radial ion fro
We know that,
4107
Radlollon
r.::-
- 0.5J
....
m su"ace 2,
F2-,
FI _ 1+ FI -2
0]
2_2
F2 -I + F2-J
-2
!F
FI_2
F,
+ F2_J
"'(ij
By reciprocity theorem,
AI
+ F2-2
!F2_J
=
-
I-F2_
... (3)
By reciprocity theorem, we know
(1) :::)
FI -I
l F,_,
(3) ~
~:I
I-F2_1
c: F
1- FI_2
2_1
C': F,_2=0.5]
1-0.5
0.5/
Result:
Case 2:
F/_I
Result:
FI _ I =
We know
+ FI-2+FI-3
that,
=
0,
FI _2
0.5,
FI -J
0.5
Case 3: We know that,
For flat surface, shape factor FI _ I = O.
I FI - 2 + FI - 3
F1_
.J
FI_I +FI_2
F2_1
= FI_2
F2-2
F2-J
= F,_2]
0
0.5
= 0.5
4.108
By reciprocity theorem,
A1FI_2
=>
[F'_2
A2F2-1
t, F,_,
'" (4)
Since all radiation ermttmg from the black surface 2 are

absorbed by the enclosing surface 1,
F2-1
(4) ~
FI_2
1t ,.2
21t ,.2
We know that, FI_I +FI_2

FI_I +0.5
I Example 2 I Find
[':F2_1==1]
AI
I FI_2
Result :
A2
FI_2
0.5
Fig. 4.32.
= 0.5
From Fig., we know that,

As
==
AI + A3
A6
Az + A4
=
=
I FI_I
0.5
FI_I
0.5
FI_2
F2_1
0.5
We know that,
AsFs-6
==
AIFI_6+A3F3_6
[.: As=AI
Al FI_4+AI
the shape factor FI_2 for the figure
+A);
FS-6=FI-6+F3_6]
FI_2+A3F3_6
[.: FI_6=FI_4+FI-z]
shown below. In the Fig., the areas AI and A2 (Ireperpendicular

but do not share the common edge.
As Fs -4 - A3 F3-4 + AI FI_2 + A3 F3-6

[.:
AI=As-A3;
FI_4=Fs_4-F3-4]
AIFI_2
As F5_6-As
AtFI_2
As [F5_6-FS_4]+AdF3-4-FJ-6]
A5 [F
AI
S-6-
FS_4+A3F3-4-A/J-6
5-4
J+
AJ
[F
-FJ-61
A
3-4
.. (I)
94 (Sixth edition)]
[Refer HMT data book, Page no.
21A'*-
S""pe }ilClor fior Me area A and

--~~~~~~~~~---------------------.1
4.110

~
T
1
L2
L2
=2m
~I/(JII
A4 :
B = 2 m ...... 1
A4
Ll =4
~'---':::'
Fig. 4.33.
Fig. 4.35.
Shape factor for the area A 5 and A6 :
L2
B =
=1
S = 42 =2
IF
0.116431
5-4
[From tables]
Shapefactor for the area A 3 and A4 :
Fig. 4.34.
Y =
L2
4
-=-=2
B
2
L(
4
----2
B-2
-
Fig. 4.36.
Z =
Z value is 2, Y value is 2. From that, we can find

corresponding shape factor value is 0.14930 (From tables, Page No. 94).
I F5-6
Y =
0.14930 1
!F
3_ 4
4".
-l~
L.-.-----'-.
"""'Ll
L2
2
=2=1
B
..,
Ll
=2=1
B
0.20004
4.112
H
---.:.:_eal and Mass Transfer
SIIapefi ac tor for the area A and A .

3
I.
"'
==
4 012
1000C + 273
1273 K
As
L2::: 4 m
L1::: 2 m
TI
.1
B::: 2 m
T
l~
Given: Area, A
6'
T2 == ,500~C +273
773 K
==
--=::::.,
L'-- __
Distance
0.5
III
Fig. 4.37.
L2
Fig.4.1B.
2"
Tofind:
Solution:
0.23285
(I)~
Heat transfer
F s _ 6' F 5 _ 4' F3 _ 4 and F3 _ 6 values in equation (I),
Substitute
As
FI_2
AI
Heat transfer, (Q).
[0.14930-0.11643]+
A3
AI
QI2
[0.20004-0.23285]
I Example
l-~
AI EI
Al F12
A2E2
c
=
FI _
E2 =
2x2
0.03293
Shape factor,
1 -EI
For black body
= 2 [0.03287] - I [0.03281]
Result:
Ti I
2 x 2 [0.03287] - 2 x 2 [0.03281]
FI -2 =
[Ti -
[From equationnO.(4.43)]
AS [0.03287] - A [0.03281]
4x2
--+-+-
A3
by radiation general equation is
[Ti - T; ] x AI FI2
5.67
10-8 [ (1273)4 - (773)4] x 4 x FI2
5.14xlOSFlz
2
I Two black
== 0.03293
where
square plates of size 2 by 2m are
olaced parallel to each other at a distance of 0.5 m. One plate is

maintained at a temperature of 1000 CCand the other at 500
oc.
... (1)
Shape factor for square plates
ln order to find shape factor F 12' refer HMT data book, Page
no. 90 (Sixth Edition) .
Find the heat exchange between the plates.
X axis
57
F 12
=:
Smaller side _
Distance between planes
I
1
I!
j3
4.114

2
0.5
I X axis
Curve
~
~
[Since given is squar
X axis value is 4, curve is 2. So, corresponding
TI ::: 750C + 273 :::

1023K
e Plates]
Y axis VI.
T2 ::: 350C + 273 :::
a Ue,s
0.62.
i.e.,
I FI2
623 K
OJ
0.621
Distance between discs
= 0.2 m.
0.62
Tofind:
Heat exchange between discs, (Q ).
F12
Solution:
Heat transfer by radiation general equation is
Fig. 4.39.
[T~ - T;]
1 - e2
+ __ I
+ __
(J
(I) ~
5.14 x 105 x 0.62
012
1012
Result:
Heat transfer,
012 =
1__
3.18 x 105 W
AI 1
3.18x
IOsW.
0.3 m
1
2
AI = A2
0.3 m
T,075OC
El =0.3
l_
T2:: 350'C
E2:: 0.6
1t
4'
(0.3)2
A2 2
5.35 x 104
42.85 + 0.070
where
F 12
... (I)
FI2
Shape factor for disc
In order to find shape factor F 12' refer HMT data book,Page

no. 90 (Sixth edition).
O.2m
! 02
4
AI FI2
[Fromequationno.(4.33)]
5.67 x IO-S [ (l023t - (623)4)

1 - 0.3
1
1- 06
+
+'
0.070 x 0.3
0.070 FI2 0.070 x 0.6
Example"
Two circular discs of diameter 0.3 m eachart
placed parallel to each other at a distance of 0.2 m: One disc is
maintained at a temperature of 750 't' and the other at 350er and
their corresponding emissivities are 0.3 and 0.6. Calculate heat
exchange between the discs.
Given:
Fig. 4.40.
X axis
Diameter
OJ
0.2
j2
4.116
I X axis
1.5
Diameter of disc 2, ~
Curve
-)- I
X axis value is 1.5, curve is I. So, corresponding

is 0.28.
.
aXIS valUe
4.
Temperature
0.62 m
Distance
of disc I, TI ::: 125 crn _
Temperature
of disc 2, T2
10jind:
0.28
=>
Radiation
62 crn :::
[Since given is disc]
iJ7
1150 K - 1.25 m
:::
620 K
Heat flow by radiation.
1 . When no other, surfaces

.
:
are present
2.' When the discs rare connected b. .
.
Y non-conducting
surface,
Solulion:
Area,'
~
TV
T,=1150K
AI
'r~
'.v
1.5
= '. ~
Fig. 4.41.
5.35
(I) =>
104
42.85 + 0.070
Result:
Heat transfer,
Example 5
I Two
030
~Fig. 4.41.
We know that
QJ2
Heat/transfer
black
569.9 W
discs of diameter
by.radrauo.
the following cases.

When
2.
When the discs
are
connected
by IIoll-colltlucting
of disc I, D,
62 em
0.62
III
4
.:. ~ 2
I-E,
A,E,
A,FI2
y'
1-&2
--+--+-I
E2 = )
cr [
r~ - r;)
I
surface.
a [T4 ,
Emissivity,
other surfaces are present.
Diameter
:al e411aill.)l1l~
For black surface,
1.
Given:
t;....
62 em are
arranged directly opposite to each other and separated by a

distance of 125 em. Tile temperature of tile discs are 1150 K and
620 K. Calculate the heat flow by radiation between tile discsfor
110
T2~620K
in2'/.
0.28
569.9 W /
=
;;< (0.62)2 ,
A, F'2
A2~
iFrom 'equation no.(4.33))
4. / /8

.
5.67 x 10-8 x 0.30 x
27.2 x 103
F12
[(1150)4_
..
(620~
F121
I
. (1)
where
Radiation
X axis value is 0.496, curve is S S . .

. 0, correspo d'
'
n Ing Y axis
value .IS 034
.
Shape factor for disc.
F12
Case 2 : The dISCS are connected b

' 1/9
Y non-COndu .
So, choose curve 5.
ctlng,surfaces.
0.34J
In order to find shape factor F 12' refer HMT data book, p

no. 90 (Sixth edition)..
age
Diameter
X axis
0.62
1.25
I X axis
0.496
0.496
Case 1: When no other

radiation. So, choose curve 1.
surfaces
are present
I Q12
i.e., direct
Result:
Q 12
Y axis value is 0.05.
I F12
0.05
27.2 x
Q12
(1) ::::)
X axis value is 0.496, curve is 1.

So, corresponding
Fig. 4.44.
9248 W
:::
. QI2
(planes connected
1()3
x 0.34
(Direct radiation)
by non-conducting
surfll:CS) =
1360 W
9248
Example 6 Two parallel rectangul~ surfaces 1 m x 2m

are opposite to each other at a distance of 4 m..1he surfacesare
black and at 300 ~ and 200~. Calculate the heat exchangeby
radiation between two surfaces.
r,
Given:
Area, A
Distance
TI
0.496
lx2=2m2
= 4m
300C+273
S73K
Fig. 4.43.
(I) =>
Q12
[Q12
:::
:::
27.2
103 x 0.05
1360 W
-1--V
i7.
1m
4m
2m
T2
1m
T 2 = 200C + 273
= 473 K
Fig. 4,45.
..
4.120
Tofind:
Heat exchange
(012), .
From graph, we know that,
Solution:
Heat transfer by radiation
general equation is
,
(J
QI2
r T~ -
+ --
AI EI
T~]
EI .
J -
--
(I):::::>
J - E
+ ---.l
AI FI2
Result:
=>
012
where
FI2
4'
(J [
T I - T 2 ] x AI FI2
... (1)
Shape factor for parallel rectangles
In order to find shape factor, refer HMT data book Page nO.91
and 92 (Sixth Edition).
Longer side
Distanc.e
2
.4
---..--~
0.5 '
D__,___=(
B
D
4.
012
S.67x 10-8[(573),,_(
012
261.9 W
Heat exchange,
012 = 261.9 W
&2
EI
o~
473)4 ~x 2 x 0.04
A2 E2
For Black surface,
L
D
I FI2
[Example 7 Two parallel plates of s;ze3

2
m x m areplaced
arallel to each other at a distance or I
0
P
.
'J
III.
lie plate is
maintained at a temperature of 550 C(' and the otheral 250't
the emissit'ilies are 0.35 and 0.55 resnect;ve!u Th land
I,
l'
:.t.
e p ales are
located in a large room whose walls are al 35't: If the plales
excllange Ileal with eac!, other and ",;th tht room,calculale
1.
Heal lost by the plates,
2.
Heat received by the room.
B=1m
m_t!J
0.25
B=1m
Fig. 4.46.
Size of the plates

Distance between plates
TI
550C + 273
Second plate temperature,
T2
250C + 273 = 523 K
Emissivity
of first plate, EI
0.35
of second plate, E2
0.55
Room temperature,
TOfind, :
0.5.
X = lID
Fig. 4.'47.
1m
First plate temperature,
Emissivity
BID = 0.25
3 m x 2m
T3
823 K
350C + 273 = 308 K
I.
Heat lost by the plates.
2.
Heat received by the room.
4.122
Solution:
In this problem, heat exchange take Pla~
two plates and the room. So, this is three surface problem and the
corresponding radiation network is given below.
Eb3
Fig. 4.49.
To find shape factor F

92 (Sixth edition).
'2-
refer HMT data book, p

age no.91 &:
Fig. 4.48. Electrical network
Area,
A,
3x2
07
6 m2
D=1m
I A,
=:>
A2 = 6
Since the room is large,
AJ
m2
. ,,''J
__j___"
B=2m
00
Fig.4.50.
From electrical network diagram,

I-E,
I - E2
E2 A2
1 -EJ
EJ AJ
Apply
1 - EJ
EJ AJ
= 0,
1-0.35
0.35 x 6
1-0.55
0.55 x 6
1 - EI = 0.309,
EI AI
ctrical network diagram,
L
3
x = 5=1=3
0.309
0.136
B 2
= 5=1=2
X value is 3, curve value is 2. From that, we can find

corresponding shape factor value is 0.47, ie., F12= 0.47.
[From graph]
[.: A3 =CX)j
[F12
IE.
---=-.2
E2 A2
0.47J
We know that ,
= 0.136
values JII
Fll+FI2+F13
But,
FII
!&li!15~
Eb2
::
::
I - 0.47
Q);
0.531
Similarly,
F21
... (5)
o T4
+ F22 + F23
5.67x 10-8 [308J4
We know that,
F22
=>
F23
=>
F23
1- FI2
F23
1-0.47
network
1-
J3
::
510.25 W/m2]
... (6)
J I and J2 can be calculated by using Kirchotrs
law.
=> The sum of current entering the node J1 is zero.
AI Node
AI FI3
6 x 0.53
A2F23
0.53
0.47
0.314
... (1)
= 0.314
... (2)
r.,
[From diagram]
=
0.354
26.0IxIOJ-JI
0.309
... (3)
J2-J1
+ 0.354
,
J1
=> 84.17 x IOJ - 0.309
law,
=
EbJ
[From diagram]
The radiosities
0.53 )
Eb
F21
diagram,
510.25 W/m2-
Eb3
I F23
From electrical
4.24x~
Eb2
EbJ
5.67 x 10-8 [523J4
crT4
=>
510.25-J1
0.314
J2
J1
+ 0.354 - 0.354 + 1625 -
-9.24J1+2.82J2
J1
0Ji4 :; 0
= -85.79xloJ
... (7)
AI Node Jz:
5.67
10-8 [823
J4
... (4)
Eb3-J2
I
A2F23
br
EbJ-J2
+ 0~36
-------:------!.Radintioll
= 4.24 x 103 - 4.73 x )OJ
~
_1__
0.354.
J2
0354
_2_
510.25
.
+Q3j4 -0.314
2.82 J1
13.3 J2
6 x 0.55
4.24 x 103 __2__

+ 0.136
- 0.136 - 0
=
-32.8
x 103
IQ
. ". (8)
Tota I
heat lost by the plates

Q
Solving equation (7) and (8),

- 9.24 J1 + 2.82 J2
2.82 J1
13.3 J2
_ 85.79 x 103
". (7)
- 32.8 x 103
'" (8)
- 3.59 x 103 ~
IQ
= Q1 +Q2
=
49.36 x 103 - 3.59 x 1()3
45.76 x 100W]
'" (9)
Heat received by the room
By solving,
:::)
J2 =
4.73 x 103 W/m2
:::)
J1 =
10.73 x 103 W/m2
11 - 1)
Q
10.73 x 103 - 510.25 + 4.73 x )(}J-510.25

