1

Aa
A Vit tt ca adenine
Ab khng th Vit tt ca antibody.
ABC model Widely accepted model of
flower organ identity that appears generally
applicable
to
distantly
related
dicotyledonous, although less well to
monocotyledonous plants.The model
incorporates the Arabidopsis genes
required for flower organ identity.
m hnh ABC M hnh -c chp nhn
rng ri v s nhn bit c quan hoa thc
vt m xut hin thch hp chung vi cc
cy hai l mm quan h xa, tuy vy t thch
hp vi cy mt l mm. M hnh hp nht
cc gen Arabidopsis cn thit nhn bit
c quan hoa.
abiotic Absence of living organisms.
v sinh Vng mt sinh vt sng.
abscisic acid A phytohormone
implicated in the control of many plant
responses to abiotic stress, such as extent
of stomatal opening under water deficit (i.e.
drought) conditions.
axit abscisic Hc mn thc vt lin quan
n iu khin phn ng thc vt vi cng
thng v sinh, nh- phn m rng kh khng
trong iu kin thiu n-c (ngha l hn
hn)
abzyme Xem: catalytic antibody.
acaricide A pesticide used to kill or control
mites or ticks.
thuc dit ve Nng d-c -c dng
dit hoc hn ch ve hoc bt.
ACC synthase Abbreviation for 1aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylase. The
enzyme catalyses the rate limiting step in
the ethylene biosynthetic pathway, and is
particularly significant in the fruit ripening
process. Plants typically carry a number

of distinct ACC synthase genes, which are

differentially regulated in response to a
variety of developmental, environmental
and chemical factors.
enzim tng hp ACC Vit tt ca: 1aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylaza. Enzim
xc tc phm vi gii hn nhp ca -ng
mn sinh tng hp -ti-len, v c bit
quan trng khi x l lm chn qu. Thc
vt tiu biu mang mt s l-ng gen tng
hp ACC ring bit, chng -c iu chnh
khc nhau phn ng li s a dng ca
cc tc nhn ho hc, mi tr-ng v pht
trin.
acceptor control The regulation of the
rate of respiration by the availability of ADP
as a phosphate acceptor.
iu khin cht nhn iu khin nhp
h hp do c sn ADP lm cht nhn pht
pht.
acceptor junction site The junction
between the 3' end of an intron and the 5'
end of an exon. See: donor junction site.
v tr ni th nhn V tr ni gia mt 3'
trnh t khng m ho v mt 5' trnh t
m ho. Xem: donor junction site.
accessory bud A lateral bud occurring
at the base of a terminal bud or at the
side of an axillary bud.
mm ph Mm bn ny n ti gc mm
ngn hoc cnh mm nch.
acclimatization The adaptation of a living
organism (plant, animal or microorganism) to a changed environment that
subjects it to physiological stress.
Acclimatization should not be confused
with adaptation.
thun ho Thch nghi ca sinh vt sng
(thc vt, ng vt hoc vi sinh vt) vi
mi tr-ng thay i vn gy cng thng
sinh l. Thun ho khng nn nhm ln
vi thch ng.
acellular Tissues or organisms that are not
made up of separate cells but often have
more than one nucleus.
phi t bo Cc m hoc sinh vt khng
-c to ra t nhng t bo ring bit
nh-ng th-ng c hn mt nhn.

acentric chromosome
acentric chromosome Chromosome
fragment lacking a centromere.
nhim sc th khng tm on nhim
sc th thiu tm ng.
acetyl CoA Vit tt ca acetyl co-enzyme
A.
acetyl co-enzyme A (Abbreviationt: acetyl
CoA) A compound formed in the
mitochondria when an acetyl group
(CH3CO-) - derived from breakdown of fats,
proteins, or carbohydrates - combines
with the thiol group (-SH) of co-enzyme
A.
acetyl co-enzim A Hp cht hnh thnh
trong ty th khi gc axetyl (CH3CO-) - bt
ngun t phn hu cht bo, protein, hoc
hydrat cacbon - kt hp vi gc thiol (-SH)
ca co-enzyme A.
ACP Vit tt ca acyl carrier protein.
acquired Developed in response to the
environment, not inherited, such as a
character trait (acquired characteristic)
resulting from environmental effect(s). cf
acclimatization.
tp nhim Pht trin phn ng li mi
tr-ng, khng di truyn, nh- mt tnh trng
ring (c tnh tp nhim) do nh h-ng
mi tr-ng. So snh vi: acclimatization
acridine dyes A class of positively charged
polycyclic molecules that intercalate into
DNA and induce frameshift mutations.
thuc nhum acridin Lp phn t nhiu
vng tch in d-ng -c np vo DNA
v gy t bin x dch khung c.
acrocentric A chromosome that has its
centromere near the end.
nhim sc th tm ngn Nhim sc th
c tm ng gn mt.
acropetal Arising or developing in a
longitudinal sequence beginning at the
base and proceeding towards the apex.
Opposite: basipetal.

2
activated charcoal Charcoal that has
been treated to remove hydrocarbons and
to increase its adsorptive properties. It acts
by condensing and holding a gas or solute
onto its surface; thus inhibitory substances
in nutrient medium may be adsorbed to
charcoal included in the medium.
than hot tnh Than x l loi b hyr-cac-bon v lm tng tnh hp ph. Tc
dng do c c v hp ph kh hoc cht
tan trn b mt; do vy cc cht km hm
trong mi tr-ng dinh d-ng c th -c
ht bm vo than c trong mi tr-ng.
active transport The movement of a
molecule or groups of molecules across a
cell membrane, which requires the
expenditure of cellular energy, because the
direction of movement is against the
prevailing concentration gradient.
vn chuyn tch cc Chuyn ng ca
phn t hoc nhm phn t qua mng t
bo, yu cu chi ph nng l-ng t bo, v
h-ng chuyn ng l ng-c li vi -u th
gradient nng .
acute
transfection
Short-term
transfection.
truyn nhim cp Vit gn transfection.
acyl carrier protein (Abbreviation: ACP).
A class of molecules that bind acyl
intermediates during the formation of longchain fatty acids. ACPs are important
because of their involvement in many of
the reactions necessary for in vivo fatty
acid synthesis.
protin vn chuyn gc acyl (Vit tt:
ACP). Lp phn t ni cc cht trung gian
acyl trong qu trnh hnh thnh a-xt bo.
ACP rt quan trng v c nhiu mi lin
quan vi cc phn ng cn thit tng
hp a-xt bo trong c th.

h-ng ngn Xut hin hoc trnh t pht

trin theo chiu dc bt u gc v tip
n pha ngn. Ng-c vi: basipetal

adaptation Adjustment of a population to

changes in environment over generations,
associated (at least in part) with genetic
changes resulting from selection imposed
by the changed environment. Not
acclimatization.

activated carbon cc bon hot tnh Xem:

activated charcoal.

thch ng iu chnh qun th lm thay

trong mi tr-ng qua cc th h, -c hp

additive genes
nht (t nht mt phn) vi thay i di
truyn bt ngun t chn lc bt buc do
mi tr-ng thay i. Khng phi l thun
ho kh hu.
additive genes Genes whose net effect
is the sum of their individual allelic effects,
i.e. hey show neither dominance nor
epistasis.
gen cng tnh Gen c nh h-ng thc l
tng cng cc hiu ng alel ring l, ngha
l chng ch ra khng phi tnh tri v cng
khng ln t.
additive genetic variance The net effect
of the expresson of additive genes, and
thus the chief cause of the resemblance
between relatives. It represents the main
determinant of the response of a
population to selection. Formally, the
variance of breeding values.
ph-ng sai di truyn cng tnh nh
h-ng r biu th gen cng tnh, v nhvy l nguyn nhn chnh ca s ging
nhau gia cc dng thn thuc. i din
cho yu t quyt nh chnh ca phn ng
qun th vi chn lc. V hnh thc,
ph-ng sai gi tr nhn ging sinh sn.
adenine (Abbreviation: A). One the bases
found in DNA and RNA.
adenin (Vit tt: A) Ba z c trong DNA v
RNA. Xem: adenosine
adenosine The (ribo)nucleoside resulting
from the combination of the base adenine
(A) and the sugar D-ribose. The
corresponding deoxyribonucleoside is
called deoxyadenosine. See: adenosine
triphosphate, adenylic acid, dATP.
Phn t (ribo) nucleosit bt ngun t kt
hp ba z adenine (A) vi -ng D-ribose.
Deoxyribonucleosit t-ng ng -c gi l
deoxyadenosin. Xem: adenosine
triphosphate, adenylic acid, dATP.
adenosine diphosphate (adenosine 5'diphosphate) (vit tt: ADP). Xem:
adenosine triphosphate.
adenosine monophosphate (adenosine
5'-monophosphate) (Vit tt: AMP).
Xem: adenylic acid, adenosine
triphosphate.

3
adenosine triphosphate (adenosine 5'triphosphate) (Abbreviation: ATP). A
nucleotide of fundamental importance as
the major carrier of chemical energy in all
living organisms. It is also required for RNA
synthesis since it is a direct precursor
molecule. ATP consists of adenosine with
three phosphate groups, linked together
linearly. The phosphates are attached to
adenosine through the 5'-hydroxyl of its
ribose (sugar) portion. Upon hydrolysis,
these bonds yield either one molecule of
adenosine 5'-diphosphate (ADP) and the
inorganic phosphate ion, or one molecule
of adenosine 5'-monophosphate (AMP)
and pyrophosphate; in both cases
releasing energy that is used to power
biological processes. ATP is regenerated
by the phosphorylation of AMP and ADP.
nucleotit (Vit tt: ATP) Mt nucleotit quan
trng c bn v l th mang chnh nng
l-ng ha hc trong ton b sinh vt sng.
ATP cn cn thit tng hp RNA khi l
phn t tin cht trc tip. ATP gm c
adenosine vi ba gc pht pht, lin kt
tuyn tnh vi nhau. Pht pht -c gn
lin vi adenosine qua 5'-hydroxyl ca
phn ribose (-ng). Sau thu phn, lin
kt ny nh mt phn t adenosine 5'diphosphate (ADP) v ion pht pht v c,
hoc
phn
t
adenosine
5'monophosphate (AMP) v lin kt cao
nng; trong c hai tr-ng hp nng l-ng
gii phng lm tng cc qu trnh sinh hc.
ATP -c ti to bi qu trnh phosphoryl
ho AMP v ADP.
adenovirus One of a group of DNAcontaining viruses found in rodents, fowl,
cattle, monkeys, and man. In man they are
responsible for respiratory-tract infections,
but they have been exploited as a vector
in gene therapy, especially for genes
targeted at the lungs.
adenovirt Mt trong nhm virut cha
DNA c trong cc loi gm nhm, gia cm,
th nui, kh, v ng-i.Trong c th ng-i
chng l nguyn nhn nhim bnh theo
-ng h hp, nh-ng chng -c khai
thc lm vect trong liu php gen, c
bit cho cc gen ch phi.

adenylic acid
adenylic acid Synonym for adenosine
monophosphate, a (ribo)nucleotide
containing the nucleoside adenosine. The
corresponding deoxyribonucleotide is
called
deoxyadenosine
5'monophosphate or deoxyadenylic acid.
adenylic acid T ng ngha vi adenosin
monophosphat, mt (ribo)nucleotit c cha
nucleosit adenosin. Deoxyribonucleotit
t-ng ng -c gi l
eoxyadenosin 5'-monophosphat hoc
axt deoxyadenylic.
adoptive immunization The transfer of an
immune state from one animal to another
by means of lymphocyte transfusions.
min dch nhn to Chuyn giao trng
thi min dch t mt ng vt ny sang
ng vt khc bng cch truyn lymph
bo.
ADP Vit tt ca adenosine diphosphate.
adventitious A structure arising at sites
other than the usual ones, e.g. shoots from
roots or leaves, and embryos from any cell
other than a zygote.
chi bt nh Cu trc xut hin ti v tr
thay v bnh th-ng, v d chi t r hoc
l, v phi t mt s t bo no thay v
hp t.
aerobe A micro-organism that grows in
the presence of oxygen. Opposite:
anaerobe.
sinh vt hiu kh Loi vi sinh vt sinh
tr-ng khi c oxi. Ng-c vi: anaerobe.
aerobic Active in the presence of free
oxygen, e.g. aerobic bacteria that can live
in the presence of oxygen.
ho kh Hot ng khi c oxi t do, v d
vi khun ho kh c th sng khi c oxi.
aerobic respiration A type of respiration
in which foodstuffs are completely oxidized
to carbon dioxide and water, with the
release of chemical energy, in a process
requiring atmospheric oxygen.
h hp ho kh Kiu h hp trong thc
phm -c xy ha hon ton thnh cc
b nch v n-c, km theo gii phng nng

4
l-ng ha hc, trong mt qu trnh lun
cn oxi kh quyn.
affinity chromatography A method for
purifying specific components in a solution
by exploiting their specific binding to known
molecule(s). The mixed solution is passed
through a column containing a solid
medium to which the binding molecule is
covalently attached. See: immunoaffinity
chromatography; metal affinity
chromatography; pseudo-affinity
chromatography
sc k i lc Ph-ng php lm sch
cc thnh phn ring bit trong dung dch
bng cch khai thc mi lin kt c th
ca chng vi phn t nht nh. Dung dch
hn hp i qua ct c cha mi tr-ng rn
phn t lin kt -c gn lin kt ng
ha
tr.
Xem:
immunoaffinity
chromatography;
metal
affinity
chromatography;
pseudo-affinity
chromatography.
affinity tag An amino acid sequence that
has been engineered into a protein to
make its purification easier. The tag could
be another protein or a short amino acid
sequence, allowing purification by affinity
chromatography. Synonym: purification
tag.
u i lc Trnh t amino acid -c x
l thnh protein d lm sch. u i
lc c th l protein khc hoc trnh t
amino acid ngn, cho php lm sch bi
php sc k i lc. T ng ngha:
purification tag.
aflatoxins A group of toxic compounds,
produced by Aspergillus flavus, that bind
to DNA and prevent replication and
transcription. Aflatoxins can cause acute
liver damage and cancer. A health hazard
in certain stored foods or feed.
aflatoxins Nhm hn hp cht c, -c
sn xut bi nm mc Aspergillus flavus,
kt khi vi DNA v ngn nga dch m v
phin m. Aflatoxin c kh nng gy tn
th-ng gan cp v ung th-. Nguy hi sc
kho ca thc phm ct tr hoc nui
d-ng nht nh.

AFLP
AFLP Vit tt ca amplified fragment
length polymorphism
Ag Vit tt ca antigen.
agar A polysaccharide gelifying agent
used in nutrient media preparations and
obtained from Rhodophyta (red algae).
Both the type of agar and its concentration
can affect the growth and appearance of
cultured explants.
thch Tc nhn ho gel polysaccharide
dng trong cc ch phm mi tr-ng dinh
d-ng v thu -c t Rhodophyta (to ).
Cc loi thch v nng u c th lm
nh h-ng n sinh tr-ng v xut hin
mnh nui cy.
agarose The main functional constituent
of agar.
Thnh phn chc nng chnh ca thch.
agarose gel electrophoresis A method
to separate DNA and RNA molecules on
the basis of their size, in which samples
are subjected to an electric field applied to
a gel made with agarose.
in di trn gel agarose Ph-ng php
tch ring cc phn t DNA v RNA
da theo kch th-c ca chng, trong
cc mu ty thuc vo in tr-ng p dng
cho mt gel agarose.
aggregate 1. A clump or mass formed by
gathering or collecting units. 2. A body of
loosely associated cells, such as a friable
callus or cell suspension. 3. Coarse inert
material, such as gravel, that is mixed with
soil to increase its porosity. 4. A serological
reaction in which the antibody and
antigen react and precipitate.
tp hp 1. Cm hoc khi hnh thnh do
nhiu n v tch t hoc s-u tp. 2. Th
kt hp khng cht ch nhiu t bo, nhl m so ri rc hoc huyn ph t bo
3. Vt liu th tr, nh- l si, -c trn ln
vi t tng thm xp. 4. Phn ng
huyt thanh trong khng th v khng
nguyn phn ng v kt ta.
agonist A drug, hormone or transmitter
substance that forms a complex with a
receptor site. The formation of the
complex triggers an active response from

5
a cell.
cht khng Mt loi thuc, hooc-mn
hoc cht dn truyn to thnh mt phc
cht c v tr th nhn. Hnh thnh phc h
khi pht phn ng tch cc t t bo.
Agrobacterium A genus of bacteria that
includes several plant pathogenic species,
causing tumour-like symptoms.
Agrobacterium Ging vi khun bao gm
mt s loi tc nhn gy bnh thc vt,
gy ra cc du hiu ging nh- khi u. xem:
Agrobacterium rhizogenes, Agrobacterium
tumefaciens.
Agrobacterium rhizogenes A bacterium
that causes hairy root disease in some
plants. Similar to the crown gall disease
caused by Agrobacterium tumefaciens,
this is achieved by the mobilization of the
bacterial Ri plasmid with the transfer to
the plant of some of the genetic material
from the plasmid. This process has been
used to insert foreign genes into plant cells,
but to a lesser extent than the
Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated
transformation system, because
regeneration of whole plants from hairy
root cultures is problematical.
Agrobacterium rhizogene Loi vi khun
gy bnh hi r mt s thc vt. T-ng
t bnh nt sn -c gy ra bi
Agrobacterium tumefaciens, -c to
thnh do s huy ng ca Ri plasmid vi
khun cng vic chuyn cho cy mt s
vt cht di truyn t plasmid. Qu trnh ny
-c dng chn cc gen l vo t bo
cy, nh-ng phm vi nh hn so vi
Agrobacterium tumefacien- h bin np
trung gian, do ti sinhc mt thc vt t
vic nui cy r t l mt s kh khn.
Agrobacterium tumefaciens A bacterium
that causes crown gall disease in some
plants. The bacterium characteristically
infects a wound, and incorporates a
segment of Ti plasmid DNA into the host
genome. This DNA causes the host cell
to grow into a tumour-like structure that
synthesizes specific opines that only the
pathogen can metabolize. This DNAtransfer mechanism is exploited in the

Agrobacterium tumefacien
genetic engineering of plants.
Agrobacterium tumefacien Vi khun gy
ra bnh nt sn trong mt s thc vt. Loi
vi khun ny chuyn nhim c tr-ng vt
th-ng, v hp nht on DNA Ti plasmid
vo h gen k ch. DNA khin cho t bo
k ch tng tr-ng thnh mt cu trc
ging nh- khi u tng hp cc sn phm
c bit m ch tc nhn gy bnh mi c
th chuyn ho. C ch chuyn i DNA
-c khai thc trong k thut di truyn thc
vt. Xem: T - DNA.
Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated
transformation The process of DNA
transfer
from
Agrobacterium
tumefaciens to plants, that occurs
naturally during crown gall disease, and
can be used as a method of
transformation.
bin np trung gian Agrobacterium
tumefacien Qu trnh chuyn DNA t
Agrobacterium tumefacies cho thc vt,
xy ra t nhin trong bnh nt sn, v c
th dng lm ph-ng php bin np.
AHG Vit tt ca antihaemophilic
globulin.
AI Vit tt ca artificial insemination.
airlift
fermenter
A cylindrical
fermentation vessel in which the cells are
mixed by air introduced at the base of the
vessel and that rises through the column
of culture medium. The cell suspension
circulates around the column as a
consequence of the gradient of air bubbles
in different parts of the reactor.
bnh ln men ng kh Bnh ln men hnh
ng trong cc t bo -c trn ln do
khng kh -a vo ti y bnh v -c
dng ln qua ct dung dch nui cy.
Huyn ph t bo bao quanh ct ging nhkt qu ca gradient bt kh trong tng
phn khc nhau ca bnh phn ng.
albinism Hereditary absence of pigment
in an organism. Albino animals have no
colour in their skin, hair and eyes. Albino
plants lack chlorophyll.
chng bch tng Thiu di truyn sc t
sinh vt. Cc ng vt bch tng khng

6
c mu da, tc v mt. Cy bch tng
thiu cht dip lc.
albino 1. An organism lacking
pigmentation, due to genetic factors. The
condition is albinism 2. A conspicuous
plastid mutant involving loss of
chlorophyll.
th bch tng 1. Sinh vt thiu h sc t
do nhn t di truyn. iu kin l bch tng
2. t bin lp th d nhn bit ko theo
mt cht dip lc.
aleurone The outermost layer of the
endosperm in a seed, and the site of
enzymes concerned with endosperm
digestion during seedling growth.
mng nh Lp ngoi cng ca ni nh
ht, v v tr ca cc enzim lin quan n
tiu ho ni nh khi ny mm.
algal biomass Single-celled plants (e.g.
Chlorella spp. and Spirulina spp.) grown
commercially in ponds to make feed
materials for zooplankton, which are in turn
harvested as feed for fish farms.
sinh khi to Thc vt c cu to t bo
n (v d to Chlorella spp. v Spirulina
spp.) trng th-ng mi trong ao h to
nguyn liu nui ng vt ph du, -c
thu hoch tng t lm thc n nui c .
alginate Polysaccharide gelling agent.
Tc nhn to gel polisacarit .
alkylating agent A class of chemicals that
transfer alkyl (methyl, ethyl, etc.) groups;
for example to the bases in DNA. Some of
these (especially ethyl methane
sulphonate, abbreviated EMS) have been
much used as mutagens.
tc nhn ankyl ho Lp ha cht chuyn
giao nhm ankyl (m-thyl, -tin, etc.); v
d chuyn cho baz trong DNA. Mt s
trong (c bit l ethyl methane
sulphonate, vit tt EMS) -c s dng
nhiu lm tc nhn gy t bin.
allele A variant form of a gene. In a diploid
cell there are two alleles of every gene (one
inherited from each parent, although they
could be identical). Within a population
there may be many alleles of a gene.
Alleles are symbolized with a capital letter

allele frequency
to denote dominance, and lower case for
recessive. In heterozygotes with codominant alleles, both are expressed.
alen Mt dng khc ca gen. Trong t bo
l-ng bi mi gen u c hai alen (tha
k t cha v t m, mc du chng c th
ng nht). Trong mt qun th mi mt
gen c th nhiu alen. Cc alen -c k
hiu bng ch hoa ch tnh tri, v ch
th-ng ch tnh ln. Trong d hp t c cc
alen ng tri, c hai u -c biu th.
Xem: multiple alleles.T ng ngha:
allelomorph.
allele frequency The relative number of
copies of an allele in a population,
expressed as a proportion of the total
number of copies of all alleles at a given
locus in a population.
tn s alen S l-ng t-ng i bn sao
ca mt alen trong mt qun th, biu th
t l ca tng s bn sao ton b alen ti
mt gen nht nh trong qun th.
allelic (tnh t) thuc alen xem allele
allele-specific
amplification
(Abbreviation: ASA). The use of the
polymerase chain reaction at a
sufficiently high stringency that only one
allele is amplified. A powerful means of
genotyping for single-locus disorders that
have been characterized at the molecular
level.
khuch i chuyn bit alen (Vit tt:
ASA). s dng phn ng chui emzim
trng hp vi mc cht ch cao ch duy
nht mt alen -c khuch i. Ph-ng
php mnh gim nh gen vi cc ri
lon gen n -c nh r c im
mc phn t.
allelic exclusion A phenomenon whereby
only one functional allele of an antibody
gene can be assembled in a given B
lymphocyte.

7
compounds, by a plants roots, which
inhibit the growth or reproduction of
competitor plants.
cm nhim qua li S tit cc ha cht,
nh- l hp cht phenolic v terpenoid, bi
r cy, ngn chn sinh tr-ng hoc sinh
sn ca cy cnh tranh.
allergen An antigen that provokes an
immune response.
d ng Mt loi khng nguyn to ra phn
ng min dch.
allogamy Cross fertilization in plants. See:
fertilization.
tp giao Th phn cho thc vt. Xem:
fertilization.
allogenic Differing at one or more loci,
although belonging to the same species.
Thus an organ transplant from one human
donor to another is allogeneic, whereas a
transplant from a baboon to a human
would be xenogeneic.
khc gen Khc bit mt hoc nhiu
gen, mc d u thuc cng loi. Do vy
mnh ghp c quan t ng-i ny sang
ng-i khc l khc gen, trong khi mnh
ghp t kh cho ng-i li l gen l.
allometric When the growth rate of one
part of an organism differs from that of
another part or of the rest of the body.
sinh tr-ng khng u Khi tc sinh
tr-ng ca mt b phn c th sinh vt
khng ging vi phn khc hoc phn cn
li ca c th.
allopatric In the context of natural
populations of animals or plants, inhabiting
distinct and separate areas.
khc vng phn b Trong phm vi ca
cc qun th t nhin ng vt hoc thc
vt, cc vng c- tr tch ring v phn
bit.

loi tr alen Hin t-ng do ch alen

hot ng ca gen khng th c th -c
tp hp trong mt limph bo B nht nh.
allelomorph t-ng ng alen Xem: alen.

allopatric speciation Speciation

occurring at least in part because of
geographic isolation.
hnh thnh loi khc vng phn b Hnh
thnh loi xy ra ti thiu do cch ly a l.

allelopathy The secretion of chemicals,

such as phenolic and terpenoid

allopolyploid A polyploid organism with

sets of chromosomes derived from

allosome
different
species.
autopolyploid.

Opposite:

th a bi Sinh vt a bi c b nhim
sc th bt ngun t cc loi khc nhau.
ng-c vi: autopolyploid.
allosome nhim sc th gii tnh T
ng ngha: sex chromosome.
allosteric control iu khin d khi
Xem: allosteric regulation.
allosteric enzyme An enzyme that has
two structurally distinct forms, one of which
is active and the other inactive. Active
forms tend to catalyse the initial step in a
pathway leading to the synthesis of
molecules. The end product of this
synthesis can act as a feedback inhibitor,
converting the enzyme to the inactive form,
thus controlling the amount of product
synthesized. Synonym: allozyme.
enzim d khi Enzim c hai dng cu trc
phn bit, dng hot ng v dng khng
hot ng. Dng hot ng h-ng ti xc
tc b khi u trong -ng mn dn n
tng hp phn t. Sn phm cui cng ca
qu trnh tng hp ny c th lm cht c
ch phn hi, chuyn enzim sang dng
khng hot ng, do vy iu khin s
l-ng sn phm tng hp. T ng ngha:
allozyme.
allosteric regulation A catalysisregulating process in which the binding of
a small effector molecule to one site on
an enzyme affects the activity at another
site.
iu ho d khi Qu trnh iu ho xc
tc trong lin kt ca phn t tc ng
nh vi mt v tr enzim c nh h-ng n
hot ng v tr khc .
allosteric site That part of an enzyme
molecule where the non-covalent binding
of an effector molecule can affect the
enzymes catalytic activity. See:
conformation, ligand.
v tr d khi Phn phn t enzim ni lin
kt khng ng ha tr ca phn t tc
ng c th lm nh h-ng n hot ng
xc tc enzim. Xem: conformation, ligand.
allosteric transition A reversible

interaction of a small molecule with a

protein molecule, resulting in a change in
the shape of the protein and consequent
alteration of the interaction of that protein
with a third molecule.
chuyn d khi T-ng tc c th o
ng-c ca mt phn t nh vi phn t
protein, lm thay i hnh dng protein v
dn n t-ng tc ca protein vi phn t
th ba.
allotetraploid An allopolyploid having
two different progenitor genomes.
d t bi, song nh bi Th d a bi mang
hai h gen t tin khc nhau.
allotype A classification of antibody
molecules according to the antigenicity of
the constant regions; a variation that is
determined by a single allele.
allotip Cch phn loi phn t khng th
theo tnh khng nguyn ca vng n nh;
bin d -c xc nh do alen n.
allozygote A individual that is
heterozygous for two different mutant
alleles.
d hp t ln C th l d hp t v hai
alen t bin khc nhau.
allozyme Xem: allosteric enzyme.
alpha globulin Xem: haptoglobin.
alternative mRNA splicing The inclusion
or exclusion of different exons to form
different mRNA transcripts from a single
transcription unit.
ghp ni mRNA khc bit Kt hp hoc
loi tr cc exon khc bit hnh thnh
cc bn sao mRNA ring bit t mt n
v phin m.
Alu sequences A highly repeated family
of 300-bp long sequences dispersed
throughout the human genome, so named
because they are released by the digestion
of genomic DNA with the restriction
endonuclease AluI.
trnh t Alu Mt h trnh t di 300-bp lp
nhiu ln phn tn khp h gen ng-i, c
tn nh- vy v chng -c to ra do s
tiu ha DNA h gen vi endonucleaza
gii hn AluI.

amber stop codon

amber stop codon b ba kt thc amber
Xem: stop codon.
amino acid A compound containing both
amino (-NH 2 ) and carboxyl (-COOH)
groups. In particular, any of 20 basic
building blocks of proteins having the
formula NH 2 -CR-COOH, where R is
different for each specific amino acid. See:
annex 3.
axt amin Hp cht c cha c nhm amin
(-NH2) v cc-b-xyn (-COOH). c bit,
bt k ca 20 khi xy dng c bn protein
u c cng thc NH2-CR-COOH, y
R l im khc nhau cho mi mt a xit a
min ring bit. Xem: ph lc 3.
aminoacyl site (Abbreviation: A-site). One
of two sites on ribosomes to which the
aminoacyl tRNA molecules can bind.
v tr a xt amin (vit tt: A-site). Mt trong
hai v tr trn ribosom cc phn t tRNAa xt amin c th gn vo.
aminoacyl tRNA synthetase An enzyme
that catalyses the attachment of an amino
acid to its specific tRNA molecule.
aminoacyl tRNA synthetaza Enzim xc
tc vic gn a xt amin vi phn t tRNA
ch r ca n.
amitosis A cell division (including nuclear
division through constriction of the nucleus)
that occurs without chromosome
differentiation as in mitosis. The
mechanism whereby the genetic integrity
is maintained during amitosis is uncertain.
trc phn Mt kiu phn chia t bo (bao
gm phn chia nhn qua tht nhn) xy
ra khng phn ho nhim sc th nhtrong gim phn. Do c ch ny ton vn
di truyn -c duy tr trong trc phn l
khng chc chn.
amniocentesis A procedure for obtaining
foetal cells for prenatal diagnosis by
sampling the amniotic fluid from a
pregnant mammal. Cells are cultured, and
the karyotype is checked for known
irregularities (e.g. Downs syndrome and
spina bifida in humans).
d mng i qua bng Ph-ng php thu
nhn cc t bo thuc thai nhi chn

9
on tr-c gn khi sinh bng vic ly mu
dch i t ng vt c v c thai. Cc t
bo -c nui cy, v kiu nhn -c kim
tra im khc th-ng bit (v d Hi
chng down v tt nt t sng ng-i).
amnion The thin membrane that lines the
fluid-filled sac in which the embryo
develops in higher vertebrates, reptiles and
birds.
mng i Mng mng lm ngn ti cha
y dch trong phi pht trin ca cc
ng vt c x-ng sng bc cao, b st
v chim.
amniotic fluid Liquid contents of the
amniotic sac of higher vertebrates,
containing foetal, but not maternal cells.
dch mng i Thnh phn cht lng mng
i ca nhm ng vt c x-ng sng bc
cao, gm c cc t bo thai nhi, nh-ng
khng phi l t bo m.
amorph A mutation that abolishes gene
function. Synonym: null mutation.
t bin v hiu t bin bi b chc
nng gen.T ng ngha: null mutation.
AMP Vit tt ca
adenosin
monophotphat (AMP).
amphidiploid A plant derived from
doubling the chromosome number of an
interspecific F 1 hybrid. Naturally found
hybrids of this sort are referred to as
allopolyploid.
th nh bi kp Thc vt bt ngun t vic
nhn i s nhim sc th ca con lai F1
khc loi. Nhng con lai to thnh trong t
nhin ca loi ny -c xem l d a bi
th.
amphimixis True sexual reproduction
involving the fusion of male and female
gametes and the formation of a zygote.
giao phi hu tnh Sinh sn hu tnh thc
lin quan dung hp gia giao t ci v c
hnh thnh hp t.
ampicillin A penicillin-type antibiotic that
prevents bacterial growth by interfering
with synthesis of the cell wall. Commonly
used as a selectable marker in the
creation of transgenic plants.

amplicon

10

ampicillin Loi khng sinh kiu pnixilin

ngn nga sinh tr-ng vi khun do gy
nhiu tng hp vch t bo. Th-ng -c
dng lm du chun chn lc khi to thc
vt chuyn gen.

amplify To increase the number of copies

of a DNA sequence, either in vivo by
inserting into a cloning vector that
replicates within a host cell, or in vitro by
polymerase chain reaction.

amplicon The product of a DNA

amplification reaction. See: polymerase
chain reaction.

khuch i Lm tng thm s bn sao

ca trnh t DNA, c trong c th do chn
vect nhn dng lp bn trong t bo
vt ch, hoc trong ng nghim bng phn
ng chui enzim trng hp.
ampometric xem: electrochemical
sensor

n v siu sao chp Sn phm phn ng

khuch i DNA. xem: polymerase chain
reaction.
amplification 1. Creation of many copies
of a segment of DNA by the polymerase
chain reaction. 2. Treatment (e.g. use of
chloramphenicol) designed to increase the
proportion of plasmid DNA relative to that
of bacterial (host) DNA. 3. Evolutionary
expansion in copy number of a repetitive
DNA sequence through a process of
repeated duplication.

amylase Describing a wide class of

enzymes that catalyse the hydrolysis of
starch.
amylaza M t mt lp ln enzim xc tc
thy phn tinh bt.
amylolytic The capability of enzymatically
degrading starch into sugars.

s khuch i 1. To thnh nhiu bn sao

t mt on DNA do phn ng chui enzim
trng hp 2. Cch x l (v d s dng
cloramphenicol) tng thm t l DNA
plasmit so vi DNA vi khun (k ch). 3.
M rng tin ha s l-ng bn sao ca
trnh t DNA lp thng qua mt qu trnh
nhn i lp li.

tiu tinh bt Kh nng phn hu enzim

bin tinh bt thnh -ng.
amylopectin
A polysaccharide
comprising highly branched chains of
glucose residues. The water-insoluble
portion of starch.
amilopectin Mt loi polisacarit bao gm
nhiu nhnh

amplified
fragment
length
polymorphism (Abbreviation: AFLP). A
type of DNA marker, generated by the
PCR amplification of restriction
endonuclease treated DNA. A small
proportion of all restriction fragments is
amplified in any one reaction, so that AFLP
profiles can be analysed by gel
electrophoresis. This has the important
characteristic that many markers can be
generated with relatively little effort.

cao ca gc glucoza. Phn khng tan

trong n-c ca tinh bt.

tnh a hnh di on khuch i (vit

tt: AFLP). Kiu du chun DNA, pht sinh
do khuch i PCR ca DNA -c x l
enzim gii hn. Mt t l nh ca tt c
on gii hn -c khuch i trong bt
k mi phn ng, cho cc mu AFLP
c th -c phn tch bng in di trn
gel. iu ny c c im quan trng l
c nhiu du chun c th -c pht sinh
vi t-ng i t cng sc.

amylose A polysaccharide consisting of

linear chains of 100-1000 glucose
residues. The water-soluble portion of
starch.
amilose Mt loi polisacarit bao gm nhiu
mch thng ca 100-1000 gc glucoza.
Phn ho tan -c trong n-c ca tinh bt.
anabolic pathway A pathway by which a
metabolite is synthesized; a biosynthetic
pathway.
-ng mn ng ha -ng mn m
theo sn phm trao i cht -c tng
hp; mt -ng mn tng hp sinh hc.
anabolism One of the two subcategories
of metabolism, referring to the building up
of complex organic molecules from simpler
precursors.

anaerobe
s ng ha Mt trong s hai cp nh
trao i cht, lin quan n vic to ra cc
phn t hu c phc tp t nhng tin cht
n gin.
anaerobe An organism that can grow in
the absence of oxygen. Opposite: aerobe.
vi khun k kh Loi sinh vt c th sinh
tr-ng khi thiu oxi. Ng-c vi: aerobe.
anaerobic An environment or condition in
which molecular oxygen is not available
for chemical, physical or biological
processes.
ym kh Mi tr-ng hoc iu kin trong
oxi phn t khng c sn cho cc qu
trnh ha hc, vt l hoc sinh hc.
anaerobic digestion Digestion of
materials in the absence of oxygen. See:
anaerobic respiration.
tiu ha ym kh Tiu ha cc nguyn
liu khi thiu oxi. Xem: anaerobic
respiration
anaerobic respiration Respiration in
which foodstuffs are partially oxidized, with
the release of chemical energy, in a
process not involving atmospheric oxygen.
A notable example is in alcoholic
fermentation, where sugar is metabolized
into ethanol.
h hp ym kh S h hp trong thc
n -c xy ha tng phn, c gii phng
nng l-ng ha hc, trong qu trnh khng
lin quan vi oxi kh quyn. V d ln men
r-u, y -ng -c chuyn thnh cn.
analogous Features of organisms or
molecules that are superficially or
functionally similar but have evolved in a
different way or contain different
compounds.
cng chc Cc c im ca sinh vt
hoc phn t ging nhau b ngoi hoc
chc nng nh-ng -c tin ho theo con
-ng khc nhau hoc cha cc hp cht
khc nhau.
anaphase The stage of mitosis or
meiosis during which the daughter
chromosomes migrate to opposite poles
of the cell (toward the ends of the spindle).

11
Anaphase follows metaphase and
precedes telophase.
k sau Giai on nguyn phn hoc gim
phn trong cc nhim sc th con di
chuyn ti cc i din ca t bo (v pha
cc mt si thoi). K sau theo sau k gia
v tr-c k cui.
anchor gene A gene that has been
positioned on both the physical map and
the linkage map of a chromosome, and
thereby allows their mutual alignment.
gen m neo Gen -c nh v trn c bn
vt cht v bn lin kt ca nhim
sc th, v do vy cho php chng sp
xp thnh hng t-ng h.
androgen Any hormone that stimulates
the development of male secondary sexual
characteristics, and contributes to the
control of sexual activity in vertebrate
animals. Usually synthesized in the testis.
kch t tnh c, hc mn nam Bt k
mt loi hooc-mn no kch thch pht trin
c tr-ng gii tnh th cp ging c, v
gp phn iu khin hot ng gii tnh
ng vt c x-ng sng. Th-ng -c tng
hp trong tinh hon.
androgenesis Male parthenogenesis,
i.e. the development of a haploid embryo
from a male nucleus. The maternal nucleus
is eliminated or inactivated subsequent to
fertilization of the ovum, and the haploid
individual (referred to as androgenetic)
contains in its cells the genome of the male
gamete only. See: anther culture;
gynogenesis.
trinh sinh c Sinh sn n tnh c,
ngha l pht trin phi n bi t nhn
c. Ht nhn m -c loi tr hoc kh
hot tnh k tip th tinh non, v c
th n bi (-c xem trinh sinh c) cha
trong cc t bo ch mt h giao t c.
xem: anther culture; gynogenesis.
aneuploid An organism or cell having a
chromosome number other than the
normal somatic number. Aneuploid
gametes have a chromosome number
other than the normal haploid number.
The condition is aneuploidy.

angiogenesis
th lch bi Sinh vt hoc t bo c s
l-ng nhim sc th khc vi s l-ng
nhim sc th t bo bnh th-ng. Cc giao
t th lch bi c s l-ng nhim sc th
khc vi s n bi bnh th-ng. iu kin
l hin t-ng lch bi .
angiogenesis The formation and
development of new blood vessels in the
body, stimulated by growth factors, such
as angiogenin. The process is required
for the spread of malignant tumours.
to mch Hnh thnh v pht trin cc
mch mu mi trong c th, -c kch thch
bi cc nhn t sinh tr-ng, nhangiogenin. Qu trnh ny cn thit pht
huy cc khi u c.
angiogenin One of the human angiogenic
growth factors. In addition to stimulating
(normal) blood vessel formation,
angiogenin levels are correlated with
placenta formation and tumour growth.
angiogenin Mt trong cc nhn t sinh
tr-ng to mch ng-i. Ngoi kch thch
hnh thnh mch mu (bnh th-ng), cc
mc angiogenin c t-ng quan vi hnh
thnh rau thai v sinh tr-ng khi u.
angiosperm A division of the plant
kingdom that includes all flowering plants,
i.e. vascular plants in which double
fertilization occurs resulting in
development of fruit containing seeds.
Divided into two major groups,
monocotyledons and dicotyledons.
See: gymnosperm
cy ht kn Mt b phn ca gii thc vt
bao gm tt c cc loi thc vt ra hoa,
ngha l cc cy mch g trong th tinh
kp to ra pht trin qu c cha ht. -c
chia thnh hai nhm chnh, nhm cy n
t dip v nhm cy song t ip. xem:
gymnosperm
animal cell immobilization Entrapment
of animal cells in some solid material in
order to produce some natural product or
genetically engineered protein. Animal
cells have the advantage that they already
produce
many
proteins
of
pharmacological interest, and that
genetically engineered proteins are

12
produced by them with the post-translation
modifications normal to animals. However,
because animal cells are much more
fragile than bacterial ones, they cannot
tolerate a commercial fermentation
process.
c nh t bo ng vt nh by nhng
t bo ng vt trong dng vt liu rn
sn xut mt s sn phm t nhin hoc
protein k thut di truyn. T bo ng vt
c li th ch chng sn xut nhiu
loi protein -c d-c hc quan tm, v
cc protein k thut di truyn ny -c sn
xut do chng c nhiu bin i sau dch
m mt cch bnh th-ng vi ng vt. Tuy
nhin, v t bo ng vt d v nhiu hn
so vi vi khun, nn chng khng c s
dng trong qu trnh ln men th-ng mi.
animal cloning nhn dng ng vt
xem: cloning
anneal The pairing of complementary
DNA or RNA sequences, via hydrogen
bonding, to form a double-stranded
polynucleotide. Opposite: denature.
ghp Cp i trnh t RNA hoc DNA b
sung, qua lin kt hy-r, hnh thnh
polinucleotit si kp. Ng-c vi: denature.
annual 1. (adj:) Taking one year, or
occurring at intervals of one year. 2. A plant
that completes its life cycle within one year.
See biennial, perennial.
hng nm 1. (tnh t) Mt mt nm, hoc
xut hin khong thi gian mt nm. 2.
Thc vt hon thnh chu trnh sng trong
vng mt nm. Xem: biennial, perennial.
anonymous DNA marker A DNA marker
detectable by virtue of variation in its
sequence. The function (if any) of the
sequence is unknown. Microsatellites
and AFLPs are typical anonymous DNA
markers.
du chun DNA bt nh Du chun
DNA c th tm ra do hiu qu bin d trong
trnh t. Chc nng (nu c) ca trnh t
ch-a -c bit. Nhng v tinh nh v AFLP
l nhng du chun DNA tiu biu.
antagonism An interaction between two
organisms (e.g. moulds or bacteria) in

antagonist
which the growth of one is inhibited by the
other. Opposite: synergism.
i khng T-ng tc gia hai loi sinh vt
(v d nm mc hoc vi khun) trong
s sinh tr-ng ca sinh vt ny b ngn
chn bi sinh vt khc. Ng-c vi:
synergism.
antagonist A compound that inhibits the
effect of an agonist in such a way that the
combined biological effect of the two
becomes smaller than the sum of their
individual effects.
cht i khng Hp cht ngn chn nh
h-ng ca cht khng bng cch nh- vy
nh h-ng sinh hc kt hp ca hai tr
thnh nh hn tng s cc nh h-ng ring
r.
anther The upper part of a stamen,
containing pollen sacs within which the
pollen develops and matures.
bao phn Phn trn ca nh hoa, cha ti
phn trong phn hoa pht trin v
tr-ng thnh.
anther culture The aseptic culture of
immature anthers to generate haploid
plants
from
microspores
via
androgenesis.
nui cy bao phn Nui cy v trng cc
bao phn ch-a chn to ra cy n bi
t tiu bo t nh sinh sn n tnh c.
anthesis The period during which anthers
bear mature and functional pollen.
s n hoa Thi k bao phn mang phn
hoa tr-ng thnh v hot ng.
anthocyanin A water-soluble blue, purple
or red flavonoid pigments found in
vacuoles of cells of certain plants.
antxian Loi cht mu nhm flavonoid
c mu xanh, ta hoc ho tan trong
n-c cha trong khng bo ca cc t bo
thc vt nht nh.
antiauxin A chemical that interferes with
the auxin response, sometimes by the
prevention of auxin transport. Some
antiauxins may promote morphogenesis
in vitro (e.g. 2,3,5-tri-iodobenzoate (TIBA)
and 2,4,5-trichlorophenoxyacetate (2,4,5-

13
T)) and are therefore used to stimulate the
growth of some cultures.
cht khng auxin Cht ha hc hn ch
vai tr auxin, i khi l do ngn nga
chuyn vn auxin. Mt s cht khng auxin
c th y mnh s to hnh trong ng
nghim (v d 2,3,5- tri- Iodobenzoate
(TIBA) v 2,4,5- trichlorophenoxyacetate
(2,4,5-T)) v do vy -c s dng kch
thch sinh tr-ng mt s nui cy.
antibiosis The prevention of growth or
development of an organism by a
substance or another organism.
tnh khng sinh S ngn nga sinh tr-ng
hoc pht trin mt sinh vt do mt cht
hoc mt sinh vt khc.
antibiotic A class of natural and synthetic
compounds that inhibit the growth of, or
kill some micro-organisms. Antibiotics are
widely used medicinally to control bacterial
pathogens, but resistance in bacteria to
particular antibiotics is often rapidly
acquired through mutation.
cht khng sinh Lp cc hp cht t
nhin v tng hp c ch sinh tr-ng hoc
tiu dit mt s vi sinh vt. Cht khng
sinh -c s dng rng ri v mt y hc
iu khin cc vt gy bnh vi khun,
nh-ng tnh khng ca vi khun vi cht
khng sinh c hiu th-ng b nhanh
chng lm quen thng qua t bin.
antibiotic resistance The ability of a
micro-organism to disable an antibiotic or
prevent its transport into the cell.
tnh khng cht khng sinh Kh nng
ca vi sinh vt v hiu ha cht khng
sinh hoc ngn nga chuyn vn vo t
bo.
antibiotic resistance marker gene
(Abbreviation: ARMG). Genes (usually of
bacterial origin) used as selection markers
in transgenesis, because their presence
allows cell survival in the presence of
normally toxic antibiotic agents. These
genes were commonly used in the
development and release of first
generation transgenic organisms
(particularly crop plants), but are no longer

antibody
favoured because of perceived risks
associated with the unintentional transfer
of antibiotic resistance to other organisms.
See kanr, neor.
gen nh du tnh khng cht khng
sinh (vit tt: ARMG ). Gen (th-ng c
ngun gc vi khun) -c dng nh- du
chn chn lc trong hot ng chuyn gen,
bi v s hin din ca chng cho php t
bo tn ti khi c tc nhn khng sinh c
bnh th-ng. Cc gen ny th-ng -c
dng pht trin v gii phng sinh vt
chuyn gen th h u (c bit cy trng),
nh-ng khng cn -c -u tin do c nhiu
ri ro kt hp vi chuyn ngu nhin tnh
khng cht khng sinh cho sinh vt khc.
xem: kanr, Neor.
antibody (Abbreviation: Ab). An
immunological protein produced by the
lymphocytes in response to contact with
an antigen. Each antibody recognizes just
one antigenic determinant of one antigen
and acts by specifically binding to it, thus
rendering it harmless. Those from the IgG
antibody class are found in the
bloodstream and used in immunoassay.
Synonym: immunoglobulin. See:
monoclonal antibody, polyclonal
antibody.
khng th (vit tt: A ). Protein min dch
-c sn sinh bi limph bo trong phn
ng tip xc khng nguyn. Mi khng th
ch nhn bit mt nhn t quyt nh khng
nguyn ca mt khng nguyn v tc dng
do lin kt c bit vi n, nh- vy bin n
thnh v hi. Khng th t lp lgG c trong
mu v -c dng trong th nghim min
dch. T ng ngha: immunoglobulin.
Xem: monoclonal antibody, polyclonal
antibody.
antibody binding site The part of an
antibody that binds to the antigenic
determinant. See: complementaritydetermining regions. Synonym:
paratope.
v tr gn khng th Phn khng th lin
kt vi nhn t quyt nh khng nguyn.
Xem: complementarity-determining
regions. T ng ngha: paratope.

14
antibody class The class to which an
antibody belongs, depending on the type
of heavy chain present. In mammals, there
are five classes of antibodies: IgA, IgD, IgE,
IgG, and IgM.
lp khng th Lp m khng th ph
thuc vo, tu theo c mt kiu chui nng.
Trong ng vt c v, c nm lp khng
th: IgA, IgD, IgE, IgG, and IgM.
antibody structure Describes the
molecular architecture of an antibody,
which consists of two identical light chains
and two identical heavy chains and has
two antigen-binding sites. Each chain
consists of a constant region which is the
same between antibodies of the same
class and sub-class, and a variable region
that is antibody-specific.
cu trc khng th M t cu trc phn
t khng th, gm c hai chui nh v
hai chui nng ng nht v c hai im
gn khng nguyn. Mi chui gm c mt
vng n nh ging nhau gia nhng khng
th cng lp v lp ph, v mt vng bin
i c tr-ng khng th.
antibody-mediated immune response
The synthesis of antibodies by B cells in
response to an encounter of the cells of
the immune system with a foreign antigen.
Synonym: humoral immune response.
phn ng min dch qua trung gian
khng th S tng hp khng th do cc
t bo B phn ng li mt bt cp t
bo ca h thng min dch c khng
nguyn ngoi. T ng ngha: humoral
immune response.
anticlinal The orientation of cell wall or
plane of cell division perpendicular to the
surface. Opposite: periclinal.
np li nh h-ng vch t bo hoc mt
phng phn chia t bo thng gc vi b
mt. ng-c vi: periclinal .
anticoding strand The DNA strand used
as template for transcription. The
resulting mRNA is complementary in
sequence to that of the anticoding strand.
Synonym: template strand.
si i m Si DNA s dng nh- khung

anticodon
mu dch m. T b sung RNA thng
tin cho trnh t si i m. T ng ngha:
template strand
anticodon A triplet of tRNA nucleotides
that corresponds to a complementary
codon in an mRNA molecule during
translation.
n v i m B ba nuleotit tRNA m
t-ng ng vi b ba b sung ca phn t
RNA thng tin khi dch m.
antigen
(Abbreviation:
Ag).
A
macromolecule (usually a protein foreign
to the organism), which elicits an immune
response on first exposure to the immune
system by stimulating the production of
antibodies specific to its various
antigenic determinants. During
subsequent exposures, the antigen is
bound and inactivated by these antibodies.
Synonym: immunogen.
khng nguyn (vit tt: Ag). Mt i phn
t (th-ng mt protein l i vi sinh vt),
khi mo phn ng min dch khi tip xc
ln u vi h thng min dch do kch thch
sn xut khng th c hiu vi cc nhn
t quyt nh khng nguyn khc nhau.
Trong thi gian tip xc k tip, khng
nguyn -c lin kt v b kh hot tnh
bi khng th ny.T ng ngha:
immunogen.
antigenic determinant The individual
surface feature of an antigen, that elicits
the production of a specific antibody in
the course of the immune response. Each
antigenic determinant, typically a few
amino acids in size, causes the synthesis
of a different antibody and thus exposure
to a single antigen may result in the
expression of a number of antibodies. See:
monoclonal antibody, polyclonal
antibody. Synonym: epitope.
yu t quyt nh khng nguyn c
tnh b mt ring ca mt khng nguyn,
khi mo sn xut mt khng th ring bit
trong qu trnh phn ng min dch. Mi
yu t quyt nh khng nguyn, mang mt
s t amino acid tiu biu cng c, gy ra
tng hp khng th khc v do vy khi tip
sc khng nguyn n c th dn ti biu

15
th mt s khng th. Xem: monoclonal
antibody, polyclonal antibody.T ng
ngha: epitope .
antigenic switching The altering of a
micro-organisms surface antigens through
genetic re-arrangement, to elude detection
by the hosts immune system.
chuyn i khng nguyn Bin i
khng nguyn b mt vi sinh vt qua sp
xp di truyn, trnh b h thng min
dch ca vt ch pht hin.
antihaemophilic factor VIII
tc nhn khng xut huyt VIII xem:
antihaemophilic globulin.
antihaemophilic globulin (Abbreviation
AHG). One of the blood clotting factors, a
soluble protein that causes the fibrin
matrix of a blood clot to form. Used as a
treatment for haemophilia, AHG is usually
obtained from genetically engineered cell
cultures. Synonym: antihaemophilic factor
VIII.
globulin khng xut huyt (vit tt AHG).
Mt trong s tc nhn lm ng mu,
protein ho tan to thnh nn fibrin ng
mu. -c s dng iu tr chng d xut
huyt, AHG th-ng thu -c t nui cy t
bo k thut di truyn. T ng ngha:
antihaemophilic factor VIII.
anti-idiotype antibody An antibody,
produced by an organism, which
specifically binds to the binding site of an
antibody developed by that organism
against a foreign antigen. Involved with
the regulation of the immune response.
Some allergic responses are in part due
to the breakdown of this sort of regulation.
khng th khng lin kt c hiu Mt
loi khng th, sn xut bi sinh vt, lin
kt c hiu vi im bm ca khng th
-c pht trin do sinh vt chng li mt
khng nguyn l. Lin quan iu ho phn
ng min dch. Mt s phn ng d ng
mt phn do ph v s chn lc iu ho.
antimicrobial agent Any chemical or
biological agent that inhibits the growth
and/or survival of micro-organisms. See:
antibiotic.

antinutrient
tc nhn khng khun Bt k tc nhn
sinh hc hoc ha hc no ngn nga sinh
tr-ng v/ hoc tn ti ca vi sinh vt. Xem:
antibiotic
antinutrient Compounds that inhibit the
normal uptake or utilization of nutrients.
khng dinh d-ng Hp cht ngn chn
s hp thu bnh th-ng hoc s dng cc
cht dinh d-ng.
anti-oncogene A gene whose product
prevents the normal growth of tissue.
gen chng gy ung th- Mt gen m sn
phm ca n ngn nga s sinh tr-ng
bnh th-ng ca m.
antioxidant Compounds that slow the rate
of oxidation reactions.
cht chng oxi ha Cht lm chm nhp
cc phn ng xi ha.
antiparallel orientation The normal
arrangement of the two strands of a
double-stranded DNA molecule, and of
other nucleic-acid duplexes (DNA-RNA,
RNA-RNA), in which the two strands are
oriented in opposite directions so that the
5'-phosphate end of one strand is aligned
with the 3'-hydroxyl end of the
complementary strand.
h-ng i song song Sp xp bnh
th-ng hai si ca phn t DNA si kp,
v ca cp nucleic-acid khc (DNA- RNA,
RNA- RNA), trong hai si -c h-ng
ng-c nhau mt 5'-pht pht ca mt
si -c lin kt vi mt 3'- hidroxyl ca
si b sung.
antisense DNA One of the two strands of
double-stranded DNA, usually that which
is complementary (hence anti) to the
mRNA, i.e. the non-transcribed strand.
However, there is not universal agreement
on this convention, and the preferred
designations are coding strand for the
strand whose sequence matches that of
the mRNA, and non-coding strand or
template strand for the complementary
strand (i.e. the transcription template).
DNA i ngha Mt trong hai si DNA kp,
thng th-ng l b sung (do anti) cho
mRNA, ngha l si khng -c phin m.

16
Tuy nhin, khng c s thng nht chung
v quy -c ny, v cc tn gi ph hp l
si m ho cho si c trnh t ph hp
vi mRNA, v si khng m ho hoc si
khung mu cho si b sung (ngha l:
khung mu phin m).
antisense gene A gene that produces an
mRNA complementary to the transcript
of a normal gene (usually constructed by
inverting the coding region relative to the
promoter).
gen i ngha Gen sn xut RNA thng
tin b sung cho bn dch ca gen bnh
th-ng (th-ng cu trc do vic o
ng-c vng m ho t-ng ng vi khi
im).
antisense RNA An RNA sequence that
is complementary to all or part of a
functional mRNA molecule, to which it
binds, blocking its translation.
RNA i ngha Trnh t RNA b sung
cho tt c hoc mt phn phn t RNA
thng tin chc nng, lin kt, ngn bn
dch ca n.
antisense therapy The in vivo treatment
of a genetic disease by blocking
translation of a protein with a DNA or an
RNA sequence that is complementary to
a specific mRNA.
liu php i ngha iu tr trong c th
mt bnh di truyn nh kho chn phin
m protein bng DNA hoc trnh t RNA
b sung cho mRNA c hiu.
antiseptic Any substance that kills or
inhibits the growth of disease-causing
micro-organism (a micro-organism
capable of causing sepsis), but is
essentially non-toxic to cells of the body.
st khun Cht bt k tiu dit hoc c
ch sinh tr-ng vi sinh vt gy bnh (vi
sinh vt c kh nng gy nhim), nh-ng
bn cht khng c cho t bo c th.
antiserum The fluid portion of the blood
of an immunized animal (after coagulation
of the blood), which retains any
antibodies.
khng huyt thanh Phn lng ca mu
ng vt -c gy min dch (sau khi lm

anti-terminator
ng mu), cha khng th .

17

anti-terminator A protein which enables

RNA polymerase to ignore certain
transcriptional stop or termination signals
and thereby produce longer than normal
transcripts.

apical dominance The phenomenon

where growth of lateral (axillary) buds in a
plant is inhibited by the presence of the
terminal (apical) bud on the branch.
Explained by the export of auxins from the
apical bud.

cht khng kt thc Mt loi protein cho

php RNA polymeraza khng lm dng
phin m nht nh hoc cc tn hiu kt
thc v do vy sn xut cc bn sao di
hn bnh th-ng.

