Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
MASTER OF ENGINEERING
In
By
RUBY TRIPATHI
1602-13-766-022
Mr. M. Sreenivasulu
Assistant Professor (Sr. Sl.),
DEPARTMENT
OF
ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING
VASAVI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
(Affiliated to Osmania University)
Ibrahimbagh, Hyderabad 500031
2014 2015
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the project work entitled APPLICATION OF HYBRID
ENERGY STORAGE TO IMPROVE THE POWER QUALITY OF DOUBLY
FED INDUCTION GENERATOR BASED WIND SYSTEM submitted by
RUBY TRIPATHI (1602 13 766 022), a student of Department of Electrical
and Electronics Engineering, Vasavi College of Engineering in partial fulfilment of
the requirements for the award of the degree of Master of Engineering with Power
System and Power Electronics as specialization is a record of the bonafide work
carried out by her during the academic year 2014 2015.
Mr. M. Sreenivasulu
Hyderabad
Hyderabad
DECLARATION
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Ruby Tripathi
(1602 13 766 022)
ABSTRACT
Over the past 20 years the concern over renewable energy resources is
increasing due to limited conventional resources and increased pollution. In India,
16.8 % of power is contributed by wind energy and with the technological advances
there is a good scope of increasing the power contributed by wind energy. However,
the wind generators when integrated to the grid have adverse effects which lead to the
reduction in power quality. Many researchers have proposed different techniques to
maintain the voltage quality at the PCC by controlling the reactive power. Instead of
controlling the reactive power, an energy storage system can be used to control the
voltage.
The project emphasizes on the application of hybrid energy storage systems to
mitigate the effect of wind speed fluctuations, thereby ensuring smooth power output
as well as improving the power quality at the PCC. To achieve this a control strategy
is designed for managing the demand generation fluctuations using a hybrid energy
storage system in a wind dominated remote area power supply system consisting of
a DFIG, a battery / fuel cell storage system , a super capacitor, a dump load and main
loads. Operation of battery / fuel cell storage system is coordinated with a super
capacitor with a view to improving the performance of the battery / fuel cell. In this
model, the battery / fuel cell storage system is connected to the load side of the RAPS
system, whereas the super capacitor is connected to the dc bus of the back to back
converter of the DFIG. The models are simulated in Matlab / Simulink environment.
TABLE OF CONTENT
ABSTRACT .................................................................................................................. I
LIST OF FIGURES .................................................................................................... V
LIST OF TABLES ................................................................................................... VII
GLOSSARY OF ACRONYM............................................................................... VIII
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS .................................................................................... X
CHAPTER 1 ................................................................................................................. 1
INTRODUCTION........................................................................................................ 1
1.1 Introduction to Renewable Energy Resources. .................................................... 1
1.2 Introduction to Wind Energy................................................................................ 2
1.3 Types of Wind Turbine Generators ...................................................................... 4
1.4 Introduction to Storage System ............................................................................ 4
1.4.1 Introduction to Battery................................................................................... 4
1.4.2 Introduction to Super Capacitor .................................................................... 5
1.4.3 Introduction to Fuel cell ................................................................................ 6
1.4.4 Hybrid storage system ................................................................................... 6
1.5 Overveiw .............................................................................................................. 7
1.6 Outline of the Thesis ............................................................................................ 7
CHAPTER 2 ................................................................................................................. 9
LITERATURE SURVEY............................................................................................ 9
2.1 Electrical Energy and Importance of DFIG ......................................................... 9
2.2 Controlling Schemes and Storage Systems .......................................................... 9
2.3 Chapter Summary............................................................................................... 10
CHAPTER 3 ............................................................................................................... 11
DFIG OPERATION AND CONTROLLING ......................................................... 11
3.1 Operation of the DFIG ....................................................................................... 11