0.314
, 0.314
Heat lost by plate I is given by

Ebl
Q,
01
(:,-;:
-J1
[.: Eb3=J]=512.9]
[Q
26.01 x 103 - 10.73 x 103

1-0.35
0.35
I 01
12- 1)
+~
49.36 x 103 W
Heat lost by plate 2 is given by
45.9 x 10)
wi
... (10)
From equation (9), (10), we came to know heat lost by the

plates is equal to heat received by the room.
[Example
8]
T"e water tank of size
2 m x 1 m x l m and
radiates heat from each side. The surface emissivityof tank is 0.8
andthe Surface temperature of tank is 32OC.
Calculate the following:
1. Hear lost by radiation
2. Reduction
if ambient temperatureis 4t:
in heat loss
if
the tank is coated with an
tlluminium paint of emissivity 0.6.
4.128
~~~~~~~~T-al-lk~sl'-ze----~
Given:
Emissivity of tank,
0.8
T1
32e + 273
=:
T2
4e + 273
=:

305 K
Result:
277 K
I.
Heat loss by radiation Q _ ,
2.
1.003 kW
- O,250kW
Emissivity of aluminium,
0.6
4.32. UNIVERSITY SOLVED PROBLEMS

To find :
I. Heat loss by radiation (Q).
rexample 1 Determine the view faclor (F lfi

2.
L.;
Shown
I.
Solutio" :
1. From Stefan-Boltzmann
law, we know that
1(1 Or the figure
IDee. 2004 & May 2005 Anna u,'
below.
1m
.1
1m
E b (or) Q == o T4
. . ity (c)c.' and Area (A) are given. SO,

E ITIISSIVI
Heat transfer, Q
x A x o T4
1':1 x
A x o [T~ - T; ]
Solution:
0.8 x 8 x 5.67 x 10-8
[.: Area
==
2 x 1x 4
==
(30S)L (27m
8 m2 (4 sides)1
1003.83 W
[Q
(or)
IQ
1.003 kW
2. Emissivity of aluminium,
2 ==
0.6.
Fig. 4.5/.
1 - 2
==
x Q
SA
",verslty)
~1~,/~j~O~H~e~a~/a~n~d~~~~~s~s~~~o~~~fu~
--------------~
From Fig., we know that,
Shapt factor for the area A J and A, :
As ...
AI
A6 '"
A3 + A.
A2
~Bz1m-l
Ae
L2 = 2 m
-tJ~
Further.
AsFs-6
==
AIFI_6+A2F2-6
[.: As
==
AI + A2; FS-6 = FI_6 + F2_ ]

6
Flg.4.SJ.
A I F I _ 3 + A I F I - 4 + A2 F2 - 6
t: FI-6=Ft-3+Fl-(]
As FS-3 - A2 F2-3 + AI FI_4 + A2 F2_6
A~ FS-6
[:AI=As-A2;
==
FI-3=Fs_3-Fd
AsFs_6-A~F~-3+A2F2-3-A2F2-6
L2
B= T
i.,
=2
2
=
=2
Z value IS 2, Y value is 2. From

that, we can find
corresponding shape factor value is 0.14930.
[From tables]
F 5 - 6 = 0.14930
Shape factor for tile area A J and A J :

~ B= 1 m ~
(Refer HMT data book, Page nO.94 (Sixth EditiOliI
L2:: 1 m
A3
-ll~
L,
=2m
~'''----
Fig. 4.54.
Fig. 4.52.
Z =
L2
)
B - --)
) -
L,
2
- -- --2
) B
[FS_3
0.116431
[From tables]
132
Shape factor for tIre area A 2 ami A j

II
L2
1m
A5
.1
A;
- 0.11643] +
= 1m
A3
A2
-1J~
AI [0.200IlA
A
-l.
\J<f - 0.23285]
AI [0.03287] _ ~
2
Al [0.032811
Fig. 4.55.
L2
=>
[0.03287] _
1 [0.03281]
O.0329
View factor, FI -4 -- 003

. 293
[Example 2 Determine the .
.
VIew factor F
Illefigure shown below.
I'D
/ - 2 alld F2 fi
ec. 2005
<]
Or
--...J
'Alilia Ulliversity}
Result:
!::.L B
0.20004
F2-3
,.--____
FI-4
[0.14930
Shape factor for tire area A 2 and A6 :

I_
B= 1 m
.1
T1 ..
L2.
L1
= 1m
Fig. 4.57.
~~---..::::..
Solution:
I.
Fig. 4.56.
L2
B=T
s_
Substitute FS-6'
FS-3'
= 2
5m
B-1
0.23285
F2-3 and F2-6 values in equation (I),

Fig. 4.58.
____.-----
4.136 HeatandMa!sTra/lsf~------Result: View factors FI_, ~ 0.0978
F2 _ I ==
Radiation
0.0489
[ Example
Two pilfallel plates of size J m x J "'lit
spaced 0.5 0' IIp'''' are lacaWI in a very large room, the ""'''. '
whiclt are maintained at a lemperatllre of 27 OC. One P alt' of
maiolainetl III a temperalure of 900"C lind tne other ., 46
Tlreir emissivilies are 0.2 111111
0.5 respeclively. If the p1artJ
6t
excltange heat belween tlte",selve!i a/l(l sllrr(Jllfltiillgs,find Ihe n
. . Consider (J1111
Y I~II
hea! ITilnsfer 10 eilell
plale anti to lite room.
venlt}1
pltlle .wrft,cesfac",g eac/r olher.
{May 2004, Anna Uni ,
,!
"'2 2
Fig. 4.62. Electrlcul IItlwor' dl IIgrum
Area, AI
SOllllion:
Size of the plates
==
I J11
Distance between plates
==
0.5
==
27
Room temperatur'!,
TJ
0
'
Second plate temperature,
T I ==
900
T2
400
-I-
27 ., 300 K
CI
;::
0.2
, e2
==
0.5
0
'
IA
Since the
III
foirst plate temperature,
_/
I 111
-I
27
.. 1173 K
27
.. 673 K
..
1)( I 1m2
"2
room is large, A)
From electrical network
Emissivity of second plate
diagram,
1-0.2
--4
I )( 0.2
(;Q.'5
==
1'0/1/1(1:
I.
r:/)
1- O.S
Emissivity of first plate,
Net heat transfer to each plaLc.
2. Net heat transfer to room.

s
Salution
: In thi pro bl em, heat exchange take place bet\l'~
om. S 0, this., IS three surface problem and tlt
.wo ,. Iares and the roor
orrcsponding radiation network is given below.
I-I:
Apply __
JI
AI
(;1
nctwo r'k (I'iagram.
I-e
I, -:;:;
A3 (;3
0 values in e"':l:trical
4. 138
Neal and Mass Transfer
--------
But,
::::>
::::>
J2
Eb2
Fig. 4.63. Electricat network diagram

To find shape factor FI2 ' refer HMT data book Page nO.91&
92 (Sixth Edition).
Similarly,
We know that,
F22
::::>
F23
I-F 21
1-0.41525
0.5847J
From electrical network diagram,
8=1m
Fig.4.M.
X
L
0
= 0.5 = 2
B
0
= 0.5 = 2
FI2
==
1.7102
I x 0.5847
==
1.7102
I x 0.41525
==
2.408
X value is 2, Y value is 2. From that, we can find correspon

ding shape factor value is 0.41525.
[From table}
i.e.,
I x 0.5847
AI FI2
law ,
0.41525
4
We know that,
o TI
5.67 x 10-8 [II 73J4

107.34 x I 03 W/m~
4.140
5.67 x 10-8 [673]4
I Eb2
11.63 x 103
W/~
o T3
Eb3
=
Eb3 =
5.67 x 10-8 [300]4
459.27 W/m2
From electrical network diagram, we know that,
I
The radiosities
Eb3
13
11 and 12 can be calculated
459.27
W/m~
by using Kirchoff's
Jaw.
0.415 J1
1.4997 J2
==
- 1.2497 J1 + 0.415 J2
0.415JI-1.4997J2
==
- 6.08 x 103
'"
(2)
Solving equation (1) and (2),

=> The sum of current entering the node J 1 is zero.
AINodeJ/
Ebl -1)
By solving,
11.06 x J03 W/m2
J1
[From electrical network diagram]
107.34 x 103-11
4
26835 -
'4
12-\11
459.27-1)
+ 2.408 +
1.7102
1)
+ 2.408 - 2.408
~6835-0.2511
25.35 x 103
Ebl
W/m2
-J1
1)
+ 268.54 - 1.7102
+0.41512-0.41511}
::::
107.34 x IOL 25.35x J03

1-0.2
1 x 0.2
+ 268.54 - 0.5847 1)
-1.2497
Heat lost by plate ( I), Q1
[From electricalnetwork diagram]
lz
11
==
-27.lOx 103
-6.08 x 103
J1 + 0.41512
-27.IOxIOJ
... (1)
4./42
Heat and Mass Tramjer
Heat lost by plate (2), Q2
Eb2- J2
1- E2
A2 E2
11.63 x 103 - 11.06 .___

x 103
1-0.5
I Q2
-I x 0.5
570 W
Total heat lost by the} Q

=
plates (1) and (2)
1m
IQ
O.4m
T2 = 400C + 273
673 K
12 7" 13
T2 = 4OO'C
Fig. 4.65.
A2F23
Tofind:
Solulion:
Heat exchange, (Q).

Heat transfer by radiation generalequationis
Q12 =
= J) = 459.27
W/m2j
20.752 x 103 W
~Tl=900'C
= 1173 K
103 - 459.27
11.06 x 103 - 459.27
1.7102
+
1.7102
[.,' Eb3
a [Ii - I;]
1- E,
1
--+-+-2
A, E,
A, F'2
[Nole: Heat lost by the plates is equal to heat received by the
room.]
I. Net heat lost by each plates
Q,
= 20.49
Q2
For black body,

:::::)
20.752 x 103 W
IQ
I2
where
QI2 =
103 W
570 W
A2 2
[From equationno.(4.43)]
,I
2. Net heat transfer to the room

Q
l-~-
I
I
Result:
lOCI. 99, MUj
Distance = 0.4 m
x 103 + 570
1, -13
Area A ::: I x I ::: 1 m2
T, = 900C + 273
A, F'3
25.35
Given:
21.06 x 103 W
Total heat received or} Q =

absorbed by the room
fl'
Q, +Q2
= 20.49
IQ
[lxomple"
, Two hI" It
Rd'
C 'qll("e
U lOlto"
" 143
'(lettI p{/Tllllelto eaclt olh,
pInt, 0' i
.
P"
.'
al a di
'J sUI
b
"'{Iinlflined tu a lempert/lure "
'Slnlleeof 0.4
~ I", are
oJ 900't:
f1I. Olle pl
.
r:/'nd the net heal exclutnoe 0'
and lire 01"
ate u
T"
It
'J tllergy d.
er at 400 "C.
lie to 'adintio L_
t'ltt IHIOplates.
II oelwetll
F'2
=I
a[Ti
-I~] A, FI2
5.67 x IO-S[ (I 173)4- (673)41F'2
95.7 x 103 FI21
Shape factor for squareplates
... (I)
,
4. J 44
In order to find shape factor F,2, refer HMT data book, Page
2Qcm ::: O.2m
no.90 (Sixth edition).
0.2m
Smaller side
Distance between planes
X axis
1
0.4
I X axis
2.5
2 [since given is square plate]

E,
X axis value is 2.5, curve is 2. So, corresponding Y axis value

is 0.42.
i.e.,
0.42
1073 K
3000e + 273
T2
=
Curve ~
8000e + 273
T,
573 K
0.3
Fig. 4.67.
E2 =
Tofind:
0.5
Heat exchange, (0).
Solution:
1t
= 4
(0.2)2
A,
0.031 m2
A2
0.031 m1
0.031 m2
2.5
Fig. 4.66.
I0
Result:
I Example
Heat transfer by radiation generation equation is
95.7 x 103 x 0.42
(I) =>
,2
Heat exchange,
40 x 10J W
0,2
(J
[r: ...r; J
= 40 x JOJ W
5 Two circular discs of diameter 20 em each ore

placed 2 m apart. Calculate the radiant heat exchong for these
discs if there are maintained at 800 't:' 0/1(1300't:' respectively and
the corresponding ennssivities are 0.3 and 0.5. IApr. 2000, MOl
_5.67 x 1O-8((107Jt-(573tl
1 - 0.3
I
I - 0.5
0.031 x 0.3 + 0.31 x F'2 . O.OJI x 0.5
4.146
Heal and Mass Transfor
69 x
J()l
J 07.45 + 0.03 J
where F'2
~
[!xample 6 I TlVo black d'
Radian
ISc., Of d.'
011 4147
directly opposite at U di.ft(tnce "
IQ"'eler 0 5
'
oJ", Th
. "'artpl
fOOD K and 500 K respectivel
. t discs are .
aced
discs.
lV Calculate the h "'m"t"i"td al
t.."e
tat /lOti! bettl!te"
J, WI,ell no other surfaces
areprese
2. Whell the discs are
nt.
~on"ected bv
,
surface.
J
non-conducting
'" (lJ
F'2
In order to find shape factor, FJ2,

(Refer HMTdata book, Page no.90 (Sixth Ed"
Diameter
"axis =
,Ilionl)
Distance between disc
to 97, MUI
I X axis =
Curve
0.1
-+ 1 (since givel1 is djs~)
Temperature, of disc,
is 0.01.
FJ2
0.5m
T~
Distance = ) m
X axis value is 0.1, curve is 1. So, corresponding Y axis value
0.5 m
Diameter of disc, 2
I
\
Diameter of disc, )
Givell:
0.2
2
Temperature
1m
JOOOK
of disc, 2
5001(
T,=l000K
l~
0.01
Solutio" :
Fig. 4.69.
1t
4'
'-.(r.f
" Fig.
I,
1-68. .

c [T~ - T~]
012 = 1- t ,\' I
)-&2
.. 69 xJl~;
(l)~
'tel
, 1.1
107.45 + 0~031,x 0.01
rQ~~"~
,:-':2([7
W~":l
Result: Heat exchange, Q = 20.7 Watts
(0.5)2
For black surface,

Emissivity, 1 =
.J
,i'
t'
012 =
+-
____l
AI 61'
Al FI2
I'
62
.'
o AI FI2
=
::'4'
r TI
,I
+ -:-
Ai
&2
T2
= 5.67 x 1O-8xO.196xFI2x
[(1000)4 -
(soW]
--;:xiS
value is 0.5, curve is 5. S
'
.'1ad mio"
~ 149
~4~./~4~8~~H~e~a/~(~/II~d~A~U~/~~J~T~"~~II~lv~e~,.~==~-------------o cprr .spo t'
. 0 J4.
" n(!Og y axi~ value
, 10'fl2J
@;~~4
where,
FI1
,s .
In order to find shape factor f12,
(Refer JIMT dalft book, Page no. 90 (Sixlh Edilir.~
Diameter
X axis
Q2
I
[x axis
0.5 ]
other surfaces are present i.e., directQ

Case: J Wh en no
.'
.'
S
I
curve I. X axis value IS 0.5, curve IS I,
radiatIon.
0, C ioose
corresponding Y axis value is 0.05.
[F12
==
0.05 ]
JO.4x IOJxO,1'
QI2
:::::>
(I)
0.3'1 )
FI2
3536 W ,
[ 012
Resull:
I.
012
(DireCI radialion)
2.
012
(Planes connected by non-condU(linpurflcc)
= 520.9 W
[!:xalllple 7 I A long cylintlricallrealer 30 mm in diameleris

mainlabretl til 700C II has surface emissivilyof 0.8. The healer
is localed in (/ large room whose wall are 351('. Fimlll,e radianl
Ileallrans/er. Find the percentage of reduclionin Ireallransfer if
the heater is complelely covered by radialiollshieltl (s= 0.05) and
diameler 40 mm:
IApril99, MU/
Give":
30 mm = 0.030 m
Diameter of cylinder, DI
700C + 273 = 973 K
Temperature, TI
0.8
Emissivity, E,
Room temperature, Tz
(I)
=>
35C + 273
Room
0.5
Fig.
= 3536 W
1.70.
T 2 [2
10.4 x 103 x 0.05
CaJe 2: The discs are connected
. surft.1
by non-conductJOB
:0, choose curve 5.
Fig. 4.71.
308 K
4. 150
Radiation S"ield :
----------------Since room is large ~
Emissivity, E3
0.05
Diameter, D3
40 mm == 0.040 rn
Rod iQlion
4.15/
Shapefactor
Small body enclosed by largebod
F 12
Radiation shield
==
Y~FI2'=l
[Refer HMT data
(1) ~
book,p
5.67 x lo-a [ (973

1 - 0.8
age 110.83(Sixth edition)]
t ~(30S)4_J
12
0.094 x O.S + 0.094 x 1 + 0

[Since A '=
ex)
1- ~
'A
Heat transfer without shield
I QI2
3783.2 W
Heat
transfer between heater (1) and ra dilatlon shield
.
.
b
(3) is
given y
Fig. 4.72.
Toflnd : I. Heat transfer.
l-EI
__
2. % of reduction in heat transfer.

where
I A3
Case 1 : Heat transfer wit/rout shietd :
1-
EI
--+-+AI EI
where,
DL
Al
1t
Al
0.094
Al FI2
1t
m21
D3 L ==
0.125
1t
A3 &3
x 0.040 x 1
m21
[Refer HMT data book, Page no.83 (Sixth edition

... (11
5.67 x 10-8[(973)" - Tj I
1 - 0.8 +
1
I - 0.05
0.094 x 0.8 0.094 x I + 0.125 x 0.05
E2
A2 E2
x 0.030 x 1
==
AI FI3
1-& 3
+ __
Shape factor for concentric long cylinder F13 = 1
QI2
1t
AI EI
Solutio" :
c [Ti - T~]
I
I-
=O}
'" (2)
Case 2: Heat transfer with shield:

Diameter 03 = 0.040 m
2~
0.094 m
==
3.43 x 10-10 [(973)4 - T~]
.., (3)
... I:JL.
Heat exchange between radiation shield (3) and
[\OOrn (
2),
given by
a [Tj - T;]
Reduction in heat
loss due to
radiation shield
==
Radia/io"
Q.
Q .
Without shield -
Q.
"I~
Without shield
QIl-Qn
QI2
Since room is large,
A2
3783.2 -154.6
3783.2
1-2
A2 2
I. Heat transfer without radiation shield
Shape factor for small body enclosed by large body
F32
QIl
2. % of reduction in heat transfer
[Refer HMT data book,Page noll\

5.67 x 10-8 [ T; - (308)4 ]
=>
95.9%
==
Result:
1 - 0.05
1
0.125 x 0.05 + 0.125 x 1
3.54 x 10-10 [T;
- (308)4]
+0
'" (4)
==
3783.2 W
95.9%
[Example 8 A disc oj 10 em diameter at 4000C is situated

2m below tile centre oj another disc of I.S m diameter which is
maintained at 200 'C. Find the net radiant energy excl.ange
between tile surfaces if tile emisslvities of smaller and larger discs
are 0.8 and 0.6 respectively.
/Manonmaniunr
Sundaranar Unil1ersity,NOI1. 96/
[The procedure of this problem is same as problem no.5J

We know 013
=>
032
3.43 x 10-10 1(973)4 - T;]

307.4 - 3.43
3.54 x 10-10 [Tj -(308~1
10-10 T;
3.54
10-IOT; -3.18
6.97 x 10-10 Tj
310.58
=>
817 K
Substitute T3 value in (3) or (4).

Heat transfer with radiation shield
013
==
3.43 x 10-10
LlL
154.6 W
(973)4 - (817)4 ]
4.33. RADIATION FROM GASES AND VAPOURS- EMISSION

AND ABSORPTION
Many gases such as N2, 02' H2, dry air etc., do not emit or
absorb any appreciable amount of thermal radiation. These gases
may be considered as transparent to thermal radiation. On the other
hand, some gases and vapours such as CO2, CO, H20, S02' NH3,
etc., emit and absorb significant amount of radiant energy. As
illustration we shall take up radiation from CO2 and H20, which
are the most common absorbing gases present in atmosphere
industrial furnace, etc.
4./54
4.33.1. Radiation from Gases Differs From Solids
The radiation from gases differs from solids in the fOllow'
lilt
ways:
The radiation from solids is at all wavelengths, whe

gases radiate over specific wavelength ranges or b I'eas
within the thermal spectrum.
iIItds
The intensity of radiation as it passes through an absorb'
gas decreases with the length of passage through the Illg
volume. This is unlike solids wherein the absorption gas
radiation takes place Wit. hiIn a sma II d'istancs from thtof
surface.
4155
rxantple 1 A gas is en l
I...!::
c oSed in
'''7CC TIle mean bea", leng/~
a bOdy III
N
I Of the
a temper t
es~ure of water vapOur is 02
gas body is J
a lire of
' '
pll
. at".
"'- The
.
lit' Calculate the emissivity 01"
and tire total
partIal
a
'J ",aler Vapo
preSSureis 2
Ur.
Temperature T _
Given:
,
- 727C +
Mean.beam length L _
273 == 1000 K
,
", -
3m
Partial pressure of water vapou' p

I,
Tojinll: I
20
==
0.2 atm.
Total preSSure p :::

. . .
'2atm
E rmssrvity of water vapo
ur, (H 0).
2
4.34. MEAN BEAM LENGTH
Solution:
PH 0 x
Hottel and Egbert evaluated the emissivities of a number of

gases at various temperature and pressures are presented the results
in the form of graphs.
Their results are strictly valid for hemispherical gas volum~sof
radius L, radiating to an elemental surface at the centre of the base
as shown in Fig.
GH~W
L",
0.2 x 3
0.6mat~
From HMT data book, Page no. I 07 we C f d

'"
H 0.
'
an In emissIvity of
2
Fig. 4.73.
However,
calculated by
for other
shapes,
mean
beam
length
lO00K
can be
Fig. 4.74.
From graph,
i;
where
3.6
AV
Volume of gas
Surface area of gas
Emissivity
of H20
OJ
... (1)
4. 156
To fintl correction/actor/or
H]O:
0.2 + 2
2
:::: 1.1
Partial pressure of CO p
2,
CO
Partial pressure of HOp

2 , Ht' '" IOOIe '" 0 10
Given:
PH
1.1,
m '" 0.6
From HMT data book, Page nO.l08 (Sixth editio )

n,
find correction factor for H20.
Wt
aIm
Total pressure, p '" 2 abn

Temperature, T .. 92""
rC + 273
'" 1200 K
Mean beam length, l. '"OJ m

Tofind:
Emissivity of mixture,
(t.-a).
So/lilian: TafindemissivityofCo~
P+P
__
=1.1
P~
xL.
I P~
xL.
0.2)( OJ
==
0.06
m-atuiJ
From HMT databook, Page no. I05, we can find emissivityofC~.
Fig. 4.75.
From graph,
Correction
factor for H20
IC
H20
So,
Emissivity of H20,
I
Result:
Emissivity of H20,
I Example 2 I A
1.36
1.36
... (.
(H 0
2
OJ x 1.36
EH20
0.408
0.408
0
H2
gas mixture contains 20% COl and J~

H P by volume. TIle total pressure is 2 atm. The temperattPt
the gas is 927'\:". The mean beam length IS. 0 3 m. Calculatl emissivity
0/ the
mixture.
1200K
Fig. 4.76.
From graph,
Emissivity 0(002
I~
==
0.09
==
O.l19J
u
4.158
To find correction factor for CO2
Total pressure, P =
P C02 Lm =
2 atm
0.06 m-atrn.
From HMT data book, Page no. 106, we can find

factor for CO2,