-u th ngn Hin t-ng sinh tr-ng mm

bn (nch) ca cy b c ch do c mt
chi nh trn cc nhnh. -c gii thch
do vn chuyn cht kch thch tng tr-ng
bt u t mm nh.

antitranspirant A compound designed to

reduce plant transpiration. Applied to the
leaves of newly transplanted trees, shrubs
etc., or cuttings in lieu of misting. Can
interfere with photosynthesis and
respiration if the coating is too thick or is
unbroken.

apical meristem A region of the tip of each

shoot and root of a plant in which cell
division is continually occurring to produce
new stem and root tissue, respectively.
Two regions are visible in the apical
meristem: An outer 1-4-cell layered region
(the tunica), where cell divisions are
anticlinal; and below the tunica, (ii) the
corpus, where the cells divide in all
directions, and increase in volume.

cht chng thot n-c Cht to ra

gim mt n-c cy trng. -c p dng
cho l cy, khm cy... mi trng, hoc
nhng lt ct b li. C th nh h-ng
quang hp v h hp nu ph trn l qu
dy hoc khng b phn hu.
antixenosis The modification of the
behaviour of an organism by a substance
or another organism. Particularly used in
the context of a plants apparent resistance
against insect feeding, when the insects
are presented with a choice of plant
genotypes.
khng th l S bin i tp tnh ca sinh
vt bi mt cht hoc sinh vt khc. c
bit -c s dng trong hon cnh tnh
khng xut hin ca thc vt khng d-ng
cn trng, khi cn trng -c chuyn c
s la chn cc kiu gen thc vt.
apex The portion of a root or shoot
containing the primary or apical meristem.
nh, ngn Phn r hoc chi cy c m
phn sinh s cp hoc m phn sinh nh.
apical cell A meristematic initial in the
apical meristem of shoots or roots of
plants.
t bo nh T bo u tin phn sinh
trong m phn sinh nh ca chi hoc r
cy.

m phn sinh nh Vng chp ca mi

mt chi v r cy trong phn chia t
bo xy ra lin tc sn xut m thn v
r mi, theo tng cch ring. Hai vng
phn bit r trong m phn sinh nh: vng
(mng) -c xp lp 1- 4- t pha ngoi
vo, ni s phn chia t bo l np li; v
d-i mng, vng (ii), ni t bo phn chia
theo tt c cc h-ng, v lm tng th tch.
apoenzyme Inactive enzyme that has to
be associated with a co-enzyme in order
to function. The apoenzyme/co-enzyme
complex is called a holoenzyme.
apoenzim Enzim khng hot ng kt hp
vi ng enzim hot ng. Phc hp
apoenzim/ng-enzim -c gi l enzim
hon ton (hai thnh phn, nh cu t).
apomixis The production of an embryo
in the absence of meiosis. Apomictic
higher plants produce asexual seeds,
derived only from maternal tissue. See:
parthenogenesis.
sinh sn v phi Sinh sn phi khi thiu
gim phn. Thc vt bc cao sinh sn v
phi sn xut ht ging v tnh, ch thu
-c t m m. xem mc :
parthenogenesis.

apoptosis
apoptosis The process of programmed
cell death, which occurs naturally as a part
of normal development, maintenance and
renewal of tissue. Differs from necrosis,
in which cell death is caused by external
factors (stress or toxin).
chng cht dn Qu trnh cht t bo
-c ch-ng trnh ha, xy ra t nhin nhmt b phn pht trin bnh th-ng, duy
tr v i mi m. Khc vi hoi t, cht t
bo gy ra bi nhn t bn ngoi (sc hoc
c t).
AP-PCR xem: arbitrarily primed
polymerase chain reaction.
aptamer A polynucleotide molecule that
binds to a specific molecule, often a
protein.
Phn t polinucleotit lin kt vi phn t
c hiu, th-ng l protein.
aquaculture Farming of aquatic
organisms, including fish, molluscs,
crustaceans and aquatic plants.
ngh nui trng thy sn Canh tc thu
sinh vt, bao gm c, nhuyn th, san h
v thc vt thu sinh.
Arabidopsis A genus of flowering plants
in the Cruciferae. A. thaliana is used in
research as a model plant because it has
a small fully sequenced genome, can be
cultured and transformed easily, and has
a rapid generation time.
Arabidopsis Mt ging thc vt ra hoa
thuc h thp t Cruciferae. A. thaliana
-c dng trong nghin cu lm cy mu
bi n mang h gen trnh t y khng
ln, c th -c nui cy v thay i d,
v thi gian th h nhanh.
arbitrarily primed polymerase chain
reaction (Abbreviation: AP-PCR) An
application of the polymerase chain
reaction to generate DNA fingerprints.
The technique uses arbitrary primers to
amplify anonymous stretches of DNA. See:
DNA amplification fingerprinting,
random amplified polymorphic DNA.
phn ng chui enzim tng hp mi tu
(vit tt: AP- PCR) ng dng phn ng
chui polymeraza to ra du chun

18
DNA. K thut s dng mi tu
khuych i nhng qung che khut ca
DNA.
Xem:
DNA
amplification
fingerprinting,
random
amplified
polymorphic DNA
arbitrary primer An oligonucleotide
primer whose sequence is chosen at
random, rather than one whose sequence
matches that of a known locus. These
primers therefore amplify DNA fragments
which have not been pre-selected.
mi tu Mi oligonucleotide c trnh t
-c chn ngu nhin, thay v trnh t i
xng thuc gen bit. Nhng mi ny
do vy khuch i cc on DNA m
khng -c chn tr-c.
Archaea Single-celled life forms adapted
to existence in high pressure, anaerobic,
environments such as at extreme ocean
depths. These organisms are seen as a
promising source of enzymes robust
enough for a number of demanding
industrial processes.
Archaea Cc dng sng n bo thch
nghi tn ti trong mi tr-ng p sut
cao, ym kh, nh- cc su y i d-ng.
Nhng sinh vt ny -c nhn nhn nhngun enzim phong ph y ha hn
p ng s l-ng cho cc qu trnh cng
nghip ang i hi cao.
ARMG vit tt ca antibiotic resistance
marker gene.
ARS vit tt ca autonomous(ly)
replicating segment (or sequence).
artificial inembryonation Non-surgical
transfer of embryo(s) to a recipient female.
As in vitro embryo technology develops,
artificial inembryonation may replace
artificial insemination.
chuyn ghp phi nhn to Chuyn
ghp khng phu thut phi cho mt sinh
vt ci nhn. Khi cng ngh phi trong
phng th nghim pht trin, chuyn ghp
phi nhn to c th thay th th tinh nhn
to.
artificial insemination (Abbreviation: AI).
The deposition of semen, using a syringe,
at the mouth of the uterus to make

artificial medium
conception possible.
th tinh nhn to (vit tt: AI). S truyn
tinh dch, c s dng ng tim, vo ca t
cung lm th thai c th xy ra.
artificial medium mi tr-ng nhn to
xem: culture medium.
artificial seed Encapsulated or coated
somatic embryos that are planted and
treated like seed.
ging nhn to Th phi xma -c to
v hoc bao bc trng v x l nh- ht
ging.
artificial selection The practice of
choosing individuals from a population for
reproduction, usually because these
individuals possess one or more desirable
traits.
chn lc nhn to Cch chn c th t
qun th sinh sn, th-ng v cc c th
ny c mt hoc nhiu tnh trng qu.
ASA vit tt ca allele-specific
amplification.
ascites Abnormal accumulation of fluid in
the peritoneal cavity, occurring naturally as
a complication of cirrhosis of the liver,
among other conditions. In the context of
monoclonal antibody production,
hybridoma cells are injected into mice to
induce their proliferation in the resulting
ascites. This method has been largely
superseded by in vitro culture of
hybridomas.
bnh c tr-ng (trn dch mng bng )
S tch t khng bnh th-ng dch trong
xoang phc mc, xy ra t nhin l mt
bin chng ca bnh x gan, tu theo cc
iu kin khc nhau.Trong quy trnh sn
xut khng th n, t bo lai -c tim
cho chut lm kt qu tng nhanh. Ph-ng
php ny phn ln -c thay bng nui
trong ng nghim cc t bo lai.
ascospore One of the spores contained
in the ascus of certain fungi.
bo t nang Mt loi bo t cha trong
nang bo ca mt loi nm nht nh.
ascus (pl.: asci) Reproductive sac in the
sexual stage of a type of fungi

19
(Ascomycetes) in which ascospores are
produced.
nang bo (s nhiu: asci) Ti sinh sn
trong giai on hu tnh ca mt loi nm
(nm ti: Ascomycetes) trong sinh ra
bo t nang.
aseptic Sterile, free of contaminating
organisms (bacteria, fungi, algae but not
generally including viruses, and particularly
not internal symbionts).
v trng Tit trng, phi truyn nhim sinh
vt (vi khun, nm, to nh-ng th-ng
khng bao gm virut, v c bit khng
phi l sinh vt cng sinh bn trong).
asexual Reproduction not involving
meiosis or the union of gametes.
v tnh Sinh sn khng ko theo gim
phn hoc kt hp giao t.
asexual embryogenesis sinh phi v
tnh. Xem: somatic cell embryogenesis
asexual propagation Vegetative, somatic,
non-sexual reproduction of a plant
without fertilization.
lan truyn v tnh Sinh sn sinh d-ng,
xma, v tnh ca thc vt khng th phn.
asexual reproduction Reproduction that
does not involve the formation and union
of gametes from the different sexes or
mating types. It occurs mainly in lower
animals, micro-organisms and plants. In
plants, asexual reproduction is by
vegetative propagation (e.g. bulbs, tubers,
corms) and by formation of spores.
sinh sn v tnh Sinh sn khng ko theo
s hnh thnh v kt hp hoc kiu ghp
i cc giao t t gii tnh khc nhau. Xy
ra ch yu trong ng vt bc thp, vi sinh
vt v thc vt. Trong thc vt, sinh sn
v tnh l do pht tn sinh d-ng (v d:
hnh, c, thn ngm) v do hnh thnh cc
bo t.
A-site v tr A vit tt ca aminoacyl site
assay 1. To test or evaluate. 2. The
procedure for measuring the quantity of a
given substance in a sample (chemically
or by other means).
th nghim 1. Kim tra hoc nh gi.

assortative mating
2. Ph-ng php o s l-ng mt cht no
trong mt mu (bng ha hc hoc
ph-ng php khc).
assortative mating Mating in which the
partners are chosen on the basis of
phenotypic similarity.
giao phi t-ng hp Kt i trong i
tc -c chn trn c s ging nhau v
kiu hnh.
assortment phn loi xem: segregation.
asymmetric hybrid A hybrid formed,
usually via protoplast fusion, between
two donors, where the chromosome
complement of one of the donors is
incomplete. This chromosome loss can be
induced by irradiation or chemical
treatment, or can occur naturally.
th lai khng i xng Sinh vt lai hnh
thnh, th-ng qua dung hp t bo trn,
gia hai sinh vt cho, ni b nhim sc
th ca mt trong hai sinh vt cho l khng
y . S mt mt nhim sc th ny c
th l do chiu x, x l ha cht, hoc
cng c th xut hin t nhin.

20
ability to elicit antibodies against the
virulent form. See: inactivated agent.
vacxin suy gim Sinh th c -c bin
i sinh ra dng t c hn, nh-ng vn gi
kh nng khi mo khng th chng li
dng c. xem: inactivated agent
attenuation A mechanism for controlling
gene expression in prokaryotes that
involves premature termination of
transcription.
suy gim C ch biu th gen iu khin
sinh vt khng nhn lin quan n kt
thc phin m sm.
attenuator A nucleotide sequence in the
5' region of a prokaryotic gene (or in its
RNA) that causes premature termination
of transcription, possibly by forming a
secondary structure.
vng suy gim Trnh t nucleotit trong
vng 5' ca gen sinh vt khng nhn (hoc
trong RNA ca n) gy ra kt thc phin
m sm, Kh nng do to thnh mt cu
trc th cp.

asynapsis The failure or partial failure in

the pairing of homologous chromosomes
during the first meiotic prophase.

aureofacin An antifungal antibiotic

produced by a strain of Streptomyces
aureofaciens. A possible candidate for the
transgenic control of plant fungal disease.

khng tip hp Thiu hoc thiu mt

phn trong cp i nhim sc th t-ng
ng trong k u gim phn ln mt.
ATP vit tt ca: adenosin triphotphat
(ATP).

aureofacin Cht khng sinh chng nm

-c sn xut t vi khun Streptomyces
aureofaciens. Mt ng c vin c kh nng
kim sot chuyn gen chng bnh nm
hi thc vt.

ATP-ase An enzyme that brings about the

hydrolysis of adenosine triphosphate, by
the cleavage of either one phosphate
groups with the formation of ADP and
inorganic phosphate, or of two phosphate
groups, with the formation of AMP and
pyrophosphate.

authentic protein A recombinant protein

that has all the properties - including any
post-translational modifications - of its
naturally occurring counterpart.

enzim ATP Enzim dn n thu phn ATP,

do phn ct mt gc pht pht hnh
thnh ADP v pht pht v c, hoc ca
hai gc pht pht, hnh thnh AMP v
pht pht cao nng.
attenuated vaccine A virulent organism
that has been modified to produce a less
virulent form, but nevertheless retains the

protein nguyn bn Protein ti t hp c

tt c cc thuc tnh - bao gm bt k
nhng sa i sau dch m - ca bn sao
xut hin mt cch t nhin.
autocatalysis Catalysis in which one of
the products of the reaction is a catalyst
for the reaction.
t xc tc S xc tc trong c sn
phm ca phn ng lm xc tc cho phn
ng.
autocatalytic reaction phn ng t xc

autoclave

21

tc xem: autocatalysis.
autoclave 1. An enclosed chamber in
which materials can be heated under
pressure to sterilize utensils, liquids,
glassware, etc., using steam.
ni hp 1. Mt bung cha (phng, hp)
trong nguyn liu c th -c t nng
d-i p sut kh trng dng c, cht
lng, thy tinh, v.v..., bng hi n-c.

the action of lysosomic enzymes.

t tiu Qu trnh t ph hy ca t bo,
bo quan, hoc m, thng qua hot ng
enzim phn hu.

autogenous control The action of a gene

product to inhibit (negative autogenous
control) or enhance (positive autogenous
control) the expression of the gene that
codes for it.

tnh t tr Thut ng dng ch bt k n

v sinh hc no c th hot ng trn chnh
bn thn, ngha l khng c s gip
ca n v khc, nh- mt phn t c th
i ch m ha mt enzim chuyn v
chnh n.

iu khin t pht Hot ng ca mt

sn phm gen ngn chn (iu khin
t pht m tnh) hoc tng c-ng (iu
khin t pht d-ng tnh) biu th gen m
ho cho n.
auto-immune disease Disorder in which
the immune systems of affected individuals
produce antibodies against molecules that
are normally produced by those individuals
(called self antigens).
bnh t min dch S ri lon m trong
cc h thng min dch c th b nh
h-ng sinh ra khng th chng li phn t
m bnh th-ng vn -c sinh ra bi nhng
c th ny (gi l t khng nguyn).
auto-immunity A disorder in the bodys
defence mechanism in which an immune
response is elicited against its own (self)
tissues.
t min dch S ri lon trong c ch bo
v c th trong phn ng min dch
-c khi mo chng li cc m ca chnh
n.
autologous cells Cells taken from an
individual, cultured (or stored), and,
possibly, genetically manipulated before
being transferred back into the original
donor.
t bo t thn Cc t bo ly ra t mt c
th, -c nui cy (hoc ct gi), v c
th -c thao tc di truyn tr-c khi chuyn
li vo vt cho gc .
autolysis The process of self destruction
of a cell, cell organelle, or tissue, through

autonomous A term applied to any

biological unit that can function on its own,
i.e. without the help of another unit, such
as a transposable element that encodes
an enzyme for its own transposition.

autonomous(ly) replicating segment (or

sequence) (Abbreviation: ARS). Any
eukaryotic DNA sequence that initiates and
supports chromosomal replication; they
have been isolated in yeast cells.
on (hoc chui) t sao chp (vit tt:
ARS). Bt k trt t DNA nhn chun no
m khi mo v h tr sao chp nhim
sc th; chng -c phn lp trong cc t
bo nm men.
autopolyploid A polyploid whose
constituent genomes are derived from the
same or nearly the same progenitor. In an
autotetraploid, each chromosome is
present in four copies, so meiotic
configurations may include many (or
exclusively) quadrivalents (four paired
chromosomes), and the inheritance of
alleles will be quadruplex. Quadrivalents
do not always segregate normaly at
meiosis, resulting in lowered fertility, so
some established autotetraploid species
that reproduce sexually have restricted
quadrivalent formation.
th t a bi Th a bi m cc h gen
thnh phn ca n u bt ngun t cng
mt hoc gn ging t tin. Trong th nh
bi kp ng tnh, mi nhim sc th c
mt trong bn bn sao, v vy cu hnh
gim phn c th bao gm nhiu (hoc
ch l) ho tr bn (bn nhim sc th cp
i), v di truyn alen s l b bn. Ha tr
bn lun khng tch ring mt cch bnh
th-ng ti gim nhim, do h thp kh

autoradiograph
nng th tinh, nn mt s loi t a bi
-c thit lp sinh sn hu tnh hn
ch hnh thnh ha tr bn.
autoradiograph A technique for
visualizing the presence, location and
intensity of radioactivity in histological
preparations, paper chromatograms or
electrophoretic gel separations, obtained
by overlaying the surface with X-ray film
and allowing the radiation to form an image
on the film.
nh phng x t ghi K thut lm cho
mt trng thy -c s c mt, v tr v
c-ng tnh phng x trong cc ch
phm m hc, biu sc k trn giy
hoc tch gel in di, thu -c bng xp
chng ln b mt phim X-quang v cho
php chiu x to hnh nh trn phim.
autosome Any of the chromosomes
except the sex chromosomes.
nhim sc th th-ng Bt k nhim sc
th no tr nhim sc th gii tnh.
autotroph Organism capable of selfnourishment utilizing carbon dioxide or
carbonates as the sole source of carbon
and obtaining energy from radiant energy
or from the oxidation of inorganic elements,
or compounds such as iron, sulphur,
hydrogen, ammonium and nitrites.
Opposite: heterotroph.
sinh vt t d-ng Cc sinh vt c nng
lc t d-ng thc n s dng kh cc b
nch hoc cc b nt lm ngun cc bon
duy nht v thu -c nng l-ng t nng
l-ng bc x hoc t s xi ha cc phn
t v c, hoc nhng hp cht nh- st,
l-u hunh, hy-r, amnium v nitrit.
Ng-c vi: heterotroph.
autotrophic t d-ng xem autotroph
auxin A group of plant growth regulators
(natural or synthetic) which stimulate cell
division, enlargement, apical dominance,
root initiation, and flowering.
Nhm cht iu ho sinh tr-ng thc vt
(t nhin hoc tng hp) kch thch phn
chia t bo, phnh to, tnh tri ngn, bn r
v ra hoa.
auxin-cytokinin ratio The relative

22
proportion of auxin to cytokinin present
in plant tissue culture media. Varying the
relative amounts of these two hormones
affects the proportional growth of shoots
and roots.
t l auxin-xitokinin T l t-ng i ca
cht kch thch sinh tr-ng auxin so vi
cytokinin c trong dung dch nui cy m
thc vt. S thay i s l-ng t-ng i
ca hai hc mn ny c nh h-ng n
sinh tr-ng cn i gia chi v r.
auxotroph A mutant cell or microorganism lacking one metabolic pathway
present in the parental strain, and that
consequently will not multiply on a minimal
medium, but requires for growth the
addition of a specific compound, such as
an amino acid or a vitamin.
th khuyt d-ng T bo t bin hoc
vi sinh vt thiu -ng mn chuyn ha t
ni cha m, do s khng -c nhn ln
trong mi tr-ng ti thiu, nh-ng sinh
tr-ng cn thm hp cht c bit, nhamin a xt hoc vitamin.
availability A reflection of the form and
location of nutritional elements and their
suitability for absorption.
ph Phn nh dng v v tr ca cc
phn t dinh d-ng v tnh ph hp ca
chng hp th.
avidin A glycoprotein present in egg
white, which has a strong affinity to biotin.
Can lead to biotin deficiency if given in
large quantities. Used as a biological
reagent in the same way as streptavidin.
avidin Mt glycoprotein c mt trong lng
trng trng, c i lc mnh vi biotin. C
th dn ti thiu ht biotin nu -a vo
mt l-ng ln. -c s dng nh- cht phn
ng sinh hc ging nh- streptavidin.
avidity A measure of the binding strength
of an antibody to its antigen.
i lc S o lc lin kt ca mt khng
th vi khng nguyn ca n.
avirulence gene (Abbreviation: avr gene).
Many plants contain R genes, which confer
simply-inherited resistance to a specific
pathogen race. The plants are able to

avr gene
recognize the presence of the pathogen
by an interaction between their R gene and
the matching pathogens avirulence gene.
Successful recognition triggers a cascade
of further genes, often leading to a
hypersensitive response.
gen khng c tnh (vit tt: gen avr).
Nhiu thc vt c cha cc gen R to
ra tnh chng chu di truyn n vi cc
loi gy bnh ring bit. Thc vt c th
nhn ra s c mt ca vt gy bnh do
t-ng tc gia gen R ca chng v gen
khng c tnh ca vt gy bnh t-ng
ng. S nhn bit hon thnh thc y mt
lot gen tip theo, th-ng dn ti phn ng
siu nhy cm.
avr gene vit tt ca avirulence gene
axenic culture Free of external
contaminants and internal symbionts;

23
generally not possible with surface
sterilization alone, sometimes used
incorrectly to indicate aseptic culture.
nui cy v trng Khng c cht gy
nhim bn ngoi v cc sinh vt cng sinh
bn trong; th-ng khng c kh nng kh
trng c lp, nhiu khi dng khng chnh
xc ch bo nui cy v trng.
axillary bud A bud found at the axil of a
leaf. Synonym: lateral bud.
mm nch Mm hnh thnh ti nch l.T
ng ngha: lateral bud
axillary bud proliferation Propagation of
plant tissue in vitro to promote axillary
growth, to generate large numbers of
plantlets in culture.
tng nhanh mm nch Nhn ging m
thc vt trong ng nghim thc y sinh
tr-ng v nhn s l-ng ln cy ging.

24

Bb

B cell An important class of lymphocytes

that mature in bone marrow (in mammals)
and the Bursa of Fabricius (in birds) and
produce antibodies. Largely responsible
for the antibody-mediated or humoral
immune response, giving rise to the
antibody-producing plasma cells and
some other cells of the immune system.
Synonym: B lymphocyte.
t bo B Lp ch yu ca limph bo
tr-ng thnh trong ty x-ng (ca ng
vt c v) v Bursa ca loi Fabricius
(thuc lp chim) v sn xut khng th.
Chu trch nhim phn ln v phn ng
min dch trung gian khng th hoc th
dch, sinh ra t bo huyt t-ng sn xut
khng th v mt s t bo khc ca h
thng min dch.T ng ngha: B
lymphocyte.
B chromosome A supernumerary
chromosome present in some individuals
(both plant and animal). They are smaller
than the normal chromosomes, behave
abnormally in both mitosis and meiosis,
can vary in number between somatic cells
and are not thought to have any significant
gene content.
nhim sc th B Nhim sc th d- c
trong mt s c th (c thc v ng vt).
Chng nh hn nhim sc th bnh th-ng,
din ra bt th-ng trong c nguyn phn
v gim phn, c th thay i s l-ng gia
cc t bo th v khng c bt k thnh
phn gen quan trng no.
B lymphocyte lymph boB xem: B cell.

BABS Vit tt ca biosynthetic antibody

binding sites
BAC Vit tt ca bacterial artificial
chromosome
bacillus A rod-shaped bacterium.
trc khun Mt loi vi khun hnh que
Bacillus thuringiensis (Abbreviation: Bt).
A bacterium that produces a toxin against
certain insects, particularly Coloeoptera
and Lepidoptera; a major means of
insecticide for organic farming. Some of
the toxin genes are important for
transgenic approaches to crop protection.
khun que thuringiensis (vit tt: Bt) Loi
vi khun sinh c t chng li cc loi cn
trng nht nh, c bit l b cnh cng
(Coloeoptera) v b cnh vy
(Lepidoptera); ng vai tr chnh ca thuc
tr su trong canh tc hu c. Mt s cc
gen c rt quan trng nghin cu
chuyn gen bo v ma mng.
back mutation A second mutation at the
same site in a gene as the original
mutation. The second mutation restores
the wild-type protein sequence.
t bin ng-c t bin th cp ti cng
v tr trong mt gen nh- t bin gc. t
bin th cp khi phc trnh t protein kiu
di.
backcross Crossing an individual with one
of its parents or with the genetically
equivalent organism. The offspring of
such a cross are referred to as the
backcross generation or backcross
progeny.
lai ng-c Lai cho mt c th vi mt
trong s cha m hoc vi sinh vt t-ng
-ng di truyn. Con chu lai cho -c
nhn nhn nh- th h lai ng-c hoc con
chu lai ng-c.
bacterial artificial chromosome A
plasmid vector that can be used to clone
large inserts of DNA (up to 500 kb). See:
yeast artificial chromosome.
nhim sc th nhn to vi khun Vc t
plasmit c th dng to dng cc on xen
ln DNA (ln ti 500 kb). Xem: yeast
artificial chromosome.

bacterial toxin
bacterial toxin A toxin produced by a
bacterium, such as Bt toxin of Bacillus
thuringiensis.
c t vi khun Loi c t sn sinh do
vi khun, nh- c t Bt ca khun que
thuringiensis.
bacteriocide A chemical or drug that kills
bacterial cells.
thuc dit khun Cht ha hc hoc
thuc tiu dit t bo vi khun.
bacteriocin A protein produced by
bacteria of one strain and active against
those of a closely related strain.
Loi protein -c sn sinh bi cc vi khun
cng mt chng v hot ng chng li
cc vi khun chng cn thn.
bacteriophage (Abbreviation: phage). A
virus that infects bacteria. Altered forms
are used as cloning vectors. See: lambda
phage, M13.
thc khun (vit tt: phage). Loi virut
xm nhim vi khun. Dng bin i -c
dng lm vect to dng. Xem: lambda
phage, M13.
bacteriostat A substance that inhibits or
slows down growth and reproduction of
bacteria.
cht km hm khun Cht ngn chn
hoc lm chm sinh tr-ng v sinh sn vi
khun.
bacterium (pl.: bacteria) nicellular
prokaryotic organisms, without a distinct
nucleus. Major distinctive groups are
defined by Gram staining. Also classified
on the basis of oxygen requirement
(aerobic vs anaerobic) and shape
(spherical = coccus; rodlike = bacillus;
spiral = spirillum; comma-shaped = vibrio;
corkscrew-shaped = spirochaete;
filamentous).
vi khun (s nhiu: bacteria) Cc sinh vt
khng nhn t bo rt nh, khng c nhn
phn bit. Cc nhm c tr-ng chnh phn
bit bng nhum mu gram. Cn -c
phn loi trn c s nhu cu oxy (-a kh
i vi k kh) v hnh dng (hnh cu =
Cu khun; hnh que = khun que; hnh
son = xon khun; hnh ging du phy

25
= phy khun; hnh xon vng = xon
khun; dy khun).
baculovirus A class of insect virus used
to make DNA cloning vectors for gene
expression in eukaryotic cells. Production
of a target protein can be up to 50% of
the cells protein content, and several
proteins can be made simultaneously, so
that multi-sub-unit enzymes can be made
by this system.
v rt gy bnh Lp virut gy bnh cn
trng -c s dng lm vect to dng
DNA biu th gen trong t bo c nhn.
Sn phm ca mt loi protein ch c th
ln ti 50 % thnh phn protein t bo, v
mt s loi protein c th ng thi -c
to ra, do vy nhiu n v enzim ph a
chc nng c th -c to ra bng h
thng ny.
baculovirus expression vector
(Abbreviation: BEV). A method for the in
vitro production of complex recombinant
eukaryotic proteins. A genetically
engineered baculovirus (a virus that infects
certain types of insects) is introduced into
appropriate cultured insect cells, which
then express the recombinant protein.
vect biu th v rt gy bnh (vit tt:
BEV). Ph-ng php sn xut trong ng
nghim cc protein nhn chun ti t hp
phc tp. Loi vi rt gy bnh -c k thut
di truyn (vi rt nhim bnh mt loi cn
trng nht nh) -c chuyn vo t bo
cn trng nui d-ng thch hp, sau
biu th protein ti t hp.
balanced lethal system A system for
maintaining a recessive lethal allele at
each of two loci on the same pair of
chromosomes. In a closed population with
no crossing-over between the loci, only the
double heterozygotes for the lethal
mutations survive.
h thng gy cht cn bng H thng
duy tr alen gy cht thoi ha ti mi mt
v tr ca hai gen trn cng cp nhim
sc th. Trong qun th ng kn khng
c bt cho gia cc gen, ch nhng d
hp t kp lin quan n cc t bin gy
cht sng st.

balanced polymorphism
balanced polymorphism Two or more
phenotypes maintained in the same
breeding population.
tnh a hnh cn bng Hai hoc nhiu
kiu hnh -c duy tr trong cng qun th
sinh sn.
bank ngn hng xem: gene bank
bar gene gen thanh xem: pat gene
barnase A bacterial ribonuclease, which,
when transformed into plants and
expressed in the anthers, generates a
male sterile phenotype. Thus it is a
technology applicable to F1 hybrid seed
production, which relies on the ability to
genetically sterilize genotypes to ensure
that all seed borne on the plant are the
result of outcrossing. The sterility
phenotype is suppressed by the barstar
protein, which can therefore be used to
reverse the sterility where this is necessary.
barnaza Mt loi ribonucleaza vi khun,
khi -c chuyn vo cy v biu th trong
nhy hoa, pht sinh kiu hnh bt th c.
Do vy n l mt k thut c th p dng
sn xut ht ging lai F1, da trn kh
nng kh c di truyn bo m rng
tt c ht ging sinh ra trn cy ny l kt
qu lai khc loi. Kiu hnh bt th -c
to ra do protein c ch, do vy c th
-c dng hu b bt th khi cn thit.
Barr body A condensed mass of
chromatin found in the nuclei of female
mammals. It is a late-replicating, inactive
X-chromosome.
See:
dosage
compensation, sex linkage
th barr Khi l-ng ng c cht nhim
sc c trong nhn ca ng vt ci loi c
v. L mt nhim sc th X khng hot
ng, sao chp chm. Xem: dosage
compensation, sex linkage
barstar protein A polypeptide inhibitor of
barnase.
protein c ch cht ngn chn polyeptit
ca barnase.
basal 1. Located at the base of a plant or
a plant organ. 2. A fundamental formulation
of a tissue culture medium containing
nutrients but no growth promoting agents.

26
c s 1. nh v ti c s ca thc vt hoc
c quan thc vt. 2. Cng thc c bn ca
mi tr-ng cy m c cha cc cht dinh
d-ng nh-ng khng c tc nhn thc y
sinh tr-ng.
base One of the components of
nucleosides, nucleotides and nucleic
acids. Four different bases are found in
naturally occurring DNA - the purines A
(adenine) and G (guanine); and the
pyrimidines C (cytosine) and T
(thymine, the common name for 5methyluracil). In RNA, T is replaced by U
(uracil). See: base pair.
ba z Thnh phn ca nulceosit, nuleotit
v axit nucleic. Bn ba z khc nhau c
trong DNA xut hin t nhin- cc purin A
(Adenin); G (Guanin); cc pyrimiin C
(xytosin) v T (thimin, tn chung cho 5 methyluracil). Trong RNA, T -c thay th
bi U (uracil). Xem: base pair
base analogue A non-natural purine or
pyrimidine base that differs slightly in
structure from the normal bases, but can
be incorporated into nucleic acids. They
are often mutagenic.
t-ng t ba z Mt ba z purin hoc
pyrimiin khng t nhin c khc bit i
cht vi cu trc ba z bnh th-ng, nh-ng
c th -c hp nht vi axit nucleic.
Chng th-ng l dng t bin.
base pair (Abbreviation: bp). The two
separate strands of a nucleic acid double
helix are held together by specific
hydrogen bonding between a purine and
a pyrimidine, one from each strand. The
base A pairs with T in DNA (with U in RNA);
while G pairs with C in both DNA and RNA.
The length of a nucleic acid molecule is
often given in terms of the number of base
pairs it contains.
cp baz (vit tt: bp). Hai si ring bit
ca chui xon kp axit nucleic -c kt
gi vi nhau bng lin kt hy-r c bit
gia purin v pyrimiin ring t mi si.
Baz A cp vi T ca DNA (vi U ca RNA);
trong khi G cp vi C ca c DNA v
RNA. di mt phn t axit nucleic
th-ng -c nu ra d-i dng t l s

base substitution
l-ng cc cp baz m n cha.
base substitution Replacement of one
base by another in a DNA molecule. See:
transition; transversion.
thay th ba z Thay i ca mt ba z
bi mt ba z khc trong phn t DNA.
Xem: transition; transversion.
basic fibroblast growth factor nhn t
sinh tr-ng mch c s (vit tt: BFGF).
xem: fibroblasts
basipetal Developing, in sequence, from
the apex towards the base. See:
acropetal.
h-ng gc Pht trin, theo tun t, t
nh theo v pha gc. Xem: acropetal.
basophil A type of leukocyte produced
by stem cells in the red bone marrow.
bch cu i kim Kiu bch cu -c
sinh ra bi t bo gc trong ty x-ng mu
.
batch culture A suspension culture in
which cells grow in a finite volume of liquid
nutrient medium and follow a sigmoid
pattern of growth. All cells are harvested
at the same time. See: continuous
culture. Synonym: batch fermentation
nui cy theo l Mt t nui cy huyn
ph trong cc t bo sinh tr-ng trong
mt th tch hu hn ca mi tr-ng dinh
d-ng lng v theo cp s m sinh tr-ng.
Tt c cc t bo u -c thu hoch
cng lc. Xem: continuous culture.T
ng ngha: batch fermentation.
batch fermentation ln men theo l
xem: batch culture.
bench-scale process A small- or
laboratory-scale process; commonly used
in connection with fermentation.
s l cp chun S l phm vi phng
th nghim hoc nh; th-ng dng khi tip
xc vi ln men.
beta-DNA The form of DNA generally
found in nature. A right-handed helix.
Dng DNA th-ng gp trong t nhin. Mt
vng xon phi.
beta-galactosidase A bacterial enzyme

27
that catalyses the cleavage of lactose into
glucose and galactose, commonly used as
a marker in DNA cloning.
beta-galactosidaza Enzim vi khun xc
tc phn gii -ng lac t thnh glucoza
v galactoza, th-ng dng lm du chun
trong to dng DNA.
beta-glucuronidase (Abbreviation: GUS).
An enzyme produced by certain bacteria,
which catalyses the cleavage of a whole
range of beta-glucuronides. Because this
activity is largely absent in plants, the
encoding bacterial gene has been widely
used as a reporter gene in plant
transgenesis.
beta-glucuronidaza Enzim -c sn sinh
bi cc vi khun nht nh, xc tc phn
nhnh hu nh- c dy bta-glucuronides.
Do hot ng ny phn ln vng mt trong
thc vt, nn gen vi khun m ha -c
s dng rng ri lm gen ch huy trong
chuyn gen thc vt.
beta-lactamase An enzyme that detoxifies
penicillin group antibiotics, such as
ampicillin. The -lactamase gene is
commonly used as a marker for successful
transformation, where only transformed
cells are able to tolerate the presence of
ampicillin. See: selectable marker.
beta-lactamaza Mt loi enzim gii c
khng sinh nhm pnixilin, nh- ampicillin.
Gen -lactamase th-ng -c dng lm
du chun bin np hon ton, ni ch
cc t bo bin np l c kh nng chp
nhn c mt ampicillin. Xem: selectable
marker.
beta-sitosterol Xem: phytosterosterol
BEV vit tt ca baculovirus expression
vector.
BFGF Vit tt ca basic fibroblast
growth factor.
biennial A plant which completes its life
cycle within two years and then dies.
cy hai nm Thc vt hon thnh chu trnh
sng trong vng hai nm ri cht.
bifunctional vector vect chc nng
kp xem: shuttle vector.

binary vector system

binary vector system A two plasmid
system in Agrobacterium tumefaciens
designed to transfer T-DNA into plant cells,
while avoiding the formation of crown gall
tumours. One plasmid contains the
virulence gene (responsible for transfer of
the T-DNA), and the other the T-DNA
borders, the selectable marker and the
DNA to be transferred.
h vc t nh phn H hai plasmid ca vi
khun Agrobacterium tumefaciens -c
thit k chuyn T-DNA vo t bo thc
vt, trnh hnh thnh khi u crown gall.
Plasmit c cha gen c hi (c trch
nhim chuyn T-DNA), v khc vi T- DNA
k bn, du chun chn lc v DNA -c
chuyn.
binding The ability of molecules to bind
each other non-covalently because of the
exact shape and chemical nature of parts
of their surfaces. A common biological
phenomenon, as e.g. an enzyme to its
substrate; an antibody to its antigen; a
DNA strand to its complementary strand.
See: ligand.
kt ni Kh nng phn t lin kt khng
ng ha tr vi nhau do nh dng chnh
xc v t nhin ha hc thuc b mt ca
chng. Mt hin t-ng sinh hc ni chung,
v d nh- enzim vi c cht ca n; khng
th vi khng nguyn ca n; si DNA vi
si b sung ca n. Xem: ligand
bio- A prefix used in scientific words to
associate the concept of living organisms.
Usually written with a hyphen before
vowels, for emphasis or in neologisms.
sinh Tin t dng trong cc t ng khoa
hc kt hp khi nim sinh vt sng.
Th-ng vit vi du ni tr-c cc nguyn
m, nhn mnh hoc dng trong cc
t mi.
bio-accumulation A problem that can
arise when a stable chemical such as a
heavy metal or DDT is introduced into a
natural environment. Where there are no
agents present able to biodegrade it, its
concentration can increase as it passes up
the food chain and higher organisms may
suffer toxic effects. This phenomenon may

28
be employed beneficially for the removal
of toxic metals from wastewater, and for
bioremediation. See: biosorbents.
tch lu sinh hc Vn c th xut hin
khi mt cht ha hc n nh nh- kim loi
nng hoc DDT -c -a vo mi tr-ng
t nhin. Ni khng c mt cc tc nhn
c kh nng phn r sinh hc, nng c
th tng thm khi qua chui thc n v
sinh vt c th chu ng hiu ng c cao
hn. Hin t-ng ny c th em li li ch
loi b cc kim loi c t n-c thi, v
sa cha sinh hc. Xem: biosorbents.
bio-assay 1. The assessment of a
substances activity on living cells or on
organisms. Animals have been used
extensively in drug research in bio-assays
in the pharmaceutical and cosmetics
industries. Current trends are to develop
bio-assays using bacteria or animal or
plant cells, as these are easier to handle
than whole animals or plants, are cheaper
to make and keep, and avoid the ethical
problems associated with testing of
animals. 2. An indirect method to detect
sub-measurable amounts of a specific
substance by observing a samples
influence on the growth of live material.
th nghim sinh 1. nh gi hot ng
ca mt cht trong t bo sng hoc trong
sinh vt. ng vt -c s dng rng ri
trong nghin cu thuc th nghim sinh
hc ca cc x nghip d-c v m phm.
Khuynh h-ng hin nay l pht trin th
nghim sinh hc c s dng t bo vi
khun hoc thc vt, v chng iu
khin hn ng hoc thc vt hon chnh,
v l r hn th nghim v bo qun, v
trnh nhng vn o c lin quan n
th nghim ng vt. 2. Ph-ng php gin
tip pht hin s l-ng o -c mc
rt nh cht c bit do quan st nh
h-ng mu v sinh tr-ng vt liu sng.
bio-augmentation Increasing the activity
of bacteria that decompose pollutants; a
technique used in bioremediation.
tng c-ng sinh hc Lm tng hot ng
vi khun phn hy cht gy nhim;
k thut dng trong sa cha sinh hc.

bioavailability
bioavailability The proportion of a nutrient
or administered drug etc. that can be taken
up by an organism in a biologically effective
form. For example, some soils high in
phosphorus have a low level of P
availability because the pH of the soil
renders much of the P insoluble.
ph sinh T l cht dinh d-ng hoc
thuc -c s dng v.v. c th -c ly
ra do sinh vt theo hnh thc hiu ng sinh
hc. V d, mt s t giu pht pho c
ph P thp do pH ca t lm P khng
tan.
biocatalysis The use of enzymes to
improve the efficiency of chemical
reactions.
xc tc sinh hc Dng enzim nng
cao hiu qu ca phn ng ha hc.
biochip chp sinh hc xem: DNA chip
biocontrol Pest control by biological
means. Any process using deliberately
introduced living organisms to restrain the
growth and development of other
organisms, such as the introduction of
predatory insects to control an insect pest.
Synonym: biological control.
kim sot sinh hc Kim sot dch hi
bng bin php sinh hc. Bt k qu trnh
no s dng c ch cc sinh vt sng
-a vo kim ch sinh tr-ng v pht
trin mt sinh vt khc, nh- vic -a vo
thin ch kim sot su b.T ng
ngha: biological control.
bioconversion Conversion of one
chemical into another by living organisms,
as opposed to their conversion by isolated
enzymes or fixed cells, or by chemical
processes. Particularly useful for
introducing chemical changes at specific
points in large and complex molecules.
chuyn i sinh Chuyn i cht ha
hc thnh cht khc do sinh vt sng, nho ng-c chuyn i do enzim phn
lp hoc cc t bo c nh, hoc do x l
ha hc. c bit hu ch -a vo cc
bin i ha hc ti cc im c bit trong
cc phn t phc tp v ln.
biodegradable Capable of being

29
biodegraded.
kh nng phn r sinh hc C kh nng
din ra phn r sinh hc.
biodegrade The breakdown by microorganisms of a compound to simpler
chemicals. Materials that are easily
biodegraded are colloquially termed
biodegradable.
phn r sinh hc Phn hu do vi sinh vt
mt hp cht thnh cc cht ha hc n
gin. Cc cht d b phn hu sinh hc
th-ng -c gi l cht phn r sinh hc.
biodesulphurization The removal of
organic and inorganic sulphur from coal by
bacterial and soil micro-organisms. Certain
bacteria can oxidize insoluble sulphur
compounds into soluble sulphates, which
can be washed away with the bacteria.
See: bioleaching.
kh l-u hunh sinh S loi b l-u hunh
v c v hu c t than bng vi khun
v vi sinh vt t. Nhiu loi vi khun nht
nh c th xy ha hp cht sun phua
khng tan thnh nhng mui sun pht ho
tan, chng c th -c ra tri cng vi vi
khun xem: bioleaching.
biodiversity The variability among living
organisms from all sources, including, inter
alia, terrestrial, marine and other
ecosystems and the ecological complexes
of which they are part; this includes
diversity within species, between species
and of ecosystems. Synonyms: biological
diversity, ecological diversity.
a dng sinh hc Tnh bin thin gia cc
sinh vt sng t tt c cc ngun, bao gm,
trong nhiu h khc nhau, h sinh thi trn
mt t, bin v cc h sinh thi khc v
nhng phc h sinh thi trong chng l
mt thnh phn; a dng sinh hc bao gm
tnh a dng trong cc loi, gia cc loi
v ca cc h sinh thi. T ng ngha:
biological diversity, ecological diversity.
bio-energetics The study of the flow and
the transformation of energy that occur in
living organisms.
nng l-ng sinh hc Nghin cu dng
v s bin i nng l-ng xut hin trong

bio-engineering
sinh vt sng.
bio-engineering The use of artificial
tissues, organs and organ components to
replace parts of the body that are
damaged, lost or malfunctioning.
k thut sinh S dng cc m nhn to,
c quan v cc thnh phn c quan
thay th nhng phn ca c th b h- hi,
hoc mt chc nng hot ng.
bio-enrichment Adding nutrients or
oxygen to increase microbial breakdown
of pollutants.
lm giu sinh B sung thm cht dinh
d-ng hoc oxi tng c-ng phn hu
cc cht gy nhim bng vi khun.
bio-ethics The branch of ethics that deals
with the life sciences and their potential
impact on society.
o c sinh Ngnh lun l hc c quan
h vi khoa hc s sng v nh h-ng tim
tng ca chng n x hi.
biofilms A layer of micro-organisms
growing on a surface, in a bed of polymeric
material which they themselves have
made. Biofilms tend to form wherever a
surface on which bacteria can grow is
exposed to some suitable medium and a
supply of bacteria.
mng sinh hc Lp mng vi sinh vt sinh
tr-ng trn b mt, trong lp m ca vt
liu trng hp m chng t to ra. Mng
sinh hc h-ng ti hnh thnh bt k
mt b mt no m trn vi khun c
th sinh tr-ng -c t vo mt s
mi tr-ng thch hp v cung cp vi khun.
biofuel A gaseous, liquid or solid fuel
derived from a biological source, e.g.
ethanol, rapeseed oil or fish liver oil.
nhin liu sinh Nhin liu th kh, lng
hoc c bt ngun t sinh vt, v d nhetanol, du ht ci, hoc du gan c.
biogas A mixture of methane and carbon
dioxide resulting from the anaerobic
decomposition of waste such as domestic,
industrial and agricultural sewage.
kh sinh hc Hn hp ca kh metan v
cc b nch bt ngun t phn r k kh

30
ph liu nh- cht thi sinh hot, cng
nghip v nng nghip.
bio-informatics The use and organization
of information of biological interest. In
particular, concerned with organizing biomolecular databases (particularly DNA
sequences), utilizing computers for
analysing this information, and integrating
information from disparate biological
sources. See: in silico.
tin sinh S dng v t chc thng tin v li
ch sinh hc. c bit, lin quan ti vic t
chc c s d liu sinh hc phn t (cc
chui DNA ring bit), s dng cc my
tnh phn tch thng tin, v to ra ton
b thng tin t ngun ti nguyn sinh vt
khng ging nhau. Xem: in silico.
bioleaching The recovery of metals from
their ores, using the action of microorganisms, rather than chemical or
physical treatment. For example,
Thiobacillus ferroxidans has been used to
extract gold from refractory ores. See:
biorecovery.
i lc sinh Thu hi kim loi t qung, s
dng hot ng ca vi sinh vt, thay v x
l ha hc hoc vt l. V d, cc
Thiobacillus ferroxidans -c s dng
thu hi vng t qung kh nung chy.
Xem: biorecovery.
biolistics A technique to generate
transgenic cells, in which DNA-coated
small metal particles (tungsten or gold) are
propelled by various means fast enough
to puncture target cells. Provided that the
cell is not irretrievably damaged, the DNA
is frequently taken up by the cell. The
technique has been successfully used to
transform animal, plant and fungal cells,
and even mitochondria inside cells.
Synonym:
microprojectile
bombardment.
bn gen K thut to ra cc t bo gen
chuyn, trong cc ht kim loi nh
(vonfam hoc vng) ph DNA -c y
ti bng cc ph-ng php khc nhau
nhanh m thng t bo ch. Vi iu
kin t bo khng b h- hi ti mc khng
th sa cha, DNA th-ng -c to ra bi

biological ageing
t bo ny. K thut -c s dng thnh
cng bin i cc t bo ng, thc vt
v nm, v thm ch cc ty th trong t
bo.T ng ngha: microprojectile
bombardment.
biological ageing lo ho sinh hc xem:
senescence.
biological containment Restricting the
movement of organisms from the
laboratory. Can take two forms: making the
organism unable to survive in the outside
environment, or making the outside
environment inhospitable to the organism.
For micro-organisms, the favoured
approach is to engineer organisms to
require a supply of a specific nutrient that
is usually available only in the laboratory.
For higher organisms (plants and animals),
it is more possible to ensure that the
outside environment is unsuited to growth,
spread and reproduction.
ch ng sinh Ngn nga vn ng ca
sinh vt t phng th nghim. C th lm
theo hai cch: to cho sinh vt bt hot
vi mi tr-ng bn ngoi, hoc lm cho
mi tr-ng bn ngoi khng phi l ni tr
ng cho sinh vt. Vi vi sinh vt, h-ng
tip cn -u tin l x l cc sinh vt theo
yu cu cung cp cht dinh d-ng c bit
m ch th-ng sn c trong phng th
nghim. Vi sinh vt bc cao (thc v ng
vt) c nhiu kh nng bo m rng
mi tr-ng bn ngoi khng thch hp
sinh tr-ng, lan rng v sinh sn.
biological control kim tra sinh hc
xem: biocontrol.
biological diversity a dng sinh hc
xem: biodiversity.
biological
oxygen
demand
(Abbreviation: BOD). The dissolved
oxygen required for the respiration of a
population of aerobic organisms present
in water. Expressed in terms of the oxygen
consumed in water at a temperature of 20
o
C per unit time. The BOD is used as an
indication of the degree to which the
sample of water is polluted, particularly by
inorganic nutrients for plants.

31
nhu cu oxy sinh hc (vit tt: BOD). Oxy
ho tan cn thit cho h hp ca qun th
sinh vt ho kh sng trong n-c. -c
th hin d-i dng xy tiu th trong n-c
nhit l 20 oC theo n v thi gian.
BOD -c dng ch nh mc lm mu
n-c b nhim, c bit do cc cht dinh
d-ng v c i vi thc vt.
biologics Agents, such as vaccines, that
give immunity to diseases or harmful biotic
stresses.
nhn t sinh hc Nhng tc nhn, nhcc vacxin, to min dch cho cc bnh
hi hoc cng thng sinh hc e do.
bioluminescence The enzyme-catalyzed
production of light by a number of diverse
organisms (e.g. fireflies and many deep
ocean marine organisms). Utilized as a
reporter gene in plant transgenesis, and
for the detection of food-borne pathogenic
bacteria.
quang sinh Sn phm nh sng -c xc
tc enzim do mt s loi sinh vt khc nhau
(v d om m v nhiu loi sinh vt sng
trong lng i d-ng). -c s dng lm
gen ch huy trong chuyn gen thc vt, v
d tm cc loi vi khun gy bnh n
mn x-ng.
biomagnification tch lu sinh xem: bioccumulation.
biomass 1. The cell mass produced by a
population of living organisms. 2. The
organic matter that can be used either as
a source of energy or for its chemical
components. 3. All the organic matter that
derives from the photosynthetic
conversion of solar energy.
sinh khi 1. Khi l-ng t bo -c to
ra do mt qun th sinh vt sng. 2. Cht
hu c m c th -c s dng lm ngun
nng l-ng hoc ca thnh phn ha hc
ca chng. 3. Ton b cc cht hu c to
ra t chuyn i quang hp t nng l-ng
mt tri.
biomass concentration The amount of
biological material in a specific volume.
mt sinh khi Tng s vt cht sinh
vt trong mt th tch ring.

biome
biome A major ecological community or
complex of communities, extending over
a large geographical area and
characterized by a dominant type of
vegetation.
qun x sinh vt Cng ng sinh thi
chnh hoc phc h ca cc cng ng,
m rng trn mt vng a l rng ln v
-c m t c im bi mt loi hnh tri
ca cy ci.
biometry The application of statistical
methods to the analysis of continuous
variation in biological systems. Synonym:
biometrics.
php trc nh sinh hc ng dng cc
ph-ng php thng k phn tch s bin
i lin tc trong h sinh hc. T ng
ngha: biometrics.
biomimetic materials Employed to
describe synthetic analogues of natural
materials with advantageous properties.
For instance, some synthetic molecules act
chemically like natural proteins, but are
not as easily degraded by the digestive
system. Other systems such as reverse
micelles and/or liposomes exhibit certain
properties that mimic certain aspects of
living systems.
vt liu phng sinh -c dng m t
cc vt liu tng hp t-ng ng vi cc
vt liu t nhin mang thuc tnh hon ton
c li. V d, mt s phn t tng hp hot
ng ha hc ging ht protein t nhin,
Nh-ng khng b tiu gim d dng bi h
thng tiu ha. H thng khc nh- cc
mixen o ng-c v/hoc nhng Liposom
biu hin nhng thuc tnh nht nh bt
ch-c nhng kha cnh nht nh ca h
thng sng.
biopesticide A compound that kills
organisms by virtue of specific biological
effects rather than as a broader chemical
poison. Differ from biocontrol agents in
being passive agents, whereas biocontrol
agents actively seek the pest. The rationale
behind replacing conventional pesticides
with biopesticides is that the latter are more
likely to be selective and biodegradable.