3.2 Rotor Side Converter Control ............................................................................ 13
3.3 Line Side Converter Control .............................................................................. 15
3.4 Pitch Angle Control ............................................................................................ 16
3.5 Chapter Summary............................................................................................... 17
ii
CHAPTER 4 ............................................................................................................... 18
PROPOSED MODEL AND ITS DETAILED STUDY .......................................... 18
4.1 Existing Model of RAPS System ....................................................................... 18
4.2 Proposed Model of RAPS System ..................................................................... 19
4.3 A Coordinated Control Approach for Hybrid Energy Storage. ......................... 20
4.4 The Power Management Algorithm. .................................................................. 22
4.5 Battery/Fuel cell Storage Function. .................................................................... 24
4.5.1 Estimation of Battery ................................................................................... 25
4.5.2 Estimation of Fuel Cell ................................................................................ 25
4.6 Super Capacitor and Dump Load. ...................................................................... 26
4.6.1 Estimation of Supercapacitor....................................................................... 28
4.6.2 Dump Load Controller................................................................................. 29
4.7 Chapter Summary............................................................................................... 30
CHAPTER 5 ............................................................................................................... 31
SIMULATION MODEL AND RESULTS .............................................................. 31
5.1 Simulation Model with Battery and Super Capacitor as Hybrid Storage System
.................................................................................................................................. 31
5.1.1 RSC and LSC Design. ................................................................................. 33
5.1.2 Battery/fuel cell, Supercapacitor and Dump Load Contol .......................... 35
5.2 Simulation Model with fuel cell and Super Capacitor as Hybrid Energy Storage
.................................................................................................................................. 35
5.3 Performance of the Hybrid Energy Storage System Based DFIG System. ....... 37
5.3.1 Battery and super capacitor results .............................................................. 37
5.3.2 Fuel cell and super capacitor results ............................................................ 43
5.3.2.1 Results with Constant Load .................................................................. 43
5.3.2.2 Results with Variable Load ................................................................... 48
5.4 Comparison of Battery and Fuel cell as Storage Systems. ................................. 54
5.5 Chapter Summary............................................................................................... 54
CHAPTER 6 ............................................................................................................... 56
CONCLUSION AND FUTURE SCOPE ................................................................. 56
6.1 Conclusion.......................................................................................................... 56
6.2 Future Scope ....................................................................................................... 56
iii
REFERENCES ........................................................................................................... 58
APPENDIX ................................................................................................................. 60
A.1 Parameters Associated with DFIG Based RAPS System. ................................. 60
iv
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1.1: Renewable energy installed capacity .......................................................... 1
Figure 1.2: Indias wind power installed capacity ......................................................... 3
Figure 1.3: Types of wind turbines ................................................................................ 4
Figure 1.4: Different storage systems ............................................................................ 7
Figure 1.5: Outline of Thesis ......................................................................................... 8
Figure 3.1: DFIG based wind turbine generator system .............................................. 11
Figure 3.2: Super synchronous mode of operation ................................................... 12
Figure 3.3: Sub synchronous mode of operation ...................................................... 12
Figure 3.4: RSC control scheme .................................................................................. 15
Figure 3.5: Filter model associated with LSC ............................................................. 15
Figure 3.6: LSC control scheme .................................................................................. 16
Figure 3.7: Pitch angle controlling............................................................................... 17