co~
Fig. 4.71.
From graph,
Emissivity of H20
Tofind correction factor for Hp:

PH20 + P
P=2atm
From graph, correction factor for CO2 is ,i .25.

1.,25
x Cco2
EC02'
x CC02
,',
2
pH 'L0,
2
From HMT data book",Pag~
III,
0:09 x 1.25
.,,(
0.'11251
'J>H20 x Lm
,-
0.1 x OJ
=
0.03
m-atrnJ '
. i...
ity d
From HMT data book, Page n~.107, we can find emlss
, P"zO + P ,1,05
2
F(g.'.4.7fJl "
,',
H20.
= 1.05
1.05,
0.03 m-ann
no. 108 (Sixth edition), we can
Tofind emissivity of H20 :
I 'PH20,L~
0.1 +2
PH20 + p
Fig. 4.77.
EC0
2
0.048
4.158
Tofind correction factor for CO2
Total pressure, P =
PC02 L",
2 atm
0.06 m-atm.
From HMT data book,' Page no. 106, we can find COrr....,
"~Q~
factor for CO2,
.'
Fig. 4.78.
From graph,
Emissivity of H20 = 0.048

0.048 J
Tofind correction/actor/or Hp:.

PH20 +p
"
.'
Fig. 4.77.
I
From graph, correction factor for CO2 is ,j .25.

=
1.25,/
x CC~
0:09 x 1.25
EC02,' x CC~
Oh'12S
0.1 x OJ
EC~
"
! I',
.!
2
,
'"
J ~.
..,(I)
'\ ,
' '.
, '.
. 'ty of
rom HMT data book, Page no.107, we can find emisSIVI
H20.
' ,
. ' t,
PHl 0 '.'
L", = 0.03 m-ann
"
',',
'.'
.'
)'~..
'I
From HMT data book, page. no. 108 '(Sixth edition), we can
find correction factor for H2O', '
,'PH20 :L';' ~". 0.03rn-a~.J
1.05,'
To find emissivity of H:P :
J>H20 'x L",
= 1.05
PH20 + p
I,Ci~
0.1 +2
= ~
'2
P=2atm
, PHzO+ P
--,,',05
2
Ffg.'-#. 7.'/1 '
4.160
From graph,
Tota I
Correction factor for H20
,...C-
1.39
--1.-39-',
Emtx
Ec~
H 20
CH20
I EH20 x
CH20
EH20
emissivity of gaseous mixtllr
r+=
0.048 x 1.39
I EmU =
0.0661
6/'
~.,
Ceo + E
2
1i20 CH 0
0.1125 + 0 066
2 - l\E
. - 0.002
~[Fromequal'
0.176U
IOn(I),(2)and(3)]
cr
;'td 01 a temperature of 925 OV~r;t

.
vollI"'eis
~.
s ~nl"t valli
I rtS!iUre of the combustion gases is J
The
lola .~e of water vapour hi O.J atm and that 01" ~O"" .the PII"illl
.
",0111'01
~/
Emissivity of gaseous mixture

Jl es ull: .]
, E"'I: ::: 0.1765
[f!a",e1e 3 A furnace of 25 nrl or~a and J2",J .
Correction factor for mu1ure of CO] and H]O:
PH20
ROd"",.
0.1
0.1 +0.2
pres!;U
"'e.
.~ . .
'J
~olate II.t emunVity of tile gaseous mixture .

Given:
Area, A = 25 m2
Volume V
12 m)
:lIS 0.]5 IIIIft.
0.333
Temperature
L", + PH20
0.09 ,
L",
Tofind:
r1200K
Solution:
P~L",+PHzOL",
0.002
Emis iviry of mixture
TOfind emissivity
PC(
From
CO2,
Fig. 4.80.
..' (3)
60
cOz
0.25 atm.
(Emu)'
1.72
0.25
of CO] :
1.72
0.43 rn-atm.
:00.333
0.1 atm.
We know, Mean beam length for gaseous mixture.

V
12
Lit,
3.6 x A = 3.6 x 25
I Lltt
0.002
0
2
Partial pressure of CO2, P
From HMT data book, Page no. 109 (Sixth edition), we can
find correction factor for mixture of CO2 and H20.
From graph,
1198 K
Total pres ure, P
3 atrn
Partial pres ure of water vapour, PH
0.06 + 0.03
, Peo
T - 925 + 273
liMT data bo
105, we can find emissiviry of
4. 162
From graph. we find Cc~
::: 1.2
I Cc~
..
I~
Cc~
te~
te02
x CC02
0.15 x 1.2
::::
O.I~
'" (I)
1198 K
Tofind emissivity of HzO :

PH20 xL",
Fig. 4.81.
IP
From graph,
H20 x
Em issivity of CO2
0.15
0.15
EC0
2
To find correction factor for COl:

Total pressure,
Peo2
From
t.,
t,
::::
0.1
::::
O.I72J
1.72
From HMT data book, Page no. 107 we can find e ...
'
mlsslvlly of
H2 O .
3 atm.
0.43 m-atm.
HMT data book, Page no. 106, we can find correcta
factor for CO2,
= 1198 K
Fig. 4.13.
From graph,
Emissivity of H20 =
I
P = 3 atm
Fig. 4.81.
EH20
0.15
0.15
4./64
Tofind correction factor for H20 :

PH20 + P
PH20
0.1 + 3
1.55
+P
2
From HMT data book, Page no. 108 (Sixth edition)
'
'We can
From HMT data book, Page no I

.
.
c.
c
. 09 (SIxth di
nd
correctIOn
ractor
lor
mixture
of
CO
e Ilion), We c
fi
2andHO
an
2 .
0.602
PH 0
__2
PH 0
__1_
+P _
-1.55
=0.285
P,,<o+ p~
Fig. 4.85.
Fig. 4.84.
From graph, we find
CH20
From graph, we find
1.58
~E
I ~E
C-H- --1.-58-,
r-I
= 0.045.
=
0.045\
... (3)
20
=>
EH20 x
L!_EH_:2:_O_x
CH20
_C_H-=.20
0.15
0_.2_3_7__J1
0.1
0.1 + 0.25
of the gaseous mixture is
.,. (2)
EmU'
Correction Factor for mixture of CO2 and H20 :

PH 2
Total emissivity
= 0.237
1.58
0.18 + 0.237 - 0.045

[From equation (I), (2) and (3)1
0.285
I E""x
Result ; Total emissivity
0.285
0.372
of gaseous mixture,
En/u =
0.372.
~=-----------___
---.........
__ /~/~Cl~ll~tI~n~d~U~a~~~7r~a=,u~~=~
__
-44~./~6~6
4.36. PROBLEMS FOR PRACTICE
<,
I. 1,wo equ al discs of diameter 200 mill each are arranged' InfII.
nes 400 m apart. The temperature of first d' 0
para IIe I pla
IS(: ~
and that of second disc is 200e. Determine the radia
heat flux between them, It" t Ilese are
-
seo-c
(i) Black
(ii) Grey with emissivities
OJ and 0.5 respectively.

[Ans,' 30 W, 4.5 W)
2.
A steam main (E = 0.79) having an outside diameter of 80 mill

runs in a large room in which the air temperature is 27C. Tht
surface temperature of the stearn main is 300e. Calculate tht
loss of heat to surroundings per metre length of pipe due10
radiation.
Calculate also the reduction in heat loss if the above pipeis
enclosed in a brick conduit (at 27C) of emissivity 0.93.
[Ans,'
3.
4.
1151.3 7 W 1m, 29.075 W/m)
Two large parallel planes of emissivity 0.8 and 0.6 are

maintained at temperature of 560C and 300C respectively.
Compute the radiant heat exchange per square metre between
them.
[Ans,' 11.28 kW/ml)
A double-walled
spherical vessel used for storing liquid
oxygen consists of an inner sphere of 30 cm diameter and an
outer sphere of 36 cm diameter. Both the surfaces are covered
with a paint of emissivity 0.5. The temperature of liquid
oxygen stored is - 183C whereas the temperature of the outer
sphere is 20e. Calculate the radiation heat transfer throu~
the walls into the vessel and the rate of evaporation of liqUId
oxygen if its latent heat of vapourisation is 2 13.54 kJlkg.
[Ails:
3.6 W, 0.0607 kg!llJ
Two parallel plates 0.5 by I

Radiation 4./67
0
5. plate is maintained at 10000C' m are spaced 0.5 a
,,
and th
part. One
emissivltJes of plates are 0.2 d
e other at SOOC Th
.
an 0.5 res'
. e
are located In a very large
pectlvely,The plates
room,
maintame. d at 27C . The plates ex
has the w II which are
c ange he t '
and with the room, but only the I
a with each other
be
consi
p
ate
surfaces
f .
other are to e consIdered in the a I .
aCingeach
na YSISFind th
transfer to each plate and to the room.
.
e net heat
[Ans: 14.425kW 2595 kW
' .
,17.02 kW]
Two very large parallel planes with emis ...
6.
",
SIVltlesOJ and 0 8
exchange heat by radiation. Fmd the percenta
.:
.
ge reductIon In
heat transfer when a polished aluminium radI'at' h' I
. .'
Ion s Ie d of
emisSIVIty = 0.04 IS placed between them.
[Ans: 93.6%]
7. Two parallel plates 2 m x I m are placed I m apart facingeach
other. Their temperature and emissivity values are 500C and
0.8, and 300C and 0.5 respectively. Estimate the net radiant
heat transfer between the two plates,
If another identical plate (E = 0.6) is introduced between the

two plates equi-distant from each, find its temperature and the
heat gained by the colder plate due to its presence.
[Ans: 335C, 4.163 kW]
8. Two parallel plates 3 m x 2m, placed I m apart, are maintained

at 500C and 200C ; their respective emissivities lbeingOJ
and 0.5. If the temperature of the room in which these plates
are located at 40C, estimate the heat lost by the hotter plate.
Consider radiation only.
[Ans: 6.629 kW]
9. Two parallel plates each of emissivity 0.8 are maintainedat
temperatures of 400 K an 600 K in an evacuated space. A
screen of emissivity 0.05 is now introduced between these
plates. Determine the temperature of the screen and also the
heat flux per unit area of the screen.
[Ans: 727 K, 146 W/m2]
-I. 168
Heat and Hass Transfer
10. A chamber is filled with a gas mixture at a pressur

and 1000C. The gas mixture is transparent to radi t~ of 2 ~
CO2 whose partial pressure is 0.3 atm. Assuming a ~~n e~~
length of 1.2 m, estimate
4.37.
the emissivity
TWO MARK QUESTIONS
of the gas
an"
o Ul'lle.
[Ails: 0 I 7fi1
AND ANSWERS
'1
from one body to another with
d'
transrmttmg meorum IS
nown
electromagnetic
wave phenomenon.
as
radiation.
OUI~
It is :
iI
2. Define emissive power {Ebl.

{Dec.2005, Anna University, Oct. 97, MU, Oct. 2000,Ml~
The emissive power is defined as the total amount of radiali
emitted by a body per unit time and unit area. It is expressed~
W/m2.
Define monochromatic emissive power. {E b;'/'
The energy emitted by the surface at a given length per UM
time per unit area in all directions is known as monochromalK
emissive power.
4.
.5.
Incident~
{APril
....tation
.
DeC.200S 97, April 99, MU
Black body IS an ideal sf:'
lillie 2006
' Dec.2004,
ur aee h'
,Alllla U
tn
g
I. A black body absorbs all . a.... the followin nrve1'J~J
wave length and di
. InCIdent Ild"
g propertIes.
Ireclion.
laban, regard I
2. For a prescribed tempe
ess of
.
rature and
can emit more energy th b
wa...e lenm'"
an lack bod
I!>"', no surface
8. State Planck's distribution'
Absorptivity
is defined as the ratio between radiation absor~
and incident
radiation.
a
Radiation absorbed
Incident radiation
What is meant by reflectivity?

Reflectivity
incident
is defined
reflected lotht
radiation.
Reflectivity,
E hi,. = ;:::--:,....1_-
where
[Jrt) - J
EbA
A =
ci
Monochromatic emissive powerW1m2

Wavelength - m
0.374 x 10-15 W m2
c2
14.4 x 10-3 mk
{Dec.2004, June 2006, Anna University}

The Wien's law gives the relationship, between temperature
and wave length corresponding to the maximum spectral
ernissi ve power of the black body at that temperature.
Amax
Rad iation retlected

Incident radiation
where
~:
c3
All/ax
y.
9. State Wien's displacemem to
{Dec.2004, Alma Un;vers~!
as the ratio of radiation
,alii.
to 97, April 2000

The relationship between the
,MY, May 2004, AU7
monOChromat'
.
of a black body and wave length of
. I~ emissive power
. . .
a radiationat
.
temperature IS given by the folio .
.
a partIcular
wmg expressIOn, by Planck.
c ).-5
Wltat is meant by absorptivity? {Dec.2004, Anna Un;vers~1
Absorptivity,
. 'Y trails
The heat is transferred
3.
'.
Transmissivity is d "'lss#Vlljl r
"
etiOed
to the mCldent radial'
as the '.
IOn
ratIO of
.'
radiation
T ransmlssivity
~. .
transmitted
, t "" ~tran._:_
.
7. What is hlack hody ,
,_f. Define Radiation.

. .
6. What is "',-ant h
cJ
2.9 x 10-3
2.9
[Radiationconstant]
10-3 mk
&aiCfS2&J!!~
4.170
l;':state Stefan-Boltzmann
10". IApr.2002, MU ~
, Qy 200
The emissive power of a black body is p
~~
ropOrtional ' ~
fourth power of absolute temperature.
10 ~
ec T4
where
s,
s,
(J
Eb
Emissive
T4
ell == EI;
power,
W/m2
lYDejine
2000, April 2002, MlJ D

, ec.llJ04
and May 2005, Anna Univel1'
It is defined as the ability of the surface of a body to rad('
heat. It is also defined as the ratio of emissive POWerof ate
body to the emissive
power of'a
black body of
tern pera tu re.
eq:
Emissivity,
E
Eb
15. State Lambert's cosine law.

It states that the total emissive power Eb from a rad' ti
ia Ingplane
surfac.e i~ any direction proportional to the cosine of the angle
of emISSion.
[Apr. 99, Oct. 99, Apr. 2001, MU, May 2004,AUj

Radiation shields constructed from low emissivity (high
reflective) materials. It is used to reduce the net radiation
transfer between two surfaces.
17. Define irradiation
(G).
[Nov. 96, MU/
It is defined
as the total radiation incident upon a surfaceper

unit time per unit area. It is expressed in W/m2.
[Aprit 2001, MD, Dec.2004, JUlie 20(16, Anna Univtn/IyJ

This law states that the ratio of total emissive power to ~
absorptivity
is constant for all surfaces which are in lhennal
equilibrium with the surroundings.
This can be written as
u.
E3
A:
ex cos 0
16. Wlrat is tire purpose of radiation sllield?
law of radiation.
E2
and Soon.
direction per urnt so I angle per unit

a given
area of the '.
surface normal to the mean direction in spa
emitting
ceo
Eb
In = 7t
MD, Dec.2004, Dec.2005, June 2006 AU]
If a body absorbs a definite percentage of incident radiatiOll

irrespective
of their wave length, the body is known as gray
body. The emissive power of a gray body is always less than
that of the black body.
4 17/
intensity of radiation (I,j.
Eb
J 2. What is meant by gray body?

IApri12000,
10"
IS
INov. 96, Ocl. 98 9

It is defined as the rate of energy leavin
.' 9, MUI
.
I'd
g a space In .
to
11. Define Emissivity.
(X2 = E2
Radial"
alwaySI'n I
alns In the
-..,ua to
rntaleqUilibrium
I
.
with its surroundings.
Stefan-Boltzmann
constant
5.67 x 10-8 W/m2 K4
Temperature,
K
(J
13. SUIte Kirchoff's
'.
It also states th a t th e emIssIvity of th
'ts absorptivity when the body rem .e ~y
Whal is radiosity (J).

IDec.2005, Anna University, April 2001,MU/
It IS. used to indicate the total ra diianon Ieaving a surfaceper
unit time per unit area. It is expressed in W/m2.
4.172
What are the assumptions made to calcuJ~

19. exchange between the surfaces
I.
All surfaces are considered to be either black or Ilh..

QO"l
2. Radiation and reflection process a~ assumed to be dl

3.
The absorptivity of a surface IS taken equaJ ~.

emissivity and i~d~pendent of temperature of the so~ ~
the incident radIatIOn.
q
What is meant by shape factor and mention its Ph .

2 . signifICance.
.
{May 2005, Anna Un.!n~
OcL 1997, Apr. 98, Oct. 20~'
The shape factor is defined as "The fraction of the rad~
energy that is diffused fro.m one ~urface e!ement an~ strikes~
other surface directly WIth no mterve~m~ reflections". II U
represented by F if Other names for radiation shape factor an
view factor, angle factor and ~onfigurat~o~ factor. The s~
factor is used in the analysis of radiative heat exchan~
between two surfaces.
21. The heat transfer by radiation takes place by ntellllS
~
{MU, EEE, Nov. 1994j

Ans : Electromagnetic waves.
22. A perfect black body is one which
{MU, EEE, April95J

Ans: Absorb heat radiation of all wavelength falling on it.
23. Two plates spaced 150 mm apart are maintained at lOOOf
and 70't: The hetu transfer will take place mainly~
{MU, EEE, Oct 1996/

Ans : Radiation.
24. According to Stefan-Boltzmann law, ideal radiatorstmf
radiant energy at a rate proportional to
{MY. EEE, Oct 199~

Ans : Fourth power of absolute temperature.
~
J5.
Raditllio
","en II,e."eal ~ Iransferredfrol1l hot bo

"4.17
J
aiol,t tine without aJfectino the t
dy to cold60"" .
str "
e
e Interveni
-r, In a
reI''''erredto as heat transfer hy
. ng ItIedi"",',.
..., I l$
Ans : Radiation.
IMU,EEE, Apr.1997/
J6. fhe amount of radiation mainly dependson

,4ns:
Nature of body, temperature of body an-d--
ofbo d y.
type of surface
17. fhe heal transfer equation Q = aAT' is knownas
{MU, EEE, Apr. 1997}

Ans: Stefan-Boltzmann equation.
carbon d' 'do
18 DiscusS the radiation characteristics or
'J
lOX' e and
watervapour.
{Dec.lOBS, Anna University}
Ans : The CO2 and H20 both absorb and emit radiation ov
.
certain wavelength regions called absorption bands.
er
The radiation in these gases is a volume phenomenon.

The emissivity of C?2 and the emissivity of H20 at a
particular temperature Increases with partial pressure and mean
beam length.
DO
CHAPTER-V
5~TRANSFER
~UCTION
~11I""'-
..
In a system consisting 0 two or more components whose

ntrationsval)' from point to point, there is a natural tendency
cOnce~ies
(particles) to be transferred from a region of higher
for Sy. Sl'd)e to a region
. of lower
ntration Slide (hiig her density
, conce
.
tionside
(lower
density
side).
ntra
conce
This process of transfer of mass as a result of the species
concentration
difference in a mixture is known as mass transfer.
Someexamples of mass transfer are
I.Humidification of air in cooling tower.
2. Evaporation of petrol in the carburetter of an
Ie engine.
3. The transfer of water vapour into dry air.

4. Dissolution of sugar added to a cup of coffee.
5.2MODES OF MASS TRANSFER

There are basically two modes of mass transfer given below
that are similar to the conduction
transfer.
and convection
I. Diffusion mass transfer

2. Convective mass transfer
SJ DIFFUSION MASS TRANSFER
It may be c I assified
.
into two types.
I. Molecular diffusion
2. Eddy diffusion.
modes of heat
~~~-------.....I
5.4
The r:ra;lSpol1 of water on a microscopic
- hi h
PoQell~ J\
Weigh
.
.. t of Co
(iii) Mass/raction
ItlPootnlA.
.
.
IOf
ig er concentranon to a region of 10\\
diffusion from a region of
concentration
diffusion.
P \ - Density of corn
level as a re.sul
1\" '\ - Molecular
in a mixture of liquids or gases is know n as mOlecUI:
The mass fraction
is defi
.
llled as th
.n1"Cies to the total mass density of the . e IllaSs~.
S.S EDDY DIFFUSION