32
thuc tr su sinh hc Hp cht tiu dit
-c sinh vt do tc dng hiu ng sinh
hc c hiu thay v u c ha hc trn
lan. im khc bit ca tc nhn kim sot
sinh hc so vi s din ra tc nhn b ng,
ch tc nhn kim sot sinh hc tm kim
tch cc su hi. L do cn bn -a n
thay th cc ha cht dit cn trng truyn
thng bng thuc tr su sinh hc ch
thuc tr su sinh hc ging ht vi chn
lc v phn hy sinh hc.
biopharming The use of genetically
transformed crop plants and livestock
animals to produce valuable compounds,
especially pharmaceuticals. Synonym:
molecular pharming.
canh tc sinh hc S dng thc vt trng
trt v cc ng vt nui bin i di truyn
sn xut hp cht c gi tr, c bit
cc loi thuc. T ng ngha: molecular
pharming.
biopiracy The patenting of genetic stocks,
and the subsequent privatization of genetic
resources collections. The term implies a
lack of consent on the part of the originator.
t- hu sinh hc Cp bng sng ch di
truyn hc, v t- hu ho tip theo nhng
s-u tp ti nguyn di truyn.Thut ng ch
s thiu tn thnh ca pha ng-i pht
minh.
biopolymer Any large polymer (protein,
nucleic acid, polysaccharide) produced by
a living organism. Includes some materials
(such as polyhydroxybutyrate) suitable
for use as plastics. Synonym: biological
polymer.
cht do sinh hc Bt k plime ln no
(protein, axit nucleic, polisacarit) -c sn
xut bi sinh vt sng. Bao gm mt s
loi vt liu (nh- polyhydroxybutyrate)
thch hp s dng lm cht do. T
ng ngha: biological polymer.
bioprocess Any process that uses
complete living cells or their components
(e.g. enzymes, chloroplasts) to effect
desired physical or chemical changes.
qu trnh sinh hc Bt k qu trnh no
s dng t bo sng hon chnh hoc cc

bioreactor
thnh phn ca chng (v d men, dip
lc) to ra s thay i vt l hoc ha
hc theo yu cu.
bioreactor A tank in which cells, cell
extracts or enzymes carry out a biological
reaction. Often refers to a fermentation
vessel for cells or micro-organisms.
thng sinh hc Thng cha t bo, chit
xut t bo hoc enzim to ra phn ng
sinh hc. Th-ng ch bnh ln men t
bo hoc vi sinh vt.
biorecovery The use of micro-organisms
for the recovery of valuable materials
(metals or particular organic compounds)
from
complex
mixtures.
See:
biodesulphurization, bioleaching.
phc hi sinh hc S dng vi sinh vt
khi phc cc vt liu c gi tr (kim loi
hoc hp cht hu c c bit) t hn hp
cht phc tp. Xem: biodesulphurization,
Bioleaching.
bioremediation A process that uses living
organisms to remove contaminants,
pollutants or unwanted substances from
soil or water. See: remediation, bioaccumulation, bio-augmentation.
sa cha sinh hc Qu trnh s dng
sinh vt sng loi b cc nhim bn,
cht gy nhim hoc khng mong mun
t t hoc n-c. Xem: remediation, bioaccumulation, bio-augmentation.
biosafety Referring to the avoidance of
risk to human health and safety, and to the
conservation of the environment, as a
result of the use for research and
commerce of infectious or genetically
modified organisms.
an ton sinh hc cp ti s trnh khi
ri ro cho sc khe v an ton con ng-i,
v cho bo tn mi tr-ng, l hu qu ca
vic s dng nghin cu v th-ng mi
cc sinh vt chuyn nhim hoc bin i
di truyn.
biosafety protocol An internationally
agreed protocol set up to protect biological
diversity from the potential risks posed by
the release of genetically modified
organisms. It establishes a procedure for

33
ensuring that countries are provided with
the information necessary to make
informed decisions before agreeing to the
import of such organisms into their territory.
Synonym: Cartagena protocol. See:
Convention on biological diversity.
quy -c an ton sinh hc Ngh nh th-c tho thun mang tnh ton cu t
ra bo v a dng sinh vt trnh nhng
mo him tim tng to ra bi phin
bn sinh vt bin i gen. N thnh lp
th tc bo m rng cc n-c -c
cung cp thng tin cn thit ban hnh
quyt nh -c thng bo tr-c khi tho
thun cho nhp khu nhng sinh vt nhvy vo lnh th ca h. T ng ngha:
Cartagena protocol. Xem: Convention on
biological diversity
biosensor A device that uses an
immobilized biologically-related agent
(such as an enzyme, antibiotic, organelle
or whole cell) to detect or measure a
chemical compound. Reactions between
the immobilized agent and the molecule
being analysed are converted into an
electric signal.
th cm sinh Thit b c s dng mt tc
nhn lin quan sinh vt c nh (nh- men,
cht khng sinh, bo quan hoc ton b
t bo) pht hin hoc o c mt hp
cht ha hc. Cc phn ng gia tc nhn
c nh v phn t ang phn tch -c
chuyn thnh tn hiu in.
biosilk A biomimetic fibre produced by
the expression of the relevant orb-weaving
spider genes in yeast or bacteria, followed
by the spinning of the expressed protein
into a fibre.
t sinh hc Si t phng sinh hc -c
sn xut do s biu th ca cc gen nhn
dt hnh cu thch hp ca nm men hoc
vi khun, -c tip theo bng vic nh
protein biu th thnh si.
biosorbents Micro-organisms which,
either by themselves or in conjunction with
a substrate are able to extract and/or
concentrate a desired molecule by means
of its selective retention. See: bioaccumulation.

biosphere
thu ht sinh hc Vi sinh vt , do t mnh
hoc phi hp vi mt c cht m c kh
nng chit sut v/ hoc tp trung cc
phn t mong mun bng cc ph-ng tin
duy tr chn lc ca n. Xem: bioaccumulation.
biosphere The part of the earth and its
atmosphere that is inhabited by living
organisms.
sinh quyn Phn tri t v kh quyn
xung quanh c sinh vt sng c- tr.
biosynthesis Synthesis of compounds by
living cells, which is the essential feature
of anabolism.
sinh tng hp Tng hp cc hp cht do
t bo sng, l c im quan trng ca
ng ha.
biosynthetic antibody binding sites
im lin kt khng th sinh tng hp
(vit tt: BABS), xem: dAb.
biotechnology 1. Any technological
application that uses biological systems,
living organisms, or derivatives thereof, to
make or modify products or processes for
specific use (Convention on Biological
Diversity). 2. Interpreted in a narrow
sense, ..... a range of different molecular
technologies such as gene manipulation
and gene transfer, DNA typing and cloning
of plants and animals (FAOs statement
on biotechnology)
cng ngh sinh hc 1. Bt k s p dng
cng ngh c s dng cc h sinh hc, c
th sng, hoc dn xut ca n, to ra
sn phm bin i hoc cc qu trnh s
dng chuyn bit (Cng -c a dng Sinh
hc). 2. Hiu theo ngha hp,...mt phm
tr cng ngh phn t khc nhau nh- thao
tc gen v chuyn gen, gim nh DNA v
to dng thc vt v ng vt (pht biu
ca FAO v cng ngh sinh hc)
biotic factor Other living organisms that
are a component of an organisms
environment, and form the biotic
environment, affecting the organism in
many ways.
nhn t sng Cc sinh vt sng khc
nhau m l thnh phn mi tr-ng ca sinh

34
vt, v hnh thnh mi tr-ng sng, nh
h-ng n sinh vt theo nhiu cch.
biotic stress Stress resulting from attack
by pathogenic organisms.
sc sinh hc Cng thng bt ngun t s
tn cng bi sinh vt gy bnh.
biotin A vitamin of the B complex, it acts
as a co-enzyme for various enzymes that
catalyse the incorporation of carbon
dioxide into various compounds, and is
essential for the metabolism of fats.
Adequate amounts are normally produced
by the intestinal bacteria in animals.
Significant as a molecular biology reagent
due to its high affinity with avidin and
streptavidin. Synonym: vitamin H.
biotin Mt vitamin ca phc hp B, lm
mt ng enzim cho cc enzim khc nhau
xc tc vic kt hp kh cc b nch
vo cc hp cht khc, v l thit yu
chuyn ho cc cht bo. S l-ng bnh
th-ng -c sn xut do vi khun -ng
rut trong ng vt. Quan trng nh- cht
th sinh hc phn t nh i lc cao vi
avidin v streptavidin. T ng ngha:
vitamin H.
biotin labelling The attachment of biotin
to another molecule, especially DNA.
nh du biotin nh km biotin vo phn
t khc, c bit l DNA.
biotinylated-DNA A DNA molecule
labelled with biotin by incorporation of a
biotinylated nucleotide (usually uracil)
into a DNA molecule. The detection of the
labelled DNA is achieved by complexing it
with streptavidin to which is attached a
colour-generating agent such as
horseradish peroxidase that gives a
fluorescent green colour upon reaction with
various organic reagents.
DNA nh du biotin Phn t DNA nh
du biotin do hp nht nuleotit -c biotin
ho (thng th-ng l uracil) vo phn t
DNA. S d tm DNA -c nh du t
-c do kt hp vi streptavidin -c
gn thm mt tc nhn pht sinh mu nhperoxidaza horseradish pht sinh mu
hunh quang xanh lc nh phn ng vi
cc cht th hu c khc nhau.

biotope
biotope A small habitat in a large
community.
sinh cnh Ni c- tr nh trong cng ng
ln.
biotoxin A naturally produced compound
which shows pronounced biological
activity, toxic to some or many organisms.
cht c sinh hc Hp cht -c sn xut
t nhin m ch ra hot ng sinh hc d
nhn thy, c vi mt s hoc nhiu sinh
vt.
biotransformation The conversion of one
chemical or material into another using a
biological catalyst: a near synonym is
biocatalysis, and hence the catalyst used
is called a biocatalyst. Usually the catalyst
is an enzyme, or a fixed whole, dead
micro-organism that contains an enzyme
or several enzymes.
bin i sinh hc Chuyn i mt cht
ha hc hoc vt liu thnh cht khc c
s dng cht xc tc sinh hc: gn nhng ngha vi xc tc sinh hc, v bi
vy cht xc tc th-ng -c gi l cht
xc tc sinh hc. Th-ng cht xc tc l
enzim, hoc vi sinh vt cht, hu nhkhng thay i m c cha mt loi enzim
hoc mt s enzim.
bivalent Two paired homologous
chromosomes (one of maternal origin; the
other of paternal origin) at prophase to
anaphase of the first meiotic division.
Because DNA is replicated in prophase,
each duplicated chromosome comprises
two chromatids, and thus a bivalent
comprises four chromatids.
ha tr hai Hai nhim sc th t-ng ng
cp i (mt gc t m; mt gc t b) k
u n k sau gim phn mt. V DNA
-c xon li trong k u, mi nhim sc
th nhn i gm hai nhim sc t, v do
vy ha tr hai gm c bn nhim sc t.
blast cell A large, rapidly dividing cell that
develops from a B cell in response to an
antigenic stimulus. The blast cell then
becomes an antibody-producing plasma
cell.
t bo bng n T bo phn chia nhanh,

35
lan rng pht trin t t bo B phn
ng vi kch thch khng nguyn. T bo
bng n sau tr thnh t bo huyt
t-ng sn xut khng th.
blastocyst A mammalian embryo
(fertilized ovum) in the early stages of
development, approximately up to the time
of implantation. It consists of a hollow ball
of cells.
ti phi Phi loi c v (non -c th
tinh) trong giai on sm pht trin, xp x
gn n thi gian cy ghp. Bao gm mt
ti cu rng ca nhiu t bo.
blastomere Any one of the cells formed
from the first few cleavages in animal
embryology. The embryo usually divides
into two, then four, then eight blastomeres,
and so on.
nguyn bo Bt k t bo hnh thnh t
mt s t mch u tin trong phi ng
vt. Phi th-ng phn chia lm hai, ri bn,
sau tm bo phi, vn vn...
blastula In animals, an early embryo form
that follows the morula stage; typically, a
single-layered sheet (blastoderm) or ball
of cells (blastocyst).
phi nang Trong ng vt, dng phi sm
tip theo giai on phi du; tiu biu, mt
dng tm lp n (b phi) hoc hnh cu
ca nhiu t bo (ti phi).
bleeding 1. Collection of blood from
immunized animals. 2. Used to describe
the occasional purplish-black colouration
of media due to phenolic products given
off by (usually fresh) transfers.
chy mu 1. Ly mu t ng vt -c
gy min dch. 2. -c dng m t
tr-ng hp ho mu en ta ca mi tr-ng
qua sn phm phenolic thot ra do thuyn
chuyn (th-ng sch).
blot As a verb, to transfer DNA, RNA or
protein to an immobilizing matrix. As a
noun, the immobilizing matrix carrying
DNA, RNA or protein. The various types
of blot are named according to the probe
and/or the probed molecules: Southern
blot (DNA/DNA), northern blot (DNA/
mRNA), western blot (antibody/protein),

blunt end
southwestern blot (DNA/protein). Only
Southern is written with an initial capital,
as it is named after Ed Southern, the
inventor of the technique.
du vt Nh- ng t, chuyn DNA, RNA
hoc protein cho mt hn hp c nh. Nhdanh t, hn hp c nh mang DNA, RNA
hoc protein. Nhiu kiu khc nhau ca
du vt c tn theo u d v/ hoc cc
phn t thm d nh-: Du vt Nam (DNA/
DNA), du vt Bc (DNA/mRNA), du vt
Ty (khng th/protein), du vt Ty-Nam
(DNA/protein). Ch Nam -c vit u
tin, v n mang tn ca Ed Southern(Ed
Nam), ng-i pht minh ra k thut ny.
blunt end The end of a double-stranded
DNA molecule in which neither strand
extends beyond the other. Synonym: flush
end. kt thc gn Mt phn t DNA si
kp khng c cc si ko di theo si khc
T ng ngha: flush end.
blunt-end cut To cut a double-stranded
DNA with a restriction endonuclease
which generates blunt ends. Synonym:
flush-end cut.
ct mt gn Ct DNA si kp vi enzim
gii hn pht sinh cc kt thc gn. T
ng ngha: blunt-end cu.
blunt-end ligation The joining of two
blunt-ended double-stranded DNA
molecules.
buc mt gn Lin kt hai phn t DNA
si kp kt thc gn.
BOD nhu cu oxy sinh hc vit tt
boring platform Sterile bottom half of a
biological oxygen demand.
Petri dish used for preparing explants
with a cork borer.
bc c l khoan Phn na trn v trng
ca a petri -c s dng chun b
cc mnh ghp c l khoan thng.
bound water Cellular water not released
into the intercellular space upon freezing
and thawing. Opposite: free water.
n-c lin kt N-c t bo khng gii
phng vo khong gian bo ti im ng
bng v bng tan. Ng-c vi: free water.

36
bovine growth hormone hocmon sinh
tr-ng gia sc. Xem: bovine
somatotrophin.
bovine somatotrophin (Abbreviation:
BST) A natural protein in cattle. It has been
cloned, using recombinant DNA
technology, expressed in large amounts
and marketed as an agricultural product
to improve the growth rate and protein:fat
ratios in farm cattle, and to improve milk
yield. Its use is banned in some countries.
Synonyms: bovine growth hormone.
somatotrophin gia sc (vit tt: BST) Mt
protein t nhin ca gia cm. N -c to
dng, s dng k thut ti t hp DNA,
biu th s l-ng ln v -c tip th nhmt sn phm nng nghip ci thin
tc sinh tr-ng v protein: v bo trong
chn nui gia sc, v nng cao nng
sut sa. Vic s dng n b cm trong
mt s n-c. T ng ngha: bovine growth
hormone.
bovine somatotropin somatotropin gia
sc. Xem: bovine somatotrophin.
bovine spongiform enecelophalopathy
(Abbreviation: BSE) Cattle disease
(colloquially called mad cow disease)
caused by proteinaceous infectious
particles.
bnh no dng bt bin gia sc (vit tt:
BSE) Bnh hi gia sc (th-ng -c gi l
bnh b ci in) gy ra do nhng ht
chuyn nhim protein.
bp cp baz vit tt ca base pair
bract A modified leaf that subtends flowers
or inflorescences and may appear to be a
petal.
b hoa L bin thi bo v hoa hoc
n hoa v c th xut hin nh- cnh hoa.
breed 1.a sub-specific group of domestic
livestock with definable and identifiable
external characteristics that enable it to be
separated by visual appraisal from other
similarly defined groups within the same
species. 2. a group of domestic livestock
for which geographical and/or cultural
separation from phenotypically similar
groups has led to acceptance of its

breed at risk
separate identity.
ging 1. Nhm loi ph ca gia sc c
c tr-ng b ngoi c th nhn bit v xc
nh cho php n -c phn ra bng
nh gi trc quan t nhng nhm khc
-c xc nh ngha t-ng t trong cng
loi. 2. Nhm gia sc -c tch theo a l
v/hoc nui d-ng t nhng nhm t-ng
t kiu hnh dn ti chp thun nhn bit
ring bit.
breed at risk An animal breed that is in
danger of becoming extinct because its
population has fallen below a critical
number.
ging mc ri ro Ging ng vt ang
trong nguy c tr thnh tuyt chng bi v
s l-ng c th ri xung d-i mc cnh
bo.
breeding The process of sexual
reproduction and production of offspring.
nhn ging Qu trnh sinh sn hu tnh
v sn xut con ci.
breeding value A quantitative genetics
term, describing that part of the deviation
of an individual phenotype from the
population mean that is due to the
additive effects of alleles. Thus, if an
individual is mated with a random sample
of individuals from a population, its
breeding value for a given trait is twice the
average deviation of its offspring from the
population mean for that trait.
gi tr nhn ging Thut ng di truyn
hc s l-ng, m t lch ca kiu hnh
c th t trung bnh qun th do hiu ng
cng alen. Do vy, nu c th -c kt i
vi mu ngu nhin c th t mt qun
th, gi tr nhn ging cho mt tnh trng
nht nh l hai ln lch trung bnh ca
con ci t gi tr trung bnh qun th cho
tnh trng ny.
brewers yeast Strains of the yeast
Saccharomyces cerevisiae that are used
for the production of beer.
nm men bia Chng nm men
Saccharomyces cerevisiae -c dng
sn xut bia.
bridge A filter paper or other substrate

37
used as a wick and support structure for a
plant tissue in culture when a liquid
medium is used.
bc cu Giy lc hoc cht m khc
dng lm cu trc bc v h tr cho m
thc vt trong nui cy khi s dng mi
tr-ng lng.
broad-host-range plasmid A plasmid
that can replicate in a number of different
bacterial species.
plasmit phm vi k ch rng Plasmit c
th lp li trong mt s loi vi khun khc
nhau.
broad-sense heritability The proportion
of the total phenotypic variation which
results from genetic variation or
interaction between the genotype and the
environment.
tnh di truyn c ngha rng T l tng
s bin d kiu hnh vi kt qu do bin d
di truyn hoc t-ng tc gia kiu di truyn
v mi tr-ng.
broodstock The group of males and
females from which fish are bred.
t c Nhm ca cc con c v ci m t
c -c sinh ra.
browning Discolouration of freshly cut
surfaces of plant tissue due to phenolic
oxidation. In plant tissue culture, it may
indicate a nutritional or pathogenic
problem, generally leading to necrosis.
ha nu S mt mu b mt ct mi ca
m thc vt do xi ha phenolic. Trong nui
cy m thc vt, n c th ch bo vn
tc nhn gy bnh hoc dinh d-ng,
th-ng dn n hoi t.
BSA vit tt ca: bovine serum albumin
BSE vit tt ca: bovine spongiform
encephalopathy. Xem: proteinaceous
infectious particle
BST vit tt ca: bovine somatotrophin
Bt vit tt ca: Bacillus thuringiensis.
bubble column fermenter A bioreactor
in which the cells or micro-organisms are
kept suspended in a tall cylinder by rising
air, which is introduced at the base of the
vessel.

bud
thng men ct bt Thng phn ng sinh
hc trong t bo hoc vi sinh vt gi l
lng trong ct hnh tr cao do khng kh
-c chuyn vo ti y bnh to ra.
bud A region of meristematic tissue with
the potential for developing into leaves,
shoots, flowers or combinations of these;
generally protected by modified scale
leaves.
mm Vng m phn sinh c tim nng
pht trin thnh l, chi, hoa hoc mi
s kt hp ca chng; thng th-ng -c
bo v bi l vy bin i.
bud sport A somatic mutation arising in
a bud, generating a genetically different
shoot. Includes changes due to gene
mutation, chromosomal mutation or
polyploidy.
bin d mm t bin xma xy ra trong
mt mm, pht sinh chi non khc bit di
truyn. Bao gm nhng thay i do t
bin gen, t bin nhim sc th hoc tnh
trng a bi.
budding 1. A method of asexual
reproduction in which a new individual is
derived from an outgrowth (bud) that
becomes detached from the body of the
parent. 2. Among fungi, budding is
characteristic of the brewers yeast
Saccharomyces cerevisiae. 3. A form of
graft in which a single vegetative bud is
taken from one plant and inserted into
stem tissue of another plant so that the
two will grow together. The inserted bud
develops into a new shoot.
ny mm 1. Ph-ng php sinh sn v tnh
trong c th mi -c sinh ra t ny
(mm) tr thnh c lp vi cy gc. 2.
Trong nm, ny mm l mt c tnh ca
nm men bia Saccharomyces cerevisiae .

38
3. Mt hnh thc ghp trong mm n
-c tch ra t mt cy v chn vo m
thn ca cy khc nh- vy chng s cng
ln ln. Mm -c chn vo pht trin
thnh cy non mi.
bulked segregant analysis A method to
obtain markers linked to a target trait, in
which DNA samples, prepared from a
number of individuals of each of two
contrasting phenotypes, are separately
pooled and used to generate contrasting
DNA fingerprints. DNA fragments unique
to one pool become candidates for a
marker linked to the gene controlling the
trait.
phn tch chia ri Ph-ng php thu
c nhng du chun lin kt vi mt tnh
trng ch, trong cc mu DNA, -c
chun b t s c th ca mt trong hai
kiu hnh tri ng-c nhau, gp chung phn
tch ring v dng to ra in du DNA
tri ng-c. Cc on DNA duy nht cho
mt b tr thnh cc ng c vin cho du
chun lin kt vi gen iu khin tnh trng
ny.
buoyant density The intrinsic density
which a molecule, virus or sub-cellular
particle has when suspended in an
aqueous solution of a salt, such as CsCl,
or a sugar, such as sucrose. DNA from
different
species
has
different
characteristic buoyant densities,
determined largely by the relative
proportion of the base-pairs G+C, to A+T.
mt ni Mt bn cht ca mt phn
t, virut hoc ht mc d-i t bo c khi b
treo trong dung dch n-c mui, nh- CsCl,
hoc mt -ng, nh- sucrose. DNA ngun
gc t cc loi khc nhau c mt ni
in hnh khc nhau, -c xc nh bng
t l t-ng i ca cc cp ba z G + C, vi
A + T.

39

Cc

C vit tt ca: cytosine.

CAAT box A conserved DNA sequence
found within the promoter region of the
protein-encoding genes of many
eukaryotic organisms. So-called because
of its consensus sequence GGCCAATCT,
it occurs around 75 bases prior to the
transcription initiation site; and is one of
several sites for the recognition and
binding of transcription factors.
Synonym: CAT box.
hp CAAT Mt trnh t DNA -c bo tn
c trong vng khi im gen m ho
protein ca sinh vt nhn chun. -c gi
nh- vy bi v trnh t lin ng
GGCCAATCT ca n xut hin xung
quanh 75 ba z tr-c v tr khi u phin
m; v l mt trong mt s v tr on nhn
v kt ni cc nhn t phin m.T ng
ngha: CAT box.
cabinet phng (bung, hp) xem: growth
cabinet.
callipyge An inherited trait in livestock
(e.g. sheep) that results in thicker, meatier
hind-quarters, and hence a higher meat
yield per animal.
Tnh trng di truyn ca ng vt nui (v
d cu) dn n dy tht v nc cui k,
v bi vy tng nng sut tht tng theo
u con.
callus (pl.: calli) A protective tissue,
consisting of parenchyma cells, that
develops over a cut or damaged plant
surface. 2. Mass of undifferentiated, thinwalled parenchyma cells induced by
hormone treatment. 3. Actively dividing
non-organized masses of undifferentiated
and differentiated cells often developing

from injury (wounding) or in tissue culture

in the presence of growth regulators.
m so (s nhiu: calli) M bo v, gm
c cc t bo nhu m, pht trin khp vt
ct hoc b mt thc vt b h- hi. 2. Khi
t bo nhu m vch dy, khng phn ha
gy ra do x l hooc-mn. 3. Khi khng
c t chc phn ho tch cc ca cc t
bo -c bit ho v khng bit ho
th-ng pht trin t vt th-ng (lm b
th-ng) hoc trong nui cy m khi c mt
cht iu tit sinh tr-ng.
callus culture A technique of plant tissue
culture, usually on solidified medium and
initiated by inoculation of small explants.
Used as the basis for organogenic (shoot
or root forming) cultures, cell cultures or
proliferation of embryoids. Callus cultures
can be indefinitely maintained through
regular sub-culturing.
nui cy m so K thut nui cy m
thc vt, th-ng trn mi tr-ng lm c
v -c bt u bng tim chng cc
mnh ghp nh. Lm c s nui cy bo
quan (hnh thnh chi hoc r), nui cy
t bo hoc phn chia ca phi. Nui cy
m so c th -c duy tr khng gii hn
thng qua nui cy ph u n.
cambial zone Region in stems and roots
consisting of the cambium and its recent
derivatives.
vng pht sinh Vng trong thn v r bao
gm t-ng tng v sn phm th cp lin
theo n.
cambium (pl.: cambia) A one or two cells
thick layer of plant meristematic tissue,
between the xylem and phloem tissues,
which gives rise to secondary tissues, thus
resulting in an increase in the diameter of
the stem or root. The two most important
cambia are the vascular (fascicular)
cambium and the cork cambium.
tng pht sinh (s nhiu: cambia) Mt
hoc hai t bo dy hn ca m phn sinh
thc vt, gia cc m g v m libe,
sinh ra m th cp, do vy dn n tng
-ng knh thn hoc r. Hai tng phn
sinh quan trng nht l t-ng tng mch
(ca g) v t-ng tng v.

cAMP
cAMP Vit tt ca: cyclic adenosine
monophosphate.
CaMV Vit tt ca: cauliflower mosaic
virus.
CaMV 35S Vit tt ca cauliflower
mosaic virus 35S ribosomal DNA
promoter. Xem: cauliflower mosaic
virus.
candidate gene A gene whose deduced
function (on the basis of DNA sequence)
suggests that it may be involved in the
genetic control of an aspect of phenotype.
gen ng c vin Gen c chc nng suy
din (da trn trnh t DNA) gi rng n
c th -c to ra trong iu khin di
truyn ca mt biu hin kiu hnh.
candidate-gene
strategy
An
experimental approach in which
knowledge of the biochemistry and/or
physiology of a trait is used to identify
candidate genes. Synonym: functional
gene cloning.
chin l-c gen ng c vin Mt h-ng
th nghim trong tri thc ha sinh v/
hoc l sinh v mt tnh trng -c s
dng xc nh cc gen ng c vin.T
ng ngha: functional gene cloning.
canola A specific subgroup of oilseed
rape cultivars; canola oil is the highly
mono-unsaturated fatty acid and low in
erucic acid product produced in the seed
of these cultivars.
canola Mt nhm ph c bit cy trng
ht c du; du canola l sn phm giu
axit bo n- ch-a no v ngho sn pm
axt erucic -c sn xut t ht ca cc
cy trng ny.
cap The structure found on the 5-end
of eukaryotic mRNA, and consisting of an
inverted, methylated guanosine residue.
See G cap, cap site.
m chp Cu trc c ti mt 5-ca mRNA
nhn chun, v gm c phn ui
guanosine mthyl ho, o ng-c. Xem:
G cap, cap site.
CAP Vit tt ca: catabolite activator
protein.

40
cap site The site on a DNA template
where transcription begins. It corresponds
to the nucleotide at the 5' end of the RNA
transcript which accepts the G cap.
v tr m V tr trn khung DNA ni phin
m bt u. N t-ng ng vi nuleotit ti
mt 5' ca bn sao RNA chp nhn G cap.
capacitation The final stage, inside the
female genital tract, in the maturation
process of a spermatozoon, as it
penetrates the ovum.
m o Mt on cui, pha trong ng sinh
dc n, trong qu trnh tr-ng thnh ca
tinh trng, khi n thm nhp non.
capillary electrophoresis A form of
electrophoresis used widely in current
large-scale DNA sequencing facilities,
where the sample is passed through a
long, very-narrow-bore tube containing a
re-usable matrix.
in di mao mch Mt dng in di s
dng ph bin trong cc ph-ng tin lm
trnh t DNA phm vi ln hin nay, ni mu
-c chuyn qua mt ng ngm rt hp,
di c cha mt phc hp c th dng li.
CAPS Xem: cleaved amplified
polymorphic sequence.
capsid The protein coat of a virus. The
capsid often determines the shape of the
virus. Synonym: coat protein.
v bc o protein ph ngoi vi rt. V bc
th-ng quyt nh hnh dng ca virut. T
ng ngha: coat protein.
capsule Carbohydrate coverings that have
antigenic specificity, present on some
types of bacteria and other microorganisms. The capsule is usually
composed
of
polysaccharides,
polypeptides, or polysaccharide-protein
complexes. These materials are arranged
in a compact manner around the cell
surface.
bao cao su S bao ph hydrat cacbon
mang tnh c th khng nguyn, c mt
trn mt s loi vi khun v vi sinh vt
khc. Bao con nhng th-ng bao gm cc
polysaccharit, polyeptit, hoc phc cht

carbohydrate
polisacarit- protein. Cc vt liu -c xp
xp cht ch xung quanh b mt t bo.
carbohydrate Xem: polysaccharide.
carboxypeptidase A class of enzymes
which catalyse the cleavage of peptide
bonds, requiring a free carboxyl group in
the substrate. The peptide bond adjacent
to this group is cleaved and a free amino
acid is released. Used for deriving the
amino acid sequence of peptides.
cacboxipeptidaza Lp enzim xc tc
nhnh lin kt peptit, yu cu c nhm ccb-xyn t do trong c cht. Lin kt peptit
lin k vi nhm ny -c tch v gii
phng a xt a min t do. -c dng truy
gc trnh t a mino a cid ca dy peptit.
carcinogen A substance capable of
inducing cancer in an organism.
Cht c kh nng gy ra ung th- trong sinh
vt.
carcinoma A malignant tumour derived
from epithelial tissue, which forms the skin
and the outer cell layers of internal organs.
carcinoma Biu m -c bt ngun t
khi u c, hnh thnh cc lp da v t
bo ngoi ca cc c quan ni tng.
carotene A reddish-orange plastid
pigment involved in photosynthesis. A
carotenoid and precursor of vitamin A.
caroten Cht mu lp th da cam -c
to thnh trong quang hp. Mt carotenoid
v tin cht vitamin A.
carotenoid A group of chemically similar
red to yellow pigments responsible for the
characteristic colour of many plant organs
or fruits, such as tomatoes, carrots, etc.
Oxygen-containing carotenoids are called
xanthophylls. Carotenoids serve as lightharvesting molecules in photosynthetic
assemblies and also play a role in
protecting prokaryotes from the deleterious
effects of light. See: carotene.
xanthophyl Nhm cht mu ho hc
t-ng t t n vng p ng mu c
tr-ng ca nhiu c quan thc vt hoc cc
loi qu, nh- c chua, c rt, vn vn.
Carotenoit c cha oxy -c gi l
xanthophyll (sc t mu xanh). Carotenoit

41
gip phn t hp th nh sng trong cc
cng on quang hp v cn ng vai tr
bo v sinh vt khng nhn trnh hiu ng
nh sng. Xem: carotene
carpel Female reproductive organ of
flowering plants, consisting of stigma, style
and ovary.
non C quan sinh sn ci ca thc vt
ra hoa, gm c u nhy, vi nhy v non.
carrier A heterozygous individual bearing
a recessive mutant allele for a defective
condition that is masked by the presence
of the dominant normal allele; the
phenotype is normal, but the individual
passes the defective (recessive) allele to
half of its offspring.
th mang C th d hp mang alen t
bin ln cho trng thi khng hon ho l
mt n do c mt alen bnh th-ng tri;
kiu hnh l bnh th-ng, nh-ng c th ny
s chuyn alen c sai st (ln) cho mt
na con ci.
carrier DNA DNA of undefined sequence
which is added to the transforming
(plasmid) DNA used in physical DNAtransfer procedures. This additional DNA
increases the efficiency of transformation
in electroporation and chemicallymediated DNA delivery systems. The
mechanism responsible is not known.
DNA th mang DNA ca trnh t khng
xc nh -c b sung cho DNA (plasmit)
bin np -c s dng trong cc ph-ng
php di chuyn DNA vt l. DNA b sung
lm tng thm hiu qu bin np trong cm
ng in v h giao nhn DNA trung gian
ha hc. C ch chu trch nhim ch-a
-c bit.
carrier molecule 1. A molecule that plays
a role in moving electrons through the
electron transport chain. They are usually
proteins bound to non-protein groups and
able to undergo oxidation and reduction
relatively easily, thus allowing electrons to
flow. 2. A lipid-soluble molecule that can
bind to lipid-insoluble molecules and
transport them across membranes. Carrier
molecules have specific sites that interact
with the molecules they transport. The

Cartagena protocol
efficiency of carrier molecules may be
modified by changing the interacting sites
through genetic engineering.
phn t mang 1. Mt phn t c vai tr
trong cc in t chuyn ng qua chui
chuyn vn in t. Chng th-ng l
protein lin kt vi nhm khng phi
protein v c kh nng chu -c xi ha
v gim cp t-ng i d, do vy cho php
cc in t thnh dng chy. 2. Mt phn
t ho tan lipit c th lin kt vi cc phn
t khng tan lipit v chuyn chng qua
mng t bo. Cc phn t mang c v tr
c bit t-ng tc vi phn t chng
chuyn ch. Hiu qu ca phn t th
mang c th -c bin i do thay i im
t-ng tc thng qua k thut di truyn.
Cartagena protocol ngh nh thCartagena Xem: biosafety protocol.
casein A group of milk proteins.
Nhm protein sa.
casein hydrolysate The mixture of amino
acids and peptides produced by
enzymatic or acid hydrolysis of casein.
sn phm thy phn casein Hn hp ca
axt amin v peptit to ra do s thu phn
axit hoc enzim ca casein.
cassette xem: construct.
CAT box xem: CAAT box.
catabolic pathway A pathway by which
an organic molecule is degraded in order
to release energy for growth and other
cellular processes.
-ng mn d ha -ng mn theo
phn t hu c -c phn gii vi mc ch
gii phng nng l-ng cho sinh tr-ng v
cc qu trnh t bo khc
catabolism The breakdown of large
molecules in living organisms, with the
accompanying release of energy.
d ho S phn gii cc phn t ln trong
sinh vt sng, c gii phng nng l-ng.
catabolite
activator
protein
(Abbreviation: CAP). A protein which
combines with cyclic AMP. The cAMPCAP complex binds to the promoter
regions of E. coli and stimulates

42
transcription of the relevant operon.
Synonyms: catabolite regulator protein
(CRP), cyclic AMP receptor protein.
protein hot ho cht d ha (vit tt
:CAP). Mt protein kt hp vi AMP vng.
Phc hp cAMP-CAP lin kt vi vng khi
u ca E. coli v kch thch phin m ca
n v iu ho thch hp. Nhng t ng
ngha: catabolite regulator protein (CRP),
cyclic AMP receptor protein.
catabolite repression Glucose-mediated
reduction in the rates of transcription of
genes that encode enzymes involved in
catabolic pathways (e.g. the lac operon).
c ch d ha S gim trung gian glucoza
trong nhp phin m ca cc gen
emzim m ha tip theo trong cc -ng
mn d ha (v d n v iu ho gen lac).
catalase A metalloenzyme, present in
both plants and animals, that catalyzes the
decomposition of hydrogen peroxide to
water and oxygen. This activity is important
in the detoxification of reactive oxygen
generated as part of the response to
stress.
catalaza Enzim chuyn ho, c mt
trong c thc vt v ng vt, xc tc
phn hy n-c oxi gi thnh n-c v oxi.
Hot ng ny quan trng trong s gii
c ca oxi phn ng pht sinh nh- b
phn tr li cng thng sinh hc.
catalysis The process of increasing the
rate of a chemical reaction by the addition
of a substance that is not itself changed
by the reaction (the catalyst).
xc tc Qu trnh lm tng thm nhp
ca phn ng ha hc bi cho thm mt
cht m n khng b thay i do phn ng
(cht xc tc).
catalyst A substance that promotes a
chemical reaction by lowering the
activation energy of a chemical reaction,
without itself undergoing any permanent
chemical change.
cht xc tc Cht thc y phn ng ha
hc do h thp nng l-ng kch hot mt
phn ng ha hc, t n khng chu bt k
mt thay i ha hc lu di.

catalytic antibody
catalytic antibody An antibody selected
for its ability to catalyse a chemical reaction
by binding to and stabilizing the transitionstate intermediate. Synonym: abzyme.
khng th xc tc Mt khng th -c
la chn kh nng xc tc mt phn
ng ha hc do lin kt v lm n nh
trng thi chuyn v trung gian.T ng
ngha: abzyme.
catalytic RNA RNA xc tc xem:
ribozyme.
catalytic site The part of the surface of
an enzyme molecule (usually only a small
portion of the total) necessary for the
catalytic process.
v tr xc tc Phn b mt phn t enzim
(th-ng ch mt phn nh ca tng s) cn
thit cho qu trnh xc tc.
cauliflower mosaic virus (Abbreviation
CaMV). A DNA virus affecting cauliflower
and many other dicot species. Its
importance is due to the promoter of its
35S ribosomal DNA, which is
constitutively active in most plant tissues,
and has therefore been widely used as a
promoter for the expression of
transgenes.
virut khm ci xp l (vit tt: CaMV).
Mt virut DNA tc ng trn ci xp l v
nhiu loi cy hai l mn khc. im quan
trng ca n l do v tr khi u DNA
ribosom 35 S, l th hot ng ch yu
trong hu ht cc m thc vt, v v th
-c s dng rng ri lm im khi u
biu th gen chuyn.
cauliflower mosaic virus 35S promoter
(Abbreviation CaMV 35S). A promoter
sequence isolated from the ribosomal gene
of the cauliflower mosaic virus
khi u 35s virut khm ci xp l (vit
tt CaMV 35S). Mt trnh t khi u phn
lp t gen ribosom ca virut khm ci xp
l
caulogenesis Stem organogenesis;
induction of shoot development from
callus.
pht sinh th chai Pht sinh c quan thn;
kch thch pht trin chi cy t th chai.

43
CBD Vit tt ca: Convention on
Biological Diversity.
ccc DNA vit tt ca: covalently-closed
circle DNA. Xem: circularization.
CD molecules Abbreviation for: cluster of
differentiation molecules. Any group of
surface antigens associated with a
specific sub-population of T cells.
cm phn t CD vit tt ca cluster of
differentiation molecules.Bt k nhm
khng nguyn b mt no hp nht vi
mt qun th ph ring bit ca cc t bo
T.
cDNA vit tt ca complementary DNA.
cDNA clone A double-stranded cDNA
molecule propagated in a vector, and used
as a probe in RFLP analyses, as template
for the production of EST sequences, and
for gene expression studies.
dng DNA b sung Phn t DNA b sung
si kp -c truyn lan trong vect, v s
dng lm u d trong cc phn tch RFLP,
lm khung mu sn xut cc trnh t EST,
v nghin cu biu th gen.
cDNA cloning A method of cloning the
coding sequence of a gene, starting with
its mRNA transcript.
nhn dng ADN b sung Ph-ng php
nhn dng trnh t m ho mt gen, khi
u vi bn sao mRNA .
cDNA library An collection of cDNA
clones.
th- vin DNA b sung Tp hp cc dng
DNA b sung.
CDR vit tt ca complementaritydetermining regions.
cell The fundamental level of structural
organization in complex organisms.
Eukaryotic cells contain a nucleus (with
chromosomes) and cytoplasm with the
protein synthesis machinery, bounded by
a membrane. Prokaryotic cells have no
nucleus.
t bo n v cu trc c s ca sinh vt
phc tp. T bo c nhn mang mt ht
nhn (vi nhim sc th) v t bo cht
vi b my tng hp protein, -c bao bc

cell culture
bi mt mng. Cc t bo sinh vt khng
nhn khng c ht nhn.
cell culture The in vitro growth of cells
isolated from multi-cellular organisms.
nui cy t bo Sinh tr-ng trong ng
nghim ca cc t bo -c phn lp t
sinh vt a bo.
cell cycle The sequence of stages that a
cell passes through between one division
and the next. The cell cycle oscillates
between mitosis (M) and the interphase,
which is divided into the G 1 phase
(involving a high rate of biosynthesis and
growth), the S phase (in which the DNA
content is doubled as a consequence of
chromosome replication), and the G 2
phase (preparatory for cell division).
chu trnh t bo Tnh t cc giai on m
t bo tri qua gia mt ln phn chia v
ln tip theo. Chu trnh t bo dao ng
gia nguyn phn (M) v pha ngh, -c
phn lm pha G1 (ko theo nhp cao
sinh tng hp v sinh tr-ng), pha S (trong
s l-ng DNA -c gp i nh- kt qu
sao chp nhim sc th), v pha G2 (chun
b phn chia t bo).
cell differentiation The transition of cells
(by the programmed activation and deactivation of the necessary genes) from an
tissue-unspecific type, in which daughter
cells are similarly undifferentiated, to a
committed type in which the cell line
specializes to become a recognizable
tissue or organ.
phn ha t bo, bit ho t bo S
chuyn tip ca cc t bo (do kch hot
v khng kch hot ca cc gen cn thit
-c ch-ng trnh ha) bt ngun t mt
kiu m khng c bit, trong cc t
bo con khng phn ha ging nhau,
thnh mt kiu ghi nh nhn r dng t
ba bit ho thnh m hoc c quan.
cell division Formation of two or more
daughter cells from a single parent cell.
The nucleus divides first, followed by the
formation of a cell membrane between the
daughter nuclei. Division of somatic cells
is termed mitosis; egg and sperm
precursors are formed following meiosis.

44
phn chia t bo S hnh thnh ca hai
hoc nhiu t bo con t mt t bo m.
Ht nhn phn chia tr-c, sau hnh
thnh mt mng t bo gia cc ht nhn
con. Phn chia ca cc t bo xma -c
gi l nguyn phn; cc tin cht trng v
tinh trng -c hnh thnh tip theo gim
phn.
cell fusion Formation in vitro of a single
hybrid cell from the coalescence of two
cells of different species origin. In the
hybrid cell, the donor nuclei may remain
separate, or may fuse, but during
subsequent cell divisions, a single spindle
is formed so that each daughter cell has a
single nucleus containing complete or
partial sets of chromosomes from each
parental
line.
Synonym:
cell
hybridization.
dung hp t bo Hnh thnh trong ng
nghim t bo lai n t s ho hp hai t
bo ca cc loi khc ngun gc. Trong
t bo lai, nhn cho c th gi li phn
tch ri, hoc c th kt hp, nh-ng trong
cc phn chia t bo k tip, si thoi n
-c thnh hnh v th mi t bo con c
mt nhn n mang y hoc b phn
ca nhim sc th t mi dng cha m.
T ng ngha: cell hybridization.
cell generation time The interval between
the beginning of consecutive divisions of
a cell, equivalent to the time that it takes
for a population of single-celled organisms
to double its cell number.
thi gian th h t bo Khong thi gian
gia bt u cc phn chia lin tip ca
mt t bo, t-ng -ng vi thi gian to
ra mt qun th sinh vt t bo n thnh
gp i s t bo ca n.
cell hybridization lai t bo xem: cell
fusion.
cell line 1. A cell lineage that can be
maintained in vitro. Significant genetic
changes can occur during lengthy periods
in culture, so that the genotype of longterm cell lines may not be the same as that
of the starter cell. 2. A cell lineage that can
be recognized in vivo.

cell membrane
dng t bo 1. Mt dng t bo -c bo
qun trong ng nghim. Nhng thay i di
truyn quan trng c th xy ra sut thi
k di nui cy, do vy kiu di truyn ca
cc dng t bo sau ny c th khng
ging nh- ca t bo xut pht. 2. Mt
dng t bo m c th -c ghi nhn
trong c th.
cell membrane mng t bo xem:
plasmalemma.
cell number The number of cells per unit
volume of a culture.
s t bo S l-ng cc t bo theo n v
iu chnh nui cy.
cell plate The precursor of the cell wall,
formed at the beginning of cell division. The
cell plate develops in the region of the
equatorial plate and arises from
membranes in the cytoplasm.
a t bo Tin cht vch t bo, -c
thnh hnh khi bt u phn chia t bo.
a t bo pht trin trong vng ca a
xch o v xut hin t mng ca cht t
bo.
cell sap Water and dissolved substances,
sugar, amino acids, waste substances,
etc., in the plant cell vacuole.
nha t bo N-c v cc cht ho tan,
-ng, amino axt, cc cht thi,v.v., trong
khng bo t bo thc vt.
cell selection The process of selecting
cells exhibiting specific traits within a group
of genetically different cells. Selected cells
are often sub-cultured onto fresh medium
for continued selection and exposed to an
increased level of the selection agent to
eliminate false positives.
chn lc t bo X l t bo chn lc th
hin nhng tnh trng ring bit trong nhm
t bo khc nhau di truyn. Cc t bo
-c la chn th-ng -c nui cy b
sung trn mi tr-ng mi chn lc tip
tc v th hin mc nng cao ca tc
nhn chn lc nhm loi tr cc th sai
lch.
cell sorter Phn loi t bo xem:
fluorescence-activated cell sorting,
flow cytometry.

45
cell strain An in vitro culture initiated by
asexual reproduction from a single cell.
Such cell lines should represent a
population of genetically homogenous
cells. Strains are defined by specific
properties or markers used for their
selection. Synonym: single-cell line.
chng t bo Nui cy trong ng nghim
-c bt u do sinh sn v tnh t mt t
bo n. Nh- vy dng t bo phi i
din mt qun th ca cc t bo ng
nht di truyn. Cc chng -c xc nh
bi nhng thuc tnh ring bit hoc cc
du chun -c dng chn lc.T ng
ngha: single-cell line.
cell suspension Cells in culture in moving
or shaking liquid medium, often used to
describe suspension cultures of single
cells and cell aggregates.
ng-ng t t bo Cc t bo khi nui cy
trong mi tr-ng lng chuyn ng hoc
rung, th-ng s dng m t cc nui
cy huyn ph t bo n v khi tp hp
t bo.
cell wall A rigid external structure which
surrounds plant cells. It is formed outside
the plasmalemma and consists primarily
of cellulose.
vch t bo Cu trc bn ngoi cng chc
bao quanh t bo thc vt. N -c hnh
thnh bn ngoi mng cht nguyn sinh
v bao gm ch yu l xen-lu-l.
cell-free protein synthesis tng hp
protein phi t bo xem: in vitro
translation.
cell-free transcription phin m phi t
bo xem: in vitro transcription.
cell-free translation dch m phi t bo
xem: in vitro translation.
cell-mediated (cellular) immune
response phn ng min dch trung
gian t bo xem: T-cell-mediated
(cellular) immune response.
cellular oncogene gen gy ung th- t
bo xem: proto-oncogene.
cellulase Enzyme catalysing the
breakdown of cellulose.

cellulose
Enzim xc tc phn gii xen-lu-l.
cellulose A complex polysaccharide
composed of long linear chains of glucose
residues. It comprises 40% to 55% by
weight of the plant cell wall.
xen-lu-l Mt polisacarit phc tp bao gm
cc chui thng di gc glucoza. Chim
t 40 % n 55 % trng l-ng vch t bo
thc vt.
cellulose nitrate nitrat xen-lu-l xem:
nitrocellulose.
cellulosome A multi-protein aggregate
present in some micro-organisms which
degrade cellulose. It contains multiple
copies of the enzymes necessary for this
process, and is often found on the outer
surface of the micro-organism cell.
cellulosom Mt tp hp protein a h c
mt trong mt s vi sinh vt phn hu xenlu-l. Mang nhiu bn sao ca cc enzim
cn thit cho qu trnh ny, v th-ng hnh
thnh trn b mt ngoi t bo vi sinh vt.
centiMorgan (Abbreviation: cM). Unit of
map distance. For small recombination
fractions, cM and % recombination
frequency are equivalent.
n v morgan (vit tt: cM). n v
khong cch trn bn . Cho nhng phn
ti t hp nh, cM v % tn s ti hp l
t-ng -ng.
central dogma The basic concept that, in
nature, genetic information generally flows
from DNA to RNA to protein. However,
information contained in the RNA
molecules of retroviruses can also flow
back to DNA.
truyn thng trung tm Khi nim c bn
m, trong thin nhin, thng tin di truyn
th-ng chy t DNA n RNA ri n
protein. Tuy nhin, thng tin mang trong
phn t RNA ca virut ln c th cn chy
ng-c ti DNA.
central mother cell A subsurface cell
located in a plant apical meristem and
characterized by a large vacuole.
t bo m trung tm Mt t bo b xp
nghing mm trong m phn sinh nh v
c tr-ng bi mt khng bo ln.

46
centre of origin The geographic locations
where a particular domesticated plant
species originated. These areas are the
likeliest source of natural genetic variation,
and represent ideal targets for in situ
conservation.
trung tm ngun Cc khu vc a l ni
bt ngun cc loi thc vt thun ho ph
bin. Nhng vng ny hu nh- l ngun
ti nguyn ca bin d di truyn t nhin,
v i din cc mc tiu l t-ng cho bo
tn ti ch.
centrifugation Separating molecules by
size or density using centrifugal forces
generated by a spinning rotor. G-forces of
several hundred thousand times gravity
are generated in ultracentrifugation. See:
density gradient centrifugation.
ly tm Phn tch cc phn t theo kch
th-c hoc mt c s dng lc li tm
pht sinh do mt r to quay. Cc lc G ln
hng trm nghn ln lc hp dn -c sinh
ra trong siu ly tm. Xem: density gradient
centrifugation.
centrifuge A mechanical device which
delivers the centrifugal forces necessary
for centrifugation.
my ly tm Mt thit b c kh sinh ra lc
ly tm cn thit cho ly tm.
centriole An organelle in many animal
cells that appears to be involved in the
formation of the spindle during mitosis.
During cell division, the two centrioles
move to opposite sides of the nucleus to
form the ends of the spindle.
trung t Bo quan nh trong nhiu t bo
ng vt m xut hin lin quan n hnh
thnh si thoi khi nguyn phn. Trong phn
chia t bo, hai trung t di chuyn ti pha
i din ca nhn hnh thnh cc mt
si thoi.
centromere The eukaryotic chromosome
structure, which appears as a constriction
in karyotype analysis, to which the
spindle fibres attach during mitotic and
meiotic division. Composed of highly
repetitive DNA.
tm ng Cu trc nhim sc th sinh vt

centromere
c nhn, xut hin khi thu nh trong phn
chia nhn, ti nhng si thoi gia nhp
qu trnh phn chia nguyn phn v gim
phn. Bao gm DNA lp mc cao.
centrosome A specialized region of a
living cell, situated next to the nucleus,
where microtubules are assembled and
broken down during cell division. The
centrosome of most animal cells contains
a pair of centrioles.
trung th Mt vng c tr-ng ca t bo
sng, nm k st nhn, ni c cc vi ng
-c tp hp v phn ra khi phn chia t
bo. Trung th ca hu ht cc t bo ng
vt c cha mt cp trung t.
cephem-type antibiotic An antibiotic that
shares the basic chemical structure of
cephalosporin.
khng sinh kiu cephem Khng sinh
tham gia vo cu to ha hc c bn ca
cephalosporin.
chain terminator 1. See: stop codon. 2.
In the Sanger method of DNA sequencing,
refers to the labelled di-deoxynucleotide
triphosphates which are added to disrupt
DNA polymerase extension.
u chui 1. Xem: stop codon. 2. Trong
ph-ng php Sanger lm trnh t DNA, lin
quan vi di- deoxynucleotide triphosphates
nh du -c gn thm ph v s
m rng enzim trng hp DNA.

47
chaperone A family of proteins that
ensure the correct assembly and
conformation of other polypeptides in vivo
as they emerge from the ribosome, but
are not themselves components of the
functional assembled structures. The
prokaryotic equivalents are known as
chaperonins. See: heat shock protein.
cht km Mt h protein m bo m tp
hp v hnh dng khng gian chun xc
ca cc polyeptit khc trong c th v
chng ny sinh t ribosom, nh-ng khng
phi t chng c nhng thnh phn cc
cu trc -c tp hp chc nng. Cc
t-ng -ng sinh vt khng nhn -c bit
nh- cc cht km. Xem: heat shock
protein.
chaperonin xem: chaperone.
character c tnh xem: trait.
characterization Description of the
essential properties of an organism or
system.
c tr-ng S m t nhng thuc tnh quan
trng ca mt sinh vt hoc h thng.
charcoal The black porous residue of
partly burnt wood, bones, etc; a form of
carbon. See: activated charcoal

Chakrabarty decision A landmark legal

case in the U.S.A., in which it was held
that the inventor of a new micro-organism
whose invention otherwise met the legal
requirements for obtaining a patent, could
not be denied a patent solely because the
invention was alive. This has set the
precedent for the patenting of life forms.

than ch Phn cn li xp en ca g,
x-ng v.v., phn -c t chy; mt dng
cc bon. Xem: activated charcoal
chelate A cation bound to an organic
molecule through electron pair donation
from nitrogen and/or oxygen atoms in its
structure. Ethylenediamine tetraacetic
acid is a typical and frequently employed
chelating agent. Soluble chelates can
supply plants with micronutrients which
would otherwise be unavailable because
of precipitation.

quyt nh Chakrabarty Mt khung php

l quan trng ca Hoa K, trong c nu
r rng ng-i pht minh mt vi sinh vt
mi m s pht minh ca h ng-c li gp
nhng yu cu php l nhn bng sng
ch, khng th t chi mt bng sng ch
c quyn v pht minh ny tn ti. iu
ny t tin l cho vic cp bng sng
ch cc dng sng .

cation ho Mt cation gn vi mt phn

t hu c do cho cp in t t nit v/
hoc cc nguyn t oxi trong cu trc ca
n. A-xt Ethylenediamine tetraacetic l mt
tc nhn cation ho tiu biu v -c s
dng nhiu ln. Nhng cation ho ho tan
c th cung cp cho thc vt cc cht dinh
d-ng vi l-ng m khng c sn do kt
ta.

chemical mutagen
chemical mutagen A chemical capable of
inducing mutations in living organisms.
t bin ha hc Cht ha hc c kh
nng to ra t bin trong sinh vt sng.
chemically-defined medium When all of
the chemical components of a culture
medium are fully known and defined.
mi tr-ng xc nh ha hc Khi tt c
cc thnh phn ha hc ca mt mi
tr-ng nui cy -c bit y v -c
quy nh.
chemiluminescence The emission of light
during the course of a chemical reaction.
pht quang ha hc S pht x ca nh
sng trong thi gian phn ng ha hc.
chemostat A continuous and open culture
in which growth rate and cell density are
maintained constant by a fixed rate of input
of a growth-limiting nutrient.
n nh ha d-ng Mt nui cy m v
lin tc trong tc sinh tr-ng v mt
t bo -c duy tr khng thay i do t
l c nh ca u vo cht dinh d-ng
hn ch sinh tr-ng.
chemotaxis The movement of a cell, or
the whole or part of an organism, towards
or away from an increasing concentration
of a particular substance.
phn ng h-ng ho S chuyn ng
ca t bo, ton b hoc b phn ca mt
sinh vt, v pha hoc ra khi t mt nng
gia tng ca mt cht ring bit.
chemotherapy The treatment of disease,
especially infections or cancer, by means
of chemicals.
liu php ha hc S nghin cu bnh
hi, c bit l bnh truyn nhim hoc
ung th-, do tc ng ha cht.
chiasma (pl.: chiasmata) A visible point of
junction between two non-sister
chromatids
of
homologous
chromosomes during the first meiotic
prophase. Synonym: cross-over.
vt cho (s nhiu: chiasmata), Mt im
ni r rng gia hai nhim sc t khng
ch em ca cc nhim sc th t-ng ng
trong k u gim phn ln mt.T ng

48
ngha: cross-over.
chimera (or chimaera) 1. An organism
whose cells are not all genotypically
identical. This can occur as a result of:
somatic mutation; grafting (see: graft
chimera); or because the individual is
derived from two or more embryos or
zygotes. 2. A recombinant DNA molecule
that contains sequences from different
organisms.
qui d (hoc qui thai) 1. Mt sinh vt
m c cc t bo khng phi tt c l ng
nht kiu gen. N c xy ra do hu qu
ca: t bin xma; cy ghp (xem: th
qui ghp); hoc do c th -c to thnh
t hai hoc nhiu phi hoc hp t. 2. Mt
phn t DNA ti t hp m c cc trnh t
bt ngun t cc sinh vt khc nhau.
chimeraplasty A method designed to
create defined alterations in DNA
sequence at a target locus, with potential
both for gene therapy and for investigating
gene function. A synthetic nucleic acid that
contains DNA interspersed with small
amounts of RNA is introduced into the
target cell, where it pairs with its target
gene sequence and then triggers the cells
DNA repair machinery, resulting in the
replacement of the native sequence by the
synthetic one.
m th qui Ph-ng php thit k to
ra nhng thay i xc nh ca trnh t DNA
ti gen ch, vi kh nng va cho php
cha bnh gen va iu tra chc nng gen.
Mt axit nucleic tng hp c DNA xen k
vi phn thiu s RNA -c -a vo t
bo ch, ni n cp i vi trnh t gen
ch v sau thc y b my sa cha
DNA t bo, dn n thay th trnh t t
nhin bng mt trnh t tng hp.
chimeric DNA DNA qui d xem: chimera
(2).
chimeric gene An engineered gene,
where a coding sequence is fused to
promoter and/or other sequences derived
from a different gene. Most genes used in
transformation are chimeric. Synonym:
fusion gene.

chimeric protein
gen qui d Mt gen -c k thut, ni
mt trnh t m ho -c dung hp vi khi
u v/hoc trnh t bt ngun t mt gen
khc bit. Hu ht cc gen dng cho bin
np l gen qui d. T ng ngha: fusion
gene.
chimeric protein protein qui d Xem:
fusion protein.
chimeric selectable marker gene A gene
that is constructed from parts of two or
more different genes and allows the host
cell to survive under conditions where it
would otherwise die.
gen nh du chn lc th qui Mt
gen m -c cu to t cc phn ca hai
hoc nhiu gen khc nhau v cho php t
bo vt ch tn ti d-i cc iu kin m
ni ng-c li s b cht.
chip vt mng xem: micro-array.
chitin A nitrogenous polysaccharide that
gives structural strength to the exoskeleton
of insects and the cell walls of fungi.
cht ki tin Mt polisacarit ni-t to cng
cho cu trc b x-ng ngoi cn trng v
vch t bo nm.
chitinase An enzyme which breaks down
chitin.
chitinaza Enzim phn hu cht ki tin.
chloramphenicol An antibiotic that
interferes with protein synthesis.
Mt cht khng sinh can thip tng hp
protein.
chlorenchyma Plant tissue (leaf
mesophyll and other parenchyma cells)
containing chloroplasts.
m dip lc M thc vt (t bo tht l cy
v t bo nhu m khc) mang ht dip lc.