Figure 4.1: Existing model of DFIG based RAPS system ........................................... 18
Figure 4.2: Proposed model of DFIG based RAPS system ......................................... 19
Figure 4.3: A Coordinated control approach for hybrid energy storage based RAPS
system ................................................................................................................... 21
Figure 4.4: Estimation of reference power for battery/fuel cell and super capacitor .. 22
Figure 4.5: Operating frequency ranges for storage system ........................................ 23
Figure 4.6: Types of super capacitor............................................................................ 24
Figure 4.7: Inverter control .......................................................................................... 26
Figure 4.8: Buck Boost converter ............................................................................. 26
Figure 4.9: Super capacitor controlling strategy. ......................................................... 28
Figure 4.10: Dump load control strategy. .................................................................... 29
Figure 5.1: Simulation circuit with battery and super capacitor .................................. 32
Figure 5.2: RSC controlling circuit .............................................................................. 33
Figure 5.3: LSC controlling circuit .............................................................................. 34
Figure 5.4: Simulation model with fuel cell and super capacitor ................................ 36
Figure 5.5: Torque and Speed of DFIG ....................................................................... 37
Figure 5.6: Wind speed (Battery)................................................................................. 38
Figure 5.7: Voltage on load side (Battery)................................................................... 38
Figure 5.8: Frequency on load side (Battery) .............................................................. 39
v
vi
LIST OF TABLES
Table 1.1: Available Supercapacitors in Market............................................................ 6
Table A.1: Parameters .................................................................................................. 60
vii
GLOSSARY OF ACRONYM
ib
Battery current
ifc
Pb
Vb
Battery voltage
Csup
(Vw)cut in
(Vw)cut out
Damping Constant
Vdc
DC bus voltage
Pd
Vds, Vqs
Vdr, Vqr
ds, qs
ds, qs
Te
Faraday efficiency
Lf
Filter inductance
Frequency deviation
fs
PL
Load demand
Plf, Phf
Lm
Pm
Qmag
(Te)opt
(Pw)opt
power deviation
viii
PDFIG
kp,ki
rated
Qs
QDFIG
Rr
Lr
Pr
Rs
Ls
Psc
Pfc
Synchronous speed
Vsc
Vs
Pw
Vw
ix
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
DFIG
SEIG
PMSG
MW
Mega Watt
WECS
RAPS
RSC
LSC
PCC
EMA
PLL
DOD
Depth of Discharge
PWM
SOC
State of Charge
BESS
FESS
HESS
PEMFC
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
Electricity is identied as one key commodity which can be used as a
medium for economic growth in rural and regional areas. According to ministry of
new and renewable energy, country's present installed power generation capacity has
more than doubled to 2,54,600 MW in the past 10 years [1]. Renewable energy
contributes to nearly 34351.39 MW to the total generating capacity and in which wind
energy contributes 21923 MW as shown in Fig.1.1. Even though we have 2,34,600
MW of installed capacity, India faces an outage of more than 30000 MW due to
increase in demand. This shortage can be reduced by use of renewable energy, since
renewable energy is reliable, abundant and will cost efficient once the technology
improve.
In remote areas such as island where supplying power is uneconomical
through grid, in those it will quite efficient if small generation systems are developed
and power is supplied though it. Thus developing a DFIG based RAPS system.
Biogass Power =
2912.88 MW
Bio-Mass Power
= 1284.6 MW
increasing energy demand have affected power industry growth. Over the past years,
development of smaller distributed energy sources closer to loads such as Remote
Area Power Supply (RAPS) system has increased. Thus, renewable energy sources
such as wind, solar, biomass, and geothermal are given more importance.
Renewable energy systems offer several advantages over conventional energy
sources such as natural gas or coal. First, renewable energy systems are clean
sources of energy found in most regions, and they do not emit greenhouse gases.
Renewable energy sources are also abundant and free. Although the initial capital
cost for most renewable energy sources is greater than natural gas or coal power
plants, renewable may be more cost effective for long term as compared to
conventional sources because of lower operating and maintenance costs. However, the
renewable resources have several disadvantages. Primary disadvantage is that they
are mostly available in remote areas at great distances from large loads.
Among all renewable energy options, wind power has gained the importance
as one of the most widespread renewable energy generation technologies. In this
thesis, wind energy is emphasized because it can be used to generate electricity in
remote areas where grid is neither available nor electricity is economical to transfer
via grid.
According to the World Wind Energy Report 2014[1], all wind turbines
installed globally by the end of year 2014 contribute potentially 430 Terawatthours
to the worldwide electricity supply which supply 2.5 % of the global electricity
demand per year. Indias wind power installed capacity by the end of March 2015 is
shown in Fig.1.2 which has increased significantly from 1666 MW to 21923 MW.