When one of the diffusion fluids is in turbulent mOlion, edd
diffusion takes place. Mass transfer is more rapid by eddy diffusio Y
than by molecular diffusion.
n
)r- .
Mass fraction
5.7 CONCENTRATIONS
or Mass density
The mass concentration is defined as the mass of a component

per unit volume of the mixture It is expressed in kg/m '.
=.
Mass of a component
.
Unit volume of mixture
The molar concentration is defined as the number of molecules

of a component per unit volume of the mixture. It is expressed in
kg-rnole/m-.
The mass concentration

by the expression
Number of molecules
of component
Unit volume of mixture

and molar concentration
''''IC~I_
~.tlon
concentration
TOtal
of as
rnass den'
SII)'
55
(If
(il') Mole fraction

The mole concentration
is d fi
.
f
. .
e tned 8S th
concentratIOn 0 . a species to the total rn I
e ratio of
o ar concenll1.
Mole
liOn.
Mole fract ion
~n
of a srwo.-;
Totalmolbr,.n~
Its
o ar concentration
are related
Consider a system shown in

Fig.S.1. A partition separates the two
gases,a and b. When the partition is
removed, the two gases diffuses
throughone other until the equilibrium
IS established throughout
the system.
. The diffusion
rate is given by
theFlck'sl
hi
n
aw, w ich states that molar
uxof:lnel
.
di
.
emel1l per un It area is
Ctly
D:cd proportional to concentration
~. rem
fe.
S.8 FJCK'S LAW OF DIFFUSION
(ii) Moltl~ Concentration or Molar density
.
Molar concentration
Illl:':tu .
rni\==-
Convective mass transfer is a process of mass transfer that

will occur between a surface and a fluid medium when they are at
different concentrations.
.
Mass concentration
Ma
PA
5.6 CONVECTfVE MASS TRANSFER
(i) Mass concentration
Fig.S.1
III
0
I
e

dCa
rna
-oc-A
dx
rna .
A =-Dab
:::)
Ca = C IX + C
Apply boundary condition
dCa
dx
At.
x =0
At,
(5.1)
where
=L
Ca2=Cll+C2
N a = rna
A _ Molar flux - Unit is kg - mole
_
Co2 = Cil + Cal
s - m2
(or)
- Co2 -Cal
C 1i,
Mass flux - Unit - ~

s- m2
Dab - Diffusion co-efficient of species a and
dCa
-- Concentration gradient
dx
Substituting
C I, C2 values in equation (5.2)
b-.!!t
s
(5.2) :::)
C = [C
alai
a2 -
c, I1x+C
From Fick's law, we know that,
5.9 STEADY STATE DIFFUSION THROUGH A PLANE

MEMBRANE
rna
Molar flux,
= -Dab
dC
dx
Consider a plane membrane of thickness L, containingfl~

'a'. The concentrations of the fluid at the opposite wall face51J!
Cal and Ca2 respectively.
Considering the diffusion is along X axis, then the controll~
equation is
d2C a = 0
__
x
dx2
Integrating above equation
dCa
dx = CI
Again integrating,
TL
1
Membrane
Dab
-lC
L
a2 -
C a I]
Where,
-
Fig. 5.2
rtlits
Mo Iar fl ux -rna
., A
rna
A
- Molar flux -
kg-mole
-=--s-m2
(5.3)

Dab -
Diffusion co-efficient -
Cal -
. at inner
.
'd _kg-rnol~
ConcentratIOn
Sl e - ~
~~
Given :
ransfer 5.7
PartIal pressure of 0
m3
Ca2
Mass 11
.
2,
Concentration at outer side - ~

m3
x \. \
pressure
bar
::::0.21 )( \.\)(
Partial pressure of N
10, N/m2
.19)( iotal
::::0.79
L = r2 - r,
Temperature,
21tL(r2 - r,)
--=----'-"-
=
=
n... _ 0
2, 1"1'12 -
For cylinders,
iota\
::::0.2\
L - Thickness - m
Po 2 ::::0 .,)(
"\
x \.\
pressure
bar
=: 0.79)( \.\)( I05N/m2

2O"C + 273
293 K
Tofind:
For sphere,
I. Molar concentrations
L=r2-r,
A
41t r, r2
where,
P02' PN
3. Mass fractions,
m~, m
2'
N2
2
N2
Xo , XN
2
2
Solution:
We know that,
r2 - Outer radius - m
Molar concentration,
L- Length - m
Co
2. Mass densities,
4. Molar fractions,
r, -Inner radius - m
S.lO SOLVED PROBLEMS
C = _!_
GT
ON CONCENTRATIONS
A vessel contains a binary mixture of O2 and 'N2 with JHIIIi'

pressures in the ratio 0.21 and 0.79 at 20"e. If the lOll
pressure of the mixture is 1.1 bar, calculate tl,efollowillX:
i) Molar concentrations
0.2\
1.\ )( \05
83\4 x 293
(.: Universal gas constant, G =: 83\4 J/kg-mole
ii) Mass densities

iii) Mass fractions
iv) Molar fractions of each species
C~
= 9.48
\0-3 kg - mole 1m
Mass fractions:
=
IC
N2
0.79 x 1.1 x 105

8314 x 293
= 35.67
10-3
mo
kg - mole
1m3]
Molar concentration, C
Im02 = 0.2~
N2
...e_
P02 =~
P
1.302
I
We know that,
PN2 _ 0.9987
P -
1:302
"
p=C
__
=
2
,I
We know that,
9.48 x 10-3 x 32
Total concentration, C = C + C
2
=
[C =
[.: Molecular weight of02 is 32]

I P02
= 0.303 kglm31
9.48 x 10-3+35.67 x 10-3
0.045]
Mole fractions:
=_2
35.67
10-3
[': Molecular weight ofN2 is 21]
I PN2 = 0.9987
Overall density, P = Po
= 0.303
I
IX02 =
9.48 x 10--3
0.045
0.210
kglm31
o..
I"N2
CN
xN =_2
35.67 x 10--3
0.045
+ 0.9987
P = 1.302 kglm31
28
I:
[XN2 =
0.7921
I'
. Co
Xo
N2
Result:
...---:
foft"d:
I. COz = 9.48 x 10-3 kg - mole 1m3
Nz
= 35.67 x
I . Molar concentrations
10-3 kg - mole 1m3

3
3. Mass fractions, ,;,oz'
PN = 0.9987 kg/m'
4.
moz = 0.233
= 0.210
xNZ
= 0.792
N2
mN
Solution:
We know that,
= 0.767
xO
2'
4. Average molecular weight, M
';'NZ
Co C
2. Mass densities, Poz' PN
. 2. POz = 0.303 kg/m
3.
Mass Transfer 5. J J
Molar concentration, C = -
GT
C0-2
Po .
2
GT
= 0.21
x I x lOS
8314 x 298
A mixture of O2 and N2 with their partial pressures intht

ratio 0.21 to 0.79 is in a container at 25 C CalculatetAt
molar concentration, the mass density, and the IIUlSsjractifJ"
of each species for a total pressure of 1bar: What Hlould lit
the average molecular weight of the mixture?
D
[.: Universal gas constant, G = 8314 Jlkg-mole-KJ
jC
O2 =
[Dec-2004 & 2005, Anna Univ]
8.476 x 10-3 kg - mole Im3/
Given:
Partial pressure of 0z, POz
= 0.21
= 0.21
=
Partial pressure of Nz,
Temperature,
PNZ
Total pressure
I bar
0.21 x I x 105 Nlm2
= 0.79 x Total pressure

= 0.79 x I bar
= 0.79 x I x 105 N/m2
T = 25C + 273
= 298 K
CNZ
0.79 x 1 x lOs
8314 x 298
= 31.88
1(r3 kg - mole 1m3
We know that,
Molar concentration, C = ~
p=C x M
&
~
== 8.476x
10-3 x
32
A"~Jr#O
Molecular weight
M~
M :: p~ ""'2 +p~~
0.2]
==
28.84
CO2
==
8.476 x 10-3 kg - molelmJ
~2
==
31.88 x 10-l kg - mole/mJ
==
0.27] kglm3
==
0.893 kg/m!
==
0.233
==
0.767
==
28.84
21\ J);
~02
::
32 + 0.79)( 28
==
[.: Molecular weight of 0 .

0.271 k.g/m3
JleSu/J:
I.
==
I
Overall density, p::
2.
PN2 ==
P02
0.893 kglmJI
P 2
0.893
1.164 kglm31
Mas fraction
p~
PN2
[.: Molecular weight ofN2 iJlt;
... 0.271
IP -
31.88 x 10-3 x 28
4.
111 The molHular
weights of the two COmpoMIIlI A IIIfd B f1/
a gay mixture are U and 48 re.pective/y. TU MOIecu/4r

weight of a gas mixture ;, found to be JO. If tlu IffIIII
c()ncentration of the mixture U 1.1 kglmJ, detmrrbr.t tit
foll() wing:
O.R93
111
1.164
(i)
Density of component A and B
(II)
Molar fractions
(Iii)
Mas fractions
(Iv)
1'0101
pressure if the temperatureof tht mixlllft;,
290 K.
[Muy-2004, Anno Univ)
Given:
Molecular weight of component A, MA ~ 24
Molecular weight of component B, Ma
==
48
5. J 4 Heat and Mass Transfer

Molecular weig.ht of gas mixture, M ::: 30
Mass concentration,
1.2 kg/m3
We know that,
Temperature, T = 290 K
Tofind:
I .Density of component A and B, pA, PB

2. Molar fractions, x A' and xB
124CA+48CB==~)''1..
'3. Mass fractions, m~, and m~
4. Total pressure, p
Solution:
Molar concentration of the mixture,
C
CA
0.03 kg mole/m3
CB
0.01 kg mole/m3
PA
24 CA
(i) Density
Density,
__
1.2
30
IC=
0.04
24 x 0.Q3
IPA = 0.72 kglm3\
Density,
PB
We know that,
= 48
CA
= 48
x 0.01
I PB
I
' . (2)
Solving equation (1) and (2)
0.48 kglm3
,..[I) ii) Mole fractions
CA + CB = 0.041
CA
xA=-=C
We know that,
x ;:::CB
B
C
0.03
=075
0.04
.
;::: 0.01 =
0.04
0 25
.
iii) Mass fractions

[,:
1
~lB'
11
rnA;:::
PA ;::: 0.72
P
1.2
= 06
.
Mass
SOLVED PROBLEMS ON l\1El\1B
1
5.1 .
Elts
iv) Total pressure at 290 K
rt1
rIelium diffuses thTOUgha plane

..d
pi
L!.J At tile tnner
Gas law, pV = mRT

p= m RT
V
IIIenrbran
st e the conce
. e oil "''''tho
3
ntratlO"
lelc.
0025 kg mole/m . At the Outers."
Of "efill", .
.
.
k
Ille the co"
ts
'elium IS 0.007 g mole/mJ. 'WI,li. .
ce"tratioll .f
,I
.., IS tI,e difJi .
oJ
helium through tile membrane. ASSumedi I. IISlo" flllX Of
ifhelium with respect to plastic is 1 )(/'!!IlSIQ" cO-e/Jicklll
o
=pRT
r,.allsfer 5.17
1/
9 ",1Is.
Given:
ThlC. kess
n , L = 2mm = 0.002 m
concentration at inner side,
12
.
8314
30
290
[ .: Universal gas constant,
= 83 14 J/kg-mol~Kl
Ip
0.025 kg-mole
m3
a2
= 96442 N/rn2
= 0.007
Result:
m3
0.72 kg/m!
PB = 0.48 kglrn3
2. x A
0.75
rnA
Molar flux,
rna
Dab
A
= L
= 0.6
P = 96.442 kN/rn2
Resll/t:
[Fromequationno.5.3]
[Cal - Ca2]
1 x 10-9 [0.025 _ 0.007]