49
chloroplast Specialized plastid that
contains chlorophyll. Lens-shaped and
bounded by a double membrane,
chloroplasts contain membranous
structures (thylakoids) piled up into stacks,
surrounded by a gel-like matrix (stroma).
They are the site of solar energy transfer
and some important reactions involved in
starch or sugar synthesis. Chloroplasts
have their own DNA; these genes are
inherited only through the female parent,
and are independent of nuclear genes.
ht dip lc Ht tp sc c bit cha
cht dip lc. Tip gip v gn bi mng
kp, cc ht dip lc c cu trc mng
mng (thylakoids) xp lp dn li, -c bao
quanh bng mt hn hp (stroma) ging
nh- cht gel. Chng l a ch chuyn
giao nng l-ng mt tri v mt s phn
ng quan trng lin quan tng hp tinh bt
hoc -ng. Cc ht dip lc c DNA ca
ring chng; Cc gen ny -c di truyn
ch thng qua th ci, v c lp vi gen
ht nhn.
chloroplast DNA The DNA present in the
chloroplast. Although the chloroplast has
a small genome, the large number of
chloroplasts per cell ensures that
chloroplast DNA is a significant proportion
of the total DNA in a plant cell.
DNA lc lp DNA c trong ht dip lc.
Mc du ht dip lc c mt h gen nh,
nh-ng s l-ng ln ht dip lc theo t
bo chng t rng DNA lc lp c mt t l
ng k ca DNA tng s trong t bo thc
vt.

chlorophyll One of the two pigments

responsible for the green colour of most
plants. It is an essential component of the
machinery to absorb light energy for
photosynthesis. See: chloroplast.

chloroplast
transit
peptide
(Abbreviation: CTP). A transit peptide that,
when fused to a protein, acts to transport
that protein into plant chloroplasts. Once
inside the chloroplast, the transit peptide
is cleaved off the protein. Used to target
transgene expression to the chloroplast,
where this is appropriate.

cht dip lc Mt trong hai loi sc t c

vai tr to mu xanh lc ca hu ht thc
vt. Mt thnh phn quan trng ca b
my hp thu nng l-ng nh sng
quang hp. Xem: chloroplast.

peptit qua dip lc (vit tt: CTP). Mt

peptit chuyn qua , khi kt hp vi
protein, tc ng vn chuyn protein vo
cc ht dip lc thc vt. Mt pha bn
trong ht dip lc, peptit qu cnh tch khi

chlorosis
protein. -c s dng biu th gen
chuyn mc tiu cho ht dip lc, ni
thch hp.
chlorosis The appearance of yellow
colour in plants, due to the failure of
development or the breakdown of
chlorophyll. This is generally a symptom
of either nutritional disturbance or of
pathogen infection.
bnh a vng S xut hin mu vng
trong thc vt, do km pht trin hoc phn
hu dip lc. Th-ng l mt triu chng
ri lon dinh d-ng hoc nhim truyn tc
nhn gy bnh.
chromatid Each of the two strands of
chromatin comprising a duplicated
chromosome. The term is applied only
while the two chromatids are joined at the
centromere. As soon as the centromere
divides, setting the two chromatids adrift
(during anaphase of mitosis; and during
anaphase II of meiosis), they are called
chromosomes.
nhim sc t Mi mt trong hai si cht
nhim sc gm c mt nhim sc th nhn
i. Thut ng -c p dng ch khi hai
nhim sc t -c ni ti tm ng. Ngay
khi tm ng phn chia, to ra hai nhim
sc t tri dt (trong k sau nguyn phn;
v k sau II ca gim phn), chng -c
gi l nhim sc th.
chromatin Substance of which eukaryotic
chromosomes are composed. It consists
of a complex of DNA, histone and nonhistone chromosomal proteins (mainly
histones), and a small amount of RNA.
cht nhim sc Cht m trong cc
nhim sc th nhn chun -c kt hp.
Bao gm phc h ca DNA, protein nhim
sc th histon v khng histon (ch yu
cc histon-protein kim), v mt s t RNA.
chromatin fibre The standard structural
conformation of chromatin in strands of
30 nm average diameter.
si cht nhim sc Hnh thi cu trc
chun ca cht nhim sc trong cc si
c -ng knh trung bnh l 30 nm.
chromatography A method for separating

50
the components of mixtures of molecules
by partitioning them between two phases,
one stationary and the other mobile.
Appropriate selection of partitioning
mechanism can produce separation of very
closely-related molecules.
php ghi sc k Ph-ng php phn chia
cc thnh phn ca hn hp phn t do
phn chia gia hai k, mt ng nguyn v
mt di ng. Chn lc c ch phn chia
thch hp c th tch cc phn t lin quan
gn.
chromocentre Body produced by fusion
of the heterochromatic regions of the
chromosomes in the polytene tissues (e.g.
the salivary glands) of certain Diptera.
trung tm nhim sc Th to ra do kt
hp cc vng tp sc ca nhim sc th
trong m a si (v d tuyn n-c bt) ca
loi cn trng hai cnh nht nh.
chromogenic substrate A compound or
substance that contains a colour-forming
group.
c cht sinh mu Hn hp hoc cht c
cha mt nhm hnh thnh mu.
chromomeres Small dense bodies
identified by their characteristic size and
linear arrangement along a chromosome.
ht nhim sc Cc th dy c nh xc
nh theo kch th-c c tr-ng ca chng
v sp hng thng dc theo nhim sc th.
chromonema (pl.: chromonemata) An
optically single thread forming an axial
structure within each chromosome.
si nhim sc (s nhiu: chromonemata)
Mt chui n sc hnh thnh mt cu trc
trc xoay trong tng nhim sc th.
chromoplast Plastid containing pigments
other than chlorophyll. See: chloroplast.
lp th Ht tp sc c cc cht mu thay
v cht dip lc. Xem: chloroplast
chromosomal aberration An abnormal
change in chromosome structure or
number, including deficiency, duplication,
inversion, translocation, aneuploidy,
polyploidy, or any other change from the
normal pattern.. Although it can be a

chromosomal integration site

mechanism for enhancing genetic
diversity, most alterations are fatal or
debilitating, especially in animals. See:
chromosome mutation.
lch lc nhim sc th Mt thay i d
th-ng trong cu trc hoc s l-ng nhim
sc th, bao gm s thiu ht, nhn i,
o ng-c, chuyn v, th lch bi, th a
bi, hoc bt k thay i no t mu bnh
th-ng. Mc du n c th l mt c ch
tng c-ng tnh a dng di truyn,
nh-ng hu ht nhng thay i s nh
h-ng xu hoc suy yu, c bit trong
ng vt. xem: chromosome mutation.
chromosomal integration site A
chromosomal location where foreign DNA
can be integrated, often without impairing
any essential function in the host organism.
v tr hp nht nhim sc th Mt vng
nhim sc th ni DNA ngoi c th -c
tch hp, thng th-ng khng lm suy yu
bt k chc nng quan trng no trong sinh
vt ch.
chromosomal polymorphism The
occurrence of one to several
chromosomes in two or more alteRNAtive
structural forms within a population; the
structurally changed chromosomes are the
result of chromosome mutations (i.e. any
structural change involving the gain, loss
or re-location of chromosome segments).
tnh a hnh nhim sc th Bin c ca
mt cho ti vi nhim sc th trong hai
hoc nhiu hnh dng cu trc la chn
trong mt qun th; cc nhim sc th thay
i cu trc l kt qu t bin nhim sc
th (ngha l bt k thay i no ko theo
li ch, mt mt hoc nh v li cc on
nhim sc th).
chromosome In eukaryotic cells,
chromosomes are the nuclear bodies
containing most of the genes largely
responsible for the differentiation and
activity of the cell. Chromosomes are most
easily studied in their contracted state,
which occurs around the metaphase of
mitosis or meiosis; they contain most of
the cells DNA in the form of chromatin.
Each eukaryotic species has a

51
characteristic number of chromosomes.
Bacterial and viral cells contain only one
chromosome, which consists of a single
or double strand of DNA or, in some
viruses, RNA, without histones.
nhim sc th Trong cc t bo c nhn,
nhim sc th l th nhn mang hu ht
cc gen c vai tr quyt nh bit ho
v hot ng t bo. Nhim sc th a s
d -c nghin cu trong trng thi tip
xc, xut hin xung quanh k gia ca
nguyn phn hoc gim phn; chng
mang hu ht DNA ca t bo trong dng
cht nhim sc. Mi mt loi c nhn mang
s l-ng nhim sc th c tr-ng. T bo
virut v vi khun ch c mt nhim sc th,
gm c mt si DNA n hoc kp hoc,
trong mt s loi virut, RNA, khng c
histon.
chromosome aberration sai hnh th
nhim sc xem:: chromosomal
aberration.
chromosome banding Differential
staining of chromosomes in such a way
that light and dark areas occur along the
length of the chromosomes in repeatable
patterns. Identical banding pattern implies
chromosome homology.
nhum bng nhim sc th Nhum phn
bit nhim sc th theo cch nhng
vng nh sng v bng ti xut hin dc
theo nhim sc th trong cc mu c th
nhc li. Mu nhum bng ng nht ch
s t-ng hp nhim sc th.
chromosome jumping A technique that
allows two segments of duplex DNA that
are separated by thousands of base pairs
(about 200 kb) to be cloned together. After
sub-cloning, each segment can be used
as a probe to identify cloned DNA
sequences that, at the chromosome level,
are roughly 200 kb apart. See positional
cloning.
b-c nhy nhim sc th Mt k thut
cho php hai on DNA xon kp -c
phn tch do hng nghn cp baz (khong
200 kb) cng -c nhn dng. Sau nhn
dng ph, mi mt on u c th -c
dng lm u d xc nh trnh t DNA

chromosome landing
nhn dng, mc nhim sc th, l
khong cch ring 200 kb. xem: positional
cloning.
chromosome landing An alteRNAtive to
chromosome walking for positional
cloning. Clones of genomic DNA are
fragmented so as to include both the target
gene and a closely linked marker and are
screened to select (land on) those clones
that contain the target gene.
Dng nhim sc th Thay th cho ko
di nhim sc th to dng nh v. Cc
dng DNA h gen -c phn mnh nhvy bao gm c gen ch v mt du
chun lin kt cht v -c che khut
la chn (tip t) cc dng mang gen
ch.
chromosome mutation A change in the
gross structure of a chromosome, usually
causing severely deleterious effects in the
organism, but can be maintained in a
population
(See:
chromosomal
polymorphism). They are often due to
meiotic errors. The main types of
chromosome mutation are translocation,
duplication, s and inversion.
t bin nhim sc th Thay i trong
cu trc bt cho ca th nhim sc th,
th-ng gy ra cc hiu ng c trm trng
trong sinh vt, nh-ng c th -c duy tr
trong mt qun th (xem: chromosomal
polymorphism). Chng th-ng do cc li
gim phn. Cc kiu chnh ca t bin
nhim sc th l chuyn on, nhn i
v o on.
chromosome theory of inheritance The
theory that chromosomes carry the genetic
information and that their behaviour during
meiosis provides the physical basis for
segregation and independent assortment.
thuyt di truyn nhim sc th L thuyt
v nhim sc th mang thng tin di truyn
v tp tnh ca chng trong gim phn
cung cp c s vt cht cho vic tch ring
v phn b c lp.
chromosome walking A strategy for
mapping or sequencing a chromosome
segment and for positional cloning.

52
Large restriction fragments (or BAC
clones) are generated and, after probing,
a single starting point is identified. New
probes are synthesized complementary to
sequences of the same fragment (BAC
clone) that are adjacent to the starting
point, and these are then used to identify
different restriction fragments (BAC clones)
overlapping the one selected as the
starting point. The procedure is used
repetitively, working away from the starting
point.
ko di nhim sc th Mt chin l-c
v bn hoc xc nh trnh t mt on
nhim sc th v to dng nh v. Cc
on gii hn ln (hoc dng BAC) -c
pht sinh v, sau thm d, mt im khi
ng n -c xc nh. u d mi -c
tng hp b sung cho cc trnh t ca cng
on (dng BAC) lin k vi v tr ban u,
v chng sau khi xc nh cc on gii
hn khc (cc dng BAC) -c xp chng
ln mt im la chn nh- im khi
ng. Ph-ng php -c lp li, thc hin
lin tc t im khi ng.
chymosin An enzyme that clots milk, used
in the manufacture of cheese.
Enzim ng cc sa, -c s dng
sn xut ph mt.
ciliate (adj.) (tnh t) c lng rung xem:
cilium.
cilium (pl.: cilia) Hairlike locomotor
structure on certain cells; a locomotor
structure on a ciliate protozoan.
lng rung (s nhiu: cilium) Dng lng cu
trc di ng trn nhng t bo nht nh;
cu trc di ng trn nguyn sinh ng
vt c lng.
circadian Of physiological activity, etc.:
recurring at approximately 24-hour
intervals.
chu k ngy m Ca hot ng vt l,
nh-: quay vng li xp x khong thi gian
24 gi.
circularization The self-ligation of a linear
DNA fragment having complementary
ends, generally generated by digestion
with a restriction endonuclease.

cis configuration
Successful ligation produces a molecule
in the form of a covalently-closed circle.
Plastid DNA and plasmids are examples
of naturally circularized DNA.
xon vng T kt buc on DNA mch
thng c cc mt b sung, th-ng pht
sinh do tiu ha vi enzim gii hn. Ni
ghp y to phn t c hnh dng vng
trn khp kn ng ha tr. DNA th ht v
plasmit l mu DNA vng xon t nhin.
cis configuration cu hnh cis xem:
coupling.
cis heterozygote A double heterozygote
that contains two mutations arranged in a
cis configuration (e.g. a+ b+ / a b).
d hp t cis D hp t kp mang hai t
bin -c xp xp trong cu hnh cis (v
d: a+b+/a b).
cis-acting protein A protein with the
particular property of acting only on the
molecule of DNA from which it was
expressed.
protein hot ng cis Protein c thuc
tnh ring bit hot ng ch trn phn t
DNA t n -c biu th.
cis-acting sequence A nucleotide
sequence that only affects the expression
of genes located on the same
chromosome.
trnh t hot ng cis Trnh t nucleotit
ch nh h-ng biu th ca cc gen nh v
trn cng nhim sc th.
cistron A DNA sequence that codes for a
specific polypeptide; a gene.
n v di truyn Mt trnh t DNA m ho
cho mt polyeptit ring bit; t-ng -ng
mt gen.
class switching The process during which
a plasma cell stops producing antibodies
of one class and begins producing
antibodies of another class.
chuyn lp Qu trnh trong cht t bo
ngng sn xut khng th ca lp ny v
bt u sn xut khng th ca lp khc.
cleave To break phosphodiester bonds of
double-stranded DNA, usually with a type

53
II restriction endonuclease. Synonyms:
cut; digest.
phn ct Ph v lin kt phosphodiester
ca DNA si kp, th-ng vi mt enzim
gii hn kiu II. Nhng t ng ngha: cut;
digest.
cleaved amplified polymorphic
sequence A segment of DNA that can be
amplified by polymerase chain reaction
(PCR) and which contains a DNA
sequence polymorphism. Following PCR
amplification of a locus, the amplicon is
treated with a restriction endonuclease.
If the recognition site for this enzyme is
present in the amplicon, two or more
restriction fragments are generated. Thus
sequence variation between individuals at
the recognition site(s) can be detected by
electrophoresis. See also: restriction
fragment length polymorphism.
trnh t a hnh khuch i phn ct
on DNA c th -c khuych i bi
phn ng chui enzim tng hp (PCR) v
mang tnh a hnh trnh t DNA. Tip theo
khuch i PCR ca gen, n v siu
sao chp -c x l vi endonucleaza gii
hn. Nu v tr nhn bit enzim ny c mt
trong n v siu sao chp, hai hoc nhiu
on gii hn -c pht sinh. Nh- vy s
bin i trnh t gia cc c th mt hoc
nhiu v tr nhn bit c th pht hin do
hin t-ng in chuyn. Xem: restriction
fragment length polymorphism.
cline Variation in one or more phenotypic
characters or allele frequencies across a
geographical gradient.
d bit Bin d ca mt hoc nhiu c
tnh kiu hnh hoc cc tn s alen chuyn
qua graien a l.
clonal propagation Asexual propagation
of many new plants (ramets) from an
individual (ortet); all have the same
genotype.
sinh sn dng v tnh Sinh sn v tnh
ca nhiu thc vt mi (cc c th dng
v tnh) t mt c th (thy t); hon ton
c cng mt kiu di truyn.

clonal selection
clonal selection The production of a
population of plasma cells all producing
the same antibody in response to the
interaction between a B lymphocyte
producing that specific antibody and the
antigen bound by that antibody. See:
primary immune response, secondary
immune response.
chn lc dng v tnh Sn phm mt
qun th cht t bo u to ra cng mt
loi khng th trong phn ng t-ng tc
gia lynph bo B to khng th ring bit
v khng nguyn lin kt bi khng th
ny. xem: primary immune response,
secondary immune response.
clone 1. A group of cells or individuals that
are genetically identical as a result of
asexual reproduction, breeding of
completely inbred organisms, or forming
genetically identical organisms by nuclear
transplantation. 2. Group of plants
genetically identical in which all are derived
from one selected individual by vegetative
propagation. 3. Verb: to clone. To insert a
DNA segment into a vector or host
chromosome.
dng v tnh 1. Mt nhm t bo hoc c
th ng nht di truyn do sinh sn v tnh,
nhn ging sinh vt ni phi hon ton,
hoc hnh thnh sinh vt ng nht di
truyn do ghp nhn. 2. Nhm thc vt
ng nht di truyn tt c u c ngun
gc t mt c th -c la chn do nhn
ging sinh d-ng. 3. ng t: to dng.
Chn on DNA vo vect hoc nhim sc
th vt ch.
clone bank ngn hng dng v tnh
xem: gene bank.
cloned strain or line A strain or line
descended directly from a clone.
chng hoc dng v tnh Chng hoc
dng bt ngun trc tip t mt dng v
tnh.
cloning to dng xem: gene cloning.
cloning site v tr to dng xem:
insertion site.
cloning vector A small, self-replicating
DNA molecule - usually a plasmid or viral

54
DNA chromosome - into which foreign
DNA is inserted in the process of cloning
genes or other DNA sequences of interest.
It can carry inserted DNA and be
perpetuated in a host cell. Synonym:
cloning vehicle.
vect to dng Phn t DNA nh, t sao
chp -th-ng plasmit hoc nhim sc th
DNA virut- trong DNA l -c chn trong
qu trnh to dng gen hoc cc chui DNA
quan tm khc. N c th mang DNA -c
chn v duy tr trong t bo k ch.T ng
ngha: cloning vehicle.
cloning vehicle ph-ng tin to dng
Xem: cloning vector.
closed continuous culture A culture
system, in which the inflow of fresh medium
is balanced by the outflow of
corresponding volumes of spent medium.
Cells are separated mechanically from
outflowing medium and added back to the
culture.
nui cy lin tc dng H thng nui cy,
trong dng chy vo ca mi tr-ng
mi -c cn bng do dng chy ra ca
th tch mi tr-ng tiu th t-ng ng. Cc
t bo -c phn tch mt cch my mc
t mi tr-ng dng chy ra v b li sau
nui cy.
cluster of differentiation cm bit ho
Xem: CD molecules.
cM vit tt ca: centiMorgan.
CMP
vit
tt
ca
cytidine
monophosphate. xem: cytidylic acid.
coat protein protein bc v xem: capsit.
coccus A spherical bacterium.
cu khun Mt loi vi khun c hnh cu.
co-cloning The unintentional cloning of
DNA fragments, along with the desired
one, that can occur when the source of
DNA being cloned is not sufficiently
purified.
to dng ng thi To dng cc on
DNA khng c tr-c, theo dng
mong mun, c th xut hin khi ngun
DNA ang -c to dng ch-a -c lm
sch y .

coconut milk
coconut milk Liquid endosperm of the
coconut, often used to supply organic
nutrients to in vitro cultures of plant cells
and tissues.
n-c da Cht ni phi nh lng ca da,
th-ng s dng cung cp cht dinh
d-ng hu c cho nui cy t bo v m
thc vt trong ng nghim.
co-culture The joint culture of two or more
types of cells, such as a plant cell and a
micro-organism, or two types of plant cells.
Used in various dual-culture systems or in
nurse culture.
nui cy ng thi Nui cy c tham gia
ca hai hoc nhiu loi t bo, nh- mt
loi t bo thc vt v mt loi vi sinh vt,
hoc hai loi t bo thc vt. S dng trong
nhiu h thng nui trng kp khc nhau
hoc trong nui trng nui d-ng.
Codex Alimentarius Commission An
international regulatory body (part of FAO)
responsible for the definition of a set of
international food standards. The
Commission periodically determines, then
publishes a list of food ingredients and
maximum allowable levels (the Codex
Alimentarius) deemed to be safe for human
consumption.
Hi ng Lut Thc Phm C quan iu
hnh quc t (mt b phn ca FAO) c
trch nhim xc nh mt b tiu chun
thc phm quc t. Hi ng xc nh theo
nh k, sau xut bn mt danh sch
nhng thnh phn thc phm v mc
cho php ti a (lut thc phm) -c coi
l an ton vi tiu th ca ng-i.
coding The specification of a peptide
sequence, by the code contained in DNA
molecules. See: genetic code.
m ha Thuyt minh mt trnh t peptit,
do m c cha trong phn t DNA. xem:
genetic code.
coding sequence That portion of a gene
which directly specifies the amino acid
sequence of its product. Non-coding
sequences of genes include introns and
control regions, such as promoters,
operators, and terminators.

55
trnh t m ho Phn gen trc tip ch r
trnh t amono axt sn phm ca n. Cc
trnh t khng m ho ca gen bao gm
introns v cc vng iu khin, nh- l khi
u, ch huy, v kt thc.
coding strand The strand of a DNA
double helix that contains the same base
sequence (after substituting U for T) found
in the mRNA molecule resulting from
transcription of that segment of DNA.
Sometimes called the sense strand. The
mRNA molecule is transcribed from the
other strand, known as the template or
antisense strand. See: antisense DNA.
si m ho Si xon kp DNA mang cng
mt trnh t ba z (sau khi thay th U cho
T) -c hnh thnh trong phn t mRNA
do phin m on DNA. i khi -c gi
l si c ngha. Phn t mRNA -c phin
m t mt si khc, -c bit nh- mt
khung mu hoc si i ngha. xem:
antisense DNA.
co-dominance Where both alleles are
expressed in the heterozygous state, so
that the phenotype reflects a contribution
from both alleles. For example, roan coat
colour in cattle results from a mixture of
red hairs and white hairs, caused by
heterozygosity for the red allele and the
white allele.
ng tri Ni c hai alen -c biu th
trong trng thi d hp, do vy kiu hnh
phn chiu mt ng gp t c hai alen.
V d, mu lng khoang ca th nui kt
qu t pha trn lng v trng, -c gy
ra do tnh d hp t gia alen v alen
trng.
co-dominant alleles alen ng tri xem:
co-dominance.
codon One of the groups of three
consecutive nucleotides in mRNA, which
represent the unit of genetic coding by
specifying a particular amino acid during
the synthesis of polypeptides in a cell. Each
codon is recognized by a tRNA carrying a
specific amino acid, which is incorporated
into a polypeptide chain during protein
synthesis. In DNA, any informative triplet
of bases, including both coding and control

codon optimization
sequences. See: genetic code, start
codon, stop codon. Synonym: triplet.
See: annex 3.
cm m, b ba Mt trong cc nhm ba
nuleotit lin tip ca mRNA, i din cho
n v m ho di truyn do ghi r mt
amino axt ring bit khi tng hp polyeptit
trong t bo. Mi cm m -c nhn bit
do mt tRNA c mang mt amino axt ring
bit, -c hp nht vo chui polyeptit khi
tng hp protein. Trong DNA, bt k b ba
thng tin no ca cc baz, gm c c trnh
t m ha v iu khin. xem: genetic
code, start codon, stop codon. T ng
ngha: triplet xem: annex 3.
codon optimization An experimental
strategy in which codons within a cloned
gene - ones not generally used by the host
cell translation system - are changed by
in vitro mutagenesis to the preferred
codons, without changing the amino acids
of the synthesized protein.
ti -u ha b ba Mt chin l-c th
nghim trong cc cm m bn trong
mt gen -c to dng- mt loi th-ng
khng -c s dng do h thng dch m
t bo vt ch - b thay i do trong ng
nghim pht sinh t bin vi cc cm m
thch hp, khng c thay i cc amino
axt ca protein -c tng hp.
co-enzyme ng enzim T ng ngha
co-factor.
co-evolution The evolution of
complementary adaptations in two species
brought about by the selection pressure
that each exerts on the other. Common in
symbiotic associations, in insect-pollinated
plants, etc.
ng tin ho Tin ha thch nghi b sung
ca hai loi dn n do sc p chn lc
m loi ny thc p loi khc. Ph bin
trong x hi cng sinh, trong cy th phn
nh su b, vn vn.
co-factor An organic molecule or inorganic
ion necessary for the normal catalytic
activity of an enzyme. Synonym: coenzyme.
ng nhn t Mt phn t hu c hoc

56
ion v c cn thit enzim hot ng xc
tc bnh th-ng. T ng ngha: co-e
nzyme.
co-fermentation The simultaneous
growth of two micro-organisms in one
bioreactor.
ln men ng thi Sinh tr-ng ng thi
ca hai vi sinh vt trong cng mt bnh
phn ng sinh hc.
cohesive end mt dnh xem: extension.
coincidence The ratio of the observed to
the expected frequency of double crossovers, where the expected frequency is
calculated by assuming that the two crossover events occur independently of one
another.
trng khp T l quan st tn s mong
mun ca cc bt cho ngoi nhn i,
ni tn s mong mun -c tnh ton vi
gi thit hai s kin bt cho ngoi xy ra
c lp vi nhau.
co-integrate A chimeric DNA molecule
formed by the incorporation at a single site
of two different DNA molecules.
ng hp nht Phn t DNA th qui hnh
thnh do hp nht hai phn t DNA khc
nhau ti mt v tr n.
co-integrate vector system A two
plasmid system for plant transgenesis.
One plasmid is engineered to carry a TDNA segment incorporating the gene(s) to
be introduced. After introduction into
Agrobacterium tumefaciens, the plasmid
undergoes homologous recombination
with a resident disarmed Ti plasmid to
form a single plasmid carrying the genetic
information for transferring the genetically
engineered T-DNA region to plant cells.
h vc t ng hp nht H hai plasmit
chuyn gen thc vt. Mt plasmit -c
s l mang on T- DNA hp nht mt
hoc nhiu gen -c chuyn. Sau khi
chuyn vo vi khun Agrobacterium
tumefaciens, plasmit tri qua ti t hp
ng hp t vi Ti plasmit ri khi v tr
hnh thnh plasmit n c mang thng
tin di truyn chuyn vng T-DNA k
thut di truyn cho t bo thc vt.

colchicine
colchicine An alkaloid, obtained from the
autumn crocus Colchicum autumnale,
which inhibits spindle formation. When
applied during mitosis, chromosomes
are unable to separate during anaphase.
This property is used to achieve a doubling
of the chromosome number. A further use
is to halt mitosis at metaphase, the stage
at which karyotypes are best viewed.
colchicin Mt ancaloit, thu -c t cy b
ch Colchicum autumnal, km hm hnh
thnh si thoi. Khi p dng trong gim
phn, cc nhim sc th s khng c kh
nng tch ra k sau. Thuc tnh ny
-c dng t -c nhn i s nhim
sc th. S dng tip theo l lm dng
nguyn phn pha gia, giai on m cc
ht nhn d dng quan st.
coleoptile Protective sheath covering the
shoot apex of the embryo in the grasses.
v bao Mng bo v ph ngoi nh mm
ca phi trong loi cy c.
coleorhiza A protective sheath
surrounding the radicle in the grasses.
bao r mm Mng bo v bao quanh r
mm trong loi cy c.
co-linearity 1. A general relationship in
which the units in one molecule occur in
the same sequence as the units in another
molecule which they specify; e.g. the
nucleotides in a gene are co-linear with the
amino acids in its encoded polypeptide. 2.
The phenomenon whereby gene order is
preserved between distinct species.
ng tuyn tnh 1. Mi quan h ph bin
trong cc n v trong mt phn t xut
hin c trnh t ging nh- cc n v ca
phn t khc m chng ghi r; v d cc
nuleotit trong mt gen l ng tuyn tnh
vi cc amono axt c trong polyeptit -c
m ha ca n. 2. Hin t-ng m bng
cch no trt t gen -c bo qun
gia cc loi tch bit.
collenchyma A tissue of living cells, found
particularly in midribs and leaf petioles.
Characterized by cell walls unevenly
thickened
with
cellulose
and
hemicellulose, but never lignified; it

57
functions as a mechanical support in
young, short-lived or non-woody organs.
m dy M t bo sng, -c hnh thnh
c bit ca gn gia v cung l. -c
m t c im bng nhng vch t bo
-c lm c khng u bng xen-lu-l
v hemicellulose, nh-ng khng bao gi b
li nhin ha; n dng h tr c hc trong
cc c quan non, cht yu hoc khng ho
g.
colony 1. An group of genetically identical
cells or individuals derived from a single
progenitor. 2. A group of interdependent
cells or organisms.
khun lc 1. Mt nhm t bo ng nht
di truyn hoc nhng c th bt ngun t
mt t tin n. 2. Mt nhm cc t bo
hoc sinh vt l thuc vo nhau.
colony hybridization A technique that
uses a nucleic acid probe to identify a
recombinant bacterial colony carrying a
particular inserted DNA.
lai khun lc K thut s dng mt mu
d axit nucleic nhn ra mt khum lc
vi khun ti t hp c mang DNA -c chn
ring.
combinatorial library The many novel
combinations (consisting of one heavy and
one light immunoglobulin chain coding
region) that are generated when a heavychain library is combined by random
pairing with a light-chain library. These
constructs are propagated in a vector, and
their gene products screened for novel
affinity properties.
th- vin t hp Nhiu t hp mi (gm
vng m ho mt chui globulin min dch
nng v mt nh) pht sinh khi th- vin
chui nng -c t hp do cp i ngu
nhin vi th- vin chui nh. Cc cu trc
ny -c truyn lan trong mt vect, v
sn phm gen ca chng th hin tnh cht
ho hp mi.
combining site v tr kt hp xem:
antibody binding site.
commensalism The interaction of two or
more dissimilar organisms where the
association is advantageous to one without

companion cell
affecting the other(s).
thuyt cng sinh S t-ng tc ca hai
hoc nhiu sinh vt khng hon ton ging
nhau khi s kt hp l ch li cho mt sinh
vt ny m khng nh h-ng n sinh vt
khc.
companion cell A living cell associated
with the sieve cell of phloem tissue in
vascular plants.
t bo km Mt t bo sng kt hp vi t
bo ry ca m libe trong thc vt c mch.
comparative mapping The comparison of
map locations of genes and markers
between species. In comparisons between
closely related species, this will usually
uncover a high degree of conservation
of synteny and co-linearity. In these
cases, the likely location of many genes
can be predicted from model system data.
Comparisons across wider phylogenetic
distances reveal increasing loss of synteny.
v bn so snh So snh cc khu vc
bn ca gen v du chun gia cc
loi. Trong khi so snh gia cc loi cn
thn, s th-ng l ra mt mc bo
tn cao hin t-ng lin kt v ng tuyn
tnh. Trong tr-ng hp ny, khu vc ging
nhau ca nhiu gen c th -c d on
t d liu h mu. So snh khong cch
pht sinh chng loi cng rng biu l hin
t-ng mt lin kt cng tng.
comparative positional candidate gene
Relates to an indirect means of assigning
function to a QTL. Where a QTL has been
linked to a marker in one species, and that
same marker is linked to a known gene in
a model system, inferences may be drawn
as to the nature of the QTL.
gen ng c vin v tr so snh Lin quan
n cc ph-ng php gin tip ca chc
nng ch nh cho mt QTL. Ni mt QTL
-c lin kt vi du chun ca mt loi,
v chnh du chun ging nhau -c lin
kt vi mt gen bit trong h thng mu,
nhng suy din c th -c v nh- t nhin
ca QTL.
competent 1. Bacterial cells able to take
up foreign DNA molecules and thereby

58
become genetically transformed. Can be
genetically determined, or induced by
physical treatment. 2. A competent cell is
capable of developing into a fully functional
embryo.
c nng lc 1. Cc t bo vi khun c th
mang nhng phn t DNA ngoi v do
tr thnh -c bin np di truyn. C th
-c nh r di truyn, hoc -c cm ng
do iu tr vt l . 2. T bo c nng lc th
c kh nng pht trin thnh phi chc
nng y .
complement proteins Proteins that bind
to antibody-antigen complexes and help
degrade the complexes by proteolysis.
protein b sung Protein lin kt vi t hp
khng nguyn- khng th v h tr lm
gim hiu lc cc t hp do phn gii
protein.
complementarity
1.
See:
complementary. 2. The similar
correspondence between DNA and the
mRNA transcribed from it.
b sung 1. xem: complementary. 2. S
ging nhau gia DNA vi mRNA -c
phin m t n.
complementarity-determining regions
(Abbreviation: CDR). Regions of the light
and
heavy
subunits
of
the
immunoglobulin molecules that interact
with the antigen. The primary amino acid
sequences of these regions are highly
variable between antibodies of the same
class. See: antibody binding site.
vng xc nh b sung (vit tt: CDR)
Cc vng c cu trc d-i n v phn t
nng v nh ca cc phn t globulin min
dch t-ng tc vi khng nguyn. Trnh t
amino axt gc ca vng ny l mt bin
cao gia nhng khng th cng lp. xem:
antibody binding site.
complementary Two DNA molecules are
complementary to one another when each
successive base position from the 5' end
in the first molecule is matched by the
corresponding residue in the second,
starting at the 3' end, according to the
normal base pair rules (i.e. A for T, C for

complementary
G). In the appropriate conditions, two
complementary single-stranded DNA
molecules will renature to form a doublestranded molecule. Complementary
nucleotides are members of the pairs
adenine-thymine, adenine-uracil, and
guanine-cytosine that have the ability to
hydrogen bond to one another.
t-ng hp Hai phn t DNA l t-ng hp
vi nhau khi mi mt v tr ba z lin tip t
mt 5' ca phn t u tin -c ph hp
do ui t-ng ng ca phn t th hai, bt
u ti mt 3', theo cc quy tc cp i
baz bnh th-ng (nh- A cho T, C cho G).
Trong iu kin thch hp, hai phn t DNA
si n s t nhin hnh thnh mt phn
t si kp. Cc nuleotit t-ng hp l thnh
vin ca cc cp adenin- thimin, adeninuracil, v guanin- xytosin c kh nng lin
kt hidro vi nhau.
complementary DNA (Abbreviation:
cDNA). A DNA strand synthesized in vitro
from a mature RNA template using
reverse transcriptase. DNA polymerase
is then used to create a double-stranded
molecule. Differs from genomic DNA by the
absence of introns. Synonym: copy DNA.
DNA t-ng hp (vit tt: cDNA). Si DNA
tng hp trong ng nghim t khung mu
RNA tr-ng thnh s dng enzim phin
m ng-c. Enzim tng hp DNA sau
dng to ra mt phn t si kp. Khng
hp vi DNA h gen do thiu intron. T
ng ngha: copy DNA.
complementary entity 1. Synonym of
base pair. 2. One of a pair of segments or
strands of nucleic acid that will hybridize
with one another.
th t-ng hp 1. T ng ngha ca cp
baz. 2. Mt trong s cp i ca cc on
hoc cc si axit nucleic s lai vi nhau.
complementary genes Two or more
interdependent genes, such that (in the
case of dominant complementarity) the
dominant allele from either gene can only
produce an effect on the phenotype of an
organism if the dominant allele from the
other gene is also present; in the case of

59
recessive complementarity, only double
homozygous recessive individuals show
the effect.
gen t-ng hp Hai hoc nhiu gen ph
thuc ln nhau, sao cho (trong tr-ng hp
t-ng hp tri) alen tri t mi gen ch c
th sn xut mt kt qu trn mt khiu
hnh ca sinh vt nu alen tri c ngun
gc t mt gen khc cng c mt; trong
tr-ng hp t-ng hp ln, ch cc c th
ln ng hp t nhn i l cho kt qu.
complementary homopolymeric tailing
The process of adding complementary
nucleotide extensions to DNA molecules,
(e.g. deoxyguanosine) to the 3' end of one
DNA molecule and deoxycytidine to the
5' end of another DNA molecule) to
facilitate the ligation of the two DNA
molecules. Synonyms: dA - dT tailing, dG
- dC tailing.
ui homopolymeric t-ng hp Qu
trnh m rng nuleotit t-ng hp cho cc
phn t DNA, (v d nh- deoxyguanosine)
cho mt 3' ca mt phn t DNA v
deoxycytidine cho mt 5' ca phn t DNA
khc) lm d dng vic nh hai phn
t DNA. Nhng t ng ngha: dA - dT
tailing, dG- dC tailing.
complementation s b tr xem:
genetic complementation.
complementation test A genetic method
to test whether or not independent
mutations are allelic. In a cross between
the two mutant individuals, the genotype
will be m1m2 if the mutations are allelic and
m1 +/+ m2 if non-allelic. The phenotype of
the former will be mutant, but that of the
latter will be wild type (normal). Synonym:
trans test.
php th b tr Ph-ng php di truyn
hc kim tra c hoc khng c t bin
c lp thuc alen. Trong mt bt cho
gia hai c th t bin, kiu di truyn s
l m1m2 nu nhng t bin thuc alen v
m1 +/+ m2 m1m2 nu khng thuc alen. Kiu
hnh ca th sm s l t bin, nh-ng
th mun s l kiu hnh di (bnh
th-ng).T ng ngha: trans test.

complete digest
complete digest The treatment of a DNA
preparation
with
a
restriction
endonuclease for sufficient time for all of
the potential target sites within that DNA
to have been cleaved. Opposite: partial
digest.
tiu ha hon chnh Phn ng ca mt
ch phm DNA vi mt enzim gii hn
c thi gian cho tt c cc v tr ch
tim tng trong DNA -c phn chia.
Ng-c vi: partial digest.
composite transposon A transposon
formed when two identical or nearly
identical transposons insert on either side
of a non-transposable segment of DNA.
gen nhy phc Mt gen nhy -c hnh
thnh khi hai gen nhy ng nht hoc gn
nh- ng nht chn trn mi v tr ca on
DNA khng c kh nng chuyn v.
compound chromosome A chromosome
formed by the fusion of two separate
chromosomes, as in attached-X
chromosomes
or
attached-X-Y
chromosomes.
nhim sc th ghp Nhim sc th hnh
thnh do dung hp hai nhim sc th tch
ri, nh- trong nhim sc th X -c gn
thm hoc nhim sc th X-Y -c gn
thm .
concatemer A DNA segment made up of
repeated sequences linked head to tail.
on trng lp Mt on DNA -c to
ra ca cc trnh t lp lin kt u vi ui.
concordance Identity of matched pairs or
groups for a given trait, such as sibs
expressing the same trait.
S iu ha S nhn bit nhng cp hoc
nhm ph hp vi mt tnh trng cho,
nh- cc b con biu th cng mt tnh
trng.
conditional lethal mutation A mutation
that is lethal under one set of
environmental conditions (the restrictive
conditions, commonly associated with high
temperature) but is viable under another
set of environmental conditions (the
permissive conditions).
t bin gy cht c iu kin t bin

60
gy cht d-i mt tp hp iu kin ngoi
cnh (iu kin gii hn, th-ng lin quan
n nhit cao) nh-ng li c th sng
st -c d-i mt tp hp iu kin ngoi
cnh khc (iu kin cho php).
conditioning 1. The effects on phenotypic
characters of external agents during critical
developmental stages. 2. The undefined
interaction between tissues and culture
medium resulting in the growth of single
cells or small aggregates. Conditioning
may be accomplished by immersing cells
or callus contained within a porous material
(such as dialysis tubing) into fresh
medium for a period dependent on cell
density and a volume related to the amount
of fresh medium.
iu ho 1. nh h-ng c tnh kiu hnh
ca tc nhn bn ngoi khi giai on pht
trin ti hn. 2. T-ng tc khng xc nh
gia m v mi tr-ng nui cy dn n
sinh tr-ng cc t bo n hoc tp hp
nh. S iu ho c th -c thc hin do
ngm t bo hoc m so c sn trong
vt cht xp (nh- ng thm) vo mi tr-ng
mi v mt giai on ph thuc vo mt
v th tch t bo lin quan vi tng s
mi tr-ng mi.
conformation The various three
dimensional shapes that can be adopted
by a given molecule. In particular, the
different ways in which the primary
sequence of a biological polymer may be
folded. This is determined by intramolecular forces, including hydrogen
bonding and, in proteins, disulphide
bridges. In proteins, conformation is often
critical for biological activity, and the
functions of some molecules are carried
out by switching between two alternative
stable conformations. The native
conformation found in vivo may be
changed to typically less ordered,
uncharacterized, and usually biologicallyinactive forms by denaturing.
hnh thi Dng khng gian ba chiu khc
nhau c th -c chp nhn do mt phn
t nht nh. c bit, cc cch khc nhau
trong trnh t gc plime sinh vt c
th -c nhn ln. iu ny -c xc nh

conidium
bi lc lin kt gia cc phn t, bao gm
lin kt hy-r v, trong cc protein, lin
kt disulphide. Trong protein, hnh thi
th-ng l gii hn i vi hot tnh sinh
hc, v hot ng ca mt s phn t -c
to ra do s chuyn i gia hai hnh thi
n nh thay th. Hnh thi bn a c trong
c th c th -c thay i sang cc dng
-c sp xp t tiu biu, khng c tr-ng,
v thng th-ng-khng hot ng sinh hc
do bin tnh.
conidium (pl.: conidia) An asexual spore
produced by a specialized hypha in certain
fungi.
bo t dnh (s nhiu: conidia) Bo t v
tnh sn sinh do si nm c bit ca mt
loi nm nht nh.
conjugation 1. Union of gametes or
unicellular organisms during fertilization.
2. The unidirectional transfer of plasmid
DNA from one bacterium cell to another,
involving cell-to-cell contact. The plasmid
usually encodes the majority of the
functions necessary for its own transfer.
3. Attachment of sugar and other polar
molecules to less polar compounds, thus
making them more water soluble.
tip hp1. Lin hip cc giao t hoc sinh
vt n bo khi th tinh. 2. Di chuyn v
h-ng ca plasmit DNA t t bo vi khun
ny sang t bo khc, ko theo s tip xc
t bo vi t bo. Plasmit th-ng m ha
phn ln cc hot ng cn thit t di
chuyn. 3. nh km -ng v phn t
phn cc khc, do vy lm chng ho tan
n-c nhiu hn.
conjugative functions Plasmid-based
genes and their products that facilitate the
transfer of a plasmid from one bacterium
to another via conjugation.
chc nng kt hp Gen da vo plasmit
v cc sn phm ca chng lm d
dng di chuyn plasmit t vi khun ny
sang vi khun khc qua tip hp.
consanguinity Related by descent from
a common ancestor.
quan h rut tht C quan h do ngun
gc t cng t tin.

61
consensus sequence The part of a gene
or signal sequence that is shared over a
wide range of members of a gene family,
both within a given species, or in
comparisons between species.
trnh t lin ng B phn gen hoc trnh
t tn hiu m -c chia s qua mt lot
thnh vin rng ln ca mt h gen, c
trong cc loi nht nh, hoc trong cc
cp i gia cc loi.
conservation bo tn xem: gene
(resources) conservation, conserved
sequence
conserved sequence An identical or
highly similar sequence of nucleotides or
amino acids which occurs as part, or all
of a number of different genes or proteins,
in either the same or different species. This
conservation can signify which part of the
full sequence is responsible for the
functionality.
trnh t bo tn Mt trnh t ng nht
hoc rt ging nhau ca nuleotit hoc
amino acid xy ra nh- mt phn, hoc ton
b s gen hoc protein khc, trong cng
loi hoc khc loi. S bo tn ny c th
ch ra tng phn ca trnh t y chu
trch nhim v chc nng hot ng.
constant domains Regions of antibody
chains that have the same amino acid
sequence in different members of a
particular class of antibody molecules.
min khng thay i Vng cc chui
khng th c cng mt trnh t amino acid
trong cc thnh vin khc nhau ca lp
phn t khng th ring bit.
constitutive The expression of a gene
without any requirement for induction.
cu to Biu th gen khng c bt k yu
cu no cm ng.
constitutive gene A gene that is
continually expressed in all cells of an
organism.
gen cu to Mt gen m lin tc -c biu
th trong tt c cc t bo ca mt sinh
vt.
constitutive promoter An unregulated
promoter that allows for continual

constitutive synthesis
transcription of its associated gene.
khi im cu to Khi u khng b
kim sot cho php phin m lin tc
ca gen kt hp.
constitutive synthesis Continual
synthesis of a gene product by an
organism.
tng hp cu trc Tng hp lin tc mt
sn phm gen do mt sinh vt.
construct An engineered chimeric DNA
designed to be transferred into a cell or
tissue. Typically, the construct comprises
the gene or genes of interest, a marker
gene and appropriate control sequences
as a single package. A repeatedly-used
construct may be called a cassette.
cu trc DNA th qui k thut -c s l
chuyn vo t bo hoc m. Tiu biu,
cu trc gm c mt gen hoc nhiu gen
quan tm, mt gen nh du v cc chui
iu khin thch hp nh- mt hp n. Mt
cu trc s dng nhiu ln c th -c gi
l bng ghi.
contained use s dng km ch xem:
containment.
containment Measures and protocols
applied to limit contact of genetically
modified organisms or pathogens with
the external environment. Synonym:
contained use.
km ch Ph-ng php v cc b-c p
dng hn ch tip xc sinh vt bin
i di truyn hoc tc nhn gy bnh vi
mi tr-ng ngoi. T ng ngha:
contained use.
contaminant 1. An undesired chemical
present in a compound or mixture of
compounds. 2. Any micro-organism
accidentally introduced into a culture or
culture medium. The contaminant may
compete with the desired cells and
consequently inhibit their growth, or totally
replace them.
cht gy nhim 1.Cht ha hc khng
thch hp c mt trong dng hp cht hoc
hn hp kp. 2. Bt k vi sinh vt -c
-a ngu nhin vo nui cy hoc mi
tr-ng nui cy. Cht gy nhim c th

62
cnh tranh vi cc t bo mong mun v
do vy ngn chn chng sinh tr-ng, hoc
thay th ton b chng.
contig A set of overlapping cloned DNA
fragments that can be assembled to
represent a defined region of the
chromosome or genome from which they
were obtained. Contig definition is a
necessary step for assembling whole
genome sequences.
on tip gip Mt tp hp cc on DNA
to dng gi lp c th -c hp thnh
th hin mt vng xc nh ca nhim sc
th hoc h gen m t chng -c xc
nh. Xc nh on tip gip l mt b-c
cn thit tp hp li ton b trnh t h
gen.
continuous culture A suspension culture
continuously supplied with nutrients by the
inflow of fresh medium. The culture volume
is normally constant.
nui cy lin tc Nui cy huyn ph
-c cung cp lin tc cht dinh d-ng do
dng chy vo ca mi tr-ng mi. Th
tch nui cy l mt hng s khng thay
i.
continuous fermentation A process in
which cells or micro-organisms are
maintained in culture in the exponential
growth phase by the continuous addition
of fresh medium that is exactly balanced
by the removal of cell suspension from
the bioreactor.
ln men lin tc Qu trnh m trong t
bo hoc vi sinh vt -c duy tr nui cy
trong pha sinh tr-ng s m do thm lin
tc mi tr-ng mi -c cn bng chnh
xc do loi b huyn ph t bo t bnh
phn ng.
continuous variation Variation where
individuals cannot be classified as
belonging to one of a set of discrete
classes. Characters showing continuous
variation are referred to as quantitative.
See: polygene, quantitative trait locus.
Opposite: discontinuous variation.
bin d lin tc Bin d ni nhng c th
khng th phn loi -c nh- thuc v mt

controlled environment
tp hp lp ring bit. c tnh cho thy
bin d lin tc -c cp ti nh- thuc
v s l-ng. xem: polygene, quantitative
trait locus. Ng-c vi: discontinuous
variation.
controlled environment A closed
environment in which parameters, such as
light, temperature, relative humidity and
sometimes the partial gas pressure (and
possibly its composition), are fully
controlled.
mi tr-ng kim sot Mi tr-ng kn trong
cc yu t gii hn, nh- nh sng, nhit
, m t-ng i v i khi mt phn
p lc hi (v kh nng hp thnh ca n),
-c kim sot hon ton.
controlling element In eukaryotes,
transposons which affect the activity of
known genes. This can occur as a result
of the integration within, or close to a
gene, thereby disrupting its activity; or
following its excision from such a site,
thereby restoring activity.
phn t kim sot Trong sinh vt c nhn,
gen nhy nh h-ng n hot ng ca
cc gen nht nh. Xy ra do kt qu hp
nht trong, hoc gn mt gen, do ph
v hot ng kim sot; hoc tip theo ct
t mt v tr kim sot, do hot ng hi
phc li.
Convention on Biological Diversity
(Abbreviation: CBD). The inteRNAtional
treaty governing the conservation and use
of biological resources around the world,
that has also called for the establishment
of rules to govern the inteRNAtional
movement of non-indigenous living
organisms and genetically modified
organisms.
Cng -c a dng Sinh hc (vit tt:
CBD). Cng -c quc t iu khin s bo
tn v s dng ti nguyn sinh vt trn
th gii, -c t ra thnh lp quy tc
iu khin vn chuyn quc t cc sinh
vt sng khng phi l bn a v sinh vt
bin i gen.
conversion The development of a
somatic embryo into a plant.

63
chuyn i Pht trin ca phi xma
thnh cy.
coordinate repression Correlated
regulation of a structural gene within an
operon by a molecule that interacts with
the operator.
c ch phi hp iu chnh t-ng quan
ca gen cu trc trong vng iu ho do
mt phn t t-ng tc vi th iu ho.
copy DNA bn sao DNA xem:
complementary DNA.
copy number The number of a particular
plasmid per bacterium cell, or gene per
genome.
s bn sao S l-ng plasmit ring bit
tnh theo t bo vi khun, hoc gen theo
h gen.
co-repressor An effector molecule that
forms a complex with a repressor and
turns off the expression of a gene or set of
genes.
cht ng km hm Phn t khi ng
hnh thnh mt phc hp vi cht km
hm v kho khng cho biu th mt gen
hoc tp hp gen.
corpus A part of the apical meristem
below the tunica. In the corpus, cells divide
in all directions, and increase in volume.
th phn sinh B phn m phn sinh nh
pha d-i mng. Trong th phn sinh, t
bo phn chia theo tt c cc h-ng, v
tng th tch.
correlation A statistical association
between variables.
t-ng quan Mt tp hp s thng k gia
cc bin.
cortex Primary tissue of a stem or root,
bounded externally by the epidermis and
internally in the stem by the phloem, and
in the root by the pericycle.
v cy M s cp ca thn hoc r, tip
gip pha ngoi bi biu b v pha trong
ca thn bi m v, v ca r l tr b.
cos ends The 12-base, single-strand,
complementary
extensions
of
bacteriophage lambda DNA.

cos sites
mt cos Cc mc m rng b sung, si
n, ba z-12 ca DNA lamda th thc th.
cos sites v tr cos xem: cos ends.
co-segregation The joint inheritance of
two characters, usually the result of genetic
linkage.
ng tch ring Di truyn lin kt hai c
tnh, th-ng l kt qu ca lin kt gen.
cosmid A synthetic plasmid which
incorporates the cos ends, and one or
more selectable markers such as an
antibiotic resistance gene. Cosmids
were designed as vectors able to
incorporate DNA fragments up to 40-50 kb
in size.
cosmid Plasmit tng hp hp nht cc
mt cos, v mt hoc nhiu du chun c
th la chn nh- gen chng thuc khng
sinh. Nhng cosmid -c thit k lm
vect c kh nng hp nht cc on DNA
di trn 40- 50 kb.
co-suppression A natural gene silencing
phenomenon, which probably evolved as
part of plants defence against viral attack,
but which has become important in the
context of plant transgenesis. Operates
by inhibiting the expression of transgenes
with homology to native DNA through the
interaction of native and transgenic mRNA.
ng ngn chn Hin t-ng gen ln t
nhin, c kh nng tin trin lm b phn
bo v ca cy chng li tn cng vi rt,
nh-ng rt quan trng trong ni dung
chuyn gen thc vt. iu ho do ngn
chn biu th chuyn gen c s t-ng hp
vi DNA bn a thng qua t-ng tc gia
mRNA t nhin v gen chuyn.
cot curve A method to estimate the
heterogeneity of sequence of a DNA
preparation, based on the observation that
the more homogenous the DNA, the more
easily (and therefore faster) the annealing
of single-stranded DNA will occur. The
Cot curve plots the extent of annealing
from a fully single-stranded preparation
over time. The cot (product of initial
concentration and time) at which half the
DNA has re-natured is the half-cot, a

64
parameter indicating both the degree of
heterogeneity in a complex mixture, and
of the extent of complementarity in a
mixture of two single-stranded DNA
molecules.
-ng cong cot Ph-ng php nh gi
tnh khng ng nht v trnh t ca ch
phm DNA, da trn quan st tnh ng
nht DNA ln, lm do DNA si n s xy
ra d hn (v do vy nhanh hn). -ng
cong cot phc ha mc lm do t mt
ch phm si n hon ton vo bt c
lc no. Cot (sn phm ca nng ban
u v thi gian) ti mt na DNA -c
hi tnh l bn cot, mt tham s ch dn c
mc tnh khng ng nht trong mt
hn hp phc tp, v phm vi b sung
trong mt hn hp ca hai phn t DNA
si n.
co-transfection The procedure by which
a baculovirus and a transfer vector are
simultaneously introduced into insect cells
in culture.
ng gy nhim Ph-ng php cho vi
rt gy bnh v vect vn chuyn cng
mt lc -c chuyn vo t bo cn trng
trong nui cy.
co-transformation A protocol for
producing transgenesis, in which host
(plant or animal) cells are transformed
simultaneously with two different
plasmids, one of which carries a
selectable marker, and the other the gene
to be transferred. Relies on the observation
that given a sufficiently high concentration
of both plasmids, transformed cells will
have incorporated both plasmids, possibly
at different genomic loci. If the transgenes
are separable through normal meiotic
recombination, transgenic individuals
without the selectable marker can be
selected in subsequent generations.
ng bin np Mt cch sn xut chuyn
gen, trong t bo ch (thc vt hoc
ng vt) -c bin np ng thi vi hai
plasmit khc nhau, mt trong chng mang
du chun chn lc, v mt cn li l gen
-c chuyn. Da vo quan st to ra
mt nng cao y c hai plasmit, t

cotyledon
bo bin np s hp nht c hai plasmit,
c th ti cc thuc h gen khc nhau.
Nu cc gen chuyn c th tch ra qua
kt hp gim phn bnh th-ng, cc c th
gen chuyn thiu du chun chn lc c
th -c la chn trong cc th h k tip.
cotyledon Leaf-like structures at the first
node of the seedling stem. In some
dicotyledons, they represent a food
storage organ for the germinating seedling.
l mm Cu trc ging nh- l nt u
tin ca thn cy mm. Trong mt s cy
song t ip, chng i din mt c quan
d tr thc n gip cy mm m chi.
coupling The phase state in which either
two dominant or two recessive alleles of
two different genes occur on the same
chromosome.
Synonym:
cis
configuration. Opposite: repulsion;
trans configuration.
ghp ni Trng thi pha m trong c
hai alen tri hoc ln ca hai gen khc bit
xut hin trn cng nhim sc th. T ng
ngha: cis configuration.Ng-c vi:
repulsion; trans configuration.
covalently-closed circular DNA
(Abbreviation: ccc DNA). A DNA molecule
in which the free ends have ligated to form
a circle. The strands remain linked together
even after denaturation. Plasmids exist in
this form in their in vivo state. In its native
form, ccc DNA will adopt a supercoiled
configuration. See: circularization.
DNA vng kn ng ha tr (vit tt: ccc
DNA). Phn t DNA c cc mt t do -c
buc tht hnh thnh nt vng. Cc si
cn li lin kt vi nhau ngay sau khi bin
tnh. Cc plasmit tn ti thuc dng ny
trong trng thi ca c th. Trong dng t
nhin, ccc DNA s chp nhn mt cu hnh
siu xon. xem: circularization.
CP4 EPSPS vit tt ca: CP4 5enolpyruvyl-shikimate-3-phosphate
synthase. Xem: enolpyruvyl-shikimate3-phosphate synthase.
cpDNA vit tt ca chloroplast DNA.
cross The mating of two individuals or
populations. See: cross-breeding.

65
con lai, bt cho Kt i ca hai c th
hoc qun th. Xem: cross-breeding.
cross hybridization The annealing of a
single-stranded DNA sequence to a singlestranded target DNA to which it is only
partially complementary. Often, this refers
to the use of a DNA probe to detect
homologous sequences in species other
than the origin of the probe.
lai cho Lm do mt trnh t DNA si n
thnh mt DNA ch si n ch b sung
tng phn cho n. Th-ng lin quan ti s
dng u d DNA pht hin trnh t
t-ng ng trong cc loi thay v gc u
d.
cross pollination Application of pollen
from one plant to another to effect the
latters fertilization.
th phn cho Chuyn phn hoa t cy
ny sang cy khc to th tinh sau .
cross pollination efficiency The ease
with which cross pollination can be
achieved. Generally measured by the
number of hybrid progeny generated per
flower pollinated.
hiu qu th phn cho S d dng vi
th phn cho c th -c t -c. -c
o chung bi s l-ng ca con chu lai
sinh ra theo s hoa th phn.
cross-breeding Mating between
members of different populations (lines,
breeds, races or species). See: cross.
nhn ging lai cho Kt i gia nhng
thnh vin ca cc qun th khc nhau
(h, ging, chng hoc loi),xem: cross.
crossing over The process by which
homologous chromosomes exchange
material at meiosis through the breakage
and reunion of non-sister chromatids. See:
recombination, chiasma.
giao thoa Qu trnh cc nhim sc th
t-ng ng trao i vt cht gim phn
qua b gy v hp nht cc nhim sc t
khng ch em. Xem: recombination,
chiasma.
crossing-over unit n v trao i cho
xem: recombination fraction.
cross-over trao i cho xem: chiasma.

66

crown
crown The base of the stem of cereals
and forage species from which tillers or
branches arise. In woody plants, the rootstem junction. In forestry, the top portion
of the tree.
lng, c, tn n v c s ca thn cy
ca cc loi ng cc v cy c m t
chi r hoc nhnh xut hin. Trong cy
thn g, tip ni gia r - thn. Trong rng,
phn nh cy.
crown gall A tumorous growth at the base
of certain plants characteristic of infection
by Agrobacterium tumefaciens. The gall
is induced by the transformation of the
plant cell by portions of the Ti plasmid.
mn c r Tng tr-ng khi u ti gc ca
cc cy nht nh in hnh ca ly nhim
do Agrobacterium tumefaciens. Mn ny
-c -a vo do bin np t bo thc vt
bi cc phn Ti plasmit.
CRP vit tt ca: catabolite regulator
protein. Xem: catabolite activator
protein.
cry proteins A class of crystalline proteins
produced by strains of Bacillus
thuringiensis, and engineered into crop
plants to give resistance against insect
pests. These proteins are toxic to certain
categories of insects (e.g. corn borers, corn
rootworms, mosquitoes, black flies,
armyworms, tobacco hornworms, some
types of beetles, etc.), but are harmless to
mammals and most beneficial insects.
Synonym: delta endotoxins.
protein lnh Lp protein mng mng sn
xut bi cc loi Bacillus thuringiensis, v
-c s l chuyn cho cy trng to ra
tnh chng chu nhm chng su hi. Cc
protein ny l cht c c phm vi nht
nh vi cc loi cn trng (v d su c
thn ng, su cn r ng, mui, rui en,
cc loi u trng, mt s loi ca b cnh
cng, v.v.), nh-ng l cht v hi i vi
ng vt c v v hu ht cc cn trng
c ch. T ng ngha: delta endotoxins.
cryobiological preservation The
preservation of germplasm resources in
a dormant state by storage at ultra-low
temperatures, often in liquid nitrogen.