SEIG
PMSG
DFIG
Figure 1.3: Types of wind turbines
many "off the grid" domestic systems rely on battery storage, but storing large
amounts of electricity in batteries or by other electrical means has not yet been put to
general use.
Batteries are generally expensive, have high maintenance, and have limited
life spans. But one and only possible technology for large scale storage are batteries.
Nickel metal hyderite batteries are not much expensive to implement on a large
scale and have been used for grid storage in Japan and in the United States. Battery
storage has relatively high efficiency, as high as 90% or better.
Rechargeable flow batteries can be used as a rapid response storage medium.
These storage systems are designed to smooth the transient fluctuations in wind
energy supply.
The advantages of battery are:
They can operate over wide temperature range
They are available in various size.
Depending upon the application, it is possible to charge battery for
long periods of time without self discharge.
1.4.2 INTRODUCTION TO SUPER CAPACITOR
Supercapacitor is a double layer capacitor in which the energy is stored by
charge transfer at the boundary between electrode and electrolyte. The amount of
stored energy is function of the available electrode and electrolyte surface, the size of
the ions, and the level of the electrolyte decomposition voltage.
Usually supercapacitors are divided into two types: double layer capacitors
and electrochemical capacitors.
The most important parameters of a super capacitor include the
capacitance(C), ESR and EPR (which is also called leakage resistance). Some of
supercapacitors available in market are shown in Table.1.1.
Manufacturer
Specifications of Supercapacitors
Power Star China Make 50 F/2.7V, 300F/2.7V, 600F/2.7 V, ESR less than
1m.
(single Unit)
Panasonic Make (Single
Unit)
Maxwell
(Module)
Vinatech Make
ESR 90-8 m
operation and the combined energy storage system is able to satisfy both power and
energy requirements of the RAPS system [14], [15]. A power management algorithm
is designed in such a way that the supercapacitor should be able to absorb the ripple
component of demand generation mismatch.
1.5 OVERVEIW
In this thesis, a simulation model of DFIG based wind dominated RAPS
system is developed. The system is designed in order to maintain the load side
voltage and frequency within acceptable limits during over generation and under
generation. To achive this main objective, it is important to manage the active and
reactive power contribution of the components in RAPS system. In this regard,
control coordinated strategies are developed and implemented among the components
present within the RAPS system. In addition, individaul control is developed based on
an appropriate coordinated control approach with a view to regulate the magnitude of
the voltage and freqency on the load side. In this thesis, RAPS systems consisting of
battery / fuel cell storage, super capacitor and dump load are expalined briefly along
with simulation models. A comparison of battery versus fuel cell energy storage
system is done.
In chapter 3, the operating and controlling methods developed for DFIG are
discussed in detail. RSC and LSC controlling techniques are also discussed in
detailed.
In chapter 4, importance of integrating energy storage for wind turbine ,
necessity for supercapacitor for improving the life span of battery and dump load
controlling are discussed in detail.
Chapter 5 gives a detailed study of two simulation models, one with battery
and super capacitor as hybrid storage system and other with fuel cell and super
capacitor as hybrid storage system. Results are discussed in detailed with the
variations in wind and load for both the systems and a comparative study is done.
Finally, chapter 6 summarises the major outcomes of the work presented in
thesis and makes suggestions for future scope.
Chapter 1
Introduction
Chapter 2
Literature survey
Chapter 3
DFIG operation and controlling
Chapter 4
Proposed model
Chapter 5
Simulation models and Results
Chapter 6
Conclusion and Future scope
Figure 1.5: Outline of Thesis
CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE SURVEY
During the research work, various papers and journals have been reviewed and their
brief overview is presented.
quality. Author explains about the battery technology, flywheel technology and
capacitors as storing devices for improving the power quality. The authors also
address about the cost of each devices.