0.002
m ::;:9 x 10-9 --"-__

kg-mole
_a
A
5-m2
Dfti .
.
I us Ion flux of helium,
-l
-fm
We know that, for plane membrane
niB = 0.4
4.
Solution:
xB= 0.25
3.
Dab::;: 1 x 10-9 m2/s
ToJind:
Diffusion flux,
1. PA
Ca2
kg-mole
Diffusion co-efficient,
= 96.442 kN/rn2\
Cal
Concentration at outer side,
=
al
rna
A
mole
9 x 10-9 kgS _ m2
5.J 8 Heat and Mass Transfer

r:;")
Gaseous hydrogen
is stored in a rectangular
cO"lQ;
walls of the container area of steel having 25 IIInr ~. ~

At the inner surface of the cOntainer tJ,~la.
.1
'It
"ire' "
concentration of '11'Yurogen
In t e steel is 1.2 Ie
while at the outer surface of the cOn/ainer t ~
concentration is zero. Calculate the molar diff . lire ,
T
'J USIO" Jl
hydrogen through tile steet.l ~'ake diffusion Co-.Il !itA
hydrogen in steel
effie;,.
--,
is 0.24 xl 0-11 "r/s.
at inner side,
Cal
==
i) Molar concentration 01'/1d

'J Y rogenon 60th .,.1
'~I1101 l
fl
Slues
II~ mo ar ux of hydrogen
1.2~
mJ
Molar concentration
Ca2
at outer side,
=0
Inside pressure,
10-12m2/s
=0.24x
Tofind: Molar diffusion flux,
Hydrogen
Sleeiplate
Dill
Ina
Thickness, L
3 bar Outsid
'
e pressure, P2 = 1 bar
0.25 mm = 0.25 x 10-3 m
PI =
Diffusion co-efficient, Dab = 9.1 x 10-8 m2/s

Solubility of hydrogen 2.1
. Solution:
x 10-3
Temperature, T == 20C
rna
Dab
Ca2J
[Cal -
1.15 x io-
I. Molar concentration on both sides Cal and Ca2

2. Molar flux
12
0.24 X 10- [I 2 - OJ
0.025
.
II
kg-mole
m3_ bar
Tofind :
We know that, for plane membrane

Molar flux,
iii) Mass flux of hydrogen

Given:
cl1
Dab
Hydrogen gases at 3 s
Ma 71
membrane Ita .
ar and I 6ar
ss ransfer 5. J 9
Vllrgthick"e
areseparated6
.
co-efficient 01' Itlld
.ss0,25 mm."",
. ~ aplastiC
'J
J
roge" I" h
I lie6mary dl(r.
Tile solubility
01' h'e
pla.flieis 9 J
'.J,USlon
:J
Ydroge'
,)(
J~
",21s
2. J x J 0-1 kg-molel",1 b "In tile "'e"'6
.'
' .
ar; A,
erane IS
con d Ilion of 200 is assu- d.
n uni/or", tem
..e
mperature
Calculale II,efollowing
= 0.025 m
Given: Thickness, L = 25 mm
Molar concentration
lilA
111
kg - mole
2
s-m
3. Mass flux
Solution:
I. Molar concentration
on inner side,
Result:
Cal ==
Solubility
m
kg- mole
Molar diffusion flux, AU = 1.15 x 10-11 S _ m2
Cal
2.1 x 10-3 x 3
==
Cal ==
6.3
Inner pressure
10-3 kg-mole
m3
.-
&_
,.
5.20
Molar concentration on outer side,
'01,\'ED UNIVERSITY
Ca2
Solubility x Outer pressure
C a2
2.1 x 10-3 x 1
IC
a2
= 2.1 x 10-3
(1]
2) We know that,
Dab
lila
Molar flux,
T[Cal-Ca2]
9.1 x 10-8 [6.3 X 10-3 - 2.1 x 10-3
0.25 X 10-3 ~
1.52 x 10-6 kg - mole
s-m2
Mass flux
3)
Molar flux
Molecular weight
kg- mole
1.52 x 10-6 s-m 2 x 2/mole
X
[.: Molecular weight of H2 is21

Mass flux
3.04 x 10-6
__3_
s-m2
.
bber pipe of inside dlllmeler 25
floHilngthro
rll
"
111111 and
Ugh Q
of 0 l
Hlal/ thick"
] .,smm- Tlte 1diffuSlvily
2 1 'rough
ell
9
.
O.]1 x 10- m Is and tile soluhilil Yo/ O rUbber 's
2 tn rubbe .
3 kg-mole
.
r 'S
3.12 x 103 b
. Fmd lite loss %
b .
m - ar
2 Y diffusion
per
[AI')"'2000 &
11,elre Iengtt! of pipe.
. Apr' 1998 - Mill
=.
Give" :
Temperature,
T == 25C
Inside pressure,
p, == 2 bar
Inner diameter,
d, == 25 mm
Inner radius, r, == 12.5

Thickness,
mm == 0.0125 m
t == 2.5 mm == 0.0025 m
Outer radius, r2
Inner radius + Thickness
== 0.0125
+ 0.0025
I r2 == 0.015 ml
Result:
1.
SON
.....-- Oxygen at 25~ fI~d pr~ssure of 2 hur is
kg-mole
m3
PROBLEM Mass Transfer 5.21
S.lZ SPLANE MEMBRANE
kg- mole
10-3
m3
Cal
6.3
Ca2
2.1 x 10-3
kg-mole
1.52 x 10-6 S _ m2
kg-mole
m3
Solubility,
Dab ==
== 3.12 x 10-3
0.21 x 10-91112/5
kg-mole
m3 - bar
TOfind:
2. Molar flux
Loss of 02 by diffusion per metre length

SO/Ulioll :
3.
Mass flux
= 3.04
x 10-6
kg
s- m2
I. M~Iar concentration
Cal ==
SolUbili~y
on inner side,
x
Inner pressure

= 3.12 x 10-3 x 2
Cal
Cal
= 6.24 x
10-3
------------~
rna =4.51
x 10-11 ~
kg-mole
m3
ItSP":
LOSS of oxygen - 4.51 x 10-11 ~
,
tration on outer side,
Molar concen
x Outer pressure
C
=Sou I b'I'ty
II
'LIvdrogen gas at 2 atm and 250(' .

r11 P.'
ISflottJ'
~
tpe o/ID = 25 111111and OD ::::
50 IIrg throllgh a h
PIt,vJrogen t/lroug/I tI,e ruhher .III0nr. The difJll.fi;;tyher
a2
=3.12x 10-3 x 0
=0
a2
IS
a. the partial. pressur e of 02 on the outer surface of the

[Assummg
tube is zero 1
Oluhility
Molar flux,
mJ - hQr '. III

Hydrogen hy diffusion per metre lenalh .~ .
OJ
[The procedure
F: d
-;--.:..:.:
[Apr
. '97 - MUJ
prevIOUs problem]
of this. problem is same as
'" (I)
Consider
Dab [Cal - Ca2l

(1) z 21r L
In(
!!!-rno.!!.}
s
EQUIMOLARCOlINTERDIFFUSION
L
5.13 STEADY
tire loss Of
Pipe.
{Ans : 4.46 x Ut'

For cylinders,
of
".l/h. The
of hydrogen == 0.053 kg-IIIole
We know,
ma
.7)( J fH
STATE
two large chambers a and b connected by a passage
as shown in Fig.5.3.
(r2 -r,)
(r2 -r,)
Na and Nb are the steady

components a and b respectively.
;,2)
2 1r L . Dab rCa' - Ca2l
Chamber
.....
/
--'
0.2 J
10-9 (6.24
0.015 )
In ( 0.0125
x
10-3
[.: Length
OJ
---_--J
,--------./
b
Pb, C
Fig.5.3
= I m]
Equimolar diffusion
is defined as each molecules of 'a' is
replaced by each molecule of 'b' and vice versa. The tot~1pressure
p:::Pa + Pb is uniform throughout
the system.
p
Chamber
+--Nb
In( ;;)
2 X 1r X I
state molar diffusion rates of
Pa + Pb
(~
i
1i nsfer
Heal and Mass ra
5.24
ith respect to x
. .n g WI
DifTerentlaU
__...
dp dPa + _!!_!!....
dx
;;; --- dx
press
SInee the total
.
steady state co
-----~__:_-----~M~a.~~s..!.Ti~ran5!.sfi~er:..:5~.
2~5
d
A Po
So, Na = -D GT dx
of the system remains Co
ure
nSlanI
nditJons,
dp
7h ==
d
dpb
'P{/ + _
== 0
-;;;
dx
Integrating,
dpi,
N
a
te conditions, the total molar flux isl!..

Under steady sta
~
Na + Nb == 0
Na
Nb
A dp., _ D ~
dPb
-Dab GT dr - ba GT dx
== -
Molar flux, No = mAO= _Q_ Ipa, - Pa2\

GT x2-x, j
...
(5.6)
"Ii)
Molar flux, Nb = mb = _Q_ \ Pb' - Pb2 \

A
GT x2-x, 1
(5.7)
where,
dPa
Na == -Dab GT -dX
Nb == -Dba
rna = _ _Q_ dpo

A
GT , dx
Similarly,
From Fick's law,

[
dPb
GT
{IX
rna
kg- mole
- Molar flux A
s- m2
----=:;---
D - Diffusion co-efficient - m2/s
We know,
[F rom equation
dx
dx
A - Area - m2
Substitute in equation (5.5)

A
(5.5) ~
z>
-Dab
IDab= Dba
dPa
_GT dx
Pal -
Partial pressure of constituent at I in N/m2
Pa2 -
Partial pressure of constituent at 2 In N/rn
dPa
GT -;t; = -
G - Universal gas constant - 8314 ----kg-mole - K
Db
01
T - Temperature - K
\i
.~
.26 Heal and Mass Transfer

.14 SOLVED PROBLEMS ON EQUIMOLAR
COUNTER DIFFUSION
III Ammonia
and air are in equimolar counter diffusion ill a

cylindrical lube of 2.5 mm diameter and 15 m lengtlt. rhe
total pressure is J atmosphere and the temperature is 25 C.
One end of the tube is connected to a large reservoir Of
ammonia and the other end of 'the tube is open to atmosphere.
If the mass diffusivity for the mixture is 0.28 x J(J-I ",2/s.
Calcalate the following
0
For equirnolar COunter djA:...

,
Molar tlux, - rna

A
a) Mass rate of ammonia in kg/II

h) Mass rate of air in
kg/ll
Length, (x2 - XI)
G-
10-3 m
2SoC + 273
Dab =
10-4 m2/s
Atmospheric
Air
I A::::
rna
(I)~
r----
8314 x 298
.
15-
-3
k
,rna - .74 x IO-U g-mole
Masstransfer rate . M
of ammonia
== Ol~ transf~r rate
o ammoma
= p al
+ p a2
oe-K
0.28 x 10-4 [I
x ._:_OI3 x 105-0)
2. Mass rate of air ill kg/h
Total pressure
10-3/
We know
that ,
rOil)
eqUation
~II)I
I. Mass rate of ammonia in kg/h
We know
[F
4.90 x 10-6m~
490 x 10-6 -
So/ution :
.tI
nt - 8314
Molartransfer rate of ammonia

TOfind:.
GT ~
x2 -
Universal gas consta
::::f- (2.Sx
298 K
0.28
Ammonia
D ( Pal - P
-..!!!..
00.(5.6)J '" (1
A-Area::::!Id2
ISm
Total pressure, P.= I atm = 1.0 I3 bar

Temperature, T
==
where,
Given:
Diameter, d = 2.S mm = 2.S
IIUSIOn
Molecularweight
ofammonia
::::3.74 x IQ-lJ x 17.03
[Molecula
. h
r welg t of ammonia = 17.03, refer HMTdata,
page no. 182 (Sixth edilion)]

=
6.36 x I 0-12 kg/~
= 6.36
x 10-12
I~/3~600h
Mass transfer rate of ammonia
2.29 x 10-8 kg/h
Mass Transfer 5.29
~ransferrateofCOl
2.
Mass transfer rate of air
Given:
Diameter,
We know,
Molar transfer rate of air, mb
= -3.74
Mass transfer rate

.
of air
Molar transfer
rate of air
-3.74
10-13
=-1.08
10-11 kg/s
Molecul
.
ar Weigh
of air.
I
d ::: 60 mm
J..,ength , (X2 -XI):::

Total pressure, p
x IO-I3~
[Due to equimolar diffusion, rna = -mb]
and
Temperature, T
= 0.060
1.2 m
I atm
Partial pressure of CO2 at one end
rate of air :::- 3.88
Pal = 0.263 bar
I Pa I = 0.263
10-8 kg/h
Pa2 = 90 mm of Hg
=>
=>
I. Mass transfer rate of ammonia = 2.29
[II
=-
3.88
lOs N/m2
I [.:
90
760 bar
Pa2 = O.118 bar
I Pa2
0.118 x lOs N/m2
10-8 kg/h
10-8 kg/h
CO2 and air experience equimolar counter diffusioninQ

cO2
d=60mm
circular tube whose length and diameter are 1.2 m and60mm
-__
-.JI Xrx 1= 1.2
respectively. TI,e system is at (I total pressure of 1atm andQ
temperature of273 K. Tile ends of the tube are connected
to
TOfind:
large ell ambers. Partial press lire of CO2 at one endis
1. Mass transfer rate of CO
200 mm of Hg while at tile other end ls 90 mm of Hg
2 M
2
. ass transfer rate of air
Calculate tile following
[.: I bar
Partial pressure of CO2 at other end
Result:
2. Mass transfer rate of air
200
760 bar
Pal = 200 mm of Hg
29
-1.08 x 10-11 _k_,;g::___
I bar
273 K
1/3600 h
I Mass transfer
I
Air
ml
'-----_--....J
760 mm ofHg]
I bar
lOs Nlm2]
5.30
Heat and Mass 7}ans/er
Solution:
Mass Tran.ifer 5.31
We know that, for equimolar COullter d'ff

Molar flux,
Ill"
Dnb
GT
[~.a2
I] uSIOIl
We knOW,
.
t of air
Molar transfer ra c
,
x2-xl
where,
DRh - Diffusion
The diffusion
co-efficient
[From HMT data book page no. 180
Molar transfer
=-1.785
x 10-10 x 29
/(101,
Mass transfer rate of air = -5.176
= :
(0.060)2
WsOLVED
1t
= 11.89
8314
10-3 m2
x 10-6
x
ill
rlo.263
x J05-0.118xW'
1.2.
rate of COl> ma = 1.785
10- 10 kg - mole
gb
Molecular wei t
We know,
Mass transfer rate
= Molar
of CO2
= 1.785
[Molecular
transfer
x
10-10
44.01
HMTdIil
weight of CO2 :::; 44.01, ref~r hediti~l
page no.182 (Slxt
2. Mass transfer rate of air

UNIVERSITY
EQUlMOLAR
273
Molecular weight
of air
of air
= -
1112/1
(S'X/hec/.
Molar transfer
Result:
I. Mass transfer rate of CO2,
I A = 2.82
I =:>
rna
()
2.82 x 10-3
==
gas constant - 8314 ~

kg - mole - K
d2
G - Universal
A - Area
MasS transfer
. rate
rr COlllb'
II 89
111alio
. )( IO"{) n b
Dab = 11.89 x 10-6 rn2/s
1.785
- 1112/s
for CO - A'
co-efficient
mb = -
>
9
:::; 7.85 x
-5.176
10- kg s
PROBLEMS
COUNTER
10- kg Is
10-9 kg Is
ON
DIFFUSION
Two large tanks, maintained at the same temperature and

pressure are connected by a circular 0.15m diameter direct,
which is 3 m in length. One tank contains a uniform mixture
of 60 mole % ammonia and 40 mole % air and the other
tank contains a uniform mixture of 20 mole % ammonia
and 80 mole % air. The system is at 273 K and
1.013 x .'05 pa. Determine the rate of ammonia transfer
betweenthe two tanks. Assuming a steady state ~ass transfer.
[Manonmanium Sundaranar Univ - Nov '96, MU - Nov '96J

Given Data:
Diameter, d
0.15 m
Length, (x2 - xl) = 3 m
5.32 Ileal and Mass Transfer
_ .!!.. )( (0.15)
- 4
Pa I =
I~OO = 0.6 bar
Pbl =
40
100
Pal
~
ff .Ion co-efficient
;: 21.6 x ) Q-6 m2/s
_01 uS
..
Dab
monia with air
of am
HMT data book page no. 180 (Sixth edition]
[From
= 0.2 bar = 0.2 x 105 N/m::!
T=
273 K
1.013
lOs N/m2
= 0.4 bar = 0.4 x 105 N/m2
~go
= ~go=
Pb2
= 0.6
0.8 bar = 0.8
105 N/m2
105N/m2
Tank I
Tank 2
Ammonia
+Air
Ammonia
+ Air
Pal
Pal
Pbl
Pb2
(I) z
Molartransfer rate of ammoma,
Masstransfer rate
of ammonia
'a' - Ammonia
;: Molar transfe.r
of ammonia
=2.15
'b' -Air
rna ;:
10-9
2.15
10-9 kg-mole
S
rate
x Molecular
weight
of ammonia
17.03
[Refer HMJ data book, page no. 182 ]
Tofind :
Rate of ammonia
transfer
Mass transfer
Solution:
rate of ammonia
= 3.66 x 10-8 kg Is
Result:
We know that, for equimolar
counter
diffusion,
1. Rate of ammonia
'M oar
I fl ux -rna
'A
GT
where,
G - Universal
transfer
= 3.66 x
10-8 kg Is
= -Dab [ Pal - Pa2]

x2-xl
[I CO2 and
air experience equimolar counter diffusion in a

circular tube whose length ami diameter are lm and 50mm
respectively. Tire system is at a total pressure of 1atm and a
temperature of 25C. Tire ends of the tube tire connected til
large clrambers in whicl: the species concentrations are
maintained at fixed values. Tire partial pressure of C01 at
... (I)
gas constant
J
= 8314 ----=---
kg - mole - K
A - Area = ~ d2
4
63
I'
Mass Transfer 5.35

'ffusion, we can find

wof d I
one end is 190 mm of Hg while the other end is 95

Estimate the mass transfer rate of CO2 and air th "'Itt Ii..
rO"lIh ".
tube.
[Bharathidasan
Univ-Apr '98, MU-Apr '98 0
'he
frolfl
, c"200
[This problem is same as problem No.2 - Solved Pr hi 2 ]
o elll)
[Ans: 1. Mass transfer rate of CO2 = 5.17 )( 19-9 s
kgls
2. Mass transfer rate of air = - 3.40 x 19-9
kglsi
5.16 ISOTHERMAL EVAPORATION OF WATER INTO AIR
Consider the isothermal evaporation of water from a

waler
surface and its diffusion through the stagnant air layer over'
II
shown in Fig.S.4. The free surface of the water is eXposedto ..
\Pal
Pa
In -
Dab ~
~ ~ -aT
(Xl - X I)
Molar flU'" A
(or)
Dab
~~ err
flu",
Molar
rna _ Molar flux -
---A
as
In p- pwl
P-Pwl
~
(Xl-XI)
/'"
(5.9)
kg - mole
s _ ml
Di if USI'on co-efficient - mlls

__
'versal gas constant - 83 \4

G- Uru
Water vapour
(5 8)
Dab _.
Air==
...
\\'here,
air In
the tank.
fick's la
~J
kg _ mole - K
T _ Temperature - K
p _ Total pressure in bar
Water
Pw\.
Tank
_ Partial pressure of water vapour corresponding

saturation temperature a t I' III N/m2
Pw2
Fig. 5.4
to
_ Partial pressure of dry air at 2 in N/m2
For the analysis of this type of mass diffusion, following 5.17SOLVED PROBLEMS ON ISOTHERMAL
assumptions are made,
EVAPORATION OF WATER INTO AIR
1. The system is isothermal and total pressure remains
Determine tile diffusion rate of water from the bottom of a
constant.
test tube of25 mm diameter llml35 mm long into dry air at
2. System is in steady state condition.
ill
3. [here
is slight air movement over the top of the tankto
remove the water vapour which diffuses to that point.