Currently applied to storage of plant seeds

and pollen, micro-organisms, animal
sperm, and tissue culture cell lines.
Synonyms: cryopreservation, freeze
preservation.
bo tn nhit thp sinh hc Bo tn
ngun phi mm trong trng thi khng
hot ng bng kho bo qun nhit
cc thp, th-ng trong nit lng. Hin thi
-c p dng bo qun ging thc vt
v phn hoa, vi sinh vt, ng vt, v dng
t bo cy m. Nhng t ng ngha:
cryopreservation, freeze preservation.
cryogenic At very low temperature.
ng lnh Ti nhit cc thp.
cryopreservation bo tn ng lnh
xem: cryobiological preservation.
cryoprotectant Compound preventing
cell damage during successive freezing
and thawing processes. Cryoprotectants
are agents with high water solubility and
low toxicity. Two types commonly used:
permeating (glycerol and DMSO) and
non-permeating (sugars, dextran,
ethylene glycol, polyvinylpyrrolidone
and hydroxyethyl starch).
cht bo v ng lnh Hp cht ngn
nga t bo h- hi trong cc qu trnh
lm ng li v tan lin tip. Cc cht bo
v ng lnh l tc nhn c tnh ho tan
cao vi n-c v tnh c thp. Hai loi
dng ph bin: Thm qua (Glyxerol v
DMSO) v khng thm qua (cc loi
-ng, dextran, glicol -ti-len,
polyvinylpyrolion v h hydroxyethyl).
cryptic Anything hidden. 1. Structurally
heterozygous individuals that are not
identifiable as they do not show abnormal
meiotic
chromosome
pairing
configurations (cryptic structural hybrids).
2. A form of polymorphism controlled by
recessive
genes
(cryptic
polymorphism). 3. Any mutation which
is exposed by a sensitizing mutation and
otherwise poorly detected (such
mutations probably escape detection
because of the plasticity of composition
of the corresponding polypeptide). 4.
Phenotypically very similar species

CTP
(cryptic species) which do not hybridize
under normal conditions. 5. Cryptic genetic
variation refers to the existence of, for
example, alleles conferring high
performance for a trait, in a breed that has
low performance for that trait.
th n Bt c s vt no -c che giu. 1.
C th d hp cu trc m khng th nhn
bit khi chng khng ch ra nhng cu hnh
ghp i nhim sc th gim phn d
th-ng (th lai cu trc n). 2. Mt dng
ca tnh a hnh -c kim sot do gen
ln ( Hin t-ng a hnh n). 3. Bt k t
bin no m -c biu th do t bin mn
cm v bng cch khc kh -c pht hin
(t bin nh- vy c th thot khi s d
tm bi tnh to hnh hp thnh polyeptit
t-ng ng). 4. Cc loi rt ging nhau kiu
hnh (loi n) m khng th lai -c trong
iu kin bnh th-ng. 5. S bin d gen
th n lin quan tnh trng hin c, v d,
nhng alen to ra thnh tch cao cho mt
tnh trng, trong mt ging m th hin mc
thp cho tnh trng .
CTP Abbreviation for 1. cytidine 5'triphosphate, which is required for RNA
synthesis since it is a direct precursor
molecule; 2. Chloroplast transit peptide.
CTP vit tt ca: 1. cytidine 5 triphosphate, -c yu cu tng hp
RNA v n l mt phn t tin cht trc
tip; 2. Chloroplast transit peptide.
peptit qu cnh dip lc.
cultigen A cultivated plant species with
no known wild progenitor.
Cy trng Mt loi thc vt canh tc c
ngun gc hoang di khng -c bit.
cultivar (Abbreviation: cv). An
inteRNAtionally accepted term denoting a
variety of a cultivated plant. Must be
distinguishable from other varieties by
stated characteristics and must retain their
distinguishing
characters
when
reproduced under specific conditions.
cy canh tc (vit tt: CV). Mt thut ng
-c chp nhn quc t biu th th cy
-c canh tc. Cn phn bit vi cc loi
khc do c tr-ng -c n nh v c

67
tnh ni bt ca chng khi ti sinh sn d-i
nhng iu kin c bit.
culture A population of plant or animal
cells or micro-organisms grown under
controlled conditions.
nui cy Qun th t bo thc vt, ng
vt hoc vi sinh vt sinh tr-ng d-i cc
iu kin -c kim sot .
culture alteration A term used to indicate
a persistent change in the properties of a
cultures behaviour (e.g. altered
morphology, chromosome constitution,
virus
susceptibility,
nutritional
requirements, proliferative capacity, etc.).
The term should always be qualified by a
precise description of the change which
has occurred in the culture.
thay i nui cy Thut ng dng ch
mt s thay i lu di v nhng thuc tnh
th hin nui cy (v d hnh thi hc bin
i, th cht nhim sc th, cm virut,
nhu cu dinh d-ng, kh nng sinh sn,
v.v.). Thut ng ny cn phi -c th-ng
xuyn phm nh bng m t chnh xc s
thay i xut hin trong nui cy.
culture medium Any nutrient system for
the cultivation of cells, bacteria or other
organisms; usually a complex mixture of
organic and inorganic nutrients.
mi tr-ng nui cy Bt k mt h thng
cht dinh d-ng no nui cy t bo, vi
khun hoc sinh vt khc; th-ng xuyn
l mt hn hp phc tp ca cc cht dinh
d-ng v c v hu c.
culture room A dedicated room for
maintaining cultures, often in a controlled
environment.
phng nui cy Phng -c dnh ring
duy tr nui cy, th-ng xuyn trong mt
mi tr-ng -c kim sot.
curing The elimination of a plasmid from
its host cell. Many agents which interfere
with DNA replication, e.g. ethidium
bromide, can cure plasmids from either
bacterial or eukaryotic cells.
l-u ho S loi b mt plasmit t t bo
ch. Nhiu tc nhn can thip sao chp
DNA, v d thuc an thn ethidium

cut
bromide, c th l-u ho cc plasmit t vi
khun hoc t bo c nhn.
cut ct xem: cleave.
cuticle Layer of cutin or wax, formed on
the outer surface of leaves and fruits,
thought to have evolved to reduce
evaporative water loss.
v sng Lp v sng hoc sp, hnh thnh
b mt ngoi ca l v qu, nh gim
s mt n-c bay hi.
cutting A detached plant part that, with
appropriate treatment, can regenerate into
a complete plant.
dm cnh Mt phn cy -c chia ra ,
vi x l thch hp, c th ti sinh thnh
mt cy hon chnh.
cybrid A hybrid, originating from the fusion
of a cytoplast (the cytoplasm without
nucleus) with a whole cell derived from a
different species.
vt lai bo cht Mt vt lai, bt ngun t
dung hp cht t bo cht (cht t bo
khng ht nhn) vi mt t bo hon ton
c ngun gc t mt loi khc.
cyclic adenosine monophosphate
(Abbreviations: cyclic AMP, cAMP). A
messenger molecule that regulates many
intracellular reactions by transducing
signals from extracellular growth factors to
cellular metabolic pathways.
adensin vng (vit tt: cyclic AMP,
cAMP). Mt phn t -a tin iu chnh
nhiu phn ng gia t bo do chuyn du
hiu t tc nhn sinh tr-ng ngoi t bo
vo -ng mn chuyn ho t bo.
cyclic AMP AMP vng vit tt ca cyclic
adenosine monophosphate.
cyclodextrin Cyclic oligomer of glucose.
dextrin vng Cht ngho vng ca -ng
glucoza.
cycloheximide A molecule that inhibits
protein synthesis in eukaryotes, but not
in prokaryotes. It blocks peptide bond
formation by binding to the large ribosomal
subunits. Synonym: actidione.
Hcxamin vng Phn t km hm tng
hp protein ca sinh vt c nhn, nh-ng

68
khng c trong sinh vt khng nhn. N
kt khi hnh thnh lin kt peptit do rng
buc cu trc n v ph ribosom. T ng
ngha: actidione.
cytidine The (ribo)nucleoside resulting
from the combination of the base cytosine
(C) and the sugar D-ribose. The
corresponding deoxyribonucleoside is
called deoxycytidine. See: CTP (1), dCTP,
cytidylic acid.
citidin Mt (ribo) nucleoside bt ngun t
kt hp ca ba z xytosin (C) v -ng Driboza . Deoxyribonucleosit t-ng ng
-c gi deoxycytidine. xem: CTP (1),
dCTP, A-xt cytidylic.
cytidine triphosphate (cytidine 5'triphosphate) Xem: CTP (1).
cytidylic acid Synonym for cytidine
monophosphate (abbreviation: CMP), a
(ribo)nucleotide
containing
the
nucleoside cytidine. The corresponding
deoxyribonucleotide
is
called
deoxycytidine 5'-monophosphate or
deoxycytidylic acid.
axit cytidylicT ng ngha cytidine
monophosphate (vit tt: CMP), mt (ribo)
nucleotide mang nulceosit cytidin.
Deoxyribonucleotit t-ng ng -c gi axt monophosphate hoc deoxycytidylic
deoxycytidine 5'-.
cytochrome A class of pigments in plant
and animal cells, usually in the
mitochondria. They function as electron
carriers in respiration.
sc t bo Lp cc cht mu trong t bo
thc vt v ng vt, bnh th-ng trong ty
th. Chng hot ng nh- nhng th mang
in t trong h hp.
cytochrome p450 A highly diversified set
(more than 1500 known sequences) of
heme-containing proteins. Frequently
called hydroxylases, although P450
proteins can perform a wide spectrum of
other reactions. In bacteria they are soluble
and approximately 400 amino acids long;
eukaryotic P450s are larger - about 500
amino acids. In mammals they are critical
for drug metabolism, haemostasis,

cytogenetics
cholesterol
biosynthesis
and
steroidogenesis; in plants they are involved
in plant hormone synthesis, phytoalexin
synthesis, flower petal pigment
biosynthesis and many unknown functions.
In fungi they make ergosterol and they are
involved in pathogenesis. Bacterial P450s
are key elements in antibiotic synthesis.
sc t bo p450 Mt tp hp (hn1500
trnh t -c bit) ca cc protein bao xung
quanh. Hay -c gi l cc hydroxylases,
Mc du cc protein P450 c th thc hin
trong phm vi rng nhiu phn ng khc.
Trong vi khun chng ho tan v di xp
x 400 amino axt; cc P450 c nhn l
khong 500 amino axt. Trong ng vt c
v chng l cht gii hn chuyn ho
thuc, haemostasis, sinh tng hp
colesteron v pht sinh steroit; trong thc
vt chng lin quan tng hp hormon thc
vt, tng hp phytoalexin, sinh tng hp
cht mu cnh hoa hoa v nhiu chc
nng ch-a -c bit. Trong nm chng to
ra ecgosterol v lin quan tc nhn gy
bnh. P450s vi khun l nhng phn t
cha kha ca tng hp khng sinh.
cytogenetics
The
biology
of
chromosomes and their relation to the
transmission and recombination of
genes.
di truyn hc t bo Sinh vt hc nhim
sc th v quan h ca chng vi s truyn
t v ti t hp gen.
cytokine A generic name for a diverse
group of soluble proteins and peptides
which act as humoral regulators at
extremely small concentrations and which,
either under normal or pathological
conditions, modulate the functional
activities of individual cells and tissues.
See: lymphokine, monokine.
cytokin Mt tn chung ch mt nhm a
dng ca protein v peptit ho tan lm
nhn t iu chnh th dch nng v
cng thp v iu chnh cc hot ng
chc nng ca t bo c th v m d-i
iu kin bnh th-ng hoc bnh l. Xem:
lymphokin, monokin.
cytokinesis Cytoplasmic division and

69
other changes exclusive of nuclear division
that are a part of mitosis or meiosis.
phn chia bo cht Phn chia cht t
bo v nhng thay i khc ngoi tr phn
chia nhn m l mt phn nguyn phn
hoc gim phn.
cytokinin Plant growth regulators
characterized as substances that induce
cell division and cell differentiation. In
tissue culture, these substances are
associated with enhanced callus and shoot
development. The compounds are
derivatives of adenine. See: kinin.
cytokinin Cht iu tit sinh tr-ng thc
vt -c m t c im nh- nhng cht
m to ra phn chia v phn ha t bo.
Trong nui cy m, nhng cht ny -c
kt hp tng c-ng m so v pht
trin mm. Cc hp cht ny l dn xut
ca adenin. xem: kinin.
cytology The study of the structure and
function of cells.
t bo hc Nghin cu cu trc v chc
nng t bo.
cytolysis Cell disintegration.
phn gii t bo S phn hu t bo.
cytoplasm The living material of the cell,
exclusive of the nucleus, consisting of a
complex protein matrix or gel, and where
essential membranes and cellular
organelles (mitochondria, plastids, etc.)
reside.
cht t bo, t bo cht Vt liu sng
ca t bo, ngoi tr nhn, gm c mt
hn hp dch hoc gel protein, v ni c
cc mng v cc bo quan (ty th, lp th
v.v.,) thit yu c- tr.
cytoplasmic genes Genes located on
DNA outside the nucleus, i.e. on plastids.
gen bo cht Gen nh v trn DNA bn
ngoi ht nhn, ngha l trn ht lp th.
cytoplasmic inheritance Hereditary
transmission dependent on cytoplasmic
genes.
di truyn bo cht S truyn tnh di truyn
ph thuc vo cc gen bo cht.
cytoplasmic male sterility Genetic defect

cytoplasmic organelles
due to faulty functioning of mitochondria
in pollen development, preventing the
formation of viable pollen. Commonly
found or inducible in many plant species
and exploited for some F1 hybrid seed
programmes.
bt th c bo cht Khuyt tt di truyn
do hot ng sai ca ty th khi pht trin
phn hoa, ngn nga s hnh thnh phn
hoa sinh tn. Ph bin hnh thnh hoc
cm ng trong nhiu loi thc vt v -c
khai thc trong mt s ch-ng trnh ht
ging lai F1.
cytoplasmic organelles Discrete subcellular structures located in the cytoplasm
of cells - mitochondria, plastids and
lysosomes.
c quan t bo cht Nhng cu trc mc
d-i t bo tch bit nh v trong bo cht
ca t bo- ty th, lp th v tiu th.
cytosine (Abbreviation: C). One the bases

70
found in DNA and RNA. See: cytidine.
cytosin (vit tt: C). Mt ba z c trong
DNA v RNA. xem: cytidine.
cytosol The fluid portion of the
cytoplasm, i.e. the cytoplasm minus its
organelles.
t-ng bo Thnh phn lng ca cht t
bo, ngha l cc phn t cht nguyn sinh
tr bo quan.
cytotoxic T cell cell t bo c T xem :
killer T cell.
cytotoxicity Poisoning of the cell.
gy c t bo S gy c t bo.
cytotype A maternally inherited cellular
condition in Drosophila that regulates the
activity of transposable P elements.
kiu t bo Tnh trng t bo -c di
truyn tnh m trong rui gim iu ho
hot ng ca cc phn t P c kh nng
chuyn v.

71

Dd

D loop Abbreviation for displacement loop.

Formed when a short stretch of RNA is
paired with one strand of DNA. This
displaces the original partner DNA; also
the displacement of a region of one strand
of duplex DNA by a single-stranded
invader in the reaction catalyzed by recA.
vng D vit tt ca: displacement loop.
Hnh thnh khi mt on ngn RNA -c
cp i vi mt si ca DNA. N chim
ch DNA gn gc; cn thuyn chuyn vng
ca si DNA xon kp do s to si n
trong phn ng thu phn bi recA.
dA - dT tailing ui dA - dT xem
complementary homopolymeric tailing.
dAb (Full term: single domain antibody).
Antibodies with only one (instead of two)
protein chain derived from only one of the
two domains of the normal antibody
structure. Exploits the finding that for some
antibodies, half of the molecule binds to
its target antigen almost as well as the
whole molecule. The major advantage of
dAbs over other antibodies is that they can
be cloned and expressed into bacteria, so
that large numbers of antibodies can be
generated and screened in parallel.
khng th min n (thut ng vit y
: single domain antibody). Khng th ch
c mt duy nht (thay v hai) chui protein
bt ngun ch t mt trong hai min cu
trc khng th bnh th-ng. Khai thc tm
kim mt s khng th, na phn t lin
kt vi khng nguyn ch hu nh- ging
ton b phn t. Li th chnh ca dAb so
vi cc khng th khc l chng c th
-c to dng v biu th trong nhiu vi
khun, do vy mt s l-ng ln khng th
c th -c pht sinh v -c hin th ng
thi.

DAF Xem: DNA amplification

fingerprinting.
Dalton (Abbreviation: Da). A unit of atomic
mass roughly equivalent to the mass of a
hydrogen atom. Used as to express
molecular weight, which for biological
macromolecules is usually in the range
kilo- (kDa) to megaDaltons (MDa).
Dalton (vit tt: Da) n v khi l-ng
nguyn t khong xp x vi khi l-ng ca
nguyn t hy-r. Dng biu th trng
l-ng phn t, cho i phn t sinh vt
th-ng trong phm vi Kil- (KDa) n
megaDaltons (MDa).
DAMD Xem: directed amplification of
minisatellite DNA.
Darwinian cloning Selection of a clone
from a large number of essentially random
starting points, rather than isolating a
natural gene or making a carefully
designed artificial one. Molecules which
are more similar to those needed are
selected, mutated to generate new
variants, and re-selected. The cycle
proceeds until the required molecule is
found. The advantage of the system is that
the selection is from a vast number of
possibilities.
nhn dng theo Darwin Chn lc dng
v tnh t s ln im ban u ngu nhin
c thc, thay v phn lp gen t nhin hoc
to mt lot gen nhn to -c thit k
cn thn. Nhng phn t rt ging vi
chng cn thit -c la chn, t bin
to ra nhng loi hnh mi, v chn lc
li. Chu trnh tip tc cho n khi tm -c
phn t cn thit. Li th ca h thng ny
chnh l chn lc t nhiu kh nng.
dATP Abbreviation for deoxyadenosine 5'triphosphate. dATP is required for DNA
synthesis since it is a direct precursor
molecule. See: adenosine, adenylic acid.
dATP vit tt ca deoxyadenosine 5'triphosphate. dATP cn thit tng hp
DNA v n l mt phn t tin cht trc
tip. Xem: adenosine, adenylic acid.
dCTP Abbreviation for deoxycytidine 5'triphosphate. dCTP is required for DNA

ddNTP
synthesis since it is a direct precursor
molecule. See: cytidine, cytidylic acid.
dCTP Vit tt ca: deoxycytidin 5'triphosphat. dCTP cn thit tng hp
DNA v n l mt phn t tin cht trc
tip. xem: cytidine, cytidylic acid.
ddNTP Vit tt ca: di-deoxynucleotide.
death phase The final growth phase of
cell culture, during which nutrients have
been depleted and cell number
decreases.
pha cht Pha sinh tr-ng kt thc nui
cy t bo, qu trnh m cht dinh d-ng
-c rt ht v gim s l-ng t bo.
deceleration phase The phase of
declining growth rate, following the linear
phase and preceding the stationary
phase in most batch-suspension cultures.
See: growth phase.
pha chm Pha tc tng tr-ng gim
dn, tip theo pha tuyn tnh v tr-c pha
tnh trong hu ht cc nui cy l huyn
ph. Xem: growth phase.
de-differentiation The process, in
response to wounding and in tissue
cultures, by which plant cells can become
unspecialized and start to proliferate by
cell division to form a mass of
undifferentiated cells (or callus) which,
in response to appropriate stimuli, may
later differentiate again to form either the
same cell type or a different one.
V bit ho Qu trnh, trong phn ng
vi s tn th-ng v trong cc nui cy
m, do t bo thc vt c th khng
chuyn bit v bt u tng nhanh do phn
chia t bo hnh thnh mt khi l-ng
t bo ch-a phn ha (hoc m so) ,
trong phn ng c s thc y thch hp,
c th bit ho chm ln na hnh thnh
mt lot t bo ging hoc khc nhau.
defective virus A virus that, by itself, is
unable to reproduce when infecting its
host cell, but that can grow in the presence
of another virus. This other virus provides
the necessary molecular machinery that
the first virus lacks.
virut c sai st Mt virut m, do chnh

72
n, khng c kh nng phc hi khi nhim
bnh t bo vt ch, nh-ng n c th sinh
tr-ng khi c mt virut khc. Virut ny cung
cp mt b my phn t cn thit m chnh
virut u thiu.
deficiency Lack of adequate supply of
nutritional, enzymatic, or environmental
requirements, so that development, growth
or physiological functions are affected.
on khuyt S thiu ht cung cp khng
cht dinh d-ng, enzim, hoc cc yu
cu v mi tr-ng, v th s pht trin, sinh
tr-ng hoc cc chc nng sinh l b nh
h-ng.
defined 1. Fixed conditions of medium,
environment and protocol for growth. 2.
Precisely known and stated elements of a
tissue culture medium.
xc nh 1. Cc iu kin c nh dung
dch, mi tr-ng v cch thc sinh
tr-ng. 2. Cc phn t ca dung dch cy
m nu ra v -c bit chnh xc.
degeneracy The specification of one
amino acid by more than one codon. It
arises from the inevitable redundancy
resulting from the 64 possible codons
encoding only 20 amino acids.
thoi ha c im ca mt amino axit
do c hn mt b ba. N xut hin t dtha khng trnh khi bt ngun t 64
coon c kh nng m ha ch 20 amino
axit.
degeneration 1. Changes in cells, tissues
or organs due to disease. 2. The reduction
in size or complete loss of organs during
evolution.
s thoi ha 1. Nhng thay i trong t
bo, m hoc c quan do bnh. 2. S gim
kch th-c hoc thiu hon thin cc c
quan trong qu trnh tin ha.
dehalogenation The removal of halogen
atoms (fluorine, chlorine, bromine, iodine)
from molecules, for example during
biodegradation.
kh halogen Vic loi b nguyn t
halogen (Flo, clo, brm, Iot) trong phn t,
v d trong qu trnh phn r sinh hc.

dehiscence
dehiscence The spontaneous and often
violent opening of a fruit, seed pod or
anther to release and disperse the seeds
or pollen.
nt n Lc m t ng v thng th-ng
ca qu, v ht hoc nhy hoa gii
phng v pht tn ht hoc phn hoa.
dehydrogenase An enzyme that
catalyses the removal of hydrogen atoms
in biological reactions.
Enzim xc tc vic loi b nguyn t hyr trong phn ng sinh hc.
ehydrogenation A chemical reaction in
which hydrogen is removed from a
compound.
s kh hy-r Phn ng ha hc trong
hy-r -c loi khi hp cht.
de-ionized water Water from which most
salts have been removed - with varying
degrees of efficiency - by ion exchange.
n-c kh ion N-c -c loi khi hu ht
cc mui lm thay i mc nh h-ngdo trao i ion.
deletion A mutation involving the removal
of one or more base pairs in a DNA
sequence. Large deletions are sometimes
microscopically visible in karyotype
analyses.
t on, thiu ht t bin ko theo
loi b mt hoc nhiu cp ba z trong
trnh t DNA. S thiu ht ln thnh thong
c th quan st -c bng knh hin khi
phn tch kiu nhn.
deliberate release In a biotechnology
context, the intentional release of
genetically modified organisms.
phin bn ch nh Trong phm vi cng
ngh sinh hc, phin bn nh tr-c ca
sinh vt bin i di truyn.
delta endotoxins ni c t xem:: cry
proteins.
deme A group of organisms in the same
taxon.
nhm Nhm sinh vt trong cng n v
phn loi.
demineralize To remove the mineral
content (salts, ions) from a substance,

73
especially water. Removal methods
include distillation, electrodialysis and ion
exchange. See: de-ionized water.
kh khong Loi b dung l-ng cht
khong (mui, ion) t mi tr-ng, c bit
l n-c. Cc ph-ng php loi b gm c
ch-ng ct, in phn v trao i ion. xem:
de-ionized water.
denature To disrupt the normal in vivo
conformation of a nucleic acid or (more
usually) a protein by physical or chemical
means, usually accompanied by the loss
of activity. See: denatured DNA,
denatured protein.
bin tnh Ph v hnh dng axit nucleic
hoc (ph bin hn) mt protein bnh
th-ng trong c th bng ph-ng php vt
l hoc ha hc, th-ng km theo mt hot
ng. Xem: denatured DNA, denatured
protein.
denatured DNA Double-stranded DNA
that has been converted to single strands
by breaking the hydrogen bonds linking
complementary nucleotide pairs. Often
reversible. Usually achieved by heating.
DNA bin tnh DNA si kp -c
chuyn i sang si n do phn gii lin
kt hydro ni vi cp nuleotit b sung. Lun
c th o ng-c. Th-ng t -c bng
thit b lm nng.
denatured protein Altering the in vivo
conformation of a protein by heat or salt
treatment, thereby destroying its biological
activity. Unlike denatured DNA, denatured
proteins are seldom able to be renatured.
protein bin tnh Thay i hnh dng
protein trong c th bng thit b lm nng
hoc -p mui, do ph hy hot tnh
sinh hc. Khng ging nh- DNA -c bin
tnh, cc protein bin tnh t khi c kh nng
hi phc.
denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis
(Abbreviation: DGGE).
An electrophoresis method for separating
similar sized DNA fragments on the basis
of their sequence, by applying across the
gel a gradient of increasingly denaturing
conditions (usually by increasing the

dendrimer
concentration of a denaturing chemical,
such as formamide or urea). As the doublestranded molecules denature into a
partially and eventually a fully singlestranded state, their electrophoretic
mobility changes.
in di gel mc bin tnh (vit tt:
DGGE). Ph-ng php in di phn ra
cc on DNA kch th-c t-ng -ng da
vo trnh t ca chng, bng p dng
chuyn qua cht gel mt mc cc iu
kin lm bin tnh gia tng (th-ng do tng
thm nng cht ho hc bin tnh, nhl formamit hoc u-r). Khi cc phn t si
kp bin tnh thnh tng phn v cui cng
thnh mt trng thi si n hon ton,
tnh d bin i in di thay i.
dendrimer A polymer that repeatedly
branches until stopped by the physical
constraint of having formed a complete,
hollow sphere. These structures possess
sites on their exterior surface to which DNA
fragments can be attached, and are thus
useful as carriers of DNA for transgenesis.
dendrime Mt plime phn nhnh lp
nhiu ln cho n khi dng do rng buc
vt l hnh thnh mt hnh cu trn vn,
rng. Cc cu trc ny chim v tr pha
mt ngoi cc on DNA c th -c
gn, v hu ch nh- th mang ca DNA
chuyn gen.
denitrification A chemical process in
which nitrates in the soil are reduced to
molecular nitrogen, which is released to
the atmosphere.
loi nit Qu trnh ha hc trong cc
mui nitrat trong t -c phn gii cho
ti nit phn t, v -c gii phng vo
kh quyn.
density gradient centrifugation Highspeed centrifugation in which molecules
are separated on the basis of their different
densities using a concentration gradient of
caesium chloride or sucrose. The density
gradient may either be formed before
centrifugation by mixing two solutions of
different density (as in sucrose density
gradients) or it can be formed by the

74
process of centrifugation itself (as in CsCl
and Cs2SO4 density gradients).
ly tm gradient mt Ly tm siu tc
trong cc phn t -c phn tch trn
c s mt khc nhau c s dng
gradient nng clo-rua can xi hoc cht
-ng. Gradient mt ny c th hnh
thnh tr-c ly tm nh trn hai dung dch
mt khc nhau (nh- trong gradient mt
cht -ng) hoc cng c th hnh
thnh do qu trnh ca bn thn hin t-ng
ly tm (nh- trong CsCl v cc gradient mt
Cs2SO4).
deoxyadenosine xem: adenosin, dATP.
deoxycytidine xem: cytidine, dCTP.
deoxyguanosine xem: guanosine,
dGTP.
deoxyribonuclease xem: DNase.
deoxyribonucleic acid xem: DNA.
deoxyribonucleoside xem: nucleoside.
deoxyribonucleotide xem: nucleotide.
deoxyribose (2-deoxyribose) xem:
ribose.
deoxythymidine Strictly correct but rarely
used synonym for thymidine.
deoxythymidin T ng ngha ng chnh
xc nh-ng t -c dng cho thymidin.
derepression The process of turning on
the expression of a gene or set of genes
whose expression has been repressed
(turned off), usually by the displacement
of a repressor from a promoter, since,
when attached to the DNA, the repressor
prevents transcription.
gii c ch Qu trnh tip tc biu th
mt gen hoc b gen m biu th ca n
b c ch (ngng), th-ng do thuyn
chuyn mt cht km hm t im khi u,
v, khi -c gn vi DNA, cht km hm
ngn nga phin m.
derivative 1. Resulting from or derived
from. 2. Term used to identify a variant
during meristematic cell division.
vt dn xut 1. kt qu hoc bt ngun
t. 2. Thut ng dng xc nhn mt
lot pha khc nhau trong khi phn chia t
bo m phn sinh.

desiccant
desiccant Any compound used to remove
moisture or water.
cht ht m Bt k hp cht no s dng
loi tr hi m hoc n-c.
desoxyribonucleic acid Obsolete
spelling of deoxyribonucleic acid.
Tn gi theo cch c ca deoxyribonucleic
acid.
desulphurization loi tr l-u hunh
Xem: biodesulphurization.
detergent Substance which lowers the
surface tension of a solution, improving its
cleaning properties.
thuc ty Cht h thp sc cng b
mt dung dch, nng cao cc thuc tnh
lm sch.
determinate growth Growth determined
and limited in time, with a bud or flower
terminating the growth of the main axis.
Once established, it is usually irreversible.
Opposite: indeterminate growth.
sinh tr-ng xc nh Sinh tr-ng xc nh
v gii hn thi gian, vi mm hoc hoa
xc nh sinh tr-ng ca trc chnh. Mt
khi thit lp, n th-ng khng th o
ng-c. Ng-c vi: indeterminate growth.
determination Process by which
undifferentiated cells in an embryo
become committed to develop into specific
cell types, such as neurons, fibroblasts or
muscle cells.
xc nh Qu trnh m bi nhng t
bo ch-a phn ha trong phi -c giao
ph pht trin thnh kiu t bo ring
bit, nh- n ron, si nguyn bo hoc t
bo c.
determined Describing embryonic tissue
at a stage when it can develop only as a
certain kind of tissue.
-c xc nh M t m phi giai on
khi n c th pht trin ch nh- mt loi
m nht nh.
development The sum total of events that
contribute to the progressive elaboration
of an organism. The two major aspects of
development
are
growth
and
differentiation.

75
pht trin Tng s s kin ng gp cho
qu trnh phc tp ca mt sinh vt. Hai
kha mt chnh ca pht trin l sinh tr-ng
v bit ho.
deviation 1. An alteration from the typical
form, function or behaviour. Mutation or
stress are the common reasons behind
deviation. 2. A statistical term describing
the difference between an actual
observation and the mean of all
observations.
sai lch 1. Thay i hnh dng, chc nng
hoc hnh vi thng th-ng. t bin hoc
sc l nguyn nhn chung sau sai lch. 2.
Thut ng thng k m t s khc nhau
gia mt quan st thc t vi trung bnh
ton b quan st.
dextrin An intermediate polysaccharide
compound resulting from the hydrolysis
of starch to maltose by amylase enzymes.
h tinh bt Mt hp cht polisacarit trung
gian kt qu t thy phn tinh bt thnh
-ng mch nha do enzim amylaza.
dG - dC tailing tailing on cui dG-dC
Xem: complementary homopolymeric
tailing.
DGGE xem: denaturing gradient gel
electrophoresis.
dGTP Abbreviation for deoxyguanosine 5'triphosphate. dGTP is required for DNA
synthesis since it is a direct precursor
molecule. See: guanosine, guanylic
acid.
dGTP vit tt ca deoxyguanosine 5'triphosphate. dGTP cn thit tng hp
DNA v n l mt phn t tin cht trc
tip. xem: guanosine, guanylic acid.
diagnostic procedure A test or assay
used to determine the presence of a
specific substance, organism or nucleic
acid sequence alteration, etc.
th tc chn on Php th hoc phn
tch dng xc nh s c mt ca mt
cht, c quan hoc s thay i trnh t axit
nucleic ring bit, vn vn.
diakinesis A stage of meiosis at the end
of prophase I, in which the contraction of
the chromosomes is almost at a maximum,

diakinesis
pairing configurations are well defined, the
nucleolus normally disappears and the
nuclear envelope is disrupted.
giai on h-ng cc Giai on gim
phn cui k u I, trong nhim sc
th gim gn nh- mc ti a, cc cu
hnh cp i -c xc nh r, hch bnh
th-ng bin mt v mng nhn b ph v.
dialysis A biochemical technique by which
large molecules such as proteins in
solution are separated from smaller
species such as salts. The technique is
based on the properties of certain
membrane structures, which selectively
only allow the passage of the smaller
molecules. A frequently used method for
the purification of proteins.
thm tch Mt k thut ha sinh nhng
phn t ln nh- protein trong dung dch
-c phn tch t cc loi nh hn nhmui. K thut da vo thuc tnh cc cu
trc mng nht nh, v cho ch php chn
lc cc phn t nh hn i qua. Ph-ng
php -c s dng ph bin lm sch
protein.
diazotroph An organism that can fix
atmospheric nitrogen.
t d-ng Sinh vt c kh nng hp thu
nit kh quyn.
dicentric chromosome A chromosome
having two active centromeres.
nhim sc th hai tm Mt nhim sc th
c hai tm hot ng .
dichogamy The condition in which the
male and the female reproductive organs
of a flower (or certain hermaphroditic
animals) mature at different times, thereby
making self-fertilization improbable or
impossible.
dichogami Tnh trng c cc c quan sinh
sn c v ci ca mt hoa (hoc ng
vt l-ng tnh nht nh) tr-ng thnh
cc thi im khc nhau, do to ra t
kh nng hoc khng th t -c t th
phn.
dicot Xem: dicotyledon.
dicotyledon (Abbreviation: dicot). A plant
with two cotyledons. One of the two major

76
classes of flowering plants (along with the
monocotyledons). Examples include
many crop plants (potato, pea, beans),
ornamentals (rose, ivy) and timber trees
(oak, beech, lime).
cy song t ip (vit tt: dicot). Thc
vt c hai l mm. Mt trong hai lp chnh
ca thc vt ra hoa (cng vi cy n t
dip). Cc mu gm c nhiu ging cy
trng (khoai ty, u H lan, u t-ng),
cc loi hoa (hoa hng, tr-ng xun) v
cy c g (si, anh o, cha vi).
di-deoxynucleotide (Abbreviations:
ddNTP,didN).
A
synthetic
deoxynucleotide that lacks a 3'-hydroxyl
group, and is thus unable to form the 3'?5'
phosphodiester bond necessary for
chain elongation. Used as strand
terminators in the Sanger DNA sequencing
reaction and in the treatment of some viral
diseases.
di-deoxynucleotit (vit tt: ddNTP,didN).
Cht deoxynucleotide tng hp thiu gc
hidroxyl 3', v do vy khng c kh nng
hnh thnh lin kt phosphodiester 3' ?
5' cn thit ko di dy phn t. -c
s dng khi hon tt si trong phn ng
trnh t ho DNA Sanger v trong nghin
cu mt s bnh virut.
didN Xem: di-deoxynucleotide.
differential centrifugation A method for
separating sub-cellular particles according
to their sedimentation coefficients, which
are roughly proportional to their size. Cell
extracts are subjected to a succession of
centrifuge runs at progressively faster
rotation speeds. Large particles, such as
nuclei or mitochondria, will be precipitated
at relatively slow speeds; higher G forces
will be required to sediment small particles,
such as ribosomes.
ly tm vi phn Ph-ng php phn tch
cc ht nh mc d-i t bo theo h s
lng, t-ng xng vi kch th-c ca chng.
Cc phn chit xut t bo -c thc hin
vi mt lot quay ly tm tc nhanh dn.
Cc ht ln, nh- nhn hoc cc ti lp th,
s chm xung khi tc chm dn; lc ly
tm G cao hn cn thit ht nh lng

differential display
xung, nh- ribosom.
differential display A method to identify
mRNAs which are present at different
levels in different tissues, or in response
to specific treatments. The mRNAs are
converted to cDNA, and a defined
proportion of these are amplified by the
polymerase chain reaction, and
separated by electrophoresis.
hin th vi phn Ph-ng php xc nh
cc mRNA m biu hin cc mc khc
nhau trong cc m khc nhau, hoc trong
s p li phn ng c bit. Cc mRNA
chuyn ti DNA b sung, v mt t l xc
nh khuych i bng phn ng chui
enzim trng hp, v phn tch do hin
t-ng in chuyn.
differentially permeable Referring to a
membrane, through which different
substances diffuse at different rates. Some
substances may be unable to diffuse
through such a membrane, usually
because they are too large to fit through
the pores of the membrane.
ngm vi phn cp n mng t
bo, thng qua cc cht khc nhau
khuch tn vi t l khc nhau. Mt s cht
khng th khuch tn qua mt mng nhvy, th-ng bi v chng qu ln khng
th chui qua l ca mng.
differentiation A process as a result of
which unspecialized cells develop
structures and functions characteristic of
a particular type of cell, typically during the
process of development from one cell to
many cells, accompanied by a modification
of the new cells for the performance of
particular functions. The process is
generally irreversible in vivo in higher
organisms. In tissue culture, the term is
used to describe the formation of different
cell types.
bit ho Qu trnh lm cho cc t bo
khng chuyn bit pht trin cu trc v
chc nng in hnh ca mt kiu t bo
ring bit, tiu biu trong qu trnh pht
trin t mt n nhiu t bo, -c b sung
do bin i ca cc t bo mi thc
hin cc chc nng ring bit. Qu trnh

77
ny ni chung khng th o ng-c trong
c th sinh vt bc cao. Trong nui cy
m, thut ng -c dng m t s hnh
thnh cc kiu t bo khc bit.
diffusion The spontaneous movement of
molecules from a region of higher
concentration to a region of lower
concentration.
khuych tn Chuyn ng ngu nhin
ca cc phn t t vng mt cao n
vng mt thp hn.
digest To treat DNA molecules with one
or more restriction endonucleases in
order to cleave them into smaller
fragments.
tiu ha Ch ho cc phn t DNA vi
mt hoc nhiu emzim gii hn vi mc
ch tch chng thnh nhng on nh
hn.
dihaploid An individual which arises from
a doubled haploid.
n bi kp C th xut hin t mt n
bi kp.
dihybrid An individual that is heterozygous
for two pairs of alleles; the progeny of a
cross between homozygous parents
differing at two loci.
l-ng hp t Mt c th l d hp ca hai
cp alen; con chu ca mt cp lai cho
gia cha m ng hp t phn bit khc
nhau ti hai gen.
dimer 1. A molecule formed by the
covalent combination of two monomers,
generally accompanied by elimination of
water. 2. The reversible association of two
similar (or nearly similar) molecules. The
active form of many enzymes is as a dimer
between two non-active monomeric
subunits.
cht trng phn 1. Mt phn t -c hnh
thnh do kt hp ng ha tr hai n phn,
th-ng ko theo s loi b n-c. 2. S kt
hp c th o ng-c ca hai phn t
t-ng -ng (hoc gn ging nhau). Dng
hot ng ca nhiu enzim l nh- mt cht
trng phn gia hai cu trc d-i n phn
khng hot ng.

dimethyl sulphoxide
dimethyl sulphoxide (Abbreviation:
DMSO). A highly hygroscopic liquid and
powerful solvent with little odour, colour or
toxicity when pure. It is employed in small
quantities to dissolve organic substances
in tissue culture media preparation and
has uses as a cryoprotectant and in
promoting the passage of chemicals
through skin.
dimethyl sulphoxit (Vit tt: DMSO). Mt
cht lng ht m cao v dung mi mnh
c mi h-ng, mu hoc tnh c thp khi
thun khit. -c dng vi s l-ng nh
ho tan cc cht hu c trong ch phm
dung dch nui cy m v -c dng khi
bo qun ng lnh v trong vic xc tin
chuyn cc ho cht ngm qua da.
dimorphism The existence of two
distinctly different types of individuals
within a species. An obvious example is
sexual dimorphism in mammals.
tnh l-ng hnh S tn ti hai kiu khc
nhau ca cc c th trong cng mt loi.
Mt v d in hmh l l-ng hnh gii tnh
trong lp ng vt c v.
dinucleotide A nucleotide dimer.
Mt cht trng phn nuleotit.
dioecious A plant species in which male
and female flowers form on different plants.
khc gc Cc loi thc vt c hoa ci v
hoa c hnh thnh trn tng cy khc
nhau.
diplochromosome
Xem:
endoreduplication.
diploid The status of having two complete
sets of chromosomes, most commonly
one set of paternal origin and the other of
maternal origin. Somatic tissues of higher
plants and animals are ordinarily diploid in
chromosome constitution, in contrast with
the haploid gametes.
l-ng bi Tnh trng c hai b nhim sc
th hon chnh, ph bin nht mt b gc
cha v b khc gc m. Cc m xma ca
thc vt bc cao v ng vt l l-ng bi
hon ton trong cu trc nhim sc th,
tri ng-c vi giao t n bi.
diplonema Stage in prophase I of

78
meiosis following the pachytene stage,
but preceding diakinesis, in which one
pair of sister chromatids begin to separate
from the other pair.
si kp Giai on trong k u I ca gim
phn tip theo giai on si dy, nh-ng
tr-c giai on h-ng cc, trong mt
cp nhim sc t ch em bt u tch ra t
mt cp khc.
diplotene (adj.) k song ty (tnh t)xem:
diplonema.
direct embryogenesis The formation in
culture, on the surface of zygotic or
somatic embryos or on explant tissues
(leaf section, root tip, etc.), of embryoids
without an intervening callus phase.
Opposite: indirect embryogenesis.
pht sinh phi trc tip S hnh thnh
trong nui cy m, trn b mt hp t, cc
phi xma hoc trn cc m ghp (phn
l, chp r, v.v.), ca phi khng c giai
on m so xen vo. Ng-c vi: indirect
embryogenesis.
direct organogenesis Formation of
organs directly on the surface of cultured
intact explants. The process does not
involve callus formation. Opposite:
indirect organogenesis.
pht sinh c quan trc tip S hnh thnh
ca cc c quan trc tip trn b mt mnh
ghp khng st m -c nui cy. Qu
trnh khng to ra m so. Ng-c vi:
indirect embryogenesis.
direct repeat Two or more stretches of
DNA within a single molecule which have
the same nucleotide sequence in the
same orientation. Direct repeats may be
either adjacent to one another or far apart
on the same molecule.
lp trc tip Hai hoc nhiu on DNA
trong mt phn t n cng trnh t
nucleotit cng h-ng. Cc on lp trc
tip c th lin k hoc tch ri trn cng
phn t.
directed amplification of minisatellite
DNA (Abbreviation: DAMD). A polymerase
chain reaction technique used for
obtaining molecular markers in the region

directed mutagenesis
of minisatellites. To target these regions,
one of the primers is directed to a VNTR
core sequence.
khuch i nh h-ng DNA v tinh nh
(vit tt: DAMD) K thut phn ng chui
enzim trng hp -c s dng thu
nhng du chun phn t trong vng cc
v tinh nh. Ti cc vng ch ny, mt
trong nhng on mi -c tip xc vi
trnh t li lp tandem s bin.
directed mutagenesis The generation of
changes in the nucleotide sequence of
a cloned gene by one of several
procedures. Undertaken to explore the
relationship between nucleotide sequence
and gene function, and to modify gene
products.
Synonym:
in
vitro
mutagenesis.
t bin nh h-ng Pht sinh nhng
thay i trong trnh t nucleotit ca gen
-c to dng bng mt s ph-ng php.
Bo m thm d mi quan h gia
trnh t nucleotit v chc nng gen, v
sa i sn phm gen. T ng ngha: in
vitro mutagenesis.
directional cloning The technique by
which a vector and a DNA insert are both
digested with two different restriction
endonucleases to create noncomplementary sticky ends at either end
of both molecules, so favouring the insert
to be ligated into the vector in a specific
orientation, while also preventing the
vector from re-circularizing.
to dng nh h-ng K thut theo
mt vect v on chn DNA u -c
tiu ha vi hai enzim gii hn khc bit
to ra cc mt bm khng b sung
tng mt ca c hai phn t, nh- vy -u
tin chn kt buc vo vect theo
h-ng ring bit, v cn ngn nga vect
t h-ng vng li.
disaccharide A dimer consisting of two
covalently linked monosaccharides.
Cht trng phn gm c hai ng ha tr
lin kt cc monosacarit.
disarm The deletion from a plasmid or
virus of genes that are pathogenic.

79
ho gii Xa b mt plasmit hoc virut ca
cc gen l tc nhn gy bnh.
discontinuous variation Variation where
individuals can be classified as belonging
to one of a set of discrete, non-overlapping
classes. Generated by simple genetic
control of a trait (one or a small number of
genes, each of large effect) and involving
minimal non-genetic effect. Characters
showing discontinuous variation are
referred to as qualitative. Opposite:
continuous variation.
bin d gin on Bin d khi c th kh
nng -c phn loi thuc v mt trong
tp hp cc lp ring bit, khng gi nhau.
Pht sinh do kim sot di truyn n mt
tnh trng (mt hoc s t gen, mi mt gen
c hiu ng rng) v ko theo hiu ng
khng di truyn cc tiu. Cc c im cho
thy rng bin d khng lin tc -c xem
nh- nh tnh. Ng-c vi: continuous
variation.
discordant Members of a pair showing
different,
rather
than
similar,
characteristics.
tri ng-c nhau Cc thnh vin ca mt
cp i cho thy cc c tr-ng khc nhau,
thay v t-ng t.
disease resistance The genetically
determined ability to prevent the
reproduction of a pathogen, thereby
remaining healthy. Some resistances
operate by pathogen exclusion, some by
preventing pathogen spread, and some by
tolerating pathogen toxin.
tnh khng bnh Kh nng ngn chn xc
nh di truyn c ch sinh sn ca vt
gy bnh, do sc kho -c duy tr.
Mt s khng hot ng do loi tr vt gy
bnh, mt s do ngn nga lan truyn vt
gy bnh, v mt s khc do chp nhn
c t vt gy bnh.
disease-free A plant or animal certified
through specific tests as being free of
specified pathogens. Should be
interpreted to mean free from any known
disease as new diseases may yet be
discovered to be present.

disease-indexing
sch bnh Thc vt hoc ng vt -c
chng nhn qua cc php th ghi r khi
khng mang vt gy bnh c bit. Cn
thit gii thch ngha sch t mt s bnh
hi bit trong khi nhng bnh hi
mi c th cn ang -c khm ph.
disease-indexing Disease-indexed
organisms have been assayed for the
presence of known diseases according to
standard testing procedures.
ch s bnh Cc sinh vt ch s ha bnh
-c th nghim th hin nhng bnh
bit tun theo th tc th nghim chun.
disinfection Attempted elimination by
chemical means of internal microorganisms (particularly pathogens) from a
culture or sample; rarely attained. See:
sterilize (1).
s dit khun Bng cc ph-ng tin ha
hc c gng loi b vi sinh vt bn trong
(c bit l nhng tc nhn gy bnh) t
mu nui cy m; t -c mt cch kh
khn. xem: sterilize (1).
disinfestation The elimination or inhibition
of the activity of surface-adhering microorganisms and removal of insects.
s kh trng Loi b hoc km hm hot
ng ca nhng vi sinh vt dnh trn b
mt v loi b su b.
disjunction Separation of homologous
chromosomes during anaphase I of
meiosis, or of sister chromatids during
anaphase of mitosis and anaphase II of
meiosis.
s phn tch Phn chia cc nhim sc
th t-ng ng trong k sau I ca gim
phn, hoc ca nhim sc t ch em trong
k sau nguyn phn v k sau II ca gim
phn.
disomic (adj.) l-ng th (tnh t) Xem
disomy.
disomy The presence of a pair of a specific
homologous chromosomes. This is the
norm for diploids.
hin t-ng l-ng th S c mt mt cp
i nhim sc th t-ng ng ring bit.
Hin t-ng l-ng th l tiu chun cho cc
th l-ng bi.

80
dispense The transfer of a measured
volume of a solution.
phn phi Chuyn giao dung dch vi mt
khi l-ng -c o.
disrupter gene Used to enforce the
sterility of seed saved from a genetically
engineered crop. See: genetic use
restriction technology.
gen gy ri Th-ng gy ra bt th ca
ht ging bo qun t ging k thut di
truyn. Xem: genetic use restriction
technology.
dissecting microscope A microscope
with a magnifying power of about 50x, used
as an aid in the manipulation of small
objects, e.g. excision of embryos from
young zygotes.
knh hin vi phn tch Knh hin vi c sc
khuch i khong 50 x, -c s dng
tr gip thao tc vi i t-ng nh, nh- l
ct phi t hp t non.
dissection Separation of a tissue by
cutting into components, for analysis or
observation.
gii phu Phn tch m do ct thnh cc
phn, phn tch hoc quan st.
distillation The process of heating a
mixture to separate the more volatile from
the less volatile parts, and then condensing
fractions of the resulting vapour so as to
produce a more nearly pure or refined
substance.
ch-ng ct Qu trnh t nng mt hn
hp phn tch phn d bay hi t phn
kh bay hi, v sau ng-ng t cc phn
kt qu bay hi nh- vy sn xut mt
cht -c tinh lc hoc gn nh- thun
khit.
disulphide bond lin kt disulphid xem:
disulphide bridge.
disulphide bridge A chemical bond
between pairs of sulphur atoms that
stabilizes the three-dimensional structure
of proteins, and hence the proteins
normal function. These form particularly
readily between cysteine residues in the
same or different peptide molecules.
Synonym: disulphide bond.

ditype
cu disunphit Mt lin kt ha hc gia
cc cp nguyn t l-u hunh lm n
nh cu trc khng gian ba chiu protein,
v do vy protein hot ng bnh th-ng.
Chng hnh thnh mt cch ring bit
nhanh chng gia cc gc cystein trong
cng mt phn t hoc peptit khc bit.
T ng ngha: disulphide bond.
ditype In fungi, a tetrad that contains two
kinds of meiotic products (spores), e.g.
2AB and 2ab.
th i Trong nm, mt b bn c cha
hai loi sn phm gim phn (cc bo t),
v d 2 AB v 2ab.

81
xon kp, mc du mt s h gen virut
gm c mt si n DNA, v cc dng
khc ca mt RNA si kp hoc n. xem:
base pair, genetic code.
DNA
amplification
Many-fold
multiplication of a particular DNA
sequence either in vivo in a plasmid,
phage or other vector; or in vitro using,
most commonly, the polymerase chain
reaction.

dizygotic twins Two-egg twins, i.e. a pair

of individuals that shared the same uterus
at the same time, but which arose from
separate and independent fertilization of
two ova.

khuch i DNA Nhn gp mt tnh t

DNA ring bit trong c th c trong
plasmit, th thc khun hoc vect khc;
hoc trong ng nghim ph bin nht l
s dng phn ng chui enzim trng hp.
DNA amplification fingerprinting
(Abbreviation: DAF). A arbitrarily primed
polymerase chain reaction technique for
obtaining molecular markers using very
short (5-8 bp) primers.
in du khuch i DNA (vit tt: DAF).
Mt k thut phn ng chui enzim trng
hp mi tu thu -c du chun phn
t c dng mi cc ngn (5 - 8 bp) .
DNA chip xem: micro-array.

sinh i nh hp t Cc cp sinh i khc

trng, ngha l mt cp i c th m phn
chia cng non ti cng mt thi im,
nh-ng xy ra do th tinh c lp v ring
bit ca hai non.
DMSO xem: dimethyl sulphoxide.

DNA cloning nhn dng DNA xem: gene

cloning.
DNA construct A chimeric DNA molecule,
carrying all the genetic information
necessary for its transgenic expression
in a host cell.

DNA Abbreviation for deoxyribonucleic

acid, former spelling desoxyribonucleic
acid. A long chain polymer of
deoxyribonucleotides. DNA constitutes
the genetic material of most known
organisms and organelles, and usually is
in the form of a double helix, although
some viral genomes consist of a single
strand of DNA, and others of a single- or a
double-stranded RNA. See: base pair,
genetic code.

kin trc DNA Phn t DNA th qui,

mang tt c thng tin di truyn cn thit
biu th chuyn gen trong mt t bo
ch.

diurnal An event that occurs repetitively

on a daily basis, generally during daylight
hours.
hng ngy S kin xy ra lp li da vo
ngy, th-ng l sut cc gi chiu sng
ban ngy.

DNA vit tt ca deoxyribonucleic acid,

nguyn nh vn l desoxyribonucleic
acid. Chui plime di ca cc
deoxyribonucleotit. DNA cu thnh vt liu
di truyn ca hu ht sinh vt v bo quan
-c bit, v th-ng l trong dng chui

DNA delivery system A generic term for

any procedure that transports DNA into a
recipient cell.
h thng giao nhn DNA Thut ng
chung cho bt k th tc no m vn
chuyn DNA cho t bo nhn.
DNA diagnostics The use of DNA
polymorphisms to detect the presence of
a specific sequence, which could indicate
the presence of a contaminant, of a
pathogen, or of a particular allele at a target
gene. Most commonly utilises the
polymerase chain reaction.