Kuldeep Sahay, Bharti Dwivedi et al, [11] explains about the power quality problem
that affects the operating equipments for end user. RAPS system associated with
serious power qualities issues. The paper focuses on importance of the use of energy
storage devices to improve power quality.
Martin Winter et al, [15] briefly explain about the battery, fuel cell and super
capacitor working and construction. Author also gives a brief description of
advantages and disadvantages of each storing system.
N. Mendis at el, [4] describes the importance of battery storage for maintaining the
power balance between load and source and improving voltage at PCC. The use of
super capacitor for improving battery lifetime is also explained.
In the proposed model battery energy storage system is replaced with Fuel cell Energy
storage system and a comparative analysis is made.
10
CHAPTER 3
DFIG OPERATION AND CONTROLLING
This chapter presents the relevant study of the DFIG operation and controlling.
Section 3.1 gives a complete study of advantages and operation of DFIG. Section 3.2
explains about RSC controlling. In section 3.3, Controlling of LSC is explained with
necessary contolling scheme. Finally, in section 3.4 Pitch angle controlling is
explained.
11
In the super synchronous mode, the rotor speed of the DFIG is kept above
synchronous speed leading to a negative slip s < 0, as evident from Eq. (3.1). During
the super synchronous mode, the generated wind power passes to the load through
the stator, as well as through the rotor, of the DFIG which is given by Eq.(3.2) and
(3.3) respectively (i.e., Pr > 0) as shown in Fig.3.2.
12
s r
s=
(3.1)
s
P
m
Ps = (1s)
(3.2)
Pr = sPs
(3.3)
Pm = Ps + Pr
(3.4)
Qs = 2 Ls + Vs
s
Lm
i
L s dr
(3.5)
namely: Qmag and Qgen are given by Eq.(3.6) and Eq.(3.7) respectively.
3
V2
Qmag = 2 Ls + Vs
s
Qgen = 2 Vs
Lm
i
L s drmag
Lm
i
L s drgen
13
(3.6)
(3.7)
idrmag = Ls
(3.8)
(3.9)
(3.10)
where, kp and ki are proportional and integral gains of the PI controller respectively.
The stator ux orientation scheme for the machine is ensured by setting the
q axis component of the stator ux to zero. Mathematically this condition can be
given as in Eq.(3.11) and is regarded as a criterion which needs to be followed by the
DFIG in order to regulate the frequency at the stator or load side.
L
iqr = L s iqs
(3.11)
14
15
(3.12)
(3.13)
16
17
CHAPTER 4
PROPOSED MODEL AND ITS DETAILED STUDY
This chapter presents the relevant study of the proposed model. Section 4.1
gives a complete study of existing model of DFIG based wind dominated remote area
power supply (RAPS) system using hybrid (battery and supercapacitor) energy
storage. In section 4.2, proposed model that is developed is discussed in detail. In
section 4.3, a coordinated control approach for hybrid enegy storage based RAPS
system is discussed. Section 4.4 describes the power management algorithm for
hybrid energy storage system. Section 4.5 describes fuel cell storage function. Finally
in section 4.5, function of super capacitor and dump load is explained along with
controlling schemes.
18
20
Wind Power
Pw
NO
Vcut-in<V<Vcut-out
Pw=0
Yes
NO
NO
Hybrid energy
storage systemdischarging
Pw-PL>0
Pw+Pb+Psc
-PL>0
Load
shedding
Yes
Yes
Hybrid energy storage
system-battery/fuel cell
charging
Super capacitor
high frequency
component
Battery/Fuel cell
charging
NO
NO
Dump
Load
ON
Pb<(Pb)max
Pd <(Pd)max
Yes
Pitch
Regulation
Yes
Frequency
control
Figure 4.3: A Coordinated control approach for hybrid energy storage based
RAPS system
21
Figure 4.4: Estimation of reference power for battery/fuel cell and super
capacitor
22
(4.1)
where Phf is the high frequency component of the demand generation mismatch,
and Plf is the low frequency component of the demand generation mismatch. In
real life applications, the operation of a supercapacitor needs to satisfy the
conditions given in Eq.(4.2)(4.4). The rst condition given by Eq.(4.2) emphasizes
the safe operating voltage of a supercapacitor, which is usually indicated by the
manufacturer in data sheet. The second condition given by Eq.(4.3) indicates the
maximum possible peak current of a supercapacitor. The third condition presented in
Eq.(4.4) denes the maximum allowable power from the supercapacitor during its
operation.