4.
we.
0.28 x
Take diffusion
m2 Is.
co-efficient
of water
lQ-4
Given:
Both the air and water vapour behave as ideal gases.

Diameter,d::. 25 rnrn ::. 0.025 m
Length, (x2 - xl)::' 35 mrn
0.035
111
in air is
Mass Transfer 5.37

ssure at the top of the test tube. Here, air
'
rtial pre
.
_
"::":":=-":'T~e:':m:':'pe~ra:':'tu':"'r':"'e,_;_T-=-2-5""::OC~+-2-7-3-=-2-9-8-K---~_________
'\
.... pa
d there IS no water vapour. So, Pw2 - O.
is drY an
Diffusion co-efficient. Dah = 0.28 x 10-4 m2/s
\
I
~~
Dry saturated air
A===
Area,
=== (0.025)2
\
water
10-4 m
~.90)(
\\
Tofind:
Diffusion rate of water
rna
2
\
0.28 )( 10-4
83\4
(\)==' ~
298
r
11 L1.013
rna
Molar flux, mAa =
Dab
GT
p ) In \ p - Pw2 \
x2-x\
lp-pw\)
'"
p - Total pressure
__
kg- mole- K
.::__J __
At 25 C
Pwl
\ Pwl
bar
[From R.S. Khurmi steam table. page no.2J
2
0.03166 x IOsN/m
= 5.09
\0-\0
~
x
kg-
105
mole
s
Molar rate of
water vapour
Molecular weight of
water vapour
10-10
\8.0\6
5.09
I:
Molecular weight of steam = 18.016.

refer HMT data book. page 110.183
Masstransfer rate of water vapour
9. I 70
, 1ts"lt:
= 0.03166
watervapour
I atm = 1.0 \ 3 ?~r

= 1.013 x \ 05 N/m2
Pw I = Partial pressure at the bottom of the test tube

corresponding to saturation temperature 25 C
\.0 \3 x 10L 0
x 10S_0.03166
Weknow that,
Mass rate of
G - Universal gas constant = 8314
05
(I)
(From equation no.5.91
where,
x \
0.035
I
x
Solution:
We know that, for isothermal evaporation,
\.0 \3
lYff
I
us ion rate of water ==
9.170
10-9kgls
10-9 kgls
5.38
Mass Transfer 5.39
Estimate the rate of diffusion of water vapour fro

water at tire bottom of a well which is 62 _ l ", (IPOol
. .., (eep (I
Of
diameter 10 dry ambient air over lire lop of tire lid 2.2",
entire svstem may be assumed at 30C and Oil
lVell. 'l'h
e (It",
e
pressure. Tile diffusion co-efficient is 0.24)( 1()-4 oSPh
ert
where,
",2Is.
Given:
Diameter,
Deep,
== 8314
kg - mole - K
d == 2.2 m
Partla. I pre ssure at the bottom of the well
pwl - correspon ding
to saturation temperature 30 C
I
== 6.2 m
(x2 -XI)
T == 30C + 273 == 303 K
Temperature,
Total pressure,
Diffusion
.
I gas constant
G - Unlversa
1 atm
co-efficient,
1.013 bar
Dab =
0.24
1.013 x 105 N/rn2

:::>
10-4 m2/s
:::>
Dry saturated
air
TQ)
Pw2
---------
_l__
- - - - - - -
(l)~
(j)
water
bar
G-pw-I ==-0-.0-4-24-2----:1-=-0~5
N~/m~2;!1
X
. pressure
_ Partial
:::>
x2-xl
Pwl ==0.04242
[From steam table,

page 110.21
at the top of the well.which
is zero.
IPw2 == 0 I
rna == 0.24 x 10-4
8314 x 303
3.80
1.013 x 105
6.2
1 013
I OL 0
x In [ 1.013 x ; 05 _ 0.04242
ToJind:
rna
Diffusion
2.53
10-8
kg-
---"'----
Molar rate of water
We know that, for isothermal

-rna
flux,
D ab
==
mole
S
Solution:
Molar
==
rate of water
]
x 105
GT
Area,
(X2-XI)
ln
[~l ...
(l)
10-8
kg- mole
---=----
P-Pwl
We know that,
Mass rate of
Watervapour
Molar rate of
water vapour
Molecular weight
of stearn
2.53 x 10-8
1:::.016
4.55
evaporation,
p
2.53
10-7 kg/s
Mass Transfer 5.41
Result:
_
7
~
Diffusion rate of water - 4.55 x 10- kg/s
an 210 mm in diameter and 75 nun ~
An open P
weep co"
at 25 fie and is exposed to dry attnos h '.l.I~
water
P eric
r_'
'ate
the
diffusion
co-efficient
of
Water
in
a'
Q;'.
,--rucu.,
tr, 'l'll/{
rate of diffusion of water vapour is 8.52 x 16-4 kglh. e
'~t
Diameter, d
Given:
Deep, (x2
-XI)
Temperature, T
Diffusion rate (or) mass rate
Mass rate of water vapour
= 210
knoW' that,
MaSs rate of
water vapour
mrn = 0.210 ....

,.,
= 75 rnrn
0.075
= 25C + 273
=
8.52 x 10-4 kg/h
8.52 x 10-4~
3600
= 2.36
x 10-7 kg/s
= 2.36
x 10-7 kg/s
Molar
rate of
Dab x ~
p
(x2-xl)
1--------1--------I-------:~
x In [P-PW2
P-PWIJ
=~
(0.210)2
I A = 0.0346
m \
= 8314 ---
p - Total pressure
= 1 atm = 1.013 bar
- - - - - - - - r-- Water
J __
kg-mole-
(j)
Ix 18.016\
A= ~ d2
x2 - x1
weight
of steam
( 1)
G - Universal gas constant
I
_I
Molecular
where,
Area,
Dry atmospheric air
water vapour
2.3 6)()0-7=0
III
::::298
we
Pwl - Partial pressure
corresponding
1.013
10sN/m2
at the bottom of the pan

to saturation
temperature
25 C
At 25 C
I;;.-=.-=.-=.-=.-=.-=.-=.-=.
=::)
Pw: == 0.03166 bar
=::)
Pw: ::::0.03166 x lOS N/m2
Toflnd:
(Dab)
Solution: We know that, molar rate of water vapour,

ma
A
::::
Dab
GT
p(X2-xl)
In
(P -PW2)
P-Pwl
[From (R..s. Khurrni) steam

table. page
no. 2]
Pw2 - Partial pressure at the top of the pan, which is zero.

==>
~W2::::

(I)=>
2.36
Mass Transfer 5.43
DabXO.~
10-7::
8314 x 298
xln(~
1.013 x 10
[nab
=:
G - Unlvers
.1 gas constant ==8314
0.03166 x 105)(
18'()16
p - Total pre
2.18 x I 0-5 m2/~
kg - mole - K
= 1.013 bar
ssure == 1 atm
-
-----
= 1.013 x lOs N/m2
- Partla. I pressure at the bottom of the pan

o
pwl
eorres ponding to saturation temperature 30 C
Rf!Sull:
Diffusion co-efficient, Dab == 2.18 x 10-5 m2/s

:::>
A pan of 40 mm deep, isfilled with water to a I I

. e.:'Cposed
and t
to dry air at 30C. Calculate th eVe
ti 0/20 "''''
e
'lne req
.
for all the water to evaporate. Take, mass diff
. ~"ed
0.25 x 1()-4 mlls.
':JUS'VlIy is
Pwl
:::>
Pw2
Given:
==0.04242 bar
[From steam table

page no.2J
~w -1-==-0.
-0-42-4-2-X-I
O--:5-:-N-/~m-=2-'\
_ Partla. I pressure at the top of the pan, which is zero.
~ (PW2
==0 \
Deep, (x2 - xl) == 40 - 20 == 20 rnrn == 0.020 m

Temperature,
T == 300e + 273
=:
rna _
303 K
(Il=>
Dab == 0.25
x 10-4
m2/s
0.25 x 10-4
8314 x 303
1.013
105
0.020
I
1.013 x 1 OS_ 0
x n 1.013 x 105 - 0.04242 x 105
Dry atmospheric air
1(1)
Tofind :
~==2.15
10-6
kg-mole
s
Time required for all the

water to evaporate, 1.
For unit Area, A ::::1m?

Molar rate of water
water
Solution:
We know that, for isothermal evaporation
Molar flux ~
'A
==
Dab
p
GT (x2-xl)
m :::: 2.15
,
10-6 kg - mole
sm2
We knowthat,
PW2]
x In [p p- Pwl
...
(I)
Mass rate of
WatervapOur
Molar rate of
water vapour
Molecular weight
of steam
Mass Transfer 5.45

::: 8.54 x 10--4 kg

3600 s
=2.15XIO-6~
[Molar rate of water vapour
3.87 x 10-5 ~
== 2.37
10--7 kgls
The total amount of water to be evaporated per m2 area
Dry atmospheric air
(0.020 x l ) x 1000
= 20 kglm2 Area
fO
Time required,
=~
DiffuSI
'on co-efficient,
516.79
We knoW that,
103 sJ
I ==
SOLVED UNIVERSITY
PROBLEMS
ON
EVAPORATION OF WATER INTO AIR
An open pan
20 em in diameter
water at 25C and is exposed

rate
of diffusion
estimate
Molar rate of water vapour
of
the diffusion
water
and
ISOTH'ERMAl
8 em deep Contailll
to dry atmospheric
vapour
co-efficient
Diameter,
Length,
(X2 -xI)
Temperature,
Diffusion
air.lftht
is 8.54 x /0'-4 kglh,
:::>
rna:::
Dab
GT
Dab x A x
P
GT
(x2-x,)
I \p - Pw2\
n
P-Pw'
= 20 ern = 0.20 m
=-=
8 em = 0.08 m
25C + 273
Mass rate of
water vapour
x In \p - Pw2\
p-Pw,J
Molar rate of
water vapour
2.37 x 10-7 = _D_u_b_x_A_

x
p
GT
(x2-x,)
Molecular weight
of steam
A = .2!_ d2
4
=
= 8.54 x 10- 4 kg/h
x In \p - Pw2
P-Pwl]
Ix 18.016
\
... (1)
where,
Area,
298 K
We know that,
(0.20i
\ A = 0.0314 m
(x2-X,)
of water in air.
rate (or)
A-
516.79)( 103 S
[May '05 -Anna Univj ,

Given:
========= -L
CD
water
soilltion:
rna -
Time required for all the water to evaporate,
Dab
vapour
Result:
5.18
t-a>
Mass rate of Water~

20
3.87 x 10-S
11
find:
Mass Transfer 5.47

-;-----L_----...
8314
1.013 bar
kg - mole - K
p _ Total pressure
I atm
Partial pressure at the bottom of the t

corresponding
Pwl =
to saturation
0.03166 bar
I
Pw2 -
ure
table
) == 1 5 em
(.%2-X1
. n CO-e
r ,
2SoC
= O. 15m
+ 273
fticient, Dab
= 0255
x '10~ rolls
DIi'"
Dry saturated ~ir
25 C
IIr
page n02J
Partial pressure at the top of the pan. He

'.
.
re, air
and there IS no water vapour. So, Pw2 ::: O.
.
= 298 K
d.'S10
[From (R S Kh
'"
Urmi) Slea
Pwl = 0.03166 x 105 N/m2
OiaJ11 '
re(l1P
est tube
temperat
=::::lOmm==o.OlOm
ter
e d
l)logtb,
T ==
erature,
::: 1.013 x 105N/m2

Pwl -
:
t.jI"tI
IS
ry
T~
d'
10ft'
. n rate of water
Difi'uS10
-.
solution:
We knoW that, for

.....al evaporation,
--------
isothe,,,.
(1) => 2.37 x 10-7
Dab x 0.0314 x 1.013 x lOS

8314 x 298
0.08
5
xI [
1.013 x 10 - 0
n 1.013 x 105-0.03166 x 105 x18.016
2.58 x 10-5 m2/s
where,
Area, A
= ~ d2
= ~
(0.010)2
Result:
II]
\A
Dab = 2.58 x 10-5 m2/s
Estimate the diffusion rate of water from tile bottom oja

test tube 10mm in diameter (I/l(1 15cm 100Ig into dry
atmosphere air at 25C. Diffusion co-efficient of water into
air is 0.255 x 10-4 mt/s.
[Nov '96 MUl
7.85 x 10- m
8314
kg-mole-
P - total ores sure = 1 atm = 1 .013 bar
=
Pwl - Partial pressure
correspoIiding
1.0i.3
105 N/m2
at the bottom of the test tube

to saturation temperature 250 C
Mass Transfer
5.48
1.5 cm
15 cm
Pwl
0.03 166 bar

{Fro", SI
~
P
2-
/PWI
.
=0.03166
IOSN/m2]
IPw2
,W
hi
lch'
01
= 0.15
0.256 cm2/s = 0.256 x 10-4 m2/s
II I
0.(
Dry air
IS~
to
0.255 x 1D-4 x
(I)~
Page
Partial pressure at the top of the test tube
0.015 m
250C + 273 = 298 K

falll/ubi
5.49
7.85 x 10-5
8314
1.013 x 105
298
0.15-
= 1.73
ma
Molar flux,
Dab
GT
(X2 -xI)
In(P-PW2)
P =P,
... (1)
We know that,
Mass rate of
water vapour
Molar rate of
water vapour
1.73 x 10-11
Molecular weight
of steam
18.016
= 3.11 x 10-10
Area, A
!!..d2
4
~ (0.015)2
[.: Molecular weight of steam:: 18.0J6

refer HMf data book, page no.J8J]
where,
kglsJ
A
G- Universal.gas constant
1.76 x 10-4 m2
8314
Result:
3.11
p - Total pressure
10-10 kg/s
kg-
mole - K
= 1.013 bar
1 atm
1.013 x 105 N/m2

I
Estimate the diffusion rate of water vapourfrom tile bonollli

of a test tube 1.5 em diameter and l Scm long into dry air .
25C Take D = 0.256 cml/s.
I
[Apr '2001 - MU, Bharathidasan
Univ- Nov'901
I
Partial
the
pressure
test
saturation
tube
at the bottom
corresponding
temperature
25C.
Mass Transfer 5.51
Pwl
0.03166 bar [From steam

0.03166
IPwl
Pw2 -
105 N/m2]
Atmospheric
(1) => 1.76 x 10-5
In[
I"-----------

~-----------We know that,
raJi"d:nOration
. rate of water
per hour.
1.013 x 105
0.151.013 x 105_0
~6\
_:_:__."..J
==3.899 x 1 0-11
)( lOS J
[From HMT data book, page no. 180J
D ab = 25.83 x 10-6 m2/s
:s
We knoW that , for isothermal evaporation,

{~~l:~:~e
vapour
} x
J ~~:;~~ \
steam J
ma
Result: Diffusion rate of water
Dab
= GT
Area, A
~d2
4
Molar flux,
where,
rate of water vapour
in grams
pvllr-
3.899 x 10-11 x 18.016
I Mass
air 50% RH
ge tJo,21
0.256 x 10-4
8314 x 298
50%
Relative humidity
ta le, Po
Partial pressure at the top of the test tube who .