DNA fingerprint
chn on DNA S dng tnh a hnh DNA
pht hin c mt mt trnh t ring bit,
c th ch bo c mt mt cht gy
nhim, mt tc nhn gy bnh, hoc mt
alen ring bit ti gen ch. Ph bin nht
s dng phn ng chui enzim trng hp.
DNA fingerprint A description of the
genotype of an individual from the pattern
of DNA fragments obtained from DNA
fingerprinting. Synonym: DNA profile.
du DNA M t kiu di truyn ca mt c
th t khung mu on DNA thu -c t in
du DNA.T ng ngha: DNA profile.
DNA fingerprinting The derivation of
unique patterns of DNA fragments
obtained using a number of marker
techniques; historically these were RFLPs,
but latterly they are generally polymerase
chain reaction based. Synonym: genetic
fingerprinting.
in du DNA Xut x cc mu duy nht
cc on DNA thu -c c s dng mt
s k thut nh du; tr-c y chng l
cc RFLP, nh-ng gn y nht chng
th-ng a vo phn ng chui enzim
trng hp.T ng ngha: genetic
fingerprinting.
DNA helicase An enzyme that catalyses
the unwinding of the complementary
strands of a DNA double helix. Synonym:
gyrase.
DNA helicaza Mt loi enzim xc tc tho
ra cc si b sung ca mt vng xon kp
DNA. T ng ngha: gyrase.
DNA hybridization The annealing of two
single-stranded DNA molecules, possibly
of different origin, to form a partial or
complete double helix. The degree of
hybridization varies with the extent of
complementarity between the two
molecules, and this is exploited to test for
the presence of a specific nucleotide
sequence in a DNA sample.
lai ging DNA Lm do hai phn t DNA
si n, c th gc khc nhau, hnh
thnh mt vng xon kp tng phn hoc
y . Mc cc kiu lai c quy m b
sung gia hai phn t, v iu ny -c

82
khai thc kim tra s c mt ca mt
trnh t nuclotid ring bit trong mu DNA.
DNA ligase An enzyme that catalyses a
reaction to link two separate DNA
molecules via the formation of a
phosphodiester bond between the 3'hydroxyl end of one and the 5'-phosphate
of the other. Its natural role lies in DNA
repair and replication. An essential tool in
recombinant DNA technology, as it enables
the incorporation of foreign DNA into
vectors.
DNA ligaza Mt loi enzim xc tc phn
ng lin kt hai phn t DNA tch bit do
hnh thnh mt lin kt phosphodiester
gia mt 3'- hidroxyl v 5'- pht pht ca
si khc. Vai tr t nhin ca n nm trong
s sa cha DNA v sao chp. Mt cng
c quan trng trong k thut DNA ti t
hp, v n cho php hp nht DNA ngoi
vo cc vect.
DNA micro-array mng vi m DNA Xem:
micro-array, somatic cell hybrid panel,
radiation hybrid cell panel
DNA polymerase enzym trng hp DNA
xem: polymerase.
DNA polymorphism The existence of two
or more alteRNAtive alleles at a DNAbased marker locus.
tnh a hnh DNA S tn ti ca hai hoc
nhiu alen thay th ti mt gen nh du
da vo DNA.
DNA primase An enzyme that catalyses
the synthesis of the short strands of RNA
that initiate the synthesis of DNA strands.
DNA primaza Mt loi enzym xc tc tng
hp cc si ngn RNA bt u tng hp
cc si DNA.
DNA probe u d DNA xem: probe.
DNA profile mt ct DNA xem: DNA
fingerprint.
DNA repair A variety of mechanisms that
repair errors (e.g. the incorporation of a
non-complementary nucleotide) that occur
naturally during DNA replication.
sa cha DNA S a dng c ch sa
cha li (v d hp nht mt nuleotit khng

DNA replication
b sung) xy ra t nhin trong qu trnh
sao chp DNA.
DNA replication The process whereby
DNA copies itself, under the action of and
control of DNA polymerase.
sao chp DNA Qu trnh m bng cch
no DNA t sao chp, d-i hot ng v
kim tra ca enzim trng hp DNA.
DNA sequencing Procedures for
determining the nucleotide sequence of a
DNA fragment. Two common methods
available: 1. The Maxam Gilbert technique,
which uses chemicals to cleave DNA into
fragments at specific bases; or, most
commonly, 2. the Sanger technique (also
called the di-deoxy or chain-terminating
method) which uses DNA polymerase to
make new DNA chains, in the presence of
di-deoxynucleotides (chain terminators)
to stop the chain randomly as it grows. In
both cases, the DNA fragments are
separated according to length by
polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis,
enabling the sequence to be read directly
from the gel. The procedure has become
increasingly automated and large-scale in
recent years.
xc nh trnh t DNA Cc ph-ng php
xc nh trnh t nucleotit ca mt on
DNA. Hai ph-ng php ph bin ang tn
ti: 1. K thut Maxam Gilbert, k thut ny
s dng ha cht gn DNA vo cc
on ti baz c bit; hoc, thng dng
hn, 2. k thut Sanger (cn -c gi l
ph-ng php di-deoxy hoc chainterminating) k thut ny s dng enzim
trng hp DNA to ra cc dy DNA mi,
trong khi c mt cc di-deoxynucleotid (cu
trc u cui dy) lm ngng dy t
ngt trong lc ang sinh tr-ng. Trong c
hai tr-ng hp, cc on DNA -c phn
tch theo di bng in di gel
polycrylamit, cho php trnh t -c c
trc tip t cht gel. Quy trnh tr thnh
quy m ln v -c t ng ha ngy cng
tng trong vi nm gn y.
DNA topo-isomerase An enzyme that
catalyses the introduction or removal of
supercoils in DNA. Synonym: topo-

83
isomerase.
men ng phn DNA Enzim xc tc -a
vo hoc loi b cc on siu xon trong
DNA. T ng ngha: topo-isomerase.
DNA transformation bin np ADN xem:
ransformation.
DNA vaccine A vaccine generated by the
injection of specific DNA fragments to
stimulate an immune response.
vc xin DNA Mt vacxin pht sinh do bm
thm cc on DNA c bit tng c-ng
mt phn ng min dch.
DNAase xem: DNAse.
DNAse
Abbreviation
for
deoxyribonuclease. Any enzyme that
catalyses the cleavage of DNA
phosphodiester bonds. DNAse I is a
digestive endonuclease secreted by the
pancreas, that degrades DNA into shorter
fragments. Many other endonucleases and
exonucleases are involved in DNA repair
and replication. Synonym: DNAase. See:
restriction endonuclease.
DNAza Vit tt ca deoxyribonuclease. Bt
k enzim no xc tc nhnh lin kt i pht
pht DNA. DNAse I l endonucleaza tiu
ha phn tit do tuyn ty, n phn tch
DNA thnh nhng on ngn hn. Nhiu
endonucleaza v exonucleases khc c
lin quan trong vic sa cha v sao chp
DNA. T ng ngha: ADNasa. Xem:
restriction endonuclease.
Dolly The first mammal (a sheep) to be
created (via nuclear transfer) by the
cloning of an adult cell (from the
mammary tissue of a ewe). This showed
that the process of differentiation into adult
tissue is not, as previously thought,
irreversible.
cu Dolly ng vt c v u tin (cu)
-c to ra (nh chuyn nhn) do nhn
dng mt t bo tr-ng thnh (t m v
cu ci). iu ny ch ra rng qu trnh
bit ho m tr-ng thnh l khng th, nhsuy ngh tr-c y, khng o ng-c.
domain A portion of a protein or DNA
molecule that has a discrete function or
conformation. At the protein level, can

dominance
be as small as a few amino acid residues
or as large as half of the entire protein.
min Phn protein hoc phn t DNA c
chc nng hoc hnh thi ring bit. Ti
mc protein, c th nh nh- mt gc amino
acid hoc ln nh- mt na ca protein ton
phn.
dominance The gene action exhibited by
a dominant allele.
-u th Tc ng gen -c th hin do
mt alen tri.
dominant 1. Of alleles, one whose effect
with respect to a particular trait is the same
in heterozygotes as in homozygotes. The
opposite is recessive. 2. Of an individual
animal, one that is allowed priority in
access to food, mates, etc., by others of
its species because of its success in
previous aggressive encounters. 3. Of an
animal or plant species, the most
conspicuously abundant and characteristic
in a particular location or environment.
tnh tri 1.Ca cc alen, mt hiu ng ca
chng c linquan vi mt tnh trng ring
bit l im ging nhau trong d hp t
cng nh- ng hp t. Ng-c li l ln. 2.
Ca mt c th ng vt, mt c th cho
php quyn -u tin s dng thc n,
nguyn liu, v.v., do s khc vi loi ca
n v nhng thnh cng trong cnh tranh
ln t tr-c y. 3. Ca mt loi ng vt
hoc thc vt, tnh phong ph ni bt v
in hnh nht trong mt v tr hoc mi
tr-ng c bit.
dominant (-acting) oncogene A gene that
stimulates cell proliferation and
contributes to oncogenesis when present
in a single copy.
gen ung th- tri (-hot ng) Gen kch
thch tng tr-ng t bo v gp phn hnh
thnh ung th- khi c mt trong bn sao
n.
dominant marker selection Selection of
cells via a gene encoding a product that
enables only the cells that carry the gene
to grow under particular conditions. For
example, plant and animal cells that
express the introduced neo r gene are

84
resistant to neomycin and analogous
antibiotics, while cells that do not carry neor
are killed. See: positive selection.
chn du chun tri Chn lc t bo qua
gen m ha mt sn phm ch cho php
t bo mang gen sinh tr-ng d-i cc iu
kin ring bit. V d, cc t bo thc vt
v t bo ng vt biu th gen neor -c
chuyn l th khng vi neomixin v cc
khng sinh t-ng t, trong khi nhng t
bo khng mang neor b tiu dit. Xem:
positive selection.
dominant selectable marker A gene that
allows the host cell to survive under
conditions where it would otherwise die.
Synonym: positive selectable marker.
du chun la chn tri Gen cho php
t bo ch sng st d-i cc iu kin
ni m tri ng-c n s cht. T ng
ngha: positive selectable marker.
donor junction site The junction between
the 5' end of an exon and the 3' end of an
intron. See: acceptor junction site.
v tr ni th cho s ni lin gia mt 5'
ca mt exon v mt 3' mt intron. Xem:
acceptor junction site.
donor plant cy cho Xem: ortet.
dormancy A period in the life of an animal
(hibeRNAtion and aestivation) or plant
during which growth slows or completely
ceases. Evolved to allow survival of
adverse environmental conditions. Annual
plants survive the winter as dormant
seeds, while many perennial plants survive
as dormant tubers, rhizomes, or bulbs.
Premature breaking of seed dormancy
post harvest can be a major problem for
maintaining nutritional and/or functional
quality, while difficulties in breaking
dormancy will lead to poor germination
of the crop. See: quiescent.
trng thi ng ngh Mt giai on sng
ca ng vt (ng ng v ng h) hoc
thc vt trong k sinh tr-ng chm li hoc
hon ton ngng. -c tin ho cho
php tn ti d-i nhng iu kin mi
tr-ng i lp. Cy mt nm tn ti ma
ng nh- cc ht ging ng ngh, trong

dosage compensation

85

khi nhiu cy lu nm tn ti nh- thn c,

thn r, hoc loi thn ng. Ph v sm
ht ging ng ngh sau thu hoch c th
l vn chnh duy tr cht l-ng dinh
d-ng v/ hoc chc nng, hu ht kh
khn trong ph v ng s dn ti ht ging
km ny mm. Xem: quiescent.

double helix Describes the coiling of the

two strands of the double-stranded DNA
molecule, resembling a spiral staircase in
which the base pairs form the steps and
the sugar-phosphate backbones form the
rails on each side. One strand runs 3'?5',
while the complementary one runs 5'?3'

dosage compensation A regulatory

mechanism for sex-linked genes, to allow
equivalent levels of gene expression from
(in mammals) XY or XX genotypes, even
though the gene copy number in XX is
double that in XY. See: sex linkage, Barr
body.

xon kp M t s xon li ca hai si

phn t DNA si kp, ging cu thang xon
c trong cp baz hnh thnh bc v
trc pht pht- -ng hnh thnh -ng
tay vn mi bn. Mt si chy 3 ? 5 ,
trong khi mt b sung chy 5 ? 3

b liu l-ng C ch iu chnh cc gen

lin kt gii tnh, cho php cc mc
t-ng -ng biu th gen t (trong ng
vt c v) cc kiu di truyn XY hoc XX,
mc d s bn sao gen trong XX gp hai
trong XY. Xem: sex linkage, Barr body.
double crossing-over The formation of
two chiasmata within a chromosome arm,
leading to the generation of a double
recombinant gamete with respect to
genes located within the segment defined
by the two genes concerned.
bt cho ngoi kp S hnh thnh hai ch
bt cho trong mt nhnh nhim sc th,
dn ti pht sinh mt giao t ti t hp kp
lin quan cc gen nh v bn trong on
-c xc nh do hai gen lin quan.
double fertilization A process, unique to
flowering plants, in which two male nuclei,
which have travelled down the pollen tube,
separately fuse with different female nuclei
in the embryo sac. The first male nucleus
fuses with the egg cell to form the zygote;
the second male nucleus fuses with the
two polar nuclei to form a triploid nucleus
that develops into the endosperm.
th tinh kp Mt qu trnh, duy nht i
vi loi cy ra hoa, trong hai nhn c,
-c chuyn xung ng phn, kt hp
ring vi nhn ci trong ti phi. S dung
hp nhn c th nht vi t bo trng
hnh thnh hp t; s dung hp nhn c
th hai vi hai nhn cc hnh thnh mt
ht nhn th tam bi pht trin thnh ni
phi nh.

double recessive An organism

homozygous for a recessive allele at each
of two loci.
ln kp Mt sinh vt ng hp t v alen
ln ti mi mt v tr ca hai gen.
double-stranded complementary DNA
(Abbreviation: dscDNA). A doublestranded DNA molecule created from a
cDNA template.
DNA b sung si kp (vit tt: dscDNA).
Mt phn t DNA si kp -c to ra t
mt khung mu cDNA
double-stranded DNA (Abbreviation:
dsDNA). Two complementary strands of
DNA annealed in the form of a double
helix. Synonym: duplex DNA.
DNA si kp (vit tt: dscDNA). Hai si
b sung ca DNA -c ngm trong hnh
dng ca mt chui xon kp.T ng
ngha: duplex DNA.
doubling time thi gian nhn i xem :
cell generation time.
down promoter mutation A mutation that
decreases the frequency of initiation of
transcription. This leads to a fall in the
level of mRNA compared to the wild type
state.
t bin khi u thun t bin lm
gim tn s bt u phin m. iu ny
dn ti gim mc mRNA so vi trng thi
kiu di.
down-regulate To induce genetically a
reduction in the level of a genes
expression.

downstream
iu chnh xung Lm gim mc biu
th gen di truyn.
downstream 1. With respect to DNA, the
nucleotides that lie in the 3' direction from
the point of reference, which is frequently
the site at which transcription is initiated.
This is generally designated +1, with
downstream nucleotides numbered +2,
+10 etc. 2. In chemical engineering, those
phases of a manufacturing process that
follow the biotransformation stage.
Usually refers to the recovery and
purification of the product of a
fermentation process. See: downstream
processing.
xui dng 1. C lin quan vi DNA, nhng
nuleotit nm theo h-ng 3' t im lin h,
th-ng l v tr m ti phin m bt u.
y th-ng -c ch +1, vi nuleotit xui
dng ghi s +2, +10 vn vn. 2. Trong k
thut ha hc, cc giai on ca qu trnh
sn xut tip theo giai on bin i sinh
hc. Th-ng cp ti khi phc v lm
sch sn phm ca qu trnh ln men.
Xem: downstream processing.
downstream processing A general term
for biotechnological processes which
follow the biology, i.e. fermentation of a
micro-organism or growth of a plant.
Particularly relevant to fermentation
processes, which produce a large quantity
of a dilute mixture of substances, products
and micro-organisms. These must be
separated, and the product concentrated,
purified and converted into a useful form.
x l xui dng Mt thut ng chung ch
cc qu trnh cng ngh sinh hc k tip
sinh hc, nh- ln men vi sinh vt hoc sinh
tr-ng thc vt. Lin quan c bit vi cc
qu trnh ln men, sn xut mt s
l-ng ln hn hp nhiu loi cht, sn
phm v vi sinh vt. Chng cn phi -c
phn tch, v sn phm -c tp trung,
lm sch v chuyn i thnh dng hu
ch.
drift xu th xem: genetic drift.
Drosophila melanogaster The fruit fly,
used for many years as a model for
eukaryotic genetics. Of the nearly 300

86
disease-causing genes in the human
genome, more than half have an
analogous gene in the Drosophila genome.
rui dm bng en Loi rui dm, -c
dng trong nhiu nm lm m hnh di
truyn hc nhn chun. Ca gn 300 gen
gy bnh trong h gen ng-i, hn mt na
c gen t-ng t vi h gen rui gim.
drug thuc xem: therapeutic agent
drug delivery Method by which a drug is
delivered to its site of action. For traditional
drugs this is another name for formulation.
However, biotechnology has allowed the
development of a range of new
therapeutic-agent delivery systems, such
as liposomes and other encapsulation
techniques, and a range of mechanisms
that target a therapeutic agent to a
particular cell or tissue.
chuyn nhn thuc Ph-ng php mt
loi thuc -c phn pht ti v tr hot
ng. Vi cc thuc truyn thng y l
tn chnh thc ho khc. Tuy nhin, ngnh
cng ngh sinh hc cho php pht trin
mt lot cc h thng chuyn nhn tc
nhn-liu php cha bnh mi, nhliposomes v cc k thut bc nang khc
nhau, v mt lot cc c ch cng nhm
ch mt tc nhn cha bnh cho t bo
hoc m ring bit.
dry weight The weight of tissue obtained
following sufficiently prolonged oven-drying
at high temperature to remove all water.
Freeze-drying may also be employed but
generates a slightly different result
because bound water is not removed.
See: free water.
trng l-ng kh Trng l-ng m thu -c
sau khi sy ko di y nhit cao
loi b ton b n-c. ng kh c th
cng -c s dng nh-ng pht sinh kt
qu khc nhau v n-c lin kt ch-a -c
loi b. Xem: free water.
dscDNA
xem: double-stranded
complementary DNA.
dsDNA DNA si kp xem: dsDNA.
dTTP Rarely used but strictly correct
abbreviation for deoxythymidine 5'-

dual culture
triphosphate. Required for DNA synthesis
since it is a direct precursor molecule. See:
TTP.
dTTP Rt t khi -c dng nh-ng ch vit
tt ng chnh xc ca deoxythymidin 5'
triphosphat. Cn thit tng hp DNA v
n l mt phn t tin cht trc tip. xem:
TTP.
dual culture A culture made of a plant
tissue and one organism (such as a
nematode) or an obligate parasite/microorganism (such as a fungus). Dual culture
techniques are used for a variety of
purposes, including assessing hostparasite interactions and the production of
axenic cultures.
nui cy kp Nui cy -c to ra do mt

87
loi m thc vt v mt loi sinh vt (nhl giun trn) hoc mt hin t-ng k sinh/
vi sinh vt (nh- mt loi nm) mang tnh
bt buc. K thut nui cy kp -c s
dng v lin quan nhiu mc ch, bao gm
nh gi cc mi t-ng tc k sinh vt ch
v sn phm nui cy v trng.
duplex DNA Xem: double-stranded
DNA.
duplication Multiple occurrence of: 1. A
DNA sequence within a defined length of
DNA; or 2. A specific segment in the same
chromosome or genome.
lp on Bin c phc tp ca: 1. Mt trnh
t DNA trong mt on DNA -c xc nh;
hoc 2. Mt on c bit trong cng mt
nhim sc th hoc h gen.

88
ectopic Anomalous situation or relation,
particularly with respect to pregnancy,
where the foetus is implanted outside the
uterus.

Ee
E site v tr E xem: exit site.
E. coli xem: Escherichia coli.
EBV xem: estimated breeding value.
EC xem: Enzyme Commission number.
ecdysone A steroid hormone in insects
stimulating the synthesis of proteins
involved in moulting and metamorphosis.
Mt hc mn steriod ca cn trng kch
thch tng hp protein gy rng lng v
gip cn trng v ha.
eclosion 1. Emergence of an adult insect
from the pupal stage. 2. Initial phase of
germination of fungal spores.
s n 1. V ho ca cn trng tr-ng
thnh chuyn t giai on nhng. 2. K u
ny mm ca bo t nm.
ecological diversity a dng sinh thi
hc xem: biodiversity.
economic trait locus (Abbreviation: ETL).
A locus influencing a trait that contributes
to producers income.
gen tnh trng kinh t (vit tt: ETL) V
tr gen c nh h-ng n mt tnh trng
gp phn tng thu nhp cho ng-i sn
xut.
ecosystem The complex of a living
community and its environment,
functioning as an ecological unit in nature.
See: abiotic; biotic factors.
h sinh thi Phc h cng ng sng v
mi tr-ng ca n, chc nng nh- mt n
v sinh thi trong t nhin. Xem: abiotic;
biotic factors.
ecotype A population or a strain of an
organism that is adapted to a particular
habitat.
kiu sinh thi Qun th hoc chng sinh
vt thch nghi vi ni c- tr ring bit.

lc v Tnh trng hoc mi lin quan khc

th-ng, c bit c mang thai, khi bo thai
-c gn ngoi t cung.
edible vaccine Edible antigen-containing
material, that activates the immune system
via gut-associated lymphoid tissues. A
preferred route for vaccine administration,
particularly in areas where the
technological infrastructure needed for
maintenance of vaccines is absent. The
vaccine is synthesized in vivo in the edible
parts of transgenic plants (e.g. grains,
tubers, fruits, etc.) or eggs.
vacxin thc phm Vt cht cha khng
nguyn n -c, kch hot h thng
min dch nh cc m bch huyt kt hp
vi rut non. Mt con -ng thch hp
qun l vacxin, c bit trong cc vng ni
cn thiu c s h tng cng ngh cn
thit duy tr vacxin. Vacxin -c tng
hp trong c th trong thnh phn n
-c ca thc vt chuyn gen (v d nhl ht, thn c, qu, v.v.,) hoc trng.
editing son tho xem: splicing (1).
EDTA xem: splicing (1).
EDV vit tt ca essential derivation of
varieties.
effector cells Cells of the immune system
that are responsible for the production of
cell-mediated cytotoxicity.
t bo tc ng T bo ca h thng min
dch c trch nhim sn xut cytotoxicity
iu chnh t bo.
effector molecule A molecule that
influences the behaviour of a regulatory
molecule, such as a repressor protein,
thereby influencing gene expression.
phn t tc ng Phn t c nh h-ng
n s th hin phn t iu ho, nhprotein km hm, do vy lm nh h-ng
biu th gen.
egg 1. The fertilized zygote in egg-laying
animals. 2. The mature female
reproductive cell in animals and plants.

EGS
trng 1. Hp t -c th tinh ca ng
vt trng. 2.T bo sinh sn ci tr-ng
thnh ca ng vt v thc vt.
EGS xem: external guide sequence.
EIA xem: enzyme immunoassay, ELISA.

89

electrochemical sensor Biosensors, such

as an enzyme electrode, in which a
biological process is harnessed to an
electrical sensor system. Other types
couple a biological event to an electrical
one via a range of mechanisms, including
the reduction of oxygen or pH change.

used to resolve complex mixtures of

macromolecules into their components. Its
principle is to subject samples to an electric
field applied across a porous matrix.
Molecules will migrate under these
conditions at a rate dependent on their net
electric charge and/or their molecular
weight.
See:
agarose
gel
electrophoresis, polyacrylamide gel
electrophoresis, denaturing gradient
gel
electrophoresis,
capillary
electrophoresis, sodium dodecyl
sulphate
polyacrylamide
gel
electrophoresis, thermal gel gradient
electrophoresis pulsed-field gel
electrophoresis, and iso-electric
focusing
gel
in di K thut sinh hc phn t -c
dng ph bin, vi nhiu ph-ng n,
th-ng phn tch hn hp phc tp ca
i phn t thnh nhng phn nh hn.
Nguyn l ca n l -a mu th ti mt
tr-ng in -c p dng qua mi tr-ng
xp. Phn t s di chuyn d-i iu kin
ny vi nhp ty thuc vo tch np in
v/hoc trng l-ng phn t. Xem: (nhtrn)
electroporation The induction of transient
pores in bacterial cells or protoplasts by
the application of a pulse of electricity.
These pores allow the entry of exogenous
DNA into the cell. Widely used for the
transformation of bacteria.

cm ng in ho u th cm sinh hc,
nh- in cc men, trong qu trnh sinh
hc -c khai thc ca h thng cm ng
in. Cc kiu cp i tr-ng hp sinh hc
khc vi mt in cc nh mt lot c ch,
bao gm gim oxi hoc thay i pH.

cm in Cm ng ca l th tm thi
trong t bo vi khun hoc th nguyn sinh
do s dng xung in. Cc l th cho php
DNA ngoi sinh xm nhp vo t bo.
-c s dng rng ri bin np vi
khun.

electron microscope (Abbreviation: EM).

A microscope that uses an electron beam
focussed by magnetic lenses. See:
scanning electron microscope.

ELISA Abbreviation for enzyme-linked

immunosorbent assay. An immunoassay,
i.e. an antibody-based technique for the
diagnosis of the presence and quantity of
specific molecules in a mixed sample. It
combines the specificity of an
immunoglobulin with the detectability of
an enzyme-generated coloured product. In
one form, the primary antibody (specific
to the test protein) is adsorbed onto a solid
substrate, and a known amount of the

elastin A fibrous protein that is the major

constituent of the yellow elastic fibres of
animal connective tissue.
Mt protein si l phn t chnh ca si
n hi mu vng ca m lin hp ng
vt.
electro-blotting The electrophoretic
transfer of DNA, RNA or protein from a
gel, in which they have been separated,
to a support matrix, such as
nitrocellulose. A transfer technique
employed in Southern and northern
blotting.
thm tch in Chuyn giao hin t-ng
in chuyn ca DNA, RNA hoc protein
t mt cht gel, trong chng -c phn
tch, thnh hn hp h tr, nhnitroxeluloza. k thut di chuyn -c s
dng trong lai mch n Southern v
Northern.

knh hin vi in t (vit tt: EM). Knh

hin vi c s dng mt chm tia in t
-c tp trung bng nhng thu knh
mnh. xem: scanning electron microscope.
electrophoresis A ubiquitous molecular
biology technique, with many variants,

elite tree
sample is added; all the antigen in the
sample is bound by the antibody. A second
antibody (conjugated with an enzyme)
specific for a second site on the test protein
is added; and the enzyme generates a
colour change in the presence of a
substrate reagent.
ELISA Vit tt ca: th nghim chun on
min dch lin kt enzim. Th nghim min
dch, ngha l mt k thut da vo khng
th chn on s c mt v s l-ng
ca cc phn t trong mu hn hp. Kt
hp tnh cht c th ca huyt thanh min
dch vi tnh cht c th nhn bit ca sn
phm -c t mu pht sinh enzim. Trong
mt dng, khng th u (c hiu vi
protein th) -c ht bm trn dung dch
c, v thm vo mt l-ng mu nht nh;
tt c khng nguyn trong mu u -c
khng th b cht. Khng th th hai (lin
hp vi enzim) c hiu cho v tr th hai
trn protein th -c thm vo; v enzim
pht sinh thay i mu khi c mt mt cht
to phn ng thuc th.
elite tree A phenotypically superior tree in
a tree breeding programme.
cy ng cp Cy tt nht v kiu hnh
trong ch-ng trnh nhn ging cy trng.
elongation factors Soluble proteins
required for the elongation of polypeptide
chains on ribosomes.
nhn t ko di Protein ho tan cn thit
ko di chui polyeptit trn ribosom.
embryo An immature organism in the early
stages of development. In mammals,
develops in the first months in the uterus.
In plants, it is the structure that develops
in the megagametophyte, as result of the
fertilization of an egg cell, or occasionally
without fertilization. Somatic embryos can
often be induced in in vitro plant cell
cultures.
phi Sinh vt non trong giai on pht
trin sm. Trong ng vt c v, s pht
trin trong cc thng u trong t cung.
Trong cy trng, l cu trc pht trin trong
i giao t, kt qu ca th tinh t bo
trng, hoc i khi khng th tinh. Phi
xma c th th-ng -c to ra khi nui

90
cy t bo thc vt trong ng nghim.
embryo cloning The creation of identical
copies of an embryo by embryo splitting
or by nuclear transfer from
undifferentiated embryonic cells.
nhn dng phi To thnh cc bn sao
ng nht ca phi do tch phi hoc
chuyn nhn t t bo phi khng phn
ha.
embryo culture The culture of embryos
on nutrient media.
nui cy phi Nui cy phi trn mi
tr-ng cht dinh d-ng.
embryo multiplication and transfer
(Abbreviation: EMT). The cloning of animal
embryos and their subsequent transfer to
recipients via artificial inembryonation.
The cloned embryos can be derived from
embryonic or adult tissue.
nhn v chuyn phi (vit tt: EMT). To
dng phi ng vt v chuyn tip theo
cho th nhn qua ghp phi nhn to. Phi
-c to dng c th bt ngun t phi
hoc t m tr-ng thnh.
embryo rescue A sequence of tissue
culture techniques utilized to enable a
fertilized immature embryo resulting from
an interspecific cross to continue growth
and development, until it can be
regenerated into an adult plant.
cu phi Trnh t k thut nui cy m
-c dng gip cho phi ch-a tr-ng thnh
-c th tinh do lai khc loi tip tc
sinh tr-ng v pht trin, cho n khi c
th -c ti sinh thnh cy tr-ng thnh.
embryo sac The mature female
gametophyte in angiosperms. Generally
a seven-celled structure - two synergids,
one egg cell, three antipodal cells (each
with a single haploid nucleus) and one
endosperm mother cell with two haploid
nuclei.
ti phi Th giao t ci tr-ng thnh trong
cy ht kn. Th-ng c cu trc by t bo
- hai tr bo, mt t bo trng, ba t bo
i cc (mi t bo u c mt nhn n
bi) v mt t bo m ni phi nh mang
hai nhn n bi.

embryo sexing
embryo sexing The determination of the
sex of an embryo prior to birth. Typically
achieved by the polymerase chain
reaction-mediated amplification of DNA
extracted from a sample of embryonic
tissue. Dependent on the availability of
reliable markers for the differential sex
chromosome.
xc nh gii tnh phi Xc nh gii tnh
tr-c phi sinh n. S gim nh t -c
do phn ng chui enzim trng hpkhuch i trung gian ca DNA -c rt
ra t mt mu m phi. Da vo tnh sn
c ca cc du chun ng tin cy v
nhim sc th phn bit gii tnh.
embryo splitting The splitting of young
embryos into several sections, each of
which develops into an animal. A form of
animal cloning, i.e. of producing animals
that are genetically identical. In practice,
the number of animals that can be
produced from a single embryo is less than
10.
tch phi Tch phi non ra nhiu phn,
mi phn pht trin thnh mt c th ng
vt. Mt dng to dng ng vt, ngha l
ca cc ng vt ang sn xut l ng
nht di truyn. Trong thc t, s ng vt
c th sn xut t mt phi n l thp
d-i 10.
embryo storage Cryogenic preservation
of
animal
embryos,
allowing
inembryonation or other manipulations
long after embryo formation.
bo qun phi Bo qun nhit thp
phi ng vt, cho php chuyn ghp phi
hoc thao tc khc sau hnh thnh phi.
embryo technology Generic name for
any modification of mammalian embryos.
It encompasses embryo cloning, embryo
splitting, embryo storage, and in vitro
fertilization.
cng ngh phi Tn chung ch bt k bin
i phi ca loi c v. Lin quan n to
dng phi, tch phi, bo qun phi, v
th tinh trong ng nghim.
embryo transfer chuyn ghp phi (vit
tt: ET) Xem: embryo multiplication and

91
transfer, multiple ovulation and embryo
transfer.
embryogenesis
1.
(General)
Development of an embryo. 2. (In plants)
In vitro formation of plants from plant
tissues, through a pathway closely
resembling normal embryogeny from the
zygote. Somatic cell embryogenesis is
an alternative technique. The generation
of embryos has two stages: initiation and
maturation. Initiation needs a high level of
the group of plant hormones called auxins;
maturation needs a lower level.
pht sinh phi 1. (Ni chung) Pht trin
ca mt phi. 2. ( thc vt) Trong ng
nghim s hnh thnh cy trng t m thc
vt, qua -ng mn ging ht s hnh
thnh v pht trin phi bnh th-ng t hp
t. Pht sinh t bo xma l k thut -c
la chn. Pht sinh phi gm hai giai on:
Khi u v tr-ng thnh. Khi u cn
mc cao nhm hormon thc vt gi l
nhng cht kch thch sinh tr-ng; tr-ng
thnh cn mc thp hn.
embryoid Plant biotechnology term no
longer commonly used. An embryo-like
body developing in vitro, forming a
complete, self-contained plantlet with no
vascular connection with the callus.
dng phi Thut ng cng ngh sinh hc
thc vt mi -c dng ph bin. Mt th
ging ht phi pht trin trong ng nghim,
hnh thnh cy con hon chnh, c lp,
m khng ni mch vi m so.
embryonic stem cells (Abbreviation: ES
cells). Cells of the early embryo that can
give rise to all differentiated cells, including
germ line cells.
t bo cung phi (vit tt: ES cells).
Cc t bo ca phi sm c th sinh ra tt
c t bo bit ho, bao gm t bo dng
mm.
emission wavelength The specific
wavelength of light emitted by a fluorescent
molecule, such as a labelled probe, upon
absorption of light at the (higher)
excitation wavelength.
b-c sng pht x B-c sng c bit

EMT
ca nh sng pht ra bi phn t hunh
quang, nh- l u d -c nh du, nh
hp th nh sng ti b-c sng kch thch
(cao hn).
EMT xem: embryo multiplication and
transfer.
encapsidation The process by which the
nucleic acid of a virus is enclosed in a
capsid.
nang ho Qu trnh axit nucleic ca
virut -c bao cht trong v bc.
encapsulating agents Anything which
forms a shell around an enzyme or
bacterium, common agents being
polysaccharides such as alginate or
agar. The agents are inert and allow
nutrients and oxygen to diffuse readily into
and out of the sphere, and are easy to
convert from gel (solid) to sol (liquid) or
solution form by altering the temperature
or the concentration of ions.
tc nhn ng gi Bt k cht no hnh
thnh v bc xung quanh enzim hoc vi
khun, Cc tc nhn ph bin hin nay l
polisacarit nh- anginat hoc thch. Cc tc
nhn khng hot ng v cho php cc
cht dinh d-ng v oxi dng khuch
tn vo v ra ngoi khong trng, v d
chuyn i t cht gel (cht rn) thnh
dng keo (cht lng) hoc dung dch do
thay i nhit hoc nng ion.
encapsulation Any method packaging an
enzyme or bacterium and maintaining its
normal functions. Used to immobilize cells
in a bioreactor.
bc nang Bt k ph-ng php no ng
gi mt enzim hoc vi khun v duy tr cc
chc nng bnh th-ng. -c dng gi c
nh cc t bo trong bnh phn ng.
encode The gene product specified by a
particular nucleic acid sequence. See:
genetic code.
m ha Sn phm gen bit ho do mt
trnh t axt nuclc ring bit, xem: genetic
code.
endangered species A plant or animal
species in immediate danger of extinction
because its population number has

92
reached a critical level, or its habitat has
been drastically reduced.
loi c nguy c Loi thc vt hoc ng
vt c mi nguy c cp bch tit chng
bi v s l-ng qun th t ti mc
bo ng, hoc dn c- b gim qu nhanh.
endemic Describing an organism, often a
disease or pest, that is always present in
a stated area.
bnh a ph-ng M t mt loi sinh vt,
th-ng l bnh hoc su hi cy m lun
c mt trong mt vng -c ni ti.
end-labelling The introduction of a readilyvisualized tag at the end of a DNA or RNA
molecule. A commonly used method is to
introduce a 32P atom onto the end of a DNA
molecule by means of the enzyme T4
polynucleotide kinase.
nh du mt Chuyn mt nhn d quan
st vo mt phn t DNA hoc RNA.
Ph-ng php dng ph bin l chuyn
nguyn t 32P ln mt phn t DNA bng
ph-ng tin enzim phn ct polinucleotit
T4.
endocrine gland Any gland in an animal
that manufactures hormones and secretes
them directly into the bloodstream to act
at distant sites in the body, known as target
organs or cells.
tuyn ni tit Bt k tuyn no trong ng
vt sn xut ra hc mn v phn tit trc
tip vo trong mu tc ng n nhiu
v tr trong c th, -c bit nh- c quan
hoc t bo ch.
endocrine interference Interference with
the normal balance of hormones.
giao thoa ni tit Giao thoa c s cn
bng bnh th-ng ca cc hooc-mn.
endocytosis The process by which
materials enter a cell without passing
through the cell membrane. The
membrane folds around material outside
the cell, resulting in the formation of a saclike vesicle inside which the material is
entrapped. This vesicle is then pinched off
from the cell surface so that it lies within
the cell. See: phagocytosis, pinocytosis.

endoderm
nhp bo Qu trnh vt cht i vo t bo
m khng qua mng t bo. Nhng np
gp mng vy xung quanh vt cht bn
ngoi t bo, kt qu hnh thnh mt mn
n-c ging nh- ti xc bn trong vt
cht b nh by. Sau mn n-c -c
kp li t b mt t bo t nm trong t
bo. Xem: phagocytosis, pinocytosis.
endoderm The internal layer of cells of the
gastrula, which develops into the
alimentary canal (gut) and digestive glands
of the adult.
ni b Lp trong ca t bo mm phi,
pht trin thnh ng tiu ha (rut) v
nhng tuyn phi hp ca sinh vt tr-ng
thnh.
endodermis The layer of living cells, with
various characteristically thickened walls
and no intercellular spaces, which
surrounds the vascular tissue of certain
plants and occurs in nearly all roots and
certain stems and leaves. It separates the
cortical cells from cells of the pericycle.
tng ni b Lp cc t bo hot ng, c
cc vch ngn lm dy c tr-ng khc
nhau v khng c khong gian bo, vy
quanh m mch ca cc cy trng nht
nh v xut hin trong gn tt c gc, thn
v l xc nh. Phn tch t bo v vi t
bo tr b.
endogamy ni giao xem: inbreeding.
endogenous Derived from within; from the
same cell type or organism. Opposite:
exogenous.
ni sinh C ngun gc t bn trong; T
cng kiu t bo hoc sinh vt. Ng-c vi:
exogenous.
endomitosis Duplication of chromosomes
without division of the nucleus, resulting
in a doubling (or more) in the
chromosome number within a cell.
ni nguyn phn Nhn i nhim sc th
khng c thnh phn ht nhn, kt qu
to ra gp i (hoc hn) s l-ng nhim
sc th trong t bo.
endonuclease An enzyme that cleaves a
phosphodiester bond within a DNA
strand, forming two smaller strands. See:

93
exonuclease, restriction endonuclease.
endonucleaza Enzim phn ct lin kt
phosphodieste trong mt si DNA, hnh
thnh hai si nh hn. Xem: exonuclease,
restriction endonuclease.
endophyte An organism that lives inside
a plant.
ni k sinh thc vt Sinh vt sng bn
trong thc vt.
endoplasmic reticulum (Abbreviation:
ER). A cytoplasmic net of membranes,
adjacent to the nucleus, visible under the
electron microscope. The sites of protein
synthesis.
l-i ni bo (vit tt: ER). Mt mng l-i
bo cht ca mng, tip gip ht nhn,
quan st -c bng knh hin vi in t.
Cc v tr tng hp protein.
endopolyploidy The net result of
endomitoses. The somatic chromosome
number has doubled (or more), forming a
polyploid cell line. If these differentiate
into a germ line, then the gametic number
will have also increased proportionately,
giving rise to homogeneously polyploid
individuals, termed endopolyploids.
ni a b Kt qu cui cng ca ni
nguyn phn. S nhim sc th xma -c
nhn gp i (hoc nhiu hn), hnh thnh
dng t bo a bi. Nu chng bit ho
thnh mt dng mm, th sau s giao
t cng s tng cn i, sinh ra c th a
bi ng tnh, gi l cc th ni a bi.
endoprotease An enzyme that cleaves
internal peptide bonds within a
polypeptide molecule. Site of cleavage is
usually specific to certain amino acid
residues.
endoproteaza Mt loi enzim phn ct lin
kt peptit ben trong mt phn t polyeptit.
V tr phn ct th-ng c tr-ng vi nhng
ui amino axt xc nh.
endoreduplication
Chromosome
reproduction during interphase. Fourchromatid
chromosomes
(diplochromosomes) are seen during this
phase.
ni nhn i Sao chp nhim sc th

endosperm
trong k ngh. Cc nhim sc th c bn
nhim sc t (diplochromosomes) -c
quan st r trong pha ny.
endosperm The nutritive tissue that
develops in the seed of most angiosperms,
containing varying proportions of
carbohydrate (usually starch), protein
and lipid. In most diploid plants, the
endosperm is triploid.
ni nh M dinh d-ng pht trin trong
ht ca hu ht cc cy ht kn, c cha t
l hydrat cacbon khc nhau (th-ng l tinh
bt), protein v lipit. Trong hu ht cc cy
l-ng bi, ni phi nh l th tam bi.
endosperm mother cell One of the seven
cells of the mature plant embryo sac,
containing the two polar nuclei and,
which, following fertilization, gives rise to
the primary endosperm cell from which the
endosperm develops.
t bo m ni nh Mt trong s by t
bo ca ti phi cy tr-ng thnh, c cha
hai nhn cc v, sau khi th tinh, sinh t
bo ni nh gc t ni nh pht trin.
endotoxin A component of the cell wall of
gram-negative bacteria that elicits, in
mammals, an inflammatory response and
fever.
ni c t Thnh phn vch t bo vi
khun gram m khi mo phn ng vim
s-ng v st trong ng vt c v.
end-product inhibition The inhibition of
an enzyme by a metabolite. Typically, the
enzyme is the first enzyme in a biosynthetic
pathway, and the metabolite the product
of the last step in the pathway. See:
feedback inhibition.
km hm sn phm cui Km hm mt
enzim do sn phm trao i cht. c bit,
enzim ny l enzim u tin trong -ng
mn tng hp sinh hc, v chuyn ho sn
phm ca khu cui cng trong -ng
mn. Xem: feedback inhibition.
enhancer 1. A substance or object that
increases a chemical activity or a
physiological process. 2. A eukaryotic DNA
sequence (also found in some eukaryotic
viruses) which increases the transcription

94
of a gene. Located up to several kbp,
usually (but not exclusively) upstream of
the gene in question. In some cases can
activate transcription of a gene with no
(known) promoter. Synonyms: enhancer
element; enhancer sequence. 3. A major
or modifier gene that increases the rate of
a physiological process.
nhn t khuch i 1. Cht hoc i
t-ng lm tng hot ng ha hc hoc
qu trnh sinh l. 2. Mt trnh t DNA sinh
vt c nhn (cn hnh thnh trong mt s
virut c nhn) lm tng phin m mt gen.
Phm vi ln ti vi kbp, th-ng (nh-ng
khng phi duy nht) x l ng-c dng ca
gen khi ch-a r. Trong mt s tr-ng hp
c th kch hot phin m gen m khng
(bit) khi u. Nhng t ng ngha:
enhancer element; enhancer sequence. 3.
Mt gen chnh hoc bin i lm tng
thm nhp ca mt qu trnh sinh l.
enhancer element phn t khuch i
Xem: enhancer.
enhancer sequence trnh t khuch i
Xem: enhancer.
enolpyruvyl-shikimate-3-phosphate
synthase (Abbreviation EPSP synthase or
EPSPS). An enzyme produced by virtually
all plants, which is essential for normal
metabolism, and for the biosynthesis of
aromatic amino acids. Glyphosate- and
sulfosate-containing herbicides act by
inhibiting EPSP synthase activity, but
because strain CP4 of Agrobacterium sp.
is unaffected by glyphosate, the
introduction of the CP4 EPSPS gene into
crop plants generates a tolerance of
glyphosate-containing herbicides.
enolpyruvyl-shikimate-3-phosphate
synthaza (vit tt EPSP synthaza hoc
EPSPS ). Enzim -c sn sinh bi hu nhtt c thc vt, chng l thit yu trao
i cht bnh th-ng, v sinh tng hp axit
amin thm. Cc thuc dit c c
glyphosate - v sulfosate tc ng bng
cch ngn chn hot ng EPSP
synthaza, nh-ng do chng CP4 ca
Agrobacterium sp. khng b nh h-ng bi
glyphosate, nn chuyn gen CP4 EPSPS

enterotoxin
cho cy trng s pht sinh tnh chng chu
thuc dit c c cha glyphosata.
enterotoxin A bacterial protein that,
following release into the intestine, causes
cramps, diarrhoea and nausea.
c t rut non Mt protein vi khun, sau
khi xm nhim vo rut non, gy ra nhng
chng chut rt, bnh tiu chy v bun
nn.
enucleated ovum Egg cell from which the
nucleus has been removed, usually as a
preparatory step for nuclear transfer.
trng bc nhn T bo trng m -c
loi b nhn, th-ng l mt b-c d b
chuyn nhn.
enzyme A protein which, even in very low
concentration, catalyses specific chemical
reactions but is not used up in the reaction.
Enzymes are classified into six major
groups (1-6), according to the type of
reaction they catalyse: 1. oxidoreductases;
2. transferases; 3. hydrolases; 4. lyases;
5. isomerases; 6. ligases. Generally
enzymes are named by the addition of the
suffix -ase to the name of their substrate,
and are classified by a standard numerical
system: the Enzyme Commission (EC)
number.
enzim Mt loi protein, thm ch nng
rt thp, xc tc cc phn ng ha hc
ring bit nh-ng khng b s dng vo
phn ng. Enzim -c phn loi thnh su
nhm chnh (1-6), theo kiu phn ng
chng xc tc: 1. enzim oxi ha kh; 2.
enzim chuyn v; 3. enzim thu phn; 4.
enzim phn ct; 5. Enzim ng phn ho;
6. Enzim tng hp. Th-ng enzim -c t
tn do thm hu t - aza vo tn c cht,
v -c phn loi bng h thng s chun:
s y nhim men (EC).
enzyme bioreactor A reactor in which a
chemical conversion reaction is catalysed
by an enzyme.
bnh ln men Bnh phn ng trong
phn ng chuyn i ha hc -c xc
tc do enzim.
Enzyme
Commission
number
(Abbreviation: EC number). Systematic

95
label which identifies an enzyme in the
technical literature. Consists of four
numbers separated by dots: the first
classifies the enzyme into one of the six
broad enzyme groups (see: enzymes);
each group is subdivided into sub-groups,
each sub-group into sub-sub-groups, and
the last number is specific for the enzyme,
e.g. EC 3.1.21.1 is deoxyribonuclease I.
s y nhim enzim (vit tt: EC numbers EC). Nhn mang tnh h thng xc
nh mt enzim trong ti liu k thut. Gm
c bn s phn ra bi cc s hiu: Tr-c
ht phn loi enzim thnh su nhm chnh
(xem: enzymes); mi nhm -c chia nh
thnh nhm ph, mi nhm ph li phn
thnh d-i- nhm ph, v s cui cng ch
ring enzim, v d EC 3.1.21.1 l
deoxyribonucleaza I.
enzyme electrode A type of biosensor, in
which an enzyme is immobilized onto the
surface of an electrode. When the enzyme
catalyses its reaction, electrons are
transferred from the reactant to the
electrode, and so a current is generated.
There are two types of enzyme electrodes:
1. Ampometric (measuring current flow)
where the electrode is kept as near zero
voltage as possible. When the enzyme
catalyses its reaction, electrons move into
the electrode, and so a current flows; 2.
Potentiometric (measuring changes in
electrical potential) when the electrode is
held at a voltage which counteracts the
voltage determined by the enzymes
tendency to push electrons into it. Usually
enzymes transfer their electrons
inefficiently to the electrode, so a mediator
compound is coated onto the electrode to
help the transfer.
in cc men Mt loi cm bin cm sinh
hc, trong enzim -c gi c nh trn
b mt in cc. Khi enzim xc tc phn
ng, cc in t -c chuyn t cht phn
ng n in cc, v nh- vy dng in
-c pht sinh. C hai loi in cc enzim:
1. C-ng (o c-ng dng in) ni
in cc gi kh nng in p gn bng
khng. Khi enzim xc tc phn ng, cc
in t di chuyn vo in cc, v nh- vy

enzyme immunoassay
dng in -c pht sinh; 2. in th (o
s thay i in p) khi in cc gi ti
mt in p lm mt tc dng in p xc
nh do xu h-ng ca enzim y in t
vo trong n. Th-ng cc enzim chuyn
in t ca chng khng ti -c in cc,
v vy mt hp cht trung gian -c ph
ln trn in cc h tr di chuyn.
enzyme immunoassay A range of
immunoassay techniques employing
enzymes, which includes ELISA.
th nghim min dch enzim Mt phm
tr k thut th nghim min dch c dng
enzim, bao gm c ELISA.
enzyme kinetics The quantitative
characteristics of enzyme reactions.
ng hc enzim c tr-ng nh l-ng ca
phn ng enzim.
enzyme stabilization Maintaining the
active conformation of an enzyme. This
can be achieved in vitro by providing the
appropriate chemical environment and
cofactors. In some cases the criticality of
these factors can be reduced by binding
an antibody to the enzyme, in such a way
that the active site of the enzyme is left
unblocked.
n nh enzim Duy tr hnh thi hot ng
ca enzim. C th t -c trong ng
nghim do cung cp mi tr-ng ha hc
thch hp v cc ng yu t. Trong mt
s tr-ng hp mc ti hn ca cc nhn
t ny c th gim bt do lin kt khng
th vi enzim, bng cch ny v tr hot
ng ca enzim -c gii ta.
enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay
Xem: ELISA.
EPD Xem: expected progeny difference.
epicotyl The upper portion of the axis of a
plant embryo or seedling, above the
cotyledons.
tr trn l mm Phn trn ca trc phi
thc vt hoc mm non, pha trn l mm.
epidermis 1. The outmost layer of cells of
the body of an animal. In invertebrates the
epidermis is normally only one cell thick
and is covered by an impermeable cuticle.
In vertebrates the epidermis is the thinner

96
of the two layers of skin. 2. The outermost
layer of cells covering a plant. It is overlaid
by a cuticle and its functions are principally
to protect the plant from injury and to
reduce water loss. Some epidermal cells
are modified to form guard cells or hairs
of various types. In woody plants the
functions of the shoot epidermis are taken
over by the periderm tissues and in mature
roots the epidermis is sloughed off and
replaced by the hypodermis.
biu b 1. Lp t bo ngoi cng ca c
th ng vt. Trong ng vt khng x-ng
sng biu b bnh th-ng ch l mt lp t
bo dy ln v -c bao trm bi mt lp
v sng khng thm n-c. Trong ng vt
c x-ng sng biu b mng hn hai lp
da. 2. Lp t bo ngoi cng ph kn thc
vt. N -c ph thm bi mt lp v sng
v c chc nng ch yu bo v cy
khi b th-ng v gim mt n-c. Mt s
t bo biu b bin i thnh t bo bo v
hoc kiu lng khc nhau. Trong cy g
cc chc nng ca biu b chi -c thc
hin do m chu b v trong r tr-ng thnh
biu b bong ra v thay th bng lp d-i
biu b.
epigenesis Describes the developmental
process whereby each successive stage
of normal development is built up on the
foundations created by the preceding
stages of development; an embryo is built
up from a zygote, a seedling from an
embryo, and so on.
thuyt biu sinh M t qu trnh pht trin
theo tng giai on pht trin bnh
th-ng lin tip -c xy dng trn nn
tng -c to ra t cc giai on pht trin
tr-c; phi -c to thnh t hp t, cy
ging t mt phi, vn vn.
epigenetic variation Non-hereditary and
reversible variation; often the result of a
change in gene expression due to
methylation of DNA.
bin d biu sinh Bin d c th o ng-c
v khng di truyn; th-ng l kt qu ca
mt thay i khi biu th gen qua metyl ho
DNA.
epinasty A process by which the growth

epiphyte
of branches or petioles is abnormally
pointing downward. This phenomenon is
caused by the more rapid growth of the
upper side. Epinasty may result from either
nutritional deficiencies or irregularities at
the plant growth regulator level. Not to
be confused with wilting, as epinastic
tissues are turgid.
sinh tr-ng cong Qu trnh m bi
sinh tr-ng ca nhnh hoc cung l ch
xung pha d-i mt cch bt th-ng. Hin
t-ng ny gy ra do phn trn tng tr-ng
nhanh hn. Sinh tr-ng cong c th l kt
qu thiu ht dinh d-ng hoc thay i bt
th-ng mc iu tit sinh tr-ng thc
vt. Khng nn ln ln vi ho, khi cc m
sinh tr-ng cong b phng dp.
epiphyte A plant that grows upon another
plant, but is neither parasitic on it nor
rooted in the ground.
thc vt biu sinh (cy tm gi), Loi
cy m sinh tr-ng bm vo cy khc,
nh-ng khng phi l k sinh trn cy khc
cng khng bn r trn t.
episome A genetic extrachromosomal
element (e.g. the F factor in Escherichia
coli) which replicates within a cell
independently of the chromosome and is
able to integrate into the host
chromosome. The step of integration may
be governed by a variety of factors and so
the term episome has lost favour and been
superseded by the wider term plasmid.
th ngoi Phn t ngoi nhim sc th di
truyn (v d nh- nhn t F trong trc
khun -Escherichia coli) gi li trong t bo
mt cch c lp ca nhim sc th v c
th hp nht vi nhim sc th vt ch.
B-c hp nht ny c th -c iu khin
do mt loi tc nhn v do vy thut ng
episome t -c s dng v thay th bi
thut ng plasmit ngha rng hn .
epistasis Interaction between genes at
different loci, e.g. one gene suppresses
the effect of another gene that is situated
at a different locus. Dominance is
associated with members of allelic pairs,
whereas epistasis describes an interaction
among products of non-alleles.

97
c ch t-ng h T-ng tc gia cc gen
ti cc gen khc nhau, v d mt gen ln
t s nh h-ng ca gen khc m n -c
t ti mt gen khc bit. Tnh tri -c
kt hp vi cc thnh vin ca cp alen,
trong khi s t ch m t mi t-ng tc
gia nhng sn phm khng alen.
epitope T ng ngha antigenic
determinant.
epizootic A disease simultaneously
affecting a large number of animals.
bnh dch th Bnh cng mt lc nh
h-ng n s l-ng ln ng vt.
EPSP synthase vit tt ca enolpyruvylshikimate 3-phosphate synthase.
EPSPS vit tt ca enolpyruvylshikimate 3-phosphate synthase.
equational division A chromosome
division in which the two chromatids of
each duplicated chromosome separate
longitudinally, prior to being incorporated
into two daughter nuclei. Seen at the
mitotic-type second division of meiosis;
also in somatic mitosis and the nonreductional division of meiosis. The
number of chromosomes is the same at
the end of the division as at the beginning.
phn chia ng u S phn chia nhim
sc th m trong hai nhim sc t ca
mi nhim sc th nhn i phn tch theo
chiu dc, cp i tr-c -c hp nht
thnh hai nhn con. -c quan st r
phn chia ln hai kiu nguyn phn ca
gin phn; cng nh- trong nguyn phn
xma v phn chia khng sinh sn ca
gim phn. S l-ng nhim sc th cui
phn chia cng ging nh- lc bt u.
equilibrium
density
gradient
centrifugation A procedure used to
separate macromolecules based on their
density (mass per unit volume).
li tm mt cn bng Cch thc tin
hnh phn tch i phn t da vo mt
(khi l-ng theo n v th tch).
ER xem: endoplasmic reticulum.
Erlenmeyer flask A conical flat-bottomed
laboratory flask with a narrow neck, widely
used for culturing micro-organisms.

ES cells
bnh Erlenmeyer Mt loi bnh th nghim
y bt hnh nn c c hp, dng nui
cy vi sinh vt.
ES cells t bo ES xem: embryonic stem
cells.
Escherichia coli A commensal bacterium
inhabiting the colon of many animal
species, including human. E. coli is widely
used as a model of cell biochemical
function, and as a host for cloning DNA.
In environmental studies, its presence is a
key indicator of water pollution due to
human sewage effluent. Some strains,
notably E. coli 0157:H7, are significant
pathogens.
trc khun i trng Vi khun cng sinh
khu tr ti rut ca nhiu loi ng vt,
bao gm c ng-i. E. coli -c dng ph
bin lm mt m hnh hot ng ho sinh
t bo, v lm vt ch to dng DNA.
Trong nghin cu mi tr-ng, s c mt
ca n l du hiu chnh ch nhim n-c
do nh h-ng cht thi ng-i. Mt s
chng, ng ch E. coli 0157:H7, l tc
nhn gy bnh quan trng.
essential amino acid An amino acid
required for normal metabolism, but which
cannot be synthesized by an organism. It
therefore has to be supplied via feed or
food.
axit amin thit yu Mt axit amin cn
thit trao i cht bnh th-ng, nh-ng
khng th -c tng hp bi sinh vt. Bi
vy n -c cung cp qua nui d-ng
hoc thc n.
essential derivation of varieties
(Abbreviation: EDV). Genotypes very
similar to an originating cultivar, obtained,
for example, by the selection of a mutant
or a variant individual from plants of the
initial variety, or by backcrossing or
transformation.
dng thit yu ca cy trng (vit tt:
EDV) Cc kiu di truyn rt ging vi mt
loi cy trng ngun gc, -c tip thu, v
d, do chn lc mt t bin hoc mt c
th khc nhau cht t bt ngun t thc
vt dng ban u, do lai ng-c hoc bin
np.

98
essential element Any of a number of
elements required by living organisms to
ensure normal growth, development and
maintenance.
phn t thit yu Bt k mt s phn t
no -c yu cu bi sinh vt sng bo
m sinh tr-ng bnh th-ng, pht trin
v duy tr.
essential nutrient Any substance required
by living organisms to ensure normal
growth, development and maintenance.
cht dinh d-ng thit yu Mt cht bt
k -c yu cu bi sinh vt sng bo
m sinh tr-ng, pht trin v duy tr bnh
th-ng.
essential requirement In plant cell tissue
culture, comprises inorganic salts,
including all of the elements necessary for
plant metabolism; organic factors (amino
acids, vitamins); usually also endogenous
plant growth regulators (auxins, cytokinins
and often gibberellins); as well as a carbon
source (sucrose or glucose).
nhu cu thit yu Trong nui cy m t
bo thc vt, gm c cc mui v c, bao
gm tt c cc phn t cn thit cho
chuyn ho thc vt; cc nhn t hu c
(axit amin, vitamin); bnh th-ng cn cc
cht iu tit sinh tr-ng thc vt ni sinh
(auxin, cytokinin v gibberellin); cng nhmt ngun cc bon (-ng n hoc
-ng kp).
EST xem: expressed sequence tag.
established culture 1. An aseptic viable
explant (See: micropropagation). 2. A
suspension culture subjected to several
passages with a constant cell number per
unit time.
nui cy thit lp 1. Mu nui cy c th
ny
mm
v
trng
(xem:
micropropagation). 2. Nui cy huyn ph
tu thuc vo mt s chuyn tip c s t
bo khng thay i theo n v thi gian.
estimated breeding value (Abbreviation:
EBV). Twice the expected progeny
difference. The difference is doubled
because breeding value is a reflection of
all the genes of an individual, in contrast

estrogen
to progeny difference, which is a reflection
of a sample half of an individuals genes.
The predicted performance of the
offspring of the mating between any two
parents is the average of their EBVs
(averaged because each parent makes an
equal contribution to each offspring).
gi tr nhn ging -c tnh (vit tt: EBV).
Hai ln khc bit con chu mong mun.
S khc nhau -c nhn i v gi tr nhn
ging phn nh ton b gen ca mt c
th, tri ng-c vi khc nhau v con chu,
n phn nh mt mu na s gen ca c
th. Thc hin d on con ci ca vic
kt i gia bt k hai cha m l s trung
bnh EBVs ca chng (trung bnh bi v mi
mt cp cha m u ng gp phn bng
nhau cho con ci).
estrogen Hc mn ng dc xem:
estrogen.
ET Chuyn ghp phi vit tt ca
embryo transfe, xem: multiple ovulation
and embryo transfer.
thanol Commonly used to disinfect plant
tissues, glassware utensils and working
surfaces in tissue culture manipulations;
to precipitate aqueous solutions of nucleic
acids; and to dissolve water-insoluble
components of culture media. Synonym:
ethyl alcohol.
thanol Th-ng dng st trng cc m
thc vt, dng c bng thy tinh v mt
ngoi lm vic trong thao tc cy m; lm
kt ta cc dung dch n-c axit nucleic; v
lm tan thnh phn khng tan trong n-c
ca dung dch nui cy.T ng ngha:
ethyl alcohol.
ethephon A synthetic compound
commonly used as a source of ethylene,
a gaseous plant growth regulator.
ethephon Hp cht tng hp -c dng
ph bin nh- ngun -ti-len, mt loi iu
tit sinh tr-ng thc vt th kh.
ethidium bromide A fluorescent dye which
can intercalate between base pairs of
double-stranded DNA, and hence is
much used to stain DNA in gels. The dye
fluoresces when exposed to UV light. It is
a known to be a strong mutagen and is

99
also possibly both a carcinogen and a
teratogen.
thuc ethidium bromit Mt loi thuc
nhum hunh quang c th xen vo gia
cc cp baz ca DNA si kp, v do vy
dng nhum mu DNA trong cht gel.
Mu hunh quang khi th hin cho nh
sng UV. N -c bit l mt cht gy t
bin mnh v cng c kh nng l cht
gy bnh ung th- v qui thai.
ethyl alcohol r-u etylic xem: ethanol
ethylene A gaseous plant growth
regulator acting on various aspects of
vegetative growth, fruit ripening and
abscission of plant parts. Synonym:
ethene.
-ti-len Cht iu tit sinh tr-ng thc vt
th kh tc ng n sinh tr-ng thc vt
trn nhiu mt khc nhau, lm chn qu
v tch n-c ca b phn cy. T ng
ngha: ethene.
ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid
(Abbreviation: EDTA). A chelating
compound. Used to keep nutrients, such
as iron, bound in a soluble form that leaves
them still available to the plant cells in vitro.
Also a potent inhibitor of DNase activity
and therefore used as an additive for longterm storage of dissolved DNA.
axit ethylenediamine tetraacetic (vit tt:
EDTA). Mt hp cht cation ho. Dng
bo qun cht dinh d-ng, nh- kim loi,
gii hn trong dng ho tan chun b
sn cho t bo thc vt trong ng nghim.
Cng l mt mch c ch (b chn) tim
tng ca hot ng DNase v do vy -c
dng b sung cho bo qun da hn DNA
ho tan.
etiolation An abnormal increase in stem
elongation, accompanied by poor (if any)
leaf development. Physiological etiolation
is caused by a lack of chlorophyll, and is
typical of plants growing under low light
intensity or in complete darkness. It can
also be induced by some fungal
pathogens.
vng, a vng Ko di thn cy mt cch
khc th-ng, kt hp pht trin l khng
ng k (nu c). Tnh trng a vng sinh

ETL
l do thiu cht dip lc gy ra, v l kiu
thc vt sinh tr-ng d-i c-ng nh
sng y hoc trong bng ti hon ton.
N cng c th do mt s tc nhn gy
bnh nm.
ETL Xem: economic trait locus.
eucaryote sinh vt c nhn, nhn tht,
nhn chun xem: eukaryote.
eucaryotic thuc sinh vt c nhn,
nhn tht, nhn chun (tnh t) xem:
eukaryote.
euchromatin Chromosomal material that
is stained less intensely by certain dyes.
Thought to be the chromosomal domains
which are gene-rich, since the DNA in
these regions remains less contracted than
those rich in repetitive DNA - the
heterochromatin.
cht nhim sc chun Cht nhim sc
km nhum mu bng cc thuc nhum
mu nht nh. -c ngh l cc min cht
nhim sc ny giu gen, v DNA trong cc
vng ny cn li co ngn so vi min giu
trong DNA lp- cht d nhim sc.
eugenics The application of the principles
of genetics to the improvement of
humankind. Wholly discredited as a
scientific approach since the Nazi period.
di truyn hc -u th S p dng nhng
nguyn l di truyn hc cho vic ci tin
loi ng-i. Hu nh- b mt tn nhim t
khuynh h-ng nghin cu khoa hc thi
Quc x.
eukaryote One of the two major
evolutionary clades, characterized by
having the nucleus enclosed by a
membrane, and possessing chromosomes
that undergo mitosis and meiosis.
Eukaryotic organisms include animals,
plants, fungi and some algae. See:
prokaryote
sinh vt c nhn, nhn tht, nhn chun
Mt trong s hai nhnh tin ha chnh, c
tr-ng do c nhn -c bao quanh bi
mng mng, v c qu trnh x l nhim
sc th tri qua nguyn phn v gim
phn. Sinh vt c nhn bao gm ng vt,
thc vt, nm v mt s loi to. Xem:
prokaryote.