(Vsc )min < Vsc < (Vsc )max
(Ic )pk = C
(4.2)
(0.5 C sup V sc )
sup
(4.3)
ES R dc +1
dV sc
dt
max
(4.4)
where Csup is the capacitance value of the supercapacitor; (vsc)max, (vsc)min are
maximum and minimum operating voltages of supercapacitor, respectively; ESRdc is
the equivalent series resistor of the supercapacitor, (Psc)max is the maximum power
23
dV sc
dt
(b)
(a)
sc )max
2E sc
)2 ((V sc )min )2
(4.5)
(4.6)
(4.7)
During over generation, power output of the wind turbine generator PDF IG
is greater than the load demand PL and hence the battery/fuel cell acts as a load
while operating on charging mode . Contrarily, during under generation conditions
the battery/fuel cell storage operates on discharging mode. Under balanced
operating conditions where the wind power output matches with the load demand, the
battery/fuel cell storage system stays at the idling mode.
24
(4.8)
where Pb is the actual power, and kp and ki are the proportional and integral
gains of the PI controller, respectively.
4.5.1 ESTIMATION OF BATTERY
The capacity estimation of the battery storage system depends on many factors
such as wind profile and load demand. The size of the battrey system is estimated
using Eq.(4.9)
irated
t
60
= (Ah rating) k
(4.9)
where, is fraction of the rated current of the load demand, irated is the rated curent
corresponding to load demand, t is the time duration over which the battery provides
power to the system, k is the average discharge/charge current of the battery storage
in pu.
4.5.2 ESTIMATION OF FUEL CELL
The estimation of the size of a fuel cell system is extremely application
specific and depends on many factors such as wind profile and wind generator
capacity. In this thesis, the fuel cell system is sized to provide 25% of the rated load
demand which also satisfies the constrains associated with the rating of inverter.
25
26
(P DFIG )opt P L
V sc
(4.11)
where, PL is load demand, vsc is super capacitor voltage and (PDF IG )opt is
optimum power from DFIG.
For grid connected DFIG applications, the q axis component of rotor
current iqr is used to extract the maximum power from wind using RSC converter
control. Contrarily, in standalone mode of operation, the current iqr , is utilised to
operate the RSC in SFO mode as given by Eq (4.12).
L
iqr = ( L s )iqs
m
(4.12)
Therefore, iqr cannot be directly used to extract the maximum power from
wind during standalone operation of the wind turbine generator.
Instead, the
As evident from Eq. (4.15), the maximum power extraction from DFIG can
be realised by varying iqs , the q axis component of the stator current. Therefore,
by allowing the super capacitor current as given in Eq.(4.16), it is possible to vary iqs
resulting DFIG to operate on maximum power extraction mode.
(Te )opt = K opt (r )2
Te = L
Lm
s
Vs
+L m r
r = ((L
iqr
Lm V s
s
(4.13)
+L m )K opt
(4.14)
) iqs
(4.15)
where, Te is electromagnetic torque of the DFIG, iqr , iqs are rotor and stator
q-axis currents respectively, Ls , Lm are stator inductance and magnetising
inductance respectively.