,
lch IS
Pw2 = 0
l.ero,
==>
25C + 273 = 298 K
~rature,T
(X2 - XI)
(p - Pw2 '\
\.P - Pw\)
... (1)
7.02 x 10-10 kg/s 1

= 7.02 x 10-10 kg/s
An open pan of 150 mm diameter and 75 mm deepcontains

\A==0.0176m2\
water at 25C and is exposed to atmosphere air at 25C

and 50% R.B. Calculate the evaporation rate of water in
[Apr '2002-MU]
grams per hour.
P - Total pressure
Given:
Diameter, d
Deep, (x2
xl)
150 mm == 0.150 m
75 mm == 0.075 m
Pw\
Partial
pressure
corresponding
= 8314 kg _ mole _ K
1 atm
1.013
x lOS
1.013 bar
at the bottom
N/m2
of the test tube
to saturation temperature
25C
Mass Transfer 5.53

5.52
water
diameter a nd 8 em deep contains
.,
pan 20 em
d.
tmospheric air: Determine
,4" ope nd is exposed to ry ~
vapour in glhr. Take
01]5" C aof diffusion of wa er
[Del '99 _ MV]
At 25 C
lt
Pwl = 0.03166 bar
=>
=>
IL.Pwl~ = 0.03166
{From Slea
x 10 N/m2
5
.
P ., - Partial pressure at the top of the pan corres
wz
. Iiurm idi
POndln g to
25C and 50% re Iative
ity.
bar
:::>
Pw2 = 0.03166
:::>
R.H.= 50 % = 0.50
Pw2 = 0.03166
:::>
I Pw2
= 0.03166
lOs
lOs N/m2
0-4
/It role
I1J 1Qb{
Page 110.2]e,
-...J
m2/s.
~,;:;0.259 x 1
ter vapour = 0.855 g/hr
rateofwa
,4"s: MOSS
if water from the bottom of a

. te tlte diffUSIOn~ate 0
nd 20 em long into dry
r11 tSII/1l0be10 mm in dlOmeter ~ = 0.26 x 10--4 m2/s.
~ test ta
. t 30e. Assume
almosplterealf a
[Apr '99 - MUJ
- 321
s : Diffusion rate of water - .
x 0.50
[]-r:
.
"ate oif water from tile hottom of a
tlte diffusIOn"
10 mm in diameter and 15 em long into dry
iest lub.
. t 25e. Diffusion co-efficient of water
almosplterlc atr a
2
.
.
0255
x ](;--4 m '/s.
inloaIT IS
N/m21
= 1583
25.83 x 10-6
0.0176
1.013 x 105
8314 x 298
0.075
x In [
1.013 x 105_1S83
1.013 x 105_0.03166~
[Nov '96 - Mano'!manium Sundaranar Univ 1

]
Ans :
[Theprocedure of above problems

Molar rate of water vapour, ma
lil
Mass rate of
water vapour
Molar rate of
water vapour
7. 13
Mass rate of water
I 0-8
vapour
Molecular weight
of steam
= 3.96 x 10-9
= 7.13 x 10-8
5.17,
diffusionof water vapour is 8.54 x 10-4 kg/It. estimate tile

diffusionco-efficient of water in air.
18.016
1000 g
1/3600 h
0.256 g/h
Result:
rate of water = 0.256 glh
are same as, Section
An openpan 20 em in diameter and 8cm deep contains water

(1125" C and is exposed to dry atmospheric air. If the rate of
kgls
3.12 x 10-/0 kg/so
Problem no. IJ
= 3.96
We know that,
Evaporation
10-/0 kg/so
An .
(I):::>
Ans:
Dab
[The procedure
Problem no. I ]
[Apr '97 - Manonrnaniu-n Sundaranar Univ

& Apr '98 - Bharathidasan UnivJ
2.58 x 10-5 m2/s
of this problems
.
IS
same
as, Section
5.18,
Mass Transfer 5.55

~x_Distance-m
5.19 CONVECTIVE MASS TRANSFER

Convective mass transfer is a process of mass t
.
.
ransfu
will occur between a surface and a fluid medium when tl
r thai
different concentrations.
ley are al
v - Kinematic viscosity - m2/s

For flat plate,
S.20 TYPES OF CONVECTIVE MASS TRANSFER

I. Free convective mass transfer
If Re < 5
lOs, flow is laminar
If Re > 5
lOs, flow is turbulent
/t Number (Sc)
2.SChttlit
2. Forced convective mass transfer
I is defined as the ratio of the molecular

: m to the molecular diffusivity of mass.
S.21 FREE CONVECTIVE MASS TRANSFER

If the fluid motion is produced due to change' I d
n ellS'1
resulting from concentration gradients, the mode of mass t
Iy
.
.
ransfer'
said to be free or natural convective mass transfer.
IS
diffusivity
of
mornen u
SC ==
Molecular
diffusivity of momentum
Molecular diffusivity of mass
Example: Evaporation of alcohol

Sc= - v (or)Sc=-Dab
5.22 FORCED CONVECTIVE MASS TRANSFER

~fthe fluid motion is artificially created by means of an exte~al
force like a blower or fan, that type of mass transfer is known as
forced convective mass trasfer.
where,
v - kinematic
Dab-
Example: The evaporation of water from an ocean whenair
viscosity -
1U2/s
Diffusion co-efficient - m2/s
3. scnerwood Number (Sir)
blows over it.
5.23
11
pDab
SIGNIFICANCE
OF DIMENSIONLESS
GROUPS
It is defined as the ratio of concentration

boundary.
gradients at the
1. Reynolds Number (Re)

It is defined
as the ratio of the inertia force to the viscous
force.
where,
Re ==
Re=
Inertia force
Viscous force
Mass transfer co-efficient - m/s
Dab- Diffusion co-efficient - m2/s
Ux
v
x - Length - m
where,
U - velocity -
hm
mls
Mass Transfer 5.57

5.24 FORMULAE
USED FOR FLAT PLATE P
Reynolds Number,
Re
~
ROBLEM
U.x
~c tnbi;ed Laminar - Turbulent flow

./(ii) Cotllu ....
SherWoodNumber; Sh = (0.031 ReO.8- 81l1Sc
S
0.333
Sh = h"r
where,
Dab
U - velocity - mls
~ROBLEMS
ON FLAT PLATE
5.ZSS0
1 Air at 10llC witll a velocity of 3 m/s flows over a ]lat plate.
GJ 1/ the plate is 0.3 m long, calculate the mass transfer
co.efJicient
x - Distance - m
v - Kinematic viscosity '- m2/s

IfRe < 5
lOs, flow is laminar
If Re > 5 x lOs, flow is turbulent
Given:
Fluid temperature, Too= lODe
For Laminar Flow

[From HMI data book, page no .]75
IS'IXt h edilio))
L
. \'
ocal Sherwood Number, Sh, = 0.332 (Re.x)o.s(Sc)0.333 n
Average Sherwood Number, Sh
Velocity, U = 3 mls
Length, x = 0.3 m
0.664 (Re)O.S(Sc)0.331
Tofind:
where,
Mass transfer co-efficient, (hm)

Sc
Schmidt Number
solution:
= _v_
Properties of air at 10
Dab
v -
kinematic viscosity
Weknow that,
Dab- Diffusion co-efficient
Reynolds Number, Re
Scherwood
Number
hm
For Turbulent
[From HMf data book,

page no.33]
14.16 x \0-6 m2/s
= Ux
V
Sh = hrnX
3 x OJ
14.\6 x \0-6
Dab
Mass transfer co-efficient - m/s
Re = 0.63
Flow
[From HMT data book, page no.17o
105-< 5
lOs
Since, Re < 5 x \ 05, flow is laminar
(i) Fully turbulent from leading edge.

Sherwood
Number,
\,
Sh
0.0296 (Ke)O.8 (Sc)OJ33
ForL ammar
. flow, flat plate,
Sherwood Number (Sh) = 0.664 (Re)u.5 (Sc)o.m
.. (I)
[From HMTdaca book, page no. 175]
Mass Transfer 5.59
5.58
~55nl/s
~e1ocitY,
u -._
'lie
:x:::::: 600 mm
where,
Sc - Schmidt Number
==
.. (2)
D~b
Dab- Diffusion co-efficient (water + Air) at lOa

c
= 20.58 X 10-6 m2/s
[From HMT data book pag
...--_--[Dab
(2) => Sc =
Sc
__
= 20.58
--,
10-6 m2/s
80
(.
r'MasS tran sfer co-efficient,
1
e 1I0./80J
(hm)
[From HMT data book.

page no. 33]
50lplion:
. s of air at 30C
propertle
. Vise
- osity , v = 16 x IQ-6 m2/s
. .....atlc
Kille".
14.16 x 10-6
20.58 x 10-6
We knOw that,
Ux
ids Number, Re =
Reyna
v
55 x 0.6
16 x 10-6
0.6881
Substitute Sc, Re values in equation (I)

(I) => Sh
= 0.6
J..,ellgth,
= 0.664 (0.63
105)05 (0.688)0
Re = 2.06 x 106> 5 x 105

3JJ
Since, Re > 5
ISh= 147.151
lOs, flow is turbulant
[Flow is lami~ar upto Re = 5
105, after that flow is turbulant
We know that,
Sherwood Number, Sh
hmx
For combined Laminar - Turbulant flow.flat
plate,
Dab
147.15
m
= _....;.;_--
Sherwood Number (Sh)
0.3
20.58 x 10-6
Mass transfer co-efficient,
hm
==
0.0 I m/s
hm = 0.0 I rn/s
Dry air at30 e and one atmospheric pressure flows over a

flat plate of 600 mm long at a velocity of 55 mls. Calculate
the mass transfer co-efficient at the end of tile plate.
I
Given:
Too = JOC
Fluid temperature,
(1)
where,
Sc - Schmidt Number
[From HMTdata book. page no. 176]
Result:
[I]
= [0.037 (Re)O.8 - 871 ]ScO.333
==
25.83
v
Dab
.. (2)
(water + Air) at 30 C :::::260C
10-6 m2/s
[From HMJ data book. page no. 180]