100
euploid An organism or cell having a
chromosome number that is an exact
multiple of the haploid number. Terms used
to identify different levels in an euploid
series are diploid (2x), triploid (3x),
tetraploid (4x) etc. Opposite: aneuploid.
nguyn bi Sinh vt hoc t bo c s
l-ng nhim sc th l mt bi s chnh
xc s l-ng n bi. Thut ng -c dng
xc nh mc khc nhau trong mt lot
cc nguyn bi l l-ng bi (2 X), tam bi
(3 X), t bi (4 X). Ng-c vi: aneuploid.
evapotranspiration The net water loss (in
vapour form) per unit area of land, both
directly from the land surface, and
indirectly through transpiring leaves.
thot hi n-c S mt n-c thun (thuc
dng hi) theo n v din tch mt t, c
trc tip t b mt t, v gin tip thng
qua l cy bi tit.
evolution The process by which the
present diversity of plant and animal life
has arisen, and which continues to drive
changes in form and mode of existence of
all living organisms.
tin ha Qu trnh theo tnh a dng
hin nay ca i sng ng v thc vt
xut hin, v lin tc iu khin nhng
thay i hnh dng v ph-ng thc tn ti
ca tt c sinh vt sng.
ex-situ conservation The conservation of
components of biological diversity outside
their natural habitats.
bo tn ngoi ch Bo tn cc thnh
phn ca tnh a dng sinh vt bn ngoi
ch c- tr t nhin ca chng.
ex vitro Organisms removed from tissue
culture and transplanted; generally plants
to soil or potting mixture.
Ngoi ng nghim Cc sinh vt chuyn
khi nui cy m v -c trng chuyn;
th-ng trng ra t hoc dm trong chu
hn hp.
ex vivo gene therapy The delivery of a
gene or genes to the isolated cells of an
individual, with the intention of alleviating
a genetic disorder. After culturing, the
transformed cells are re-introduced into the

excinuclease
individual by transfusion, infusion or
injection.
liu php gen ngoi c th S phn pht
ca mt hoc nhiu gen ti t bo -c
phn lp ca mt c th, vi mc ch lm
gim ri lon di truyn. Sau nui cy, cc
t bo ny -c bin np chuyn li cho
c th bng s truyn, hm hoc bm
(tim).
excinuclease The endonucleasecontaining protein complex that excises
a segment of damaged DNA during
excision repair.
excinucleaza Mt loi enzim gii hn c
cha phc hp protein ct b mt on
DNA b hng trong khi ct sa cha.
excision 1. The natural or in vitro
enzymatic removal of a DNA segment from
a chromosome or cloning vector. 2. The
cutting out and preparation of a tissue,
organ, etc., for culture. 3. The removal of
adventitious shoots from callus tissue.
ct lc, loi 1. Loi bng enzim t nhin
hoc trong ng nghim mt on DNA c
ngun gc t nhim sc th hoc vect
to dng. 2. Ct v chun b mt m, c
quan, v.v., nui cy. 3. Loi b cc chi
ph t m so.
excision repair DNA repair processes that
involve the removal of a damaged or
incorrect segment of one strand of doublestranded DNA and its replacement by the
synthesis of a new segment using the
complementary strand of DNA as
template.
ct sa cha DNA Qu trnh sa cha ko
theo vic loi b on b hng hoc sai
lch ca si kp DNA v thay th do tng
hp on ct mi c dng si DNA b sung
lm khung mu.
excitation wavelength The specific
wavelength of light required to stimulate a
fluorescent molecule, such as a labelled
probe, to emit light at the (lower) emission
wavelength.
b-c sng kch thch B-c sng ring
bit ca nh sng cn thit kch thch
phn t hunh quang, nh- mt u d

101
-c nh du, pht ra nh sng ti
b-c sng pht x (thp hn).
excrete To transport material out of a cell
or organism.
bi tit Chuyn vt cht ra khi t bo
hoc sinh vt.
exit site (Abbreviation: E site). The
ribosome binding site that contains the
free tRNA prior to its release.
v tr ra (vit tt: E site). im bm ribosom
c cha tRNA t do tr-c khi -c gii
phng.
exo III Xem: exonuclease III.
exocrine gland An animal gland that
secretes through a duct.
tuyn ngoi tit Mt tuyn ng vt bi
tit qua ng.
exodeoxyribonuclease III
xem:
exonuclease III.
exogamy ch ngoi hn xem:
outbreeding.
exogenous Produced outside of;
originating from, or due to, external causes.
Opposite: endogenous.
ngoi sinh Sinh sn ngoi; bt ngun,
hoc do, cc nguyn nhn bn ngoi.
Ng-c vi: endogenous.
exogenous DNA DNA that has been
derived from one organism, and is to be
introduced into a cell a different species.
Also referred to as foreign DNA or
heterologous DNA.
DNA ngoi sinh DNA c ngun gc t mt
sinh vt, v -c chuyn vo t bo mt
loi khc. Cn -c dn nh- DNA l hoc
DNA d hp .
exon A segment of a eukaryotic gene that
is transcribed as part of the primary
transcript and is retained, after
processing, with other exons to form a
functional mRNA molecule. Many
eukaryotic genes are composed of a
mosaic of exons and introns.
exon on gen nhn chun m -c sao
chp li nh- phn ca bn sao gc v -c
gi li, sau x l, vi exon khc hnh
thnh phn t mRNAn hot ng. Nhiu

exon amplification
gen nhn chun bao gm mt th khm
ca exon v intron .
exon amplification A procedure that is
used to amplify exons.
khuch i exon Ph-ng php dng
khuych i exon.
exonuclease An enzyme that digests DNA
or RNA, beginning at the end of a strand.
It therefore requires a free end in order to
begin the degradation. 5'-exonucleases
require a free 5' end and degrade the
molecule in the 5'?3' direction. 3'exonucleases require a free 3' end and
degrade in the opposite direction.
exonucleaza Enzim tiu ha DNA hoc
RNA, bt u ti mt ca si. Do vy yu
cu mt mt t do bt u phn hu.
5'-exonucleases yu cu mt 5 t do v
phn hu phn t theo h-ng 5 ? 3 . 3 exonucleases yu cu mt 3 t do v
phn chia theo h-ng ng-c li.
exonuclease III (Abbreviation: exo III). An
Escherichia coli enzyme that removes
nucleotides from the 3' hydroxyl ends of
double-stranded DNA. Synonym:
exodeoxyribonuclease III.
exonucleaza III (vit tt: exo III). Enzim
Escherichia coli m loi b cc nuleotit t
cc mt 3' hidroxyl ca DNA si kp. T
ng ngha: exodeoxyribonuclease III.
exopolysaccharide A polysaccharide
that is secreted by a micro-organism into
the surrounding environment.
Mt loi polisacarit do vi sinh vt phn tit
vo mi tr-ng xung quanh.
exotoxin A toxin released by a bacterium
into the medium in which it grows.
ngoi c t Mt c t do vi khun gii
phng vo mi tr-ng m n ang sinh
sng.
expected
progeny
difference
(Abbreviation: EPD). The predicted
performance of the future offspring of an
individual for a particular trait, calculated
from measurement(s) of the individuals
own performance and/or the performance
of one or more of its relatives, for the trait
in question and/or for one or more

102
correlated traits. Typically, the prediction
is expressed as a deviation from a welldefined base population, assuming the
individual in question is mated to a sample
of individuals whose average genetic merit
equals that of the base population. The
predicted performance of the offspring of
the mating between any two individuals is
the sum of their EPDs.
khc nhau con ci mong mun (vit tt:
EPD). Thc hin d on v con ci t-ng
lai ca mt c th v mt tnh trng ring
bit, -c tnh ton t s o m thnh
tch ca chnh c th v/hoc thnh tch
ca mt hoc nhiu b con thn thuc, cho
tnh trng cn nghi vn v/hoc cho mt
hoc nhiu tnh trng t-ng quan. Tiu
biu, d on -c biu th khi mt s sai
lch t mt qun th c s xc nh
ng, gi thit rng c th nghi vn -c
kt hp vi mt mu ca cc c th m s
trung bnh di truyn ca chng cn bng
t-ng xng vi qun th c s. Thc hin
d on con ci ca kt i gia bt k hai
c th l tng s EPDs ca chng.
explant A portion of a plant aseptically
excised and prepared for culture in a
nutrient medium.
mu nui cy, mnh ghp Phn thc vt
-c ct v trng v chun b cho nui cy
trong mi tr-ng dinh d-ng.
explant donor The plant from which an
explant has been taken.
cy cho mu Cy trng m t mt mu
nui cy -c ly ra.
explantation The removal of cells, tissues
or organs of animals and plants for
observation of their growth and
development in appropriate culture media.
ly mu Di cc t bo, m hoc cc c
quan ca ng v thc vt cho quan
st sinh tr-ng v pht trin trong dung
dch nui cy thch hp.
explosion method A technique for the
genetic transformation of cells, in which
the transgene is driven into the target
(plant) cells by the sudden vaporization
(effected by the application of a pulse of

exponential phase
high voltage) of a water droplet containing
the DNA and gold particles.
ph-ng php bng n K thut bin np
di truyn t bo, trong gen chuyn -c
iu khin vo t bo ch (thc vt) bng
bay hi t ngt (kt qu do ng dng xung
in p cao) ca git n-c nh c cha
DNA v cc ht vng.
exponential phase pha s m xem:
logarithmic phase.
export The removal of a compound from
a cell by active transport.
xut khu Di chuyn hp cht t t bo
do vn chuyn tch cc.
express To transcribe and translate a
gene.
biu th Phin m v dch m mt gen.
expressed sequence tag (Abbreviation:
EST). Partially sequenced cDNA clone.
Because the read length of a standard
DNA sequencing reaction is shorter than
the majority of cDNA clones, full length
sequence can only be obtained by further
manipulations. For the purposes of (1)
assigning putative function to a cDNA and
(2) designing PCR primers to extract the
genomic DNA equivalent to the cDNA, full
length sequence is usually unnecessary.
By restricting sequencing to a single run,
large numbers of cDNAs can be
characterized at the EST level.
Nhn trnh t biu th (vit tt: E). Dng
DNA b sung -c trnh t ho tng phn.
Bi v on di -c c ca phn ng
trnh t DNA chun l ngn hn phn chnh
cc dng DNA b sung, trnh t on di
y c th ch thu -c bng nhng
thao tc tip theo. V cc mc ch (1) gn
chc nng gi nh cho DNA b sung v
(2) thit k cc khi u PCR rt ra
DNA h gen t-ng -ng vi DNA b sung,
trnh t on di y th-ng khng cn
thit. Do trnh t gim bt vi h-ng n,
s l-ng ln DNA b sung c th -c m
t c im mc EST.
expression library A cDNA library that
has been inserted into a bacterial host cell
engineered to express transgenes. See:
library.

103
th- vin biu th Th- vin DNA b sung
-c chn vo t bo ch vi khun k
thut biu th gen chuyn. Xem: library.
expression system Combination of host
and vector which provides a genetic
context for making a cloned gene
functional, i.e. produce peptide, in the host
cell.
h thng biu th Kt hp vt ch v
vect cung cp mt on gen to ra
mt chc nng gen -c to dng, nhvic sn xut peptit, trong t bo vt ch.
expression vector A cloning vector that
has been constructed in such a way that,
after insertion of a DNA molecule, its
coding sequence is properly transcribed
and the mRNA is translated. The cloned
gene is put under the control of a promoter
sequence for the initiation of transcription,
and often also has a transcription
termination sequence at its end.
vc t biu th Vect nhn dng -c
xy dng theo mt cch l, sau khi xen
vo phn t DNA, trnh t m ho -c
phin m ng mc v mARN -c dch
m. Gen nhn dng t d-i s iu khin
ca trnh t khi u bt u phin m,
v cng lun c trnh t im cui phin
m ti mt.
expressivity Degree of expression of a
trait controlled by a particular gene. The
gene may show different degrees of
expression in different individuals. See:
variable expressivity.
mc biu th biu th mt tnh trng
kim sot do mt gen ring bit. Gen ny
c th cho thy mc biu th khc nhau
trong cc c th khc nhau. Xem: variable
expressivity.
extension The short single-stranded
stretch of nucleotides remaining on a
double-stranded DNA molecule, following
treatment
with
a
restriction
endonuclease which makes a staggered
cut. The presence of these unpaired
regions make the molecule more easily
ligatable, and are thus important in gene
cloning. Synonyms: protruding end;
sticky end; overhang; cohesive end.

external guide sequence

m rng Dy si n ngn nuleotit cn li
trn mt phn t DNA si kp, tip theo
tin hnh vi endonucleaza gii hn thc
hin ct ch chi. S c mt ca nhng vng
khng cp i ny lm phn t ghp ni
d dng hn, v rt quan trng trong to
dng gen. Nhng t ng ngha: protruding
end; sticky end; overhang; cohesive end.
external guide sequence trnh t h-ng
dn ngoi (vit tt: EGS). Xem: guide
sequence.
extrachromosomal In eukaryotes, nonnuclear DNA, present in cytoplasm
organelles such as mitochondria and
chloroplasts. In prokaryotes, nonchromosomal DNA, i.e. plasmids.
ngoi nhim sc th Trong sinh vt c
nhn, DNA thuc khng nhn, c mt trong
cc phn t cht nguyn sinh nh- ty th
v ht dip lc. Trong snh vt khng nhn,

104
DNA khng thuc nhim sc th, ging nhnhng plasmit.
extrachromosomal inheritance di
truyn ngoi nhim sc th xem:
cytoplasmic inheritance.
extranuclear genes Genes residing
elsewhere than in the nucleus (e.g. in
mitochondria, chloroplasts or plastids).
gen ngoi nhn Nhng gen tp trung li
ni khng phi l trong ht nhn (v d
trong ty th, ht dip lc hoc nhng th
ht).
exude Slowly discharge liquid material
(such as tannins or oxidized polyphenols
from plant material) through pores or cuts,
or by diffusion into the medium.
r a S chy chm cht lng (nh- nhng
cht ta-nin hoc cc polyphenol xy ha
t vt liu thc vt) thng qua l th, lt
ct, hoc do khuych tn vo mi tr-ng.

105

Ff
F factor Abbreviation for fertility factor. A
bacterial plasmid that confers the ability
to function as a genetic donor in
conjugation. See: Hfr.

kt i giai tha S kt i trong

mi mt gc cha -c kt i vi tng gc
m. To kh nng ca ng vt bng
ph-ng php sn xut phi trong ng
nghim. Nh- vy mt s kt i lm
gim ng k t l ni phi trong ch-ng
trnh chn lc.
facultative anaerobe An organism that will
grow under either aerobic or anaerobic
conditions.
vi khun k kh tu nghi Sinh vt sinh
tr-ng -c d-i cc iu kin hiu kh
hoc k kh.

nhn t F vit tt ca: fertility factor.

Plasmit vi khun c kh nng hot ng
nh- th cho gen trong tip hp. xem: Hfr.

FAD xem: dinucleotit adenin flavin.

F1 Abbreviation for filial generation 1. The

initial hybrid generation resulting from a
cross between two parents. See Fn.

false negative A negative assay result that

should have been positive.

con lai F1 vit tt cho filial generation 1.

Th h lai u bt ngun t lai cho gia
hai cha m. xem: Fn.
F 2 The second hybrid generation,
produced either by intercrossing two F1
individuals, or by self-fertilizing an F 1
individual. See Fn.
th h lai F2 Th h lai th hai, -c sn
sinh bi lai cho hai c th F1, hoc mt
c th F1 t th tinh. xem Fn.
Fab A product of hydrolysis of an IgG
antibody, consisting of the variable region
with some of the constant region of a heavy
chain, and an entire light chain. Contains
a single antigen-binding site.
Fab Sn phm thy phn khng th lg G,
gm c vng bin i vi mt s vng n
nh ca chui nng, v mt chui nh
hon ton. Cha v tr lin kt khng
nguyn n.
FACS Xem: fluorescence-activated cell
sorting.
factorial mating A mating scheme in which
each male parent is mated with each
female parent. Made possible in animals
by means of in vitro embryo production.
Such a mating scheme substantially
reduces the rate of inbreeding in a
selection programme.

false fruit qu gi xem: pseudocarp.

m tnh gi Kt qu th nghim m tnh

m cn c d-ng tnh.
false positive A positive assay result that
should have been negative.
d-ng tnh gi Kt qu th nghim d-ng
tnh m cn c m tnh.
farm animal genetic resources Those
animal species that are used, or may be
used, for the production of food and
agriculture, and the populations within
each of them. Within each species, these
populations can be classified as wild and
feral populations, landraces and primary
populations, standardized breeds, selected
lines, and any conserved genetic material.
ti nguyn di truyn ng vt nui Cc
loi ng vt ang s dng, hoc c th
-c s dng, sn xut thc phm v
nng nghip, v cc qun th trong mi
loi. Trong mi mt loi, cc qun th ny
c th phn thnh qun th hoang d v
di, ging truyn thng v qun th nguyn
thu, ging tiu chun, dng chn lc, v
bt k vt liu di truyn -c bo tn.
farmers privilege Rights to hold
germplasm, covered by plant variety
protection, as a seed source for
subsequent seasons. Considered as
optional for governments to include in their
legislation. Synonym: farmer-saved seed.

farmers rights
c quyn ca nng dn Cc quyn li
gi phi mm, bao gm s bo v a dng
thc vt, nh- l ngun ht ging cho cc
ma k tip. -c xem xt khi la chn
tu theo cc quc gia bao gm trong lut
php ca h.T ng ngha: farmer-saved
seed.
farmers rights Rights first recognized by
Resolution 5 of the 1989 FAO Conference
as rights arising from the past, present and
future contributions of farmers in the
conservation, improvement and the
making available of plant genetic
resources; this item became an
attachment to the International
Undertaking on Plant Genetic
Resources. The binding International
Treaty of Plant Genetic Resources for
Food and Agriculture that resulted from
the renegotiations of the Undertaking
makes provision for the Farmers Rights
in Article 9.
quyn li ca nng n Cc quyn li
-c ghi nhn u tin theo quyt nh s
5 ca Hi ngh FAO 1989 nh- Quyn li
xut hin t nhng ng gp thuc qu
kh, hin ti v t-ng lai ca nng dn
trong bo tn, ci tin v d tr ti nguyn
di truyn thc vt; iu ny tr thnh mt
phn ca bn Cam kt Quc t v Ti
nguyn Di truyn Thc vt. S rng buc
Hip -c Quc t v Ti nguyn Di truyn
Thc vt cho L-ng thc v Nng nghip
bt ngun t nhng iu khon cam kt
thc hin cung cp cc quyn li ca nng
dn trong mc 9.
fasccle b xem: vascular bundle.

106
fed-batch fermentation Culture of cells
or micro-organisms where nutrients are
added periodically to the bioreactor.
ln men theo l Nui cy t bo hoc sinh
vt ni cc cht dinh d-ng -c thm vo
bnh phn ng theo nh k.
feedback inhibition The process by which
the accumulated end product of a
biochemical pathway stops synthesis of
that product. The effect is that a late
metabolite of a synthetic pathway
regulates the synthesis of an earlier step
of the pathway. See: end-product
inhibition.
c ch phn hi Qu trnh sn phm
cui cng -c tch ly ca -ng mn
ha sinh lm ngng tng hp sn phm
. Kt qu l do cht chuyn ha cui
cng ca -ng mn tng hp iu chnh
s tng hp b-c u ca -ng mn.
Xem: end-product inhibition.
fermentation The anaerobic breakdown
of complex organic substances, especially
carbohydrates, by micro-organisms,
yielding energy. Often misused to describe
large-scale aerobic cell culture in
specialized vessels (fermenters,
bioreactors) for secondary product
synthesis.
s ln men S phn hu ym kh cc cht
hu c phc tp, c bit cc hydrat
cacbon, do vi sinh vt, gii phng nng
l-ng. Lun -c dng sai m t nui
cy t bo ho kh quy m ln trong b
chuyn dng (fermenters, bioreactors)
tng hp sn phm th cp.

F c A product of hydrolysis of an IgG

antibody, consisting of parts of the
constant regions of two heavy chains held
together by a disulphide bridge, but
excluding the antigen-binding regions,
and also excluding the light chains.

fermentation substrates Materials used

as food for growing micro-organisms. The
fermentation substrates and the trace
materials needed, together with chemicals
added to make the fermentation easier,
form the culture medium.

Sn phm thy phn khng th lgG, bao

gm cc phn ca vng n nh ca hai
chui nng kt cht vi nhau bng cu
disulphid, nh-ng loi tr cc vng lin kt
khng nguyn, v cng loi tr cc chui
nh.

cht nn ln men Cc nguyn liu dng

lm thc n cho vi sinh vt sinh tr-ng.
Nhng vt cht nn ln men v nguyn
liu vt (rt nh) cn thit, cng vi ha
cht thm vo lm cho ln men d hn,
hnh thnh mi tr-ng cy.

fermenter
fermenter
bioreactor.

107
cht

gn

men

xem:

fertile Capable of breeding and

reproduction.
th tinh Kh nng nhn ging v sinh sn.
fertility factor nhn t hu th xem: F
factor.

vt (v d phn hu c), hoc chng c

th l tng hp (phn bn nhn to).
fetus thai (nhi) xem: foetus.
Feulgen staining A histochemical stain by
which the distribution of DNA in the
chromosomes of dividing cell nuclei can
be observed.

ertilization The union of two gametes from

opposite sexes to form a zygote. Typically,
each gamete contains a haploid set of
chromosomes. Hence the zygotic nucleus
contains a diploid set of chromosomes.
Several categories can be distinguished:
1. Self-fertilization (selfing): fusion of male
and female gametes from the same
individual. 2. Cross-fertilization (crossing):
fusion of male and female gametes from
different individuals. 3. Double fertilization;
restricted to flowering plants, in which the
fusion of one male gamete with the ovum
occurs at about the same time as the
second male gamete nucleus fuses with
the female polar nuclei (or secondary
nucleus) to form the endosperm.

nhum mu Feulgen Cht nhum mu

ho hc m bi vic phn phi DNA
trong cc nhim sc th ca nhn t bo
phn chia c th quan st -c.
FIA Vit tt ca fluorescence
immunoassay.

th tinh Kt hp hai giao t c ngun gc

t gii tnh ng-c nhau hnh thnh mt
giao t. c im, mi giao t c cha mt
b th nhim sc n bi. Bi vy ht nhn
hp t s c cha mt b th nhim sc
l-ng bi. Mt s loi c th -c phn
bit: 1. T th tinh (t phi): dung hp cc
phi t ci v c t cng mt c th. 2.
Th tinh cho (lai cho): dung hp cc phi
t ci v c t cc c th khc nhau. 3.
Th tinh kp; gii hn vi thc vt ra hoa,
trong dung hp ca mt giao t c vi
non xut hin vo khong cng thi gian
nhn giao t c th hai dung hp vi nhn
cc ging ci (hoc nhn th hai) hnh
thnh ni nh.

si nguyn bo Cc t bo phn nhnh,

nh dng bt th-ng phn tn trong cc
m lin hp ng vt c x-ng sng. Mt
kiu t bo -c nui cy d dng trong
ng nghim.
fibrous root Root system in which both
primary and lateral roots have
approximately equal diameters. Opposite:
tap root.
r chm H r m c r chnh v r bn
u c -ng knh xp x bng nhau.
Ng-c vi: tap root.
field gene bank ngn hng gen ng
rung xem: gene bank (2).
filial generation th h u xem: F1, F2,
Fn.

fertilizer Any substance that is added to

soil in order to increase its productivity.
Fertilizers can be of biological origin (e.g.
composts), or they can be synthetic
(artificial fertilizer).
phn bn Bt k cht no -c thm vo
t vi mc ch lm tng nng sut. Cc
loi phn bn c th l nguyn gc sinh

fibril A microscopic to sub-microscopic

cellulose thread that is part of the cellulose
matrix of plant cell walls.
si nh Si xen-lu-l nh mc hin vi
ti mc d-i hin vi l phn khun xen-lul ca vch t bo thc vt.
fibroblasts Irregularly shaped, branching
cells distributed throughout vertebrate
connective tissue. A cell type which is
readily cultured in vitro.

filter bioreactor A cell culture system, in

which cells are grown on a fine mesh of
an inert material, which allows the culture
medium to flow past it but retains the cells.
This is similar in idea to membrane and
hollow fibre reactors, but can be much
easier to set up, being similar to
conventional tower bioreactors, but with

filter sterilization
the mesh replacing the central reactor
space. Synonym: mesh bioreactor.
b phn ng sinh hc l-i H thng nui
cy t bo, trong cc t bo sinh tr-ng
trn mt l-i nh vt liu mn, cho php
mi tr-ng nui cy chy qua v gi li t
bo. N ging nh- mng t bo v cc l
phn ng si rng, nh-ng c th rt d
thit lp, t-ng t nh- l phn ng sinh
hc thp truyn thng, Nh-ng c mt l-i
thay th khong trng l phn ng trung
tm. T ng ngha: mesh bioreactor.
filter sterilization Process of removing
microbial contaminants from a liquid by
passing through a filter with pores too small
to allow the passage of micro-organisms
and spores.
tit trng l-i Qu trnh loi b cc cht
gy nhim vi trng t mt cht lng bng
vic chuyn qua mt b lc vi nhiu l
rt nh cho php cc vi sinh vt v bo t
chuyn qua.
filtration 1. Separation of solids from
liquids by using a porous material that only
allows passage of the liquid or of solids
smaller than the pore size of the filter. The
material passing the filter forms the filtrate.
2. Removal of cell aggregates to obtain a
filtrate of single cells that can be utilized
as plating inocula.
lc 1. Tch cht rn t cht lng do s
dng vt liu xp m ch cho php i qua
cht lng hoc cc cht rn nh hn kch
th-c l lc. Vt cht qua lc thnh n-c
lc. 2. Loi b khi t bo thu n-c lc
t bo n m c th -c dng lm cht
truyn bc kim loi.
fingerprinting in du xem: DNA
fingerprinting.
FISH xem: fluorescence in situ
hybridization.
fission Asexual reproduction involving the
division of a single-celled individual into two
daughter single-celled individuals of
approximately
equal
size.
phn hch Sinh sn v tnh ko theo phn
chia c th t bo n thnh hai c th t
bo n con c s l-ng xp x bng nhau.

108
fitness The survival value and the
reproductive capability of an individual,
compared to that of competitor individuals
of the same or other species within a
population or an environment.
thch hp Gi tr thch nghi v kh nng
sinh sn ca mt c th, -c so snh vi
cc c th cnh tranh ca cng loi v
khc loi trong mt qun th hoc trong
cng mi tr-ng.
fixation The situation in which only one
allele for a given gene/locus is present in
a population. This can occur as a result of
direct selection where the allele delivers a
greater level of fitness; because of indirect
selection, where the locus is linked to a
gene that is subject to direct selection; or
because of genetic drift.
c nh Tnh trng trong ch mt alen
mt gen/ gen to ra c mt trong mt
qun th. C th xy ra l kt qu ca chn
lc trc tip khi alen chuyn giao mt mc
thch hp cao; v chn lc gin tip, khi
gen -c lin kt vi mt gen ty thuc
vo chn lc trc tip; hoc v lc dng di
truyn.
FLAG xem: affinity tag.
flaming A technique for sterilizing
instruments, to remove live microorganism contaminants. The instrument
is dipped in alcohol, and the alcohol
remaining on the instrument is ignited,
thereby heat-sterilizing the surface.
kh nhit K thut kh trng dng c,
loi b cc cht nhim vi sinh vt sng.
Dng c nhng trong r-u cn, v r-u
cn dnh li trn dng c -c t chy,
nh kh trng nhit b mt.
flanking region The DNA sequences
extending either side of a specific
sequence.
vng bn s-n Cc trnh t DNA tri di
ra cc bn ca mt trnh t c bit.
flavin
adenine
dinucleotide
(Abbreviation: FAD). A co-enzyme
important in various biochemical reactions.
It comprises a phosphorylated vitamin B2
(riboflavin) molecule linked to AMP, and

flocculant
functions as a hydrogen acceptor in
dehydrogenation reactions. The reduced
form is oxidized back to FAD by the
electron transport chain, generating two
molecules of ATP per molecule of reduced
FADH.
flavin adenin dinucleotit (vit tt: FAD).
Mt ng enzim quan trng trong nhiu
phn ng ha sinh. N cha mt phn t
vitamin B2 (riboflavin) phosphoryl ho kt
hp vi AMP, v hot ng nh- cht nhn
hydr trong cc phn ng kh hy-r.
Dng bin i -c xy ha ng-c li cho
ti FAD do mt dy chuyn in t gii
phng hai phn t ATP theo phn t FADH
bin i.
flocculant A chemical agent that causes
small particles to aggregate (flocculate).
kt bng Tc nhn ha hc gy ra nhng
ht nh kt vn (bng,cm).
floccule A micro-organism aggregate or
colloidal particle floating in or on a liquid.
The cloudy appearance of microorganism contaminated liquid media
illustrates the flocculation phenomenon.
bng Ht vi sinh vt kt vn hoc gom li
ni trong hoc trn b mt cht lng. S
xut hin dy c vi sinh vt gy nhim
dung dch lng phn nh hin t-ng kt
bng.
flow
cytometry
Automated
measurements on large numbers of
individual cells or other small biological
materials, made as the cells flow one by
one in a fluid stream past optical and/or
electronic sensors. A similar approach may
be used for sorting cells - see
fluorescence-activated cell sorting.
lung cytometry Cc php o t ng
trn s ln t bo c th hoc nguyn liu
sinh vt nh khc, -c thc hin khi cc
t bo chy theo nhau trong mt dng cht
lng qua cm ng quang hc v/ hoc
cm ng in. Mt h-ng t-ng t c th
dng phn loi t bo, xem:
fluorescence-activated cell sorting.
fluorescence immunoassay
(Abbreviation: FIA). An immunoassay

109
based on the use of fluorescencelabelled antibody.
th nghim min dch hunh quang (vit
tt: FIA). Mt th nghim min dch da
vo vic s dng khng th nh du
hunh quang.
fluorescence in situ hybridization
(Abbreviation: FISH). Hybridization of
cloned, fluorescently labelled DNA or RNA,
to intact biological materials, notably
chromosome spreads and thin tissue
sections. The technique allows the
visualization of the physical location of
nucleic acid sequences homologous to
the probe, and is used for the placement
of genes on chromosomes and for the
spatial and temporal pattern of gene
expression of specific mRNA molecules.
lai phn t hunh quang (vit tt: FISH).
Lai ging DNA hoc RNA -c to dng,
dnh du hunh quang, vi nguyn liu
sinh vt nguyn vn, ch l-i nhim sc
th v lp m mng. K thut ny cho php
quan st v tr vt l trnh t axit nucleic
t-ng ng vi u d, v -c dng
xp t cc gen trn nhim sc th v
mu thi gian v khng gian biu th gen
ca cc phn t RNA thng tin ring bit.
fluorescence-activated cell sorting
(Abbreviation: FACS). A flow cytometry
method in which targets (cells, individual
chromosomes etc.) are labelled with a
fluorescent dye, which is excited by a laser
beam. Differences in the fluorescence
signal emitted are used as a criterion for
sorting the material. A specific application
is in sperm sexing.
phn loi t bo kch hot hunh quang
(vit tt: FACS). Mt ph-ng php lung
cytometry trong cc ch (t bo, nhim
sc th ring l v.v.,) nh du vi thuc
nhum hunh quang, -c kch hot do
mt chm tia laze. S khc nhau trong tn
hiu hunh quang pht ra -c dng lm
tiu chun phn loi vt cht. Mt ng
dng c bit trong xc nh gii tnh tinh
dch.
fluorescent probe A probe which is
labelled with a fluorescent dye, so that the

flush end
signal emitted can be captured by
photometric methods.
u d hunh quang u d -c nh
du bng thuc nhum hunh quang,
tn hiu pht ra c th nhn -c bng cc
ph-ng php o sng.
flush end kt thc gn xem: blunt end.
flush-end cut ct kt thc gn xem:
blunt-end cut.
F1, F2, Fn Subsequent hybrid generations,
counting from the F1. Thus, for example,
F4 describes the progeny of the F3, which
is the progeny of the F2 generation, where
all progeny are derived from intercrossing
or self-fertilization.
Th h F1, F2, Fn Nhng th h lai k tip,
-c k t F1. Nh- vy, v d F4 m t con
ca F3, n l chu ca th h F2, khi tt c
con chu u c ngun gc t lai cho
khc loi hoc t th tinh.
foetus Pre-natal stage of a viviparous
animal, between the embryonic stage and
birth. AlteRNAtive spelling: fetus. See:
embryo.
thai nhi Giai on tin sinh ca ng vt
sinh con, gia giai on phi thai v sinh
n. xem: embryo.
fog Fine particles of liquid suspended in
the air, such as of water in a fog chamber
used for acclimatizing recent ex vitro
transplants. See: mist propagation.
s-ng Ht mn cht lng ng-ng t trong
khng kh, nh- l ca n-c trong phng
s-ng m dng to ra s thch nghi
trng chuyn ngoi ng nghim. xem: mist
propagation
fold-back The structure of a doublestranded DNA molecule formed when a
molecule containing an inverted repeat
sequence is denatured and then allowed
to re-anneal at low DNA concentrations.
Under these conditions, the repeated
sequence self-anneals to form a doublestranded region within each of the
separated strands of the original molecule.
np gp ng-c Cu trc phn t DNA si
kp hnh thnh khi phn t cha trnh t
lp o ng-c b bin cht v sau cho

110
php lm do tr li ti nng DNA thp.
D-i iu kin ny, trnh t lp t lm do
hnh thnh vng si kp trong tng si
phn tch ca phn t gc.
folded genome The condensed state of
the chromosomal DNA of a bacterium. The
DNA is segregated into domains, and
each domain is independently negatively
supercoiled.
h gen gp Trng thi dy c DNA nhim
sc th ca vi khun. DNA -c tch ring
thnh cc min, v mi min -c siu
xon tiu cc c lp.
follicle An enclosing cluster of cells that
protects and nourishes a cell or structure
within. Thus a follicle in the ovary contains
a developing egg cell, while a hair follicle
envelops the root of hair.
nang Mt bao t bo ng kn bo v
v nui d-ng t bo hoc cu trc bn
trong. Nh- vy nang trong bung trng
mang t bo trng pht trin, trong khi
nang lng bao bc r t.
ollicle
stimulating
hormone
(Abbreviation: FSH). A hormone, secreted
by the anterior pituitary gland in mammals,
that stimulates the ripening of the
specialized structures in the ovary
(Graafian follicles) that produce ova in
female mammals; and in males, the
formation of sperm in the testis. FSH is a
major constituent of fertility drugs.
hc mn kch thch nang (vit tt: FSH).
Mt hooc-mn, tit ra bi thy tr-c tuyn
yn ca ng vt c v, kch thch lm chn
cc cu trc chuyn bit trong bung trng
(Graafian follicles) sn sinh non ca
ng vt ci; v ca c, hnh thnh tinh
dch trong tinh hon. FSH l mt thnh
phn chnh ca cc loi thuc lm th tinh.
food processing enzyme Enzyme used
to control food texture, flavour,
appearance, or nutritional value. Amylases
break down complex polysaccharides to
simpler sugars; proteases tenderize meat
proteins. A prominent target of food
biotechnology is to develop novel food
enzymes which can improve the quality of
processed foods.

forced cloning
enzim x l thc phm Enzim dng iu
khin t l hn hp thc phm, v ngon,
hnh dng, hoc gi tr dinh d-ng.
Amylaza ph v phc hp polisacarit thnh
-ng n; proteaza lm mm protein tht.
Mc ch chnh ca ngnh cng ngh sinh
hc thc phm l pht trin nhng enzim
thc phm l t-ng c th ci thin cht
l-ng thc phm qua x l.
forced cloning The insertion of foreign
DNA into a cloning vector in a
predetermined orientation.
to dng bt buc Xen DNA ngoi vo
vect tch dng theo h-ng xc nh tr-c.
foreign DNA Exogenous DNA that is
incorporated into a host genome.
DNA ngoi DNA ngoi sinh -c hp nht
vo trong mt h gen vt ch.
formulation cng thc ho xem:
medium formulation
forskolin A medicinal, diterpenoid,
compound exclusive to plant roots and
used in the preparation of drugs for the
treatment of cardiomyopathy, glaucoma
and certain cancers.
forskolin Mt hp cht thuc, diterpenoid,
dnh ring cho r thc vt v dng trong
ch phm thuc iu tr bnh c tim,
bnh tng huyt p v mt s bnh ung
th- nht nh.
fortify To add strengthening components
or beneficial ingredients to a nutrient
medium.
cng c Gia c cc thnh phn tr gip
hoc thnh phn c li cho mi tr-ng nui
cy.
forward mutation A mutation from the
wild type to the mutant type. Opposite:
reverse mutation.
t bin thun t bin t kiu di thnh
kiu t bin. Ng-c vi: reverse mutation.
fouling The coating or plugging (by
materials or micro-organisms) of
equipment, thus preventing it from
functioning properly.
lm nght Ph bc hoc nt thit b (do
cc vt liu hoc vi sinh vt), do vy hon

111
ton ngn n trnh hot ng.
founder animal An organism that carries
a transgene in its germ line and can be
used in matings to establish a purebreeding transgenic line, or one that acts
as a breeding stock for transgenic animals.
ng vt sng lp Sinh vt mang mt gen
chuyn trong dng phi v c th dng
trong nhng kt i thit lp dng
chuyn gen nhn ging thun chng, hoc
mt dng tc ng lm vn gy ging
cho cc ng vt chuyn gen.
founder principle The possibility that a
new, isolated population, initiated by a
small number of individuals taken from a
parent population, may be genetically
different from the parent population,
because the founding individuals might not
be typical of the parent population. See:
genetic drift.
nguyn tc sng lp Kh nng m mt
qun th mi, -c phn lp, khi u bi
mt s t c th ly ra t qun th b m,
n c th khc nhau v di truyn t qun
th b m, v nhng c th sng lp c th
khng tiu biu cho qun th b m. xem:
genetic drift.
four-base cutter A type II restriction
endonuclease with a four-nucleotide
recognition site. Because any particular
sequence of four bases occurs more
frequently by chance than one of six bases,
four-base cutters cleave more frequently
than six-base cutters, and therefore
generate, on average, smaller restriction
fragments. Synonyms: four-base-paircutter, four-cutter.
ct bn ba z Mt endonucleaza gii hn
kiu II vi v tr on nhn bn nuleotit. Bi
v bt k trnh t ring ca bn ba z u
th-ng xy ra ngu nhin hn ca su ba
z, ct bn ba z phn ct nhiu ln hn
su ba z, v do vy pht sinh, theo bnh
qun, cc mnh v gii hn nh hn.
Nhng t ng ngha: four-base-paircutter, four-cutter.
fractionation The separation in
components of a complex mixture of
molecules.

fragment
phn on S phn chia ra cc thnh
phn ca hn hp phn t phc tp.
fragment Partial structure. See:
restriction fragment.
mnh Cu trc tng phn. xem:
restriction fragment.
rameshift mutation A mutation that
changes the reading frame of a DNA,
either by the insertion or the deletion of
nucleotides. Because of the triplet nature
of codons, this occurs if the number of
nucleotides involved is not a multiple of
three.

112
with the specimen. Synonym: lyophilize.
kh ng lnh Loi b n-c khi hi n-c
t vt liu lm lnh d-i chn khng. Dng
o hm l-ng n-c v gi gn mu vt,
bo t ring bit. Khng ging nh- sy kh,
n-c lin kt gi li kt hp vi mu. T
ng ngha: lyophilize.
fresh weight The weight, including the
water content, of a specimen. Synonym:
wet weight.
trng l-ng t-i Trng l-ng t-i, bao
gm hm l-ng n-c, ca mt mu.T
ng ngha: wet weight.

t bin dch khung t bin thay i

khung c DNA, do lng xen hoc xa
nuleotit. Do b ba t nhin ca cm m,
nn n xy ra nu s l-ng nuleotit ko
theo khng phi bi s ca ba.

friable A term commonly used to describe

a crumb-like callus. In this state, the callus
is easily dissected and readily dispersed
into single cells or clumps of cells in
solution.

free water The cellular water released into

the intercellular spaces when tissue is
frozen and thawed. Opposite: bound
water.

B, ri Thut ng ph bin dng m t

m so ging nh- vn bnh m. Trong
trng thi ny, m so d dng tch ri v
sn sng phn tn thnh cc t bo n
hoc cc lm t bo trong dung dch.
FSH xem: follicle stimulating hormone.

n-c t do N-c t bo chuyn vo trong

cc khoang gian bo khi m lm ng lnh
v tan ra. T tri ngha: bound water.
free-living conditions Natural or
greenhouse conditions experienced by
plantlets upon transfer from in vitro
conditions to soil. Prior to transfer, nutrients
were supplied by the culture medium, but
following transfer, plantlets must take up
nutrients from soil and synthesize their own
food supply.
iu kin sng t do iu kin t nhin
hoc nh xanh -c thc nghim theo cy
non khi chuyn t iu kin ng nghim
ra t. Tr-c khi di chuyn, cht dinh
d-ng -c cung cp do mi tr-ng cy,
nh-ng sau khi chuyn, nhng cy non cn
phi ly cht dinh d-ng t t v tng
hp t cung cp thc n.
freeze preservation bo tn ng lnh
xem: cryobiological preservation.
freeze-dry The removal of water as vapour
from frozen material under vacuum. Used
to measure water content and to preserve
samples, particularly spores. Unlike ovendrying, bound water remains associated

functional food A foodstuff that provides

a health benefit beyond basic nutrition,
demonstrating specific health or medical
benefits, including the prevention and
treatment of disease.
thc phm chc nng Thc phm lm
tng li ch sc khe ngoi dinh d-ng c
bn, ch nh sc khe hoc li ch y hc
ring bit, bao gm phng nga v iu tr
bnh.
functional gene cloning to dng gen
chc nng xem: candidate-gene
strategy.
unctional genomics The field of research,
that aims to determine patterns of gene
expression and interaction in the genome,
based on the knowledge of extensive or
complete genomic sequence of an
organism.
h gen chc nng Mt lnh vc nghin
cu, mc ch xc nh cc mu biu th
gen v t-ng tc trong h gen, da vo
kin thc trnh t h gen m rng hoc y
ca mt sinh vt.

fungicide
fungicide A chemical agent toxic to fungi.
thuc dit nm Mt tc nhn ha hc c
i vi nm.
fungus (pl.: fungi) Multinucleate singlecelled or multicellular heterotrophic microorganisms, including yeasts, moulds, and
mushrooms. They live as parasites,
symbionts, or saprophytes. Lacking any
vascular tissues (unlike plants), their cell
walls are made of chitin or other noncellulose compounds.
nm (s nhiu: fungi) Cc vi sinh vt d
d-ng a bo hoc t bo n a nhn,
bao gm c nm men, mc v nm rm.
Chng sng nh- cc loi k sinh, sinh vt
cng sinh, hoc thc vt hoi sinh. khng
c m mch (khng ging thc vt), cc
vch t bo ca chng -c lm bng ki
tin hoc cc hn hp khng phi l xenlu-l.
Fusarium spp. A group of fungal
pathogens of many economic crop
species, particularly cereals, where severe
infestation leads to losses in both grain
yield and quality. The latter can be a
particularly serious problem as many of
these fungi produce mycotoxins, some of
which are dangerous to both livestock and
human health (See: aflatoxin). Specific
strains are also employed on an industrial
scale to produce protein for human
consumption.
loi Fusarium Mt nhm tc nhn gy
bnh nm hi nhiu loi hoa mu kinh t,
c bit cc ging ng cc, khi b hu hoi
nghim trng dn ti tn tht c nng sut
v cht l-ng. Cui cng c th l mt vn
nghim trng c bit khi nhiu loi nm
sn xut cc c t nm, mt s trong
gy nguy him cho sc kho c con ng-i
v ng vt (xem: aflatoxin). Cc chng
c bit cng -c tuyn dng trn mt
quy m cng nghip sn xut protein
cung cp cho con ng-i.
fusion biopharmaceuticals Fusion
proteins with pharmaceutical properties.
Their advantages are: 1. Synergistic
activities in one molecule, i.e. when the
molecule binds to its target, it can perform

113
more than one function simultaneously; 2.
An adverse effect or poor stability of one
part of the molecule may be offset by the
properties of the other; and 3. One part of
the molecule can act as a targeting
mechanism for the active protein. See:
immunotoxin, fusion toxin.
d-c phm sinh hc dung hp Cc
protein dung hp c nhng thuc tnh d-c
hc. Li th ca chng l: 1. Cc hot ng
iu phi trong mt phn t, ngha l khi
phn t lin kt vi ch ca n, c th
ng thi thc hin nhiu chc nng; 2.
Hiu ng i lp hoc km n nh ca
mt phn phn t c th -c b li do
thuc tnh ca phn t khc; v 3. Mt b
phn ca phn t c th lm c ch chn
ch cho protein hot ng. Xem:
immunotoxin, fusion toxin.
fusion gene gen dung hp xem:
chimeric gene.
fusion protein A polypeptide translated
from a chimeric gene. The different genes
are joined so that their coding sequences
are in the same reading frame, and the
resulting construct is transcribed and
translated as a single gene, producing a
single protein. These are used for a
number of purposes, including: 1. To add
an affinity tag to a protein; 2. To produce
a protein with the combined characteristics
of two natural proteins; 3. To produce a
protein where two different activities are
physically
linked.
See:
fusion
biopharmaceuticals.
protein dung hp Mt polyeptit dch m
t mt gen qui. Cc gen khc bit -c
tham gia do vy trnh t m ho ca chng
l trong cng mt khung c, v kt qu
cu trc -c phin m v dch m nhmt gen n, sn xut protein n. Chng
-c s dng v mt s mc ch, bao gm:
1. Thm u i lc cho protein; 2. Sn xut
protein vi c tr-ng kt hp ca hai
protein t nhin; 3. Sn xut protein khi
hai hot ng khc nhau -c lin kt vt
cht. Xem: fusion biopharmaceuticals.
fusion toxin A fusion protein that consists
of a toxic protein domain plus a cell

fusogenic agent

114

receptor binding domain. The latter

delivers the toxin directly to the target cell,
thus sparing other healthy tissues from the
effect of the toxin.

kim -c cc m kho mnh khc trnh

khi nh h-ng ca c t.
fusogenic agent Any chemical or virus,
etc., that causes cells to fuse together.

c t dung hp Protein dung hp gm

c mt min protein c cng vi mt min
kt ni th nhn t bo. Cui cng giao
c t trc tip ti t bo ch, do vy tit

tc nhn dung hp Bt k mt cht ha

hc hoc virut, v.v., m gy ra cc t bo
dung hp vi nhau.

115

Gg

G Vit tt ca guanine
G cap The 5'-terminal methylated guanine
nucleoside that is present on many
eukaryotic mRNAs. It is joined to the
mRNA, via a 5'?5' phosphodiester bond,
after transcription. See: cap site.
m G Nulceosit guanin methyl ho mt 5'
c mt trn nhiu RNA thng tin nhn
chun. -c ni vi RNA thng tin, nh
lin kt phosphodiester 5'? 5', sau phin
m. Xem: cap site.
G protein Proteins found on the inner
surface of the plasma membrane, which
bind to the guanine nucleotides, GTP and
GDP. They transmit signals from outside
the membrane, via trans-membrane (Gprotein-coupled) receptors, to adenylate
cyclase, which catalyses the formation of
the second messenger, cyclic AMP, inside
the cell.
protein G Protein c trn b mt pha trong
mng cht nguyn sinh, lin kt vi cc
nuleotit guanin, GTP v GDP. Chng
truyn tn hiu t pha ngoi mng, qua
th mang (ghp vi protein G), cho
adenylate cyclase, xc tc hnh thnh
thng tin th cp, AMP vng, bn trong t
bo
galactomannan A gum in which the
structural chain is made up of D-mannose
units with 1?4 linkages. The ratio of
galactose to mannose is 1:2.
Mt loi nha trong chui cu trc -c
to ra ca cc n v D-mannose c cc
lin kt 1?4. T l galactoza/ mannoza l
1:2.

gall A tumorous growth in plants. See:

crown gall.
mn cy Sinh tr-ng u b-u trong thc
vt. xem: crown gall.
gamete A mature reproductive cell which
is capable of fusing with a cell of similar
origin but of opposite sex to form a zygote
from which a new organism can develop.
Gametes normally have a haploid
chromosome content. In animals, a
gamete is a sperm or egg; in plants, it is
pollen, spermatic nucleus, or ovum.
giao t T bo sinh sn tr-ng thnh c
kh nng dung hp vi t bo cng gc
nh-ng ng-c gii tnh hnh thnh hp
t m t sinh vt mi c th pht trin.
Cc giao t bnh th-ng mang nhim sc
th n bi. Trong ng vt, giao t l tinh
trng hoc trng; trong thc vt, l phn
hoa, ht phn hoc non.
gamete and embryo storage Storage of
ova, sperm or fertilized embryos outside
their original source. Almost invariably this
means cryopreservation.
bo qun giao t v phi Bo qun
non, tinh trng hoc cc phi th tinh
ngoi ngun nguyn bn ca chng. Hu
nh- khng thay i ph-ng php bo qun
ng lnh ny.
gametic (phase) disequilibrium In
relation to any two loci, the occurrence of
haplotypes (gametes) at a frequency
other than that predicted from the product
of the respective allele frequencies.
Opposite: gametic (phase) equilibrium.
mt cn bng giao t T-ng quan vi
hai gen bt k, bin c ca th n bi
(giao t) ti mt tn s thay v iu -c
d on t sn phm ca cc tn s alen
t-ng ng. Ng-c vi: gametic (phase)
equilibrium.
gametic (phase) equilibrium In relation
to any two loci, the occurrence of
haplotypes (gametes) at a frequency
equal to the product of the frequency of
the two relevant alleles. For example, A
and B are in gametic equilibrium if the
frequency of A i B i gametes equals the

gametoclone
product of the frequencies of alleles Ai and
B i . Opposite: gametic (phase)
disequilibrium.
cn bng giao t T-ng quan vi gen
bt k, bin c ca th n bi (giao t) ti
tn s cn bng vi sn phm ca tn s
hai alen t-ng ng. V d, A v B l cn
bng giao t nu tn s ca giao t AiBi
cn bng vi sn phm ca tn s cc alen
Ai v Bi. ng-c vi: gametic (phase)
disequilibrium.
gametoclone A plant regenerated from a
tissue culture originating from gametic
tissue.
nhn dng giao t Thc vt ti sinh t
mt nui cy m c ngun gc t m giao
t.
gametogenesis The process of the
formation of gametes.
pht sinh giao t Qu trnh hnh thnh
cc giao t.
gametophyte The phase of the plant life
cycle that carries the gamete producing
organs. In flowering plants, the pollen
grain is the male gametophyte and the
embryo sac is the female gametophyte.
th giao t Giai on ca chu trnh sng
thc vt mang c quan sinh sn giao t.
Trong thc vt ra hoa, ht phn l th giao
t c v ti phi l th giao t ci.
gametophytic incompatibility A
phenomenon in plants, in which a pollen
grain is genetically incapable of fertilizing
a particular egg, because both gametes
carry the identical allele at an
incompatibility locus (usually denoted S).
This is a mechanism for forcing
crossfertilization.
khng t-ng hp giao t Hin t-ng
thc vt, trong ht phn khng c kh
nng di truyn th tinh mt trng ring
bit, bi v c hai giao t u mang alen
ng nht ti mt gen khng t-ng hp
(th-ng biu th S). y l mt c ch bt
buc th tinh cho.
gap A missing section on one of the
strands of double-stranded DNA. The DNA

116
will therefore have a single-stranded
region.
qung h, l trng Mt khu vc bin mt
trn mt si ca DNA si kp. Bi vy DNA
s c mt vng kt si n.
gapped DNA A double-stranded DNA
molecule with one or more internal singlestranded regions.
DNA b h, gin on Phn t DNA si
kp c mt hoc nhiu vng si n bn
trong.
gas transfer The rate at which gases are
transferred from gas into solution, an
important parameter in fermentation
systems because it controls the rate at
which the organism can metabolize.
Efficient gas transfer can be achieved in
several ways, including the use of small
bubbles, from which gas dissolves faster
than from larger ones, due to their larger
surface area per unit of volume; or
spreading the liquid out, for example in a
thin sheet, or in a thin permeable tube, as
in hollow fibre bioreactor.
di chuyn kh T l m cc cht kh
-c chuyn vo dung dch, mt tham s
quan trng trong h thng ln men v n
iu khin nhp ti sinh vt c th
chuyn ho. Hiu qu di chuyn kh c th
t -c theo nhiu cch, bao gm s
dng bt nh, t bt nh kh ho tan nhanh
hn ht ln, v din tch b mt ln hn
theo n v th tch; hoc pht tn cht
lng ra ngoi, v d trong tm l mng,
hoc ng mng ngm qua -c, nh- trong
bnh phn ng sinh hc si rng.
gastrula An early animal embryo
consisting of two layers of cells; an
embryological stage following the blastula.
phi v Phi thai ng vt sm gm c
hai lp t bo; mt giai on phi hc tip
theo phi nang.
GC island A segment of double-stranded
DNA that is rich in GC base pairs. This type
of sequence is characteristic of eukaryotic
genomic regions with a high gene content.
o GC Mt on DNA si kp giu cp
i ba z GC. Kiu trnh t ny l c tr-ng

GDP
ca cc vng h gen nhn chun c hm
l-ng gen cao.
GDP vit tt ca guanosine 5
diphosphate.
gel A jelly-like solid, used widely as a matrix
for
the
electrophoresis
of
macromolecules, for encapsulation, and
to solidify media for cell cultures.
cht gel Cht c ging ht thch, -c
dng ph bin lm khun c in di
ca cc phn t ln, nang ho, v lm
c dung dch nui cy m.
gel electrophoresis in di trn gen,
xem: electrophoresis.
gel filtration A method of protein or DNA
purification, where differences in size are
used to separate the components of a
complex mixture.
lc gel Ph-ng php lm sch DNA hoc
protein, ni nhng khc bit v kch th-c
-c s dng phn tch thnh phn
ca hp cht phc tp.
gelatin A glutinous, proteinaceous gelling
and solidifying agent. Gelatin is produced
by the partial hydrolysis (via boiling) of
collagen, found in the connective tissues
of many farm animals. Used to gel or
solidify nutrient solutions for tissue culture,
and as a food additive.
gelatin Mt tc nhn lm c v dnh thuc
protein v glutin. Gelatin -c to ra bi
thy phn tng phn (nh un si) cht
to keo, c trong m lin hp ca nhiu
ng vt nng nghip. Th-ng dng to
gel hoc lm c dung dch dinh d-ng
nui cy m, v lm cht ph gia thc
phm.
gelatinization The swelling of starch
when added to hot water. Hydrolysis
causes the molecule to lose structure, and
technically gelatinization is not complete
until there is no structure left at all.
ha keo Tinh bt tr-ng phng khi cho
thm n-c nng. Thy phn gy ra phn
t mt cu trc, v ho keo k thut l
khng hon chnh cho n lc khng c
cu trc ri hon ton.