P
(isc )ref = V hf
(4.16)
sc
(4.17)
28
Assuming that, in the worst case, the supercapacitor is able to provide the
maximum slip power of DFIG smax PDFIG for time t = 10s, the capacitance value of the
supercapacitor can be calculated as follows:
(S max (P DFIG )rated )t
2
2
sc )max ) ((V sc )min )
C= ((V
C=
(37501000 102)
(500 2 200 2 )
20F
(4.18)
(4.19)
(4.20)
where Pw is the power output of the DFIG, and (Pb)max is the maximum
capacity of the battery/fuel cell storage system.
29
30
CHAPTER 5
SIMULATION MODEL AND RESULTS
This chapter presents the relevant study of two simulation models of hybrid
energy storage DFIG based wind dominated RAPS system. Section 5.1 describes
about simulation model with battery and super capacitor as hybrid energy storage
system. In section 5.2, simulation model with fuel cell and super capacitor as hybrid
storage system is studied. Section 5.3 presents results obtained for both the simulation
models under various wind speed and variable load. Finally section 5.4 gives a
comparative study of battery and fuel cell storage system.
31
given as an input to discrete PWM generator. Pulses given to gate signal of RSC are
generated by using this block. The output of PWM acts as input to unit delay which is
used to hold and delay the input by the sample time specified.
34
35
Figure 5.4: Simulation model with fuel cell and super capacitor
36
Te
Tsec
37
Ws
Tsec
Vload
(pu)
Tsec
be seen that the frequency of the system is maintained within 0.2% of its rated
value.
f(pu)
Tsec
Vdc
(pu)
39
Tsec
Pload
(pu)
Tsec
Pwind
(pu)
Tsec
It can be seen that the super capacitor responds to the fast varying power
variations while the battery absorbs the slow varying power variations of the
demand generation mismatch. Also, the super capacitor responds quickly to load
step changes which occur at t = 4 s and t = 6 s avoiding high rates of DOD of the
battery storage system
Pb
(pu)
Pscp
(pu)
Tsec
The battery storage system reaches its full capacity of 0.175 pu at t=2 s
leading to the operation of dump load which absorbs the additional power of 0.02
pu as evident from Fig.5.13.
Pd
(pu)
41
Tsec
The battery storage system operates in its charging mode until load step
addition which occurs at t = 4 s leading to a change of its mode of operation
from charging to discharging. However, the rate of discharge is reduced after the
load step reduction that occurs at t = 6 s. The battery current for the case with no
super capacitor is shown in Fig.5.14.
Ib
Tsec
Ib
Is
Tsec
storage system has near ripple free current with low value of DOD rate at the time
of load step changes.
The FFT analysis of the battery current and the super capacitor current are
given in Fig.5.16 and Fig.5.17, respectively. The battery current is shown to be free
from ripples or high frequency component, whereas the super capacitor current
consists of considerable amount of high frequencies, which ensures the safe operation
of the battery storage.
43
The wind condition under which the system has been simulated is shown in
Fig.5 . 1 8 . It can be seen that the wind velocity is set initially at 12 m/s. At t = 3 s,
the wind velocity drops to 9 m/s, and it increases to 11 m/s at t = 7 s.
Ws
Tsec
Vload
(pu)
Tsec
f (pu)
Tsec
Vdc
(pu)
Tsec
The DC link voltage of the DFIG is depicted in Fig.5 .21 which is well
regulated rated value throughout the operation.
45
Pload
(pu)
Tsec
Pwind
(pu)
Tsec
As shown in Fig.5.23, the power output of the DFIG is seen to rise to a value
of 0.6 pu at t = 2 s and the corresponding load demand is at 0.425 pu. This leads to
an over generation condition where the excess power is shared between the fuel
cell storage system and super capacitor as evident from Fig.5.24.
46
Pfc
(pu)
Pscp
(pu)
Tsec
Pd
(pu)
Tsec
47
Ifc
Is
Tsec
Ws
Tsec
Vload
(pu)
Tsec
f (pu)
49
Tsec
Vdc
(pu)
Tsec
50
Pload
(pu)
Tsec
Pwind
(pu)
Tsec
As shown in Fig.5.32, the power output of the DFIG is seen to rise to a value
of 0.6 pu at t = 2 s and the corresponding load demand is at 0.425 pu. This leads to
an over generation condition where the excess power is shared between the fuel
cell storage system and super capacitor as evident from Fig.5.33.