-::;:-=-2S=-.-83-x-I-0--6- -2/m
s
~~~~~-------~
5.60

16>< 10-6
Sc = 25.83 x 10-6
(2) ~
.,,:
111//0
S/I
rtieS 0
8C = 30C
k
ge no.33]
fair at 2
HMTdata boo, pa
[From
prope
===
Re
===
16 x 10-6 m2/s
. ViSCOSIty,
ttC
[ Sc = 0.619 ]
. (lla
I(,oe
Substitute Sc, Re values in equation (I)
Sit = [0.037 (2.06
(I) ~
I
Sh
106)08 - 871] (0.619)0333
that,
ow
we kO
= 2805.131
Ids
ReynO
....lumber,
J'"
2.5 x 15
We know that,
16 x 10-6
Sherwood Number, Sh
=>
2805.13
h,nX
-D
ab
Re-_ 2 .34
hm x 0.6
25.83 x 10-6
hnr
05 flow is turbulant
R /' 5 x 1 ,
.
Since, e
= 5 x lOs, after that flow IS turbulent
[floW is laminar upto Re
0.121 m/s
.
_ Turbulantfiow,fillt
mar
eo b 'netl Lam
for ", ,
(SI ) = [0 037 (Re)0.8
h rWood Number
1
.
Result:
Q]
hili = 0.121 m/s
TIre water in II 6m x J 5 m outdoor swimming pool is

maintained at a temperature of 28C. Assuming a wind speed
of 2.5 m/s in tIre direction of the long side of the pool.
Calculate tile mass transfer co-efficient.
Size
= 6m
Sc - Schmidt Number
= 25.83 x
Too = 28e
rl
Speed, U
= 2.5 m/s
Wind speed in the direction
of the long side of pool.
So, x = IS m
(hm)
(\)
... (2)
Dab
(water + Air) at 28 C :::;26C
10-6 m2/s
(From HMT data book, page no. 180]

O-ab-=-2-5-.8-3-x-1 0---6 2-/
(2)~ Sc
-m- s-'l
16 x 10-6
25.83 x 10-6
SUbstitute SR.
c, e values
book, page no. 176]
EO.619]
;A
- 871 )ScO.333
where,
15 m
Fluid temperature,
plate,
{From HMIdata
5e
Given:
Tofind:
x 106 > 5 x lOS
In
equation (1)
Mass Transfer 5.63

5 62 Heat and Mass Transfer
We know that,
Sherwood Number, Sh
hnrX
15+25
Dab
3185.90
= __ h m
25.83
15
_
x 10-6
Mass transfer co-efficient, hm
. s of air at 20C
=
prO
Result:
Mass transfer co-efficient, hm
= 5.486
PerUe
uc viscosity,
I(inema I
x 10-3 m/s
Air dr2SOCyrows over a tray full 0/ water wit" a vel .

2.8
Tile tray measures ~ .10 em along tile flow dirOCItyO/.
eClion
and 40 em wide. Tile partial pressure 0/ water present' h
In I e
air is 0.007 bar: Calculate tile evaporation rate 01" Wat .
'J
er if
the temperature on tile water sur/ace is J 5C. Take diffusion
co-efficient is 4.2 x Ifr5 m}/s.
Reynolds Number, Re
[From HMT data book, page no.33J

15.06 x 10-6 m2/s
'lie knoWthat,
"
Ux
v
mls.
Given:
Fluid temperature, Too

Speed, U
25C
= 2.8 mls
Flow direction is 30 cm side. So, x

Area,
= 30
ern
ern
x 40
Partial pressure of water,
= 30
ern
m2
= 0.30 x 0.40
Pw2
= 0.007
= 0.30 m
2.8 x 0.30
15.06 x 10-6
Re=
Since, Re < 5
Water surface temperature,
flow:
Sherwood Number
( 'h)
Dab = 4.2
x 10-5
N/m2
10
[0.664
(Re )0.5 (Sc) 0.3 3\ ... (
[From IIMT data book, page no. 17

Sc - Schmidt Number
Dab
15.06
4.2x
10-.
EOJ58]
Substitut S
e
bar
15C
where,
N/m21
Tw
x 105
Forflat plate, Laminar
Sc:::
Pw2 = 0.007 x 105
0.557
Re value
In
equati
n (I)
Mass Transfer 5.65

5.64
----uNIVERSITY
SOLVED PROBLEMS
/,,~t\ u~
(I) ~
Sh
[0.664 (0.557
I Sh
105)0.5(0.358)0.~
5.Z6 Ofll fLt\T~P::L:.:A:.:.T.:....E
111.37
~t
20"C /p = 1.2 kg/m3, v = l5 x /0-6 ml/s.
. air 01
Dry
)( J(r5 ml/sl flows over aflat plate oj length JO em
l!J D:::4.~ overed wit" a thin layer oj water at a velocity of
h'ch ,s c
11"
Estimate the local mass transfer co-efficient of a
/",Is.
tncm from tile leading edge anti the ave";ge
.I' lance 0,
.
S
ul
iter co-efficient.
[June 20()~-A"'1Q Univ]
",asstrans,.
rJ1
We know that,
hmx
Sherwood Number, Sh
Dab
111.37

Mass transfer co-efficient
hm
hm
0.30
4.2
10-5
based on pressure difference
I'S
Density, p
given
1.2 kg/m)
hmp
_~
0.0155
- R Til'
287 x 288
Length, L
Pil'I
=
=
0.017 bar
(RS
5
0.017 x 10 N/m
= hmp x A
= 50 em = 0.50
4.2
10-5
m2/s
0.10 m
Tofilld:
{From steam table

Khumi) page no I)
I. Local mass transfer co-efficient,
h.t at a distance of 0.10 m.
2. Average mass tran fer co-efficient,
hm for entire length.
Solution:
Case(i) : Local mass transfer
[Pwl - Pw2]
co-efficient
at x
0.10
We know that ,
1.88 x 10-7 x (0.30 x 0.40)

x (0.017 x IOLO.007x
'I
= I m/s
Distance, x = 10 em =
The evaporation rate of water is given by,

mil'
Dab
m /s
Velocity, U
= 1.88 x 10-7 mls I
Saturation pressure of water at 15C

Pwl
= 287 JlkgKj
x I O~
v = 15
Diffusion co-effie ient,
[.,' Til' = 15C + 273 = 288 K, R
hmp
= 200C
Give" :
Fluid temperature, 1
0.0155 mls
by,
--
Re = Ux
Reynolds number,
IOSI
l-n-II'--=--2.-2-5-x--IO--~5~k-W~s'l
==
Result:
Evaporation rate of water, mit'
= 2.25 x 10-5 kg/s
l Re == 6666.67 < 5
Since Re < 5 )( . 05
I
6E
I x 0.1
ISxIO-6
.Tlow is laminar
lOS 1
DI

For Laminar Flow,jlat plate
Local Sherwood Number, Sh
= 0.332
(Re)o.s (S )0
C .333
[From HMJ'data book

where,
.Sc = Schmidt Number
Sc
"'(1)
Page ~O.17S1
Since Re < 5
Re - 3 3 ----::::---:.
- . 3)( 104
5
x 10 , flow is 1 .
amlnar.
For flat plate laminar flow
= -2_
Dab
Sherwood Number, Sh
15 x 10-6
4.2 x 10-5
Substitute Re and Sc VI'
.664 (Re)O 5
(SC)0.333
a Ues.
'" (2)
Sh == 0.664 (3.33 x 104 )0.5

(0.357)0333
\ Sc = 0.357 \
[Sh == S5.99\
Substitute Sc, Re values in equation (1)
We know that,
(1) ~
Sh = 0.332 (6666.67 )0.5 (0.357)0.333'

\ Sh
- hmL
SI1-Dab
= 19.24\
85.~9 ==
We know that,
hxx
Sherwood Number, Sh =
::::>
Dab
19.24=
=:>
hx x 0.1
\ hx = S.OSx 10-J m/s.\

at x
1. hx == 8.08 x 10-3 m/s,
0.1 m is 8.08 x 10-3mil.
We know that,
number,
Re =
=
UL
v
0.50
15 x 10-6
co-efficient
~d:
Case (ii): Average mass transfer co-efficient h m' for entirelen~h
Reynolds
hm == 0.007 m/s.
Average mass transfer
---4.2.x 10-5
Local mass transfer co-efficient
hm x 0.50
4.2 x 10-5
2. hm == 0.007 rn/s.
or entIre length'
IS
0.007 mJ
5.68
Hem U"" .'_
5.17 FORMULAE USED FOR INTERNAL FLOW

(CYLINDERS or PIPES) PROBLEMS
UD
1. Reynolds number, Re ==
C\'t,~ ~'t<\ \
MGt's
r1l Air at 30 C
tlltr,~'ll~ .. T'CDujer 5,69
t;J
Gild
l'Lo
12 mm diameter t I4bQ'IIIo 'p~.
W
e
t
2.5 m/s. rile ;11 . Of I 'rl
Side
p""
deposit of naphth SUr/Itt' ""tl~U~f flow! in
",ass transfer co-effie'
,r. ale",. ',,01I~, ""h Q ""ocitu :
UtI
'11"
-, OJ
where,
""'r
Velocity - mls
U-
SOLVEDpQ""
Vnlt
(pIPES AND
t.t~
D - Diameter - m
Dab == 0.62 x
v _ Kinematic viscosity - m2/s
GIlle
If Re < 2000, flow is laminar
Dab -
1'1t~_t'IIIi"f e con'ain.
elil
a
a"erage
co-efficien,
'he
IlIlioll
'
'
<J:)-
12 mm
0 .0 \2m
Length, x == 1 m
_m_
Diffusion co-efficient , D ab -- 0 .62 x
\ I.)-~
Tofind :
Dab
where,
-
Ie",.
Diameter, 0
Sherwood Number, Sh == 3.66
hm
IS.
For laminarflow:
h
fluid temperature T _ 3Ooe

Velocity, U = 2.5 mls
If Re > 2000, flow is turbulent
Sherwood Number, Sh ==
na2
J(j-S
. n .
Mass transer co-efficient - mls

Diffusion co-efficient - m2/s
ll\11~
Average mass transfer co-eff IClent,

.
h
11\
SoI uuon
Properties of air at 30C
For turbulentflow:
.'
Kinematic
Sherwood Number, Sh == 0.023 (Re)O.83(Sc)O.44

[From HMT data book, page no. J 76 (Sixth edition))
viscosity
[From HMT data boo

v == 16 X In...J.
k, page no
v m2/s
v
We know that ,
Reynolds number,
where,
Re == UD
v
Sc == Schmidt Number == _v_

Dab
==
2.5 x 0.0\2
16 x 10"-6
Sh = hm D
Dab
Re
1875 < 2000
Since Re <2000 , fl ow IS
. laminar.
or/ami nar Internaljlow:
F,
Sherwood Number, Sh = 3.66

We know that,
hmD
Sh=Dab
3.66
::::' 4
hmxO.012
Since Re > 2000, flow'
3.66=
0.62
turbU\
For turbulent, Internal flow
10-5
where,
0%
tnt
Sherwood Number (Sh):::
Result :
~5.71
,624.1 ~ 2
IS
0.012
a"., r~Qltlfe
)( IlK
R e ::::10
hm
0.023 (R
[From
\1\
I:r&3 ~
HI".
Sc - Schmidt Number::: -!_
hm = 1.89 x 10-3 mls.
St)O.44
'''ll data book
...
,Page 110.1761
Dab
Sc = 15.06 x 10-6
0.75 x 10-5
Air at 20 C and atmospheric pressure, containin

quantities of iodine flows witb a velocity of 4 m/: ? s~
.'
s mSldeQ
4cm inner diameter tube. Determine the mass transfrr
co-efficient. Assume Dab = 0.75 x 10-5 m2/s.
Sc = 2.0081
Substitute Sc, Re values in equation

. (1)
Given:
Fluid temperature, T CXl = 20C
(1) => Sh
Velocity, U = 4 mls
Diameter, D = 4 em
0.023 (10,624)0.83 (2.008)0.44
ISh = 68.661
= 0.04
Diffusion co-efficient, Dab = 0.75 x 10-5 m2/s
We know that ,
Sherwood Number, Sh = hmD
Toflnd :
Dab
hm
[From HMf data book, page no.Jl]

viscosity, v = 15.06 x 10-6 m2/s
We know that,
Reynolds
number,
0.04
10-5
Mass transfer co-efficient, hm = 0.0128 m1s
of air at 20C
Kinematic
hm
0.75
Solution:
Properties
68.66 =
Re = UD
v
0)
ReSUlt:
Mass transfer co-efficient, hm = 0.0128 mls
where,
5.72 Heat and Moss Transfer
SC -
5.29 UNIVERSITY SOLVED PROBLEMS

IIIA'
I tm and 25"C containing small quantities of iOdill
I..!J ir at a
2 _/.'
'../ 35
di
e
'/h a velocity of 6. TW S msiae a mm lameter tuh
floww!
. fi 'd'
t.
Calculate mass transfer co-efficient or 10 me. The therltl{j
Sc
Schmidt
NUtn\.Ul:r::::
15.5 x 1(}-{l
0.82 x lQ=s
"
1)ill
physical properties of air are

v::: 15,5 x 1(J-fI m1/s
D::: 0.82
substitute
{May 2004 - Anna Un;v]
10-5 m1/s
( 1)
-;::J
Given:
Pressure, p ::: 1 atm= 1.013 bar
Fluid temperature,
Sc, Re values in
I
'\
\ .&9()~.44
84.07 \
Sherwood
Vel~city, U ::: 6.2 mls
Number, Sh:: ~
Dab
Diameter, D::: 35 mrn ::: 0.035 m

Kinematic viscosity, v= 15.5
1~
84.07
m2/s
0.82 x 10-5 m2/s
Dab:::
t\)
We know that,
Too::: 25C
t<\uatl()1\
Sh ::: 0.023 (14,000)0.&3 1\

@h:::
hm x 0.035
0.82 x \()-5
Mass transfer co-efficient, hm:: O.()\I}(:, mls
Tofind:
hm
Result :
Solution:
Mass transfer co-efficient, hm = 0.0\96 mls
We know that,
Reyno Ids num b er, Re=
\1] Dry
and 1 aIm flows OVfr II IIIf' jla. platt SO CIII

long and velocity of 50 mls. Calcullllt 'ht mass "wltr C~
UD
V
IRe:::
[Ocl'99 Madras Univ }
14,000 I > 2000

Ans:

For turbulent, Internal flow
Sherwood Number (Sh)
air at 27C
efficient of water vapour in air aI 'he end of .ht platt. Talt

D = 0.26 x 1()-4 m2/s.
6.2 x 0.035
15.5 x 10-6
0.023 (Repg3
(Sc)
0.44
(1)
{From HMf data book, page no.176}
hm
! '
0.11 mls
[The procedure of this problems is same as, Section- 5.25

Problem no.2)
.
"c and atmospheric pressure flows wit/I a ~
A" at ~5.
JO mm diameter tube of J m length. The' Iy 0/
3 m/s inside a
.
.
I"S;d,
.r the tube con tams a deposit of naphthal e
surface 0,
.r.'
e"e
. the average mass transfer co-effiCient. Talc .
Determtne
. D = 0. 62 x J(i-5 m1/s.
e /0,
Naphtllalene air,
.
{Apr' 2000 - Madras 1
T
I.
VIl/\! }
S
A n
= 2.27
",
x J(i-3
m/s.
[The procedure of this problems

Problem no. 1]
is same as, Section - 5.28
r7l Air at 20DCflows part a tray full of water with a veloc;".

L:J
.'J
of
2.5 mls. Calculate the evaporatto rate of water if th
D
temperature on the water surface is 15 C. The tray measur e
25 em along the flow direction and its width is 40 em;
pressure of water associated with it is 0.0075 bar. The physical

properties of air are Density = 1.205 kg/m', kinematic Viscosity
15.06 x 1~ m2/s and diffusivity = 0.15 m2/llr.
'
[Oct' 98 - Madras Univ}
1.846
[The procedure
Problem no.4J
1 atm flows over a wet flat plate 50 cm

long at a velocity of 50 mls. Calculate the mass transfer
co-efflceint of water vapour in air at the end of the plate,
D = 0.26 cm2/s.
[Oct' 2001 - Madras UnivJ
0.11 mls.
[The procedure
Problem no.2J
of this problems
..\1(1,I.'j,
""-tft, j
[Ans . (i) 0003

(ii) 76.5 x 1fH kgll ~ 75ando.OlSk
nro e!s-tn1j 153 x 1 g trloitlntl
gas is maintained at
()-I kgls-nr2/
2.
Hydrogen
ite sid
pressuresof3
the OpposIte Sl. e of a 0 .3 rnm thiIek rubbe bar and \ bar on
entire system IS at 25C. What' th r membraneand the
h
IS e molard'~
hydrogen .t . rough the membrane? Take0 _ I usion flux of
and solubility of H2 in rubber = 1.5 x 1f\...)AB - 8.7 x \0-3 m21s
v kmoVm)bar,
fAns: 1.75 x Ifr6 kgls-nrZ/
is same as, Section - 5.25
[IJ Dry air at 27DCand
Ans: h",
....11(:
. 5 rn
.75
of2.5 bar
m thic~h
.
and I bash
diffusIon
co-effieie
aronits Ydrogen
8.5 >< J()-8m2/sandthe~:
~~ hYdr:PPosiless:lllaintaif\ed
2b
Ublll",0 gen
!'lbe bi
kg mo Ie Imar.
Underth
.'1 fhYdr In the
lnary
eUnlforrn ~enlll_ Plastic is
COnd'
""Ibranc .
(i) The molar concentrations
IhonsOf2St ISO.0015
of the membrane, and
of hYdrogen
,Calculate
atthe0
PPositefaces
(ii) The molar and mass diffu '
Sianflu
membrane.
x ofhYdr
agenthrough the
lrrs kg/so
of this problems
P~f'ot,.,
at pressures
es
The moving air has a total pressure of 1. 01 bar and the partial
Ans : mw
A plastIC membrane 0 2
is same as, Section-
5.25
3. Estimate
the diffusion rate of wate fr th

.
r om e bottom f
tube 10mm In diameter and IS em 100 . t dry
0 a test
C T k h '.
g 10 0 atmosphericair
t
25
a
. 1 a e t e diffuSIon co-effieieot of
bra
"
0.255 x 10-4 m2 Is.
watert ughau- IS
fAns: 1.13 x l~ kglll/
4. Air at 3.5C and I atm flows over a wet flatplate50emlongwith

a velocity of 30 mls. Calculate the mass transfereo-efficeintof
water vapour in air at the end of the plate.
fAns: 0.075 mis/
_ME

Compute the rate of evaporation of~ter vapour. from~
5. ofa flat pan filled with water at 150C mtoa~
air SI:reaJn .~
with a velocity of3m1s parallel to water s~rface. The tern~
of air is 200C and the length of the pan LD the flow diftcti 'IIrt
30 ern while its width is 50 cm. Take the total pressllrt of ~~
.' I
f
lIr}'
1.013 x lOs N/m2 and the partia pressure 0 water vapoUr~~
as 800 N/m2.
q
[Ans ; 0.096.
""I
5.31 TWO MARK QUESTIONS
AND ANSWERS
-------
1. What is mass transfer?
The process of transfer of mass as a result of the spec"

concentration difference in a mixture is known as mass
transter.
2. Give the examples of mass transfer.
"",al is Eddy diffll.s'
~~~
When one of the diffi .
USIOn t1
diffuSion takes place
uids i .
o-
",haIlS
convective '"
.
Urbulent
CI.t.s t'Q"~1".
.
mOtion, eddy
...
It"
7. Slate
ru "S law of diffus;oll.
en they are at
{J"~t06 ~
.'
{Oct'97: 99,~~S &. Dtc'04 A VI
The diffusion rate ISgiven by th'

0 &. Ap,'98 MVI
e FICk's I
molar fl ux 0 f an element per un't
. aw, which state th
I area IS d'
S
at
concentration gradient.
lrectly proponional to
ma =-0
dea
A
ab d;"
fMU-Nov'96,Oct'''1
where,
of air in cooling tower
ma
k
- Molar flux _ g - mole
A
s-m2
2. Evaporation of petrol in the carburertor of an IC engine

3. The transfer of water vapour into dry air
3. Wlia!are the modes of mass transfer?
lilt
5 7
Convective mass lransfe .

.
II
""t.20 06,A VI
occur between a surfacer IS a pr<>tessof
and a t1 .
mass tra
different concentrations
Uld med'
nsfer that w'II
IUm wh
I
Some examples of mass transfer are

I. Humidification
~
asl "'r~fer
fJune - 2006,AUj
There are basically two modes of mass transfer,
Dab -
Diffusion co-efficient of species a and b
dCa
dx
- Concentration gradient, kgtm3
2/
.m s
1. Diffusion mass transfer

2. Convective mass transfer
Lt('Wllat is molecular
diffusion?
8. Whal is free
[June - 2006,A~1
The transport of water on a microscopic level as a result of

diffusion from a region of higher concentration to a regiOll
of
lower concentration in a mixture of liquids or gases is known IS
molecular diffusion.
convective mlUs transftr'!
IOe,'97. MU/
If the fluid m o tiIon ISpr

. od uce d due to change ID'. density resulting
from concentration gradients, the mode of mass transfer is said
to be free or natural convective mass transfer.
Example:
Evaporation
of alcohol.

9. Defineforced convective mass transfer.
{Apr'97
If'th fluid motion is artificially created by means of

.....(;/
e
an e)(te... .
force like a blower or fan, that type of mass transfer is kno -"Qj
convective mass transfer.
\\'n~
Example: The evaporation
blows over it.
of water from an ocean wh
en a~
10. Define Schmidt Number.
{Apr'97, Oct'97 - Mll/
It is defined as the ratio of the molecular diffusivity of rno

.,
f
lllenluJn
to the molecular diffusivity 0 mass.
(iii)
.
(IV)
Mass fr
.
action
Mole fra .
ctlon
(i) Mass concelilra .
no" 0, At
Mass of a CQrn
lIss Ii
Pon
ttr!il)l
expressed in kg; lent Pet UIl'
rn .
It vOlu
me Of Ih
Mass concentrati
on ""
(ii) Molar Concent,,...

""0/1
Sc =
Molecular diffusivity of momentum

Molecular diffusivity of mass
11. Define Scherwood Number.

/Apr'97& 2001- MU
It is defined as the ratio of concentration
Sh=
{May -2004 -AU,
&-rnoleJml Volultle of
'NUtnber 0
.
f tnoles of
Dnit volu
COmponent
tne of mixture
mls
The mass fraction is d fi

.
e Ined
concentration of species to the t
as the ratio f
otal mass den'
0 mass
Slty ofthe mixture
Mass fraction = ~Mass concentrationof
.
'I'
a species
lotal mass density
m2/s
(iii). Mole fraction
/ May -2004 -AUf

of alcohol
The mole fraction is defined as the

.
concentration of a species to the t tal
raho of mol
o molar concentration.
Mole concentration
of water from an ocean when air blows overit.
IJI.'Dejine thefotlowing.
~'ure
(iii) Mass fraction
12. Give two examples of convective mass transfer:
2. Evaporation
e Of min..
gradients at the boundary,
x- Length, m
1. Evaporation
Or At,
oi"'d
N urn b er of molecul
tl!$il)l
.
es of a
the mixture. It is exp
tOtnPolle
tesSed in k
lit Pet Unit
Molar concentration""
h",x
Dab
hIn - Mass transfer co-efficient,

Dab -
\.
e mixture I '
IYJasS
' t IS
D' Of a Corn
nit vOlum
Ilelll
I Dec
= Mole concentrationofa species
Total molar concentration
-04 & 05 -AUf
(i) Mass Concentration

(ii) Molar Concentration

Heat and Mass Transfer

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[ ANNA UNIVERSITY SYLLABUS

ME1351 : HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER

hanical Engineering -(R'egulation

Mechanism of Heat Transfer

Modes of Heat Transfer _

Critical Radius of Insulation

Basic Concepts - Diffusion Mass Transfer - Fick's law of diffusion _

Basic Concepts, Laws of Radiation - Stefan Boltzman Law, Kirchoff

Note : . (Use of Standard Heat and Mass

with Heat Generation

Plane Wall with Internal Heat Generation

1.~.5. Fin rfkcriVt'ness.

Transient Heat Condul~tioll (or) Unsteady

tteot AII(I~I'jiJ .................................................

2 1.2. Buckingham 1I Theorem.

2.14. Limitations of Dimensional

2.2.1. Reynolds Number (Re)

~e\Vlonion and Non-Newtollioll

Formulue Used lor Flow Over Balik of Tubes

Formulae usedfor Flow tit rough

Formulae Used/or Free Convection

Formulae Usedfer Flow Over Cylinders

Flow over 'lalli, of Tubes

Problems 011 Flat Surfaces - Forced Convection

How over Cylinders

Laminar and Turbulent

Local and Average Heat Transfer

Free (or) Natural Convection

Solved Problems - lufintie Slllitl,

1.5. I. l3ior Number .

PHASE CHANGE HEAT TRANSFER AND HEAT

Heat and Mass Tram/a

Boilll1g Heat Transfer Phenomena

Solved Problems Oil Laminar Flow,

Shell and Tube Heal Exchangers

ur Questions and AI1swers

Radiation of Heat Exchange

4.26. Solved Problems

CHAPTER IV : RADIA nON

Problems on Parallel Flow and Counter

Flow Heat \:cllangers

Analogy for Thermal

from Gases and Vapours

Problems for Practice

Two Mark. Qlte.5tiOl1!iand Al1swers

Fourier Law of Conduction

Internal Heat Generation

Unsteady Heat Conduction

ANNA UNIVERSITY SOLVED QUESTION PAPERS ........ S.1 - S.71

1.1.1 Modes of Heat Transfer

is possible only in the presence offluid

I.': Heat tnd

Rate of heal conduction is proponional 10 the area mea lIred

dT _ Temperature gradient in k/m

it)' is defined a the abilit

[The negative sign indicates that the h at 0 w in a dire ti

Consider a small rectangular

be the heat flux in a direction

The rate f heat' fl '"nine. t th

Let q x be the heat flux in a direction

e Iernent .In x diirection