51
It can be seen that the super capacitor responds to the fast varying power
variations while the fuel cell absorbs the slow varying power variations of the
demand generation mismatch. Also, the super capacitor responds quickly to load
step changes which occur at t = 4 s and t = 6 s avoiding high rates of DOD of the fuel
cell storage system.
Pfc
(pu)
Pscp
(pu)
Tsec
Pd
(pu)
Tsec
The fuel cell storage system operates in its charging mode until load step
addition which occurs at t = 4 s leading to a change of its mode of operation
from charging to discharging. However, the rate of discharge is reduced after the
load step reduction that occurs at t = 6 s. The battery current for the case with no
super capacitor is shown in Fig.5.35.
Ifc
Tsec
Ifc
Is
Tsec
The Fuel cell current consists of high frequency uctuating component and
exhibits steep DOD during load step changes. The current level of the hybrid energy
storage with the super capacitor is shown in Fig.5.36.
53
55
CHAPTER 6
CONCLUSION AND FUTURE SCOPE
6.1 CONCLUSION
In this thesis, through simulation studies it can be concluded that hybrid
storage systems is capable in maintaining the voltage and frequency at the load end.
Also, it has been noted that the power sharing between the systems components was in
accordance with the proposed coordinated control methodology. The thesis has also
addressed the benets of integrating a super capacitor to a battery / fuel cell storage
system and also explains the benefits of fuel cell when compared to battery in a wind
based hybrid RAPS system.
When considering the operation of battery / fuel cell storage systems,
avoidance of heavy DOD rates and reduced ripple content in the battery / fuel cell
current is given importance. To solve above problem, a super capacitor was integrated
with the battery storage system to form the hybrid energy storage (i.e. battery / fuel
cell and super capacitor) and improving batterys / fuel cells performance. It has also
been noted that the super capacitors integrated to the DFIG was able to handle the
transients caused by wind speed and load changes effectively. Charging and
discharging of battery makes it to run for only for few years and thus requires heavy
maintenance. To avoid this problem, batteries are replaced with fuel cells that can
provide continuous electricity for several years [18].
Thus concluding by stating that application of hybrid storage system to DFIG
based wind dominated RAPS systems is capable in maintaining the voltage and
frequency at the load end with proper power sharing between the devices.
57
REFERENCES
[1]
http://www.mnre.gov.in.
[2]
[3]
[4]
[5]
John Fletcher and Jin Yang (2010). Introduction to the Doubly-Fed Induction
Generator for Wind Power Applications, Paths to Sustainable Energy, Dr Artie
Ng (Ed.), ISBN:978-953-307-401-6.
[6]
[7]
[8]
[9]
[10]
[11]
M.Beaudin,H.Zareipour,A.Schellenberglabe,andW.Rosehart,Energy storage
for mitigating the variability of renewable electricity sources: An updated
review, Energy Sustainable Develop., vol. 14, no. 4, pp. 302 314, Dec.
2010.
58
[12]
[13]
[14]
[15]
[16]
[17]
[18]
http://www.altenergy.org/renewables/fuel_cells.
59
APPENDIX
A.1 PARAMETERS ASSOCIATED WITH DFIG BASED RAPS
SYSTEM.
Table A.1: Parameters
S.No.
PARAMETERS
RATINGS
1.
750 kW
2.
0.00706 pu
3.
0.171 pu
4.
0.005 pu
5.
0.156 pu
6.
2.2 pu
7.
2.04 S
8.
9.
0.3 pu
10.
0.003 pu
11.
DC capacitance
5000e-6
12.
750 V
13.
400 V
14.
50 Hz
15.
420 kWh
16.
20 F
17.
50kW
18.
40 % - 80 %
19.
20 kW
60