117
TM

Gelrite
The brand name of a
Pseudomonas-derived
refined
polysaccharide used as a gelling agent
and agar substitute.
Gelrite TM Tn nhn hiu ca mt
polisacarit -c tinh lc ngun gc t
Pseudomonas -c dng lm tc nhn to
gel v cht gi thch.
GEM Vit tt ca genetically
engineered micro-organism. Xem:
genetically modified organism.
gene The unit of heredity transmitted from
generation to generation during sexual or
asexual reproduction. More generally, the
term is used in relation to the transmission
and inheritance of particular identifiable
traits. The simplest gene consists a
segment of nucleic acid that encodes an
individual protein or RNA.
gen n v di truyn -c truyn t th h
ny sang th h khc trong qu trnh sinh
sn v tnh hoc hu tnh. Khi qut hn,
thut ng -c dng trong mi quan h
vi s truyn v di truyn cc tnh trng c
th nhn bit ring bit. Gen n gin nht
gm c mt on axit nucleic m ha
mt protein hoc RNA ring bit.
gene (resources) conservation The
conservation of species, populations,
individuals or parts of individuals, by in situ
or ex situ methods, to provide a diversity
of genetic materials for present and future
generations.
bo tn (ti nguyn) gen Bo tn cc loi,
qun th, c th hoc b phn ca c th,
bng cc ph-ng php ex situ hoc in situ,
cung cp tnh a dng vt liu di truyn
cho th h hin ti v t-ng lai.
gene addition The addition of a functional
copy of a gene to the genome of an
organism.
gn thm gen Gn thm mt bn sao
chc nng ca gen vo h gen sinh vt.
gene amplification The selective
production of multiple copies of one gene
without a proportional increase in others.
khuych i gen, nhn gen Sn xut
chn lc cc bn sao a nng mt gen m

gene bank
khng lm tng t-ng xng trong cc gen
khc.
gene bank 1. The physical location where
collections of genetic material in the form
of seeds, tissues or reproductive cells of
plants or animals are stored. 2. Field gene
bank: A facility established for the ex situ
storage and maintenance, using
horticultural techniques, of individual
plants. Used for species whose seeds are
recalcitrant, or for clonally propagated
species of agricultural importance, e.g.
apple varieties. 3. A collection of cloned
DNA fragments from a single genome.
Ideally the bank should contain cloned
representatives of all the DNA sequences
in the genome. 4. See: library.
ngn hng gen 1. nh v vt cht ni
nhng tp hp vt liu gen trong dng ht,
m hoc t bo sinh sn ca thc vt hoc
ng vt -c bo qun. 2. Ngn hng
gen ng rung: Mt ph-ng tin d dng
-c thit lp bo qun ti ch v duy
tr, s dng k thut lm v-n, i vi cc
cy trng c th. Dng cho cc loi m
ht ca chng chu nng m, hoc cho cc
loi sinh sn v tnh quan trng ca nng
nghip, v d cc ging to. 3. Tp hp
cc on DNA -c to dng t h gen
n. Ngn hng l t-ng cn phi c i
din ca tt c cc trnh t DNA trong h
gen -c to dng. 4. xem: library.
gene cloning The synthesis of multiple
copies of a chosen DNA sequence using
a bacterial cell or another organism as a
host. The gene of interest is inserted into
a vector, and the resulting recombinant
DNA molecule is amplified in an
appropriate host cell. Synonym: DNA
cloning.
to dng gen, nhn dng gen, tch
dng gen Tng hp cc bn sao bi ca
mt trnh t DNA -c chn c s dng t
bo vi khun hoc sinh vt khc lm vt
ch. Gen quan tm -c chn vo mt
vect, v phn t DNA ti t hp kt qu
-c khuych i trong t bo vt ch thch
hp. T ng ngha: DNA cloning.
gene construct cu trc gen xem:

118
construc.
gene conversion A process, often
associated with recombination, during
which one allele is replicated at the
expense of another, leading to nonMendelian segregation ratios.
bin dng gen Mt qu trnh, th-ng kt
hp vi ti t hp, trong mt alen b
xon khng c li cho alen khc, dn ti t
l phn ly khng theo kiu Mendel.
gene expression The process by which
a gene produces mRNA and protein, and
hence exerts its effect on the phenotype
of an organism.
biu th gen Qu trnh sn xut mRNA
v protein, v do vy s dng nh h-ng
ca n trn kiu hnh ca sinh vt.
gene flow The spread of genes from one
breeding population to another (usually)
related population by migration, thereby
generating changes in allele frequency.
dng gen Lan rng gen t mt qun th
sinh sn ny sang qun th lin quan
(thng th-ng) khc do di tr, do pht
sinh thay i tn s alen.
gene frequency tn s gen xem: allele
frequency.
gene gun sng gen xem: biolistics.
gene imprinting The differential
expression of a single gene according to
its parental origin.
ng du gen Biu th vi phn ca mt
gen n theo gc cha m ca n.
gene insertion The incorporation of one
or more copies of a gene into a
chromosome.
chn gen, xen lng gen S hp nht ca
mt hoc nhiu bn sao gen trong nhim
sc th.
gene interaction The modification of the
action of one gene by another, non-allelic
gene.
t-ng tc gen Bin i hot ng ca mt
gen do mt gen khc, khng thuc alen.
gene knockout loi gen xem: knockout.
gene library th- vin gen xem: library.

gene linkage
gene linkage kt ni gen xem: linkage.
gene machine my gen xem:
transposon tagging.
gene mapping lp bn gen xem:
mapping.
gene modification Chemical change to a
genes DNA sequence.
bin i gen, sa i gen Bin i ha
hc trnh t DNA ca gen.
gene pool 1. The sum of all genetic
information in a breeding population at a
given time. 2. In plant genetic resources,
use is made of the terms primary,
secondary and tertiary gene pools. In
general, members of the primary gene pool
are inter-fertile; those of the secondary can
be crossed with those in the primary gene
pool under special circumstances; but to
introgress variation from the tertiary gene
pool, special techniques are required to
achieve crossing.
vn gen 1. Tng s ton b thng tin di
truyn trong mt qun th sinh sn ti mt
thi im nht nh. 2. Trong ngun gen
thc vt, th-ng -c kt hp vi cc thut
ng vn gen s cp, th cp v bc ba.
Ni chung, ca vn gen s cp l th tinh
cng loi; thnh vin ca th cp c th
lai cho vi thnh vin c trong vn gen
s cp d-i hon cnh c bit; nh-ng
bt u c bin i t vn gen bc ba, k
thut c bit -c yu cu t lai cho.
gene probe u d gen xem: probe.
gene recombination ti t hp gen xem:
recombination.
gene regulation The process of
controlling the synthesis or suppression of
gene products in specific cells or tissues.
iu chnh gen Qu trnh kim tra tng
hp hoc ngn chn cc sn phm gen
trong cc t bo hoc m ring bit.
gene replacement The incorporation of a
transgene into a chromosome at its
normal location by homologous
recombination, thus replacing the copy of
the gene originally present at the locus.
thay th gen Hp nht mt gen chuyn
vo trong nhim sc th v tr bnh th-ng

119
do ti t hp ng hp t, do vy thay th
bn sao gen c mt nguyn ti gen.
gene sequencing lm trnh t gen xem:
DNA sequencing.
gene shears ko ct gen xem: ribozyme.
gene silencing bt hot gen xem:
silencing.
gene splicing ghp gen xem:
splicing(1).
gene stacking chng gen xem: stacked
genes.
gene therapy The proposed treatment of
an
inherited
disease
by
the
transformation of an affected individual
with a wild-type copy of the defective gene
causing the disorder. In germ-line (or
heritable) gene therapy, reproductive cells
are transformed; in somatic-cell (or noninheritable) gene therapy, cells other than
reproductive ones are modified.
liu php gen iu tr mt bnh di truyn
x-ng bng bin np gen t c th b
nhim mt sao chp kiu di ca gen c
sai st gy ra ri lon. Trong liu php gen
dng mm (hoc di truyn), cc t bo sinh
sn -c bin np; trong liu php gen t
bo xma (hoc khng di truyn), cc t
bo thay v loi t bo sinh sn -c sa
i.
gene tracking Following the inheritance
of a particular gene from generation to
generation.
vt gen Tip theo di truyn ca mt gen
ring bit t th h ny sang th h khc.
gene transfer chuyn gen xem:
transformation.
gene translocation The movement of a
gene from one chromosomal location to
another.
chuyn v gen Chuyn mt gen t mt v
tr nhim sc th ny sang v tr khc.
genera Plural form of genus.
nhiu ging Dng s nhiu ca ging.
generally regarded as safe (Abbreviation:
GRAS). Designation given to foods, drugs,
and other materials with a long-term history
of not causing illness to humans, even

generation time

120

though formal toxicity testing may not

been conducted. Certain host organisms
for recombinant DNA experimentation
have recently been given this status.

genetic code The correspondence

between the set of 64 possible nucleotide
triplets and the amino acids and stop
codons that they specify. See annex 3.

nh gi an ton chung (vit tt: GRAS).

Ch nh cho cc loi thc phm, thuc, v
vt liu khc c lch s lu di khng gy
bnh cho nhiu ng-i, d rng qua php
th c t bnh th-ng c th khng -c
h-ng dn. Cc sinh vt ch nht nh
th nghim DNA ti t hp gn y to
ra tnh trng ny.
generation time tui th h xem: cell
generation time.
generative pht sinh xem: germ line.

m di truyn S ph hp gia tp hp 64
b ba nucleotide kh nng vi cc amino
acid v n v m kt thc m chng ghi
r. xem ph lc 3.

generative nucleus In many flowering

plants, shed pollen is two-celled (in others
it is three-celled or has a variable number).
Before pollen is shed, the male
gametophyte divides mitotically to give a
generative and a vegetative nucleus. The
former is the progenitor of the sperm cells.
nhn sinh sn Trong nhiu loi thc vt
ra hoa, phn hoa tung ra l hai t bo
(trong nhiu loi khc n l ba t bo hoc
c s l-ng khng n nh). Tr-c khi tung
phn hoa, th giao t c phn chia
nguyn phn to ra mt nhn sinh sn v
mt nhn sinh d-ng. Th u l gc ca
cc t bo tinh trng.
genet The individual(s) descended
vegetatively from a single sexually
produced zygote, including all entities
derived from it. All these individuals are
genetically identical to one another (barring
mutation).
cy ge nt, cy cng kiu gen Mt hoc
nhiu c th tha h-ng sinh d-ng t hp
t sinh sn gii tnh n, bao gm tt c
cc thc th bt ngun t n. Tt c cc
c th ny u l ng nht di truyn vi
nhau (t bin cn).
genetic assimilation Eventual extinction
of a natural species as massive gene flow
occurs from a related species.
ng ha gen S dit chng cui cng
ca mt loi t nhin khi dng gen mng
ln gy ra t mt loi lin quan.

genetic complementation When two

DNA molecules that are in the same cell
together produce a function that neither
DNA molecule can supply on its own.
b tr gen Khi hai phn t DNA trong cng
t bo cng sn sinh mt chc nng m
khng phn t DNA no c th t mnh
cung cp.
genetic disease A disease caused by an
abnormality in the genetic material, which
could be at the level of DNA sequence at
a locus, or at the level of karyotype.
Usually refers to inherited diseases,
although somatic mutations can also cause
disease without being inherited.
bnh di truyn Bnh gy ra do mt bt
th-ng trong vt liu di truyn, n c th
mc trnh t DNA ti mt gen, hoc
mc kiu nhn thc. Th-ng lin quan n
bnh di truyn, mc d nhng t bin
xma c th cng gy ra bnh nh-ng
khng di truyn.
genetic distance A measure of the genetic
similarity between any pair of populations.
This is measured on the basis of variation
in a combination of phenotypic traits, allele
frequencies or DNA sequences. For
example, the genetic distance between two
populations having the same allele
frequencies at a particular locus, and
based solely on that locus, is zero.
khong cch gen Th-c o s t-ng t
gen gia cp i bt k ca qun th. -c
o trn c s bin d ca t hp cc tnh
trng kiu hnh, tn s alen hoc trnh t
DNA. V d, khong cch gen gia hai
qun th c cng tn s alen ti gen ring
bit, v duy nht a trn gen ny, l
bng khng.
genetic distancing The collection of the
data on phenotypic traits, marker allele

genetic diversity
frequencies or DNA sequences for two or
more populations, and estimation of the
genetic distances between each pair of
populations.
xc nh khong cch gen Tp hp s
liu v cc tnh trng kiu hnh, tn s alen
du chun hoc trnh t DNA ca hai hoc
nhiu qun th, v -c l-ng nhng
khong cch di truyn tng cp qun th.
genetic diversity The heritable variation
within and among populations which is
created, enhanced or maintained by
evolutionary or selective forces.
tnh a dng di truyn Bin d di truyn
bn trong v gia cc qun th -c to
ra, -c tng c-ng hoc duy tr do tin
ha hoc chn lc bt buc.
genetic drift Change in allele frequency
from one generation to another within a
population, due to the sampling of finite
numbers of genes that is inevitable in all
finite-sized populations. The smaller the
population, the greater is the genetic drift,
with the result that some alleles are lost,
and genetic diversity is reduced. Thus
minimization of genetic drift is an important
consideration for conservation of genetic
resources.
xu th di truyn, lc dng gen Thay i
tn s alen t th h ny sang th h khc
trong mt qun th, do ly mu s l-ng
hu hn cc gen l iu tt yu trong ton
b qun th s l-ng mu hu hn. S
nh hn qun th, s ln hn l xu th di
truyn, vi kt qu mt s alen b mt, v
tnh a dng di truyn b gim. Do vy ti
thiu ho xu th di truyn cn -c coi
trng bo tn ti nguyn di truyn.
genetic engineering Modifying genotype,
and hence phenotype, by transgenesis.
k thut gen Sa i kiu gen, v dn
n kiu hnh, do pht sinh gen chuyn.
genetic equilibrium The maintenance of
a steady state with respect to allele
frequencies in a group of interbreeding
organisms.
cn bng di truyn Duy tr mt trng thi
cn bng lin quan vi tn s alen trong

121
mt nhm sinh vt ni phi.
genetic erosion The loss over time of
allelic diversity, particularly in farmed
organisms, caused by either natural or
man-made processes. See: genetic drift.
xi mn gen Mt thi gian tnh ca a
dng alen, c bit trong cc sinh vt -c
canh tc, gy ra bi qu trnh t nhin hoc
con ng-i. xem: genetic drift.
genetic fingerprinting in du gen, du
vt gen xem: DNA fingerprinting.
genetic gain The increase in productivity
achieved following a change in gene
frequency effected by selection.
li ch di truyn Tng nng sut t -c
sau khi thay i tn s gen nh h-ng do
chn lc.
genetic heterogeneity Occurs where the
genetic determination of a given
phenotype differs between individuals.
khng ng nht gen Xut hin ni xc
nh gen ca kiu hnh to ra khc nhau
gia cc c th.
genetic immunization Delivery to a host
organism of a cloned gene that encodes
an antigen. After the cloned gene is
expressed, it elicits an antibody response
that protects the organism from infection
by the relevant pathogen.
min dch gen, min dch di truyn Giao
chuyn gen nhn dng cho sinh vt ch
m ha khng nguyn. Sau khi gen
nhn dng biu th, s khi mo mt phn
ng khng th bo v sinh vt trnh
khi nhim bnh do tc nhn gy bnh lin
quan.
genetic information Information
contained in a nucleotide base sequence
in chromosomal DNA or RNA.
thng tin di truyn Thng tin cha trong
trnh t ba z ca DNA hoc RNA nhim
sc th .
genetic linkage lin kt gen xem:
linkage.
genetic map The linear array of genes on
a chromosome, based on recombination
frequencies (linkage map) or physical

genetic mapping
location (physical or chromosomal map).
See: linkage map.
bn gen Sp xp tuyn tnh gen trn
nhim sc th, da vo tn s ti t hp
(bn lin kt) hoc v tr vt l (bn
vt cht hoc nhim sc th). Xem: linkage
map.
genetic mapping lp bn gen xem:
mapping.
genetic marker A DNA sequence used to
identify a particular location (locus) on a
particular chromosome. See: marker
gene.
du chun gen Trnh t DNA s dng
xc nh v tr c bit ( gen) trn mt
nhim sc th ring bit. Xem: marker
gene
genetic pollution Uncontrolled spread of
genetic information (frequently referring
to transgenes) into the genomes of
organisms in which such genes are not
present in nature.
nhim gen Lan rng khng kim sot
-c thng tin di truyn (tn sut lin quan
gen chuyn) trong cc h gen ca sinh vt
m cc gen nh- vy khng c mt trong
t nhin.
genetic polymorphism hin t-ng a
hnh gen xem: polymorphism.
genetic relatedness A quantitative
estimate of the proportion of genes, ,
shared between the genomes of any two
individuals, groups or populations, e.g. r =
0.5 for full siblings and parent offspring
pairs.
quan h cn thn gen Mt -c tnh nh
l-ng t l cc gen, ch ng, -c chia s
gia h gen ca hai c th bt k, cc
nhm hoc qun th, v d r = 0.5 cho tt
c cc anh em v cc cp con chu cng
cha m.
genetic resources genetic material of
actual or potential value.
ti nguyn gen Vt liu gen c gi tr
thc t hoc tim tng.
genetic selection The process of
selecting genes, cells, clones, etc., within
populations or between populations or

122
species. Genetic selection usually results
in differential survival rates of the various
genotypes, reflecting many variables,
including the selection pressure and
genetic variability present in populations.
chn lc di truyn Qu trnh la chn gen,
t bo, dng, v.v., trong qun th, gia cc
qun th hoc cc loi. Chn lc gen
th-ng dn n t s sng st ca nhiu
kiu gen khc nhau, phn chiu nhiu
bin, bao gm sc p chn lc v tnh bin
d di truyn c mt trong qun th.
genetic transformation bin np gen
xem: transformation.
genetic use restriction technology
(Abbreviation: GURT). A proposed
technology applying transgenesis to
genetically compromise the fertility or the
performance of saved seed of a cultivar
or of second generation animals. The
intention is to protect the market for the
seed producer or to prevent undesired
escape of genes. Two types of GURTs
have been patented: variety-level GURT
(V-GURT), which produces sterile
progeny, and trait-specific GURT (TGURT), in which only the added value
transgenic trait is genetically protected.
See: terminator gene, disrupter gene.
cng ngh hn ch s dng gen (vit
tt: GURT). Mt cng ngh -c x-ng
p dng chuyn gen tha hip di truyn
trong th tinh hoc thc hin ct gi ht
ging cy trng hoc ng vt th h th
hai. D nh ny s bo v th tr-ng cho
ng-i sn xut ging hoc ngn nga s
r thot cc gen khng mong mun. Hai
kiu GURT -c cp bng sng ch:
GURT(V - GURT) mc loi, sn sinh con
chu v trng, v GURT (T-GURT) tnh
trng c bit, trong ch tnh trng
chuyn gen gi tr b sung -c bo v di
truyn. xem: terminator gene, disrupter
gene.
genetic variation Differences between
individuals attributable to differences in
genotype.
bin d gen Sai khc gia cc c th c
th quy ti khc nhau trong kiu gen.

genetically engineered organism

genetically engineered organism
(Abbreviation: GEO). Occasional
alteRNAtive term for genetically modified
organism.
sinh vt k thut gen (vit tt: GEO).
Thut ng i khi -c thay th cho sinh
vt bin i gen.
genetically modified organism
(Abbreviation: GMO). An organism that has
been transformed by the insertion of one
or more transgenes.
sinh vt bin i gen (vit tt: GMO).
Sinh vt -c bin np do chn vo
mt hoc nhiu gen chuyn.
genetics The science of heredity.
di truyn hc Khoa hc v di truyn.
genome 1. The entire complement of
genetic material (genes plus non-coding
sequences) present in each cell of an
organism, virus or organelle. 2. The
complete set of chromosomes (hence of
genes) inherited as a unit from one parent.
h gen 1. y ton b vt liu di truyn
(gen cng thm trnh t khng m ho) c
mt trong mi t bo ca sinh vt, virut
hoc bo quan. 2. B th nhim sc hon
chnh (do cc gen) -c di truyn nh- mt
n v t cha m.
genomic library A clone library
specifically constructed from restriction
fragments of the genomic DNA of an
organism.
th- vin h gen Th- vin dng v tnh
-c xy dng ring bit t cc on gii
hn DNA h gen ca sinh vt.
genomics The research strategy that uses
molecular characterization and cloning of
whole genomes to understand the
structure, function and evolution of genes
and to answer fundamental biological
questions. See: bio-informatics,
functional genomics and proteomics.
h gen hc Chin l-c nghin cu s dng
c tr-ng phn t v to dng ca hu
nh- ton b h gen hiu bit cu trc,
chc nng v tin ha ca gen v tr li
cc vn sinh vt c bn. Xem: bioinformatics, functional genomics and

123
proteomics.
genotype 1. The genetic constitution of an
organism. 2. The allelic constitution at a
particular locus, e.g. Aa or aa. 3. The sum
effect of all loci that contribute to the
expression of a trait.
kiu gen 1. Cu trc di truyn ca sinh
vt. 2. Cu trc alen ti gen ring bit,
th d Aa hoc aa. 3. Hiu ng tng s ca
tt c gen ng gp cho biu th mt tnh
trng.
genus (pl.: genera) A group of closely
related species, whose perceived
relationship is typically based on physical
resemblance, now often supplemented
with DNA sequence data.
ging (s nhiu:genera) Nhm cc loi
cn thn, mi quan h nhn bit -c da
vo mc ging nhau vt cht in hnh,
hin nay th-ng -c ph thm d liu
trnh t DNA.
GEO Vit tt ca genetically engineered
organism. Xem: genetically modified
organism
geotropism A growth curvature induced
by gravity. Synonym: gravitropism.
tnh h-ng a Sinh tr-ng cong gy ra
do sc nng.T ng ngha: gravitropism.
germ 1.The botanical term for a plant
embryo. 2. Colloquial: a disease-causing
micro-organism.
mm 1. thut ng thc vt hc ch phi
thc vt. 2. Thng tc: vi sinh vt gy bnh.
germ cell A member of a cell lineage (the
germ line) leading to the production of
gametes. In mammals, germ cells are
found in the germinal epithelium of the
ovaries and testes. Synonym: germ line
cell. Opposite: somatic cell.
t bo mm Thnh vin ca dng h t
bo (dng mm) dn n sn xut cc giao
t. Trong ng vt c v, cc t bo mm
-c hnh thnh trong biu m mm ca
bung trng v tinh hon. T ng ngha:
germ line cell. Ng-c vi: somatic cell.
germ cell gene therapy The repair or
replacement of a defective gene within the
gamete-forming tissues, resulting in a

germ layer
heritable change in an organisms genetic
constitution.
liu php gen t bo mm Sa cha hoc
thay th mt gen c sai st ca m hnh
thnh giao t, kt qu lm thay i di truyn
trong cu trc gen ca sinh vt.
germ layer The layers of cells in an animal
embryo at the gastrula stage, from which
the various organs of the animals body
will be derived.
lp mm Lp t bo ca phi ng vt
giai on phi v, t nhiu c quan khc
nhau ca c th ng vt s -c to
thnh.
germ line A lineage of cells which, during
the development of an organism, are set
aside as potential gamete-forming tissues.
The location, nature and time of formation
of potential gamete-forming tissues are
species specific, and may vary greatly from
one species to another. See: somatic
dng mm, dng phi Dng t bo m,
trong qu trnh pht trin sinh vt, -c
t ring nh- cc m hnh thnh giao t
tim tng. S nh v, bn cht v thi gian
hnh thnh ca m bo hnh thnh giao t
tim tng l cc loi ring bit, v c th
thay i ln t dng ny sang dng khc.
xem: somatic
germ line cell t bo dng mm xem:
germ cell.
germ line gene therapy The delivery of a
gene or genes to a fertilized egg or an early
embryonic cell. The transferred gene(s) is
present in all or some of the nuclei of the
cells of the mature individual, including
possibly the reproductive cells, and alters
the phenotype of the individual that
develops.
liu php gen dng mm Chuyn mt
gen hoc nhiu gen cho mt trng th tinh
hoc t bo phi sm. Gen chuyn c mt
trong tt c hoc mt s nhn ca t bo
c th tr-ng thnh, kh nng bao gm
cc t bo sinh sn, v thay i kiu hnh
c th pht trin.
germicide Any chemical agent used to
control or kill any pathogenic and non-

124
pathogenic
micro-organisms.
dit mm bnh Tc nhn ha hc dng
kim tra hoc tiu dit sinh vt gy bnh
v
khng
gy
bnh
.
germinal epithelium 1. A layer of epithelial
cells on the surface of the ovary that are
continuous with the mesothelium. 2. The
layer of epithelial cells lining the
seminiferous tubules of the testis, which
gives rise to spermatogonia. See:
s p e r m a t o g e n e s i s .
biu m mm 1. Lp t bo biu b trn
b mt bung trng m gn lin vi trung
biu m. 2. Lp cc t bo biu b xp
thng theo ng sinh tinh ca tinh hon, sinh
ra tinh trng. xem: spermatogenesis.
germination 1. The initial stages in the
growth of a seed to form a seedling. 2.
The growth of spores (fungal or algal) and
pollen
grains.
ny mm 1. Cc giai on u tin trong
sinh tr-ng ca ht ging hnh thnh
cy mm. 2. Sinh tr-ng ca bo t (nm
hoc to) v nhng ht phn.
germplasm 1. An individual, group of
individuals or a clone representing a
genotype, variety, species or culture, held
in an in situ or ex situ collection. 2. Original
meaning, now no longer in use: the genetic
material that forms the physical basis of
inheritance and which is transmitted from
one generation to the next by means of
the
germ
cells
cht mm 1. C th, nhm c th hoc
dng i din cho kiu gen, th, loi hoc
nui cy, -c gi trong mt tp hp trong
phn t hoc ngoi phn t . 2. Ngha ban
u, by gi t s dng: vt liu di truyn
m hnh thnh c s vt cht di truyn v
-c truyn t th h ny sang th h khc
bng ph-ng tin t bo mm
gestation The period between conception
(fertilization of the egg) to parturition
(birth) spent in utero by the foetus of
viviparous
animals.
thai nghn, thai k Thi k gia c mang
(trng th tinh) ti (sinh n) mang nng
trong thi gian bo thai ca

GFP
ng vt sinh con.
GFP vit tt ca green fluorescent
protein.
GH vit tt ca growth hormone.
gibberellins A class of plant growth
regulators which are active in the
elongation, enhancement of flower, fruit
and leaf size, germination, vernalization
and other physiological processes.
gibberellin Mt lp cht iu tit sinh
tr-ng thc vt hot ng lm ko di,
nng cao kch c hoa, qu v l cy, ny
mm, xun ha v cc qu trnh sinh l
khc.

gland A specialized group of cells or a

single cell in animals or plants that
secretes a specific substance. The two
types of animal glands are: endocrine,
which secrete directly into the blood
vessels; and exocrine, which secrete
through a duct or network of ducts into a
body cavity or onto the body surface.

125
v bao gm cc globulin min dch.
GLP -c thc hnh th nghim vit tt
ca: good laboratory practice.
glucocorticoid A steroid hormone that
regulates gene expression in higher
animals.
glucocorticoit Mt hc mn steriod iu
chnh biu th gen ca ng vt bc cao.
glucose invertase An enzyme that
catalyses the hydrolysis of sucrose into
its component monosaccharides, glucose
and fructose.
enzim -ng phn Enzim xc tc thy
phn -ng kp thnh cc -ng n,
glucoza v fructoza.
glucose isomerase An enzyme that
catalyses the interconversion of the two
sugars, glucose and fructose. As fructose
is a lower energy compound compared
with glucose, a mixture of glucose and
fructose with the enzyme will end up almost
entirely as fructose.

hch Nhm t bo chuyn dng hoc t

bo n trong ng vt hoc thc vt tch
tr mt cht c bit. Hai kiu hch ng
vt: ni tit, phn tit trc tip vo trong
mch mu; v ngoi tit, phn tit qua ng
hoc mng l-i ng vo trong xoang c
th hoc trn b mt c th.

enzim ng phn -ng Enzim xc tc

s chuyn ho ln nhau ca hai -ng,
glucoza v fructoza. V fructoza l mt hp
cht nng l-ng thp hn so vi glucoza,
mt hm hp ca glucoza v fructoza vi
enzim s -c kt thc hu nh- hon ton
l fructoza.

glaucous A surface with a waxy, white

coating. In most cases, this waxy covering
can be rubbed off.

glucosinolates A class of molecules

produced in the seeds and green tissue
of a range of plants, in particular brassicas.
Their natural role is thought to be involved
in plant-insect interactions. Their
importance in plant breeding is largely
because of their negative influence on
taste and their positive effect on the
prevention of cancers of the alimentary
tract.

nhn phn B mt c mu vng nht, ph

phn trng. Trong hu ht tr-ng hp, mu
vng nht bao ph c th ch xt b.
globulins Common class of proteins in
blood, eggs and milk, and seeds.
Characterized by their slight solubility in
water but are freely soluble in dilute salt
solutions. Gamma- globulins are defined
further by their electrophoretic behaviour,
and include the immunoglobulins.
globulin Lp chung cc protein trong mu,
trng v sa, v ht ging. C c im
ho tan nh trong n-c nh-ng ho tan
hon ton trong cc dung dch mui pha
long. Cc Gamma-globulin -c nh
ngha c th hn bng phn ng in di,

glucosinolate Mt lp phn t sinh ra

trong ht ging v m xanh ca mt loi
cy trng, trong cy ci c bit. Vai tr t
nhin ca chng -c ngh l tham gia vo
cc mi t-ng tc su b-thc vt. Tm
quan trng ca chng trong nhn ging
thc vt rt ln v nh h-ng m tnh trn
v gic v kt qu d-ng tnh ca chng
lm ngn nga ung th- ng tiu ha.

glucuronidase
glucuronidase xem: btaglucuronidase.
gluten A mixture of two seed storage
protein classes, gliadin and glutenin,
found in the endosperm of cereal
(particularly wheat) grain. High levels of
gluten impart elasticity to dough, and thus
the composition of wheat glutens largely
determines whether a specific flour is
suitable for biscuit or bread making.
Sensitivity of the lining of the intestine to
gluten in some humans results in coeliac
disease, a condition that requires a glutenfree diet.
nha go Hn hp hai lp protein d tr
ht, prolamin v glutenin, c trong ni phi
nh ht ng cc (c bit l la m). Cc
mc cao ca nha go nh h-ng do,
v do vy thnh phn nha go la m xc
nh chung rng c hay khng mt loai bt
ring bit thch hp lm bnh quy hoc
bnh m. Tnh nhy cm ca lp mng
nhy trong rut vi nha go ca nhiu
ng-i gy ra bnh a chy, mt iu kin
yu cu n king khng c nha go.
glycoalkaloids A group of modified
alkaloids, including solanine and tomatine,
having a range of toxic effects in humans
and other species. They are of particular
significance in food plants from the
Solanaceae.
glycoalkaloit Mt nhm alkaloid bin i,
bao gm solanine v tomatin, c mt lot
hiu ng c trong c th con ng-i v
cc loi khc. Chng c ngha c bit
trong cc cy thc phm ca loi
Solanaceae.
glycoform One of several structures
possible for a given glycoprotein,
determined by the type and position of
attachment
of
the
component
oligosaccharide(s). Certain glycoforms
may exhibit different biological activities
from one another because the
oligosaccharide units mediate interactions
with other cell components.
dng -ng Mt trong s cu trc c kh
nng to ra glycoprotein, xc nh bng
kiu v v tr nh km ca oligosaccharide

126
thnh phn. Cc glycoform xc nh c th
biu th hot tnh sinh hc khc nhau bi v
cc n v oligosacarit trung gian t-ng tc
vi cc thnh phn t bo khc.
glycolysis The sequence of reactions that
converts glucose into pyruvate, with the
concomitant production of ATP.
phn hy -ng Tnh t phn ng
chuyn i glucoza thnh pyruvate, c
sm phm i km ATP.
glycoprotein A protein molecule modified
by the addition of one or several
oligosaccharide groups.
Mt phn t protein bin i do thm mt
hoc vi nhm oligosacarit.
glycoprotein remodelling The use of
restriction
endoglycosidases
to
enzymatically remove oligosaccharide
branches from glycoprotein molecules.
Removal of one or more oligosaccharide
branches can lessen or abolish the
antigenicity of the glycoprotein, so
allowing its injection for pharmaceutical
purposes without incurring an unwanted
immune response. See: glycoform.
canh tn glycoprotein S dng cc
endoglycosidase gii hn chuyn dch
enzim cc nhnh oligosacarit ca phn t
glicoprotein. Loi b mt hoc nhiu nhnh
oligosacarit c th lm nh hoc mt tnh
khng nguyn ca glicoprotein, nh- vy
cho php truyn mc ch d-c hc khng
phi chu mt phn ng min dch khng
mong mun. xem: glycoform.
glycosylation The covalent addition of
sugar or sugar-related molecules to other
classes of molecule, including proteins or
nucleic acids.
tng hp ho -ng Gn thm ng ha
tr phn t -ng hoc lin quan -ng
cho cc lp phn t khc, bao gm cc
protein hoc axit nucleic.
glyphosate An active ingredient in some
herbicides, killing plants by inhibiting the
activity of plant enolpyruvyl-shikimate 3phosphate synthase.
gliphosat Thnh phn hot ng trong
mt s thuc dit c, lm cht cy bi ngn

glyphosate oxidase
chn hot ng enolpyruvyl-shikimat 3phosphat synthaza thc vt.
glyphosate oxidase An enzyme which
catalyses the break-down of glyphosate,
discovered in a strain of Pseudomonas
bacteria which were found to produce
unusually large amounts of the enzyme.
The gene responsible has been
incorporated into a variety of crop plants
to enable them to tolerate applications of
glyphosate-containing herbicides. It has
also been used in conjunction with the CP4
EPSPS gene.
glyphosate oxidaza Mt loienzim xc
tc phn hu glyphosate, -c pht hin
trong ni vi khun Pseudomonas -c tm
kim sn xut s l-ng enzim ln khc
th-ng. Gen chu trch nhim hp nht
vo trong mt chng cy trng cho php
chng chu ng khi p dng thuc dit c
c cha glyphosate. Cn -c s dng
phi hp vi gen CP4 EPSPS.
glyphosate oxidoreductase An enzyme
from the micro-organism Ochrobactrum
anthropi, which catalyses the break-down
of glyphosate. If the encoding gene
(called goxv247) is inserted and properly
expressed in a plant, these plants become
tolerant of the application of glyphosateand/or sulfosate-containing herbicides. An
alteRNAtive to CP4 EPSPS or glyphosate
oxidase encoded glyphosate tolerance.
glyphosate oxidoreductaza Enzim
ngun gc vi sinh vt Ochrobactrum
anthropi, xc tc phn hu glyphosate.
Nu gen m ha (tn l goxv 247) -c
chn v biu th tnh cht trong cy trng,
cc cy trng ny tr nn chu -c vic
p dng thuc dit c c cha glyphosatev/ hoc sulfosate. Mt thay th cho CP4
EPSPS hoc glyphosate oxidase m ho
tnh chu -c glyphosate.
GM food Abbreviation for genetically
modified food. Food that contains above a
certain legal minimum content of raw
material obtained from genetically
modified organisms.
thc phm bin i gen vit tt ca
genetically modified food. Thc phm m

127
c cha trn mt thnh phn ti thiu hp
php nht nh ca nguyn liu t-i sng
thu -c t sinh vt bin i gen.
GMO vit tt ca genetically modified
organism.
GMP vit tt ca 1. guanosine 5 monophosphate. T ng ngha:
guanylic acid. 2. good manufacturing
practice.
gobar kh sinh hc xem: biogas.
golden rice A biotechnology-derived rice,
which contains large amounts of beta
carotene (a precursor of vitamin A) in its
seeds. Achieved by inserting two genes
from daffodil and one from the bacterium
Erwinia uredovora.
go vng Mt loi go c ngun gc cng
ngh sinh hc, cha s l-ng ln bta caro-tin (tin cht vitamin A) trong ht. t
-c do chn hai gen t cy thu tin hoa
vng mt t vi khun Erwinia uredovora.
Golgi apparatus An assembly of vesicles
and folded membranes within the
cytoplasm of plant and animal cells that
stores and transports secretory products
(such as enzymes and hormones) and
plays a role in formation of a cell wall
(when this is present).
b my Golgi H thng mn n-c v
mng gp trong t bo cht ca t bo
thc vt v ng vt m ct gi v vn
chuyn cc sn phm phn tit (nh- enzim
v hc-mn) v ng vai tr hnh thnh
thnh t bo (khi n c mt).
gonad One of the (usually paired) animal
organs that produce reproductive cells
(gametes). The most important gonads are
the male testis, which produces
spermatozoa, and the female ovary, which
produces ova (egg cells). The gonads also
produce hormones that control secondary
sexual characteristics.
tuyn sinh dc Mt trong nhng c quan
ng vt (thng th-ng cp i) sn
xut t bo sinh sn (cc giao t). Nhng
tuyn sinh dc quan trng nht l tinh hon
ging c, sn sinh tinh trng, v bung
trng ging ci, sn sinh non (cc t bo

good laboratory practice

trng). Cc tuyn sinh dc ny cng sn
sinh hooc-mn iu khin c tr-ng tnh
dc th cp.
good laboratory practice (Abbreviation:
GLP). Written codes of practice designed
to reduce to a minimum the chance of
procedural or instrument problems which
could adversely affect a research project
or other laboratory work.
-c thc hnh th nghim (vit tt:
GLP). Cc m s thc hnh -c vit ch
nh gim n mc ti thiu c hi ca cc
vn th tc hoc dng c m c th
lm nh h-ng khng thun li n mt
n nghin cu hoc cng vic phng
th nghim khc.
good
manufacturing
practice
(Abbreviation: GMP). Codes of practice
designed to reduce to a minimum the
chance of procedural or instrument/
manufacturing plant problems which could
adversely affect a manufactured product.
-c thc hnh sn xut (vit tt: GMP).
Cc m s thc hnh ch inh gim ti
mc ti thiu c hi ca nhng vn th
tc hoc dng c / thao tc thc vt m c
th nh h-ng khng thun li n sn
phm x nghip.
G-protein coupled receptor th nhn
ghp i proteinG xem: G protein.
graft 1. Verb. To place a detached branch
or bud (scion) in close cambial contact
with a rooted stem (rootstock) in such a
manner that scion and rootstock unite to
form a single plant. 2. Noun. Colloquial
synonym for scion. See: grafting, graft
chimera, graft hybrid.
ghp 1. ng t. t mt nhnh ring bit
hoc mm (chi) vo t-ng tng tip xc
cht ch vi thn cy bn r (gc ghp)
theo cch nh- vy cho chi v gc ghp
hp nht hnh thnh cy n. 2. Danh t.
Thng tc ng ngha vi chi. xem:
grafting, graft chimera, graft hybrid.
graft chimera A plant which is a mosaic
of two sorts of tissue differing in genetic
constitution and assumed to have arisen
as the result of a nuclear fusion following
grafting. See: graft hybrid.

128
th qui ghp Thc vt l mt th khm
ca hai kiu m khc bit cu trc di truyn
v -c gi thit xut hin kt qu dung
hp nhn sau ghp. xem: graft hybrid.
graft hybrid An individual formed from
graft (2) and stock showing the
characteristics of both progenitors. See:
graft chimera.
vt lai ghp C th hnh thnh t mnh
ghp (2) v gc ghp ch ra c tr-ng ca
c hai dng b m. xem: graft chimera.
graft inoculation test A test based on the
use of a suspected viral carrier which is
grafted to an indicator plant. If symptoms
appear in the indicator plant, the viral
assay is positive.
php th tim ghp Th nghim da vo
vic s dng mt th mang virut cn nghi
ng ghp cho cy ch th. Nu nhng
triu chng xut hin trong cy ch th, th
nghim virut l d-ng tnh.
graft union The point at which a scion
from one plant is joined to a rootstock
from another plant.
ni ghp im m ti c mt chi t
mt cy -c ni tip vi mt gc ghp t
cy khc.
grafting The process of making a graft
(1).
cy ghp Qu trnh to ra mt chi ghp
(1).
graft-versus-host disease The rejection
of transplanted organs by the recipients
immune system, due to attack of the
recipients T lymphocytes on the
transplanted organ caused by differences
in major histocompatibility complex
proteins.
bnh vt ch khng ghp Thi b cc
c quan cy chuyn do h thng min dch
ca th nhn, do s tn cng ca lympho
bo T th nhn trn c quan cy chuyn
gy ra bi s khc nhau ca cc protein
phc h t-ng hp m chnh.
Gram staining A technique to distinguish
between two major bacterial groups, based
on whether or not their cell wall retains the
Gram stain. Gram-positive bacteria are

granum
stained dark purple, while Gram-negative
bacteria are only faintly coloured. Stain
retention is determined by the structure of
the cell wall.
nhum Gram K thut phn bit gia
hai nhm vi khun chnh, da vo ni m
vch t bo ca chng duy tr nhum hoc
khng nhum mu Gram. Vi khun gram
d-ng -c nhum mu sm ta, trong
khi vi khun gram m ch nhum mu nht.
Duy tr vt nhum -c xc nh do cu
trc vch t bo.
granum (pl.: grana) Structure within the
chloroplasts, appear as green granules
with the light microscope and as a series
of parallel lamellae with the electron
microscope. They contain the chlorophyll
and carotenoid pigments directly involved
in photosynthesis.
ht tp sc (s nhiu: grana) Cu trc
trong dip lc, xut hin nh- ht nh xanh
lc d-i knh hin vi quang hc v nh- lp
phin mng song song d-i knh hin vi
in t. Chng cha nhng cht mu dip
lc v vng caroten -c to thnh trc
tip trong quang hp.
GRAS vit tt ca generally regarded as
safe
gratuitous inducer A substance that can
induce transcription of a gene or genes,
but is not a substrate for the induced
enzyme(s).
cm ng v c Cht c th thc y phin
m mt gen hoc nhiu gen, nh-ng khng
phi l c cht cho mt hoc nhiu enzim
-c cm ng.
gravitropism xem: geotropism.
green fluorescent protein (Abbreviation:
GFP). A protein derived from a species of
jelly fish, that fluoresces when exposed to
ultra violet light. Its encoding gene has
been isolated and is replacing GUS as a
reporter gene in plant transgenesis, since
it can be assayed non-destructively in real
time.
protein hunh quang xanh lc (vit tt:
GFP). Mt loi protein bt ngun t mt
loi sa bin, pht hunh quang khi -c

129
phi ra nh sng cc tm. Gen m ha ca
n -c phn lp v ang thay th GUS
lm gen ch huy trong chuyn gen thc vt,
do c th -c th nghim khng b ph
hu trong thi gian thc hin.
green revolution Name given to the
dramatic increase in crop productivity
during the third quarter of the 20th century,
as a result of integrated advances in
genetics and plant breeding, agronomy,
and pest and disease control.
cch mng xanh Tn gi nu ra cng vi
s tng y n t-ng ca nng sut cy
trng trong nhng nm 70 ca th k th
20, l kt qu ca nhiu tin b tch hp
trong di truyn hc v nhn ging thc vt,
nng hc, v kim tra su v bnh hi.
Gro-lux A wide-spectrum fluorescent
lamp suitable for artificial light for plant
growth.
Gro-lux n hunh quang quang ph
rng thch hp chiu sng nhn to cho
sinh tr-ng thc vt.
growth cabinet An enclosed space in
which environmental conditions can be
controlled. The degree of control over
temperature, light and humidity is a
function of the quality of the cabinet.
bung tng tr-ng Khong trng kn
trong cc iu kin mi tr-ng c th
kim sot. Mc iu khin ton b nhit
, nh sng v m l hot ng cht
l-ng bung.
growth curve vng sinh tr-ng xem:
growth phase.
growth factor Any of various chemicals,
particularly polypeptides, that have a
variety of important roles in the stimulation
of new cell growth and cell maintenance.
They bind to the cell surface on receptors.
Specific growth factors can cause new cell
proliferation.
nhn t sinh tr-ng Bt k mt loi ha
cht, c bit polyeptit, c vai tr quan
trng trong vic kch thch sinh tr-ng t
bo mi v duy tr t bo. Chng lin kt
vi b mt t bo trn cc th nhn. Cc
nhn t sinh tr-ng c bit c th gy ra

growth hormone
tng nhanh t bo mi.
growth hormone (Abbreviation: GH). A
group of hormones, secreted by the
mammalian pituitary gland, that stimulates
protein synthesis and growth of the long
bones in the legs and arms. They also
promote the breakdown and use of fats as
an energy source, rather than glucose.
Synonym: somatotropin.
hc mn sinh tr-ng (vit tt: GH). Mt
nhm hooc-mn, -c tit ra do tuyn yn
ca ng vt c v, thc y hot ng
tng hp protein v tng tr-ng cc x-ng
di ca chn v cnh tay. Chng cn thc
y phn hu v dng v bo nh- ngun
nng l-ng, thay v glucoza. T ng
ngha: somatotropin.
growth inhibitor Any substance inhibiting
the growth of an organism. The inhibitory
effect can range from mild inhibition
(growth retardation) to severe inhibition or
death (toxic reaction). The concentration
of the inhibitor, the length of exposure to
it, and the relative susceptibility of the
organisms exposed to the inhibitor, are all
important factors which determine the
extent of the inhibitory effect.
c ch sinh tr-ng Cht bt k c ch
sinh tr-ng sinh vt. Kt qu c ch c
th phn hng t c ch nh (lm chm
sinh tr-ng) n c ch khc nghit hoc
cht (phn ng c). Nng cht c ch,
di biu th cho n, v cm t-ng
i ca sinh vt biu th cht c ch, l tt
c cc nhn t quan trng xc nh
phm vi nh h-ng km hm.
growth phase Each of the characteristic
periods in the growth curve of a bacterial
culture, as indicated by the shape of a
graph of viable cell number versus time,
namely: lag phase; logarithmic phase;
stationary phase; death phase.
pha sinh tr-ng Mi thi k c tr-ng
trong vng sinh tr-ng ca nui cy vi
khun, khi ch bo bng hnh dng th
s l-ng t bo c th sng theo thi gian,
mang tn: pha cch ly; pha s m; pha
dng; pha cht.
growth rate Change in an organisms

130
mass per unit of time.
tc sinh tr-ng Thay i khi l-ng
ca sinh vt theo n v thi gian.
growth regulator A synthetic or natural
compound that at low concentrations elicits
and controls growth responses in a manner
similar to hormones.
cht iu tit sinh tr-ng Hp cht tng
hp hoc t nhin m mc nng thp
khi mo v iu khin phn ng sinh
tr-ng trong trng thi t-ng t nh- hoocmn.
growth retardant A chemical that
selectively interferes with normal hormonal
promotion of growth and other
physiological processes, but without
appreciable toxic effects.
cht lm chm sinh tr-ng Cht ha hc
cn tr chn lc vi s thc y hormon
bnh th-ng ca sinh tr-ng v qu trnh
sinh l khc, nh-ng khng c cc kt qu
c hi ng k.
growth ring Rings visible in a crosssection of a woody stem, such as a tree
trunk. Each ring represents the xylem
formed in one year as a result of fluctuating
activity of the vascular cambium.
vng sinh tr-ng Cc vng quan st r
ca mt ct ngang thn g, nh- -ng
thn cy. Mi vng ghi li th g -c hnh
thnh trong mt nm l kt qu hot ng
thay i ca tng pht sinh.
growth substance Any organic
substance, other than a nutrient, that is
synthesized by plants and regulates
growth and development. They are usually
made in a particular region, such as the
shoot tip, and transported to other regions,
where they take effect.
cht sinh tr-ng Cht hu c bt k, khc
vi cht dinh d-ng, -c tng hp do thc
vt v iu chnh sinh tr-ng v pht trin.
Chng th-ng -c to ra ti vng c
bit, nh- nh chi cy, v vn chuyn sang
vng khc, ni chng gy nh h-ng.
GTP Abbreviation for guanosine 5'triphosphate, a nucleotide which is
important as a ligand for G proteins and

GTP
as a direct precursor molecule for RNA
synthesis. See: guanylic acid.
GTP vit tt ca guanosine 5 triphosphate, Mt nuleotit quan trng va
l phi t cho protein G va l phn t tin
cht trc tip cho tng hp RNA. xem:
guanylic acid.
guanine (Abbreviation: G). One of the
bases found in DNA and RNA. See:
guanosine.
guanin (vit tt: G). Mt trong nhng ba
z c trong DNA v RNA. Xem: guanosine.
guanosine The (ribo)nucleoside resulting
from the combination of the base guanine
(G) and a D-ribose sugar. The
corresponding deoxyribonucleoside is
called deoxyguanosine. See: GTP, dGTP,
guanylic acid.
guanosin Mt (ribo) nucleoside kt qu
do kt hp ba z guanin (G) v -ng Driboza. Deoxyribonucleosit t-ng ng -c
gi deoxyguanosine. xem: GTP, dGTP,
guanylic acid.
guanosine triphosphate (guanosine 5triphosphate) Vit tt: GTP. Xem:
guanylic acid.
guanylic acid Synonym for guanosine
monophosphate (abbreviation: GMP), a
(ribo)nucleotide
containing
the
nucleoside
guanosine.
The
corresponding deoxyribonucleotide is
called deoxyguanylic acid.
axit guanylic T ng ngha guanosin
mono phosphat (vit tt: GMP), mt
(ribo)nucleotid c cha nulceosit guanosin.
Deoxyribonucleotit t-ng ng -c gi axt deoxyguanylic.
guard cell Specialized epidermal cells
found in pairs around a stoma. Their
function is to control the opening and
closing of the stoma through changes in
turgor.
t bo bo v Cc t bo biu b chuyn
dng hnh thnh theo cp i xung quanh
mt l kh khng. Chc nng ca chng l
iu khin vic m v ng l kh khng
qua thay i c-ng mm.

131
guide RNA An RNA molecule that contain
sequences that function as a template
during RNA editing. See: guide
sequence.
RNA h-ng dn Phn t RNA mang trnh
t m chc nng nh- mt khung mu khi
son tho RNA. xem: guide sequence.
guide sequence An RNA molecule (or a
part of it) which hybridizes with eukaryotic
mRNA and aids in the splicing of intron
sequences. Guide sequences may be
either external (EGS) or internal (IGS) to
the RNA being processed and may
hybridize with either intron or exon
sequences close to the splice junction.
See: split gene.
trnh t h-ng dn Phn t RNA (hoc
mt phn ca n) lai vi mRNA nhn chun
v h tr khi ghp cc trnh t intron. Cc
trnh t h-ng dn c th l bn ngoi
(EGS) hoc bn trong (IGS) so vi RNA
ang -c x l v c th lai vi cc trnh
t inton hoc exon gn ch ni ghp. Xem:
split gene
GURT vit tt ca genetic use restriction
technology.
GUS vit tt ca bta-glucuronidase.
us gene An E. coli gene that encodes for
production of beta-glucuronidase (GUS).
Because this activity is absent in plants,
the gene is commonly utilized as a
reporter gene to detect the occurrence of
transformation events.
gen gus Mt gen E. coli m ha sn
xut beta-glucuronidase (GUS). V hot
ng ny khng c trong cy trng, nn
gen -c dng ph bin lm gen ch huy
pht hin bin c ca cc s kin bin
i gen.
gymnosperm A class of plant (e.g.
conifers) whose ovules and the seeds into
which they develop are borne unprotected,
rather than enclosed in ovaries, as are
those of the flowering plants, the
(angiosperms).
cy ht trn Mt lp thc vt (v d loi
tng bch) cc non v ht m trong
chng pht trin khng -c bo v cng,

gynandromorph
thay v b ng kn trong cc cc bu non,
nh- ca cc cy trng ra hoa, (cy ht kn).
gynandromorph An individual in which
one part of the body is female and another
part is male; a sex mosaic.
dng na c-ci Mt c th trong mt
b phn ca c th l ci v phn khc l
c; mt th khm gii tnh.
gynogenesis Female parthenogenesis:

132
after fertilization of the ovum, the male
nucleus is eliminated and the haploid
(gynogenetic) individual possesses the
maternal genome only.
sinh n tnh Sinh sn n tnh ci: Sau
th tinh non, nhn ging c b loi tr
v cc c th n bi (gynogenetic) x l
ch h gen m.
gyrase xem: DNA helicase.

133

Hh

h Prefix used to designate the human form

of an enzyme. For example, hGH is human
growth hormone.
h Tip u ng dng biu th dng ng-i
ca mt enzim. V d, hGH l hocmon sinh
tr-ng ng-i.
habituation The phenomenon whereby,
after a number of sub-cultures, cells can
grow without the addition to the tissue
culture medium of previously obligatory
factors. Such cells are then autonomous.
tp qun Hin t-ng bi , sau mt s
ln nui cy ph, cc t bo c th sinh
tr-ng khng cho thm vo mi tr-ng
nui cy m nhng thnh phn bt buc
tr-c . Cc t bo nh- vy sau t
d-ng.
HAC Vit tt ca Human artificial
chromosome.
haemoglobin Protein containing iron,
located in erythrocytes of vertebrates;
important for the transportation of oxygen
to the cells of the body.
haemoglobin Protein Protein c cha st,
nm trong hng cu ca ng vt c x-ng
sng; quan trng vn chuyn oxi ti t
bo c th.
haemolymph The mixture of blood and
other fluids in the body cavity of an
invertebrate.
haemolymph Hn hp ca mu v cc
cht lng khc trong xoang c th ca
ng vt khng x-ng sng.
haemophilia A sex-linked hereditary
bleeding disorder in which it takes a long
time for the blood to clot and abnormal

bleeding occurs. This disease affects

mostly males.
bnh -a chy mu, chng d xut huyt
Bnh chy mu di truyn lin kt gii tnh
trong cn thi gian lu cho mu ng
vn v xy ra chy khng bnh th-ng xy
ra. Bnh ny ch yu nh h-ng n cc
con c.
hairpin loop A region in one strand of a
polynucleotide which, due to an inverted
repeat in the sequence, may under
appropriate conditions fold back on itself
and form a limited segment of doublestranded DNA with a loop at one end.
nt hnh kp tc Vng nm trong mt si
ca polynucleotit m, do lp o ng-c
trnh t, c th d-i iu kin thch hp t
gp ng-c v hnh thnh on gii hn
DNA si kp vi c nt vng ti mt.
hairy root culture A culture consisting of
highly branched roots of a plant. A plant
tissue is treated with the bacterium
Agrobacterium rhizogenes containing
the Ri plasmid, which causes the explant
to grow highly branched roots from the
sites of infection. Transgenes engineered
into the plasmid can be expressed in these
cultures.
nui cy r t Nui cy gm c cc r
nhnh kho ca cy. M cy -c x l
vi vi khun Agrobacterium rhizogenes c
cha Ri plasmit, to cho mu nui cy pht
trin thnh r nhnh kho t v tr ly
nhim. Cc gen chuyn x l trong plasmit
c th -c biu th trong nui cy ny.
hairy root disease A disease of broadleaved plants, where a proliferation of
root-like tissue is formed from the stem.
Hairy root disease is a tumorous state
similar to crown gall, and is induced by
the
bacterium
Agrobacterium
rhizogenes, when containing an Ri
plasmid.
bnh r t Bnh ca thc vt l bn rng,
ni s tng nhanh ca m ging ht r
-c hnh thnh t thn cy. Bnh r t l
mt trng thi s-ng phng t-ng t nhnt sn, v do Agrobacterium rhizogenes
to ra, khi c cha plasmit Ri.

halophyte
halophyte A plant species adapted to
soils containing a concentration of salt that
is toxic to most plant species. See: salt
tolerance.
cy chu mn Loi thc vt thch nghi vi
loi t m c nng mui c i vi
hu ht cc loi thc vt. Xem: salt
tolerance.
hanging droplet technique k thut git
nh treo xem: microdroplet array.
haploid A cell or organism containing one
of each of the pairs of homologous
chromosomes found in the normal diploid
cell.
n bi T bo hoc sinh vt mang tng
cp i nhim sc th t-ng ng hnh
thnh trong t bo l-ng bi bnh th-ng.
haplotype A specific allelic constitution at
a number of loci within a defined linkage
block.
kiu n Tnh trng alen c th ti mt
s gen trong bng kt ni -c gii hn.
haplozygous d hp t xem:
hemizygous.
hapten A small molecule, which by itself
is not an antigen, but which as a part of a
larger structure when linked to a carrier
protein, can serve as an antigenic
determinant.
Phn t nh, do chnh n khng phi l
khng nguyn, nh-ng l b phn ca cu
trc ln khi lin kt vi protein th mang,
c th phc v nh- nhn t quyt nh
khng nguyn.
haptoglobin A serum protein that
interacts with haemoglobin during
recycling of the iron molecule of
haemoglobin. Synonym: alpha globulin.

134
nutrient supply. The hardening-off process
conditions plants for survival when
transplanted outdoors.
lm cng Vic p dng nh knh hoc mi
tr-ng kim sot trng cy vi cc iu
kin ngoi tri do gim ngun n-c, h
thp nhit , tng c-ng nh sng,
hoc gim bt cung cp thc n. iu kin
x l lm cng cy sng -c khi
chuyn ra ngoi tri.
Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium The
frequencies of genotypes at a locus
resulting from random mating at that locus;
for two alleles, A1 and A2, with respective
frequencies in a population of p and q,
the
Hardy-Weinberg
equilibrium
frequencies are p2 A1A1; 2pq A1A2; q2 A2A2.
Departure from these frequencies is an
indication that random mating is not
occurring.
cn bng Hardy - Weinberg Cc tn s
kiu gen ti mt gen do kt i ngu
nhin ti gen; hai alen, A1 v A2, c
tn s t-ng ng trong qun th p v q,
cc tn s cn bng Hardy-Weinberg l p2
A1A1; 2pq A1A2; q2 A2A2. Khi u t nhng
tn s ny ch ra kt i ngu nhin khng
xut hin.
harvesting 1. The process involved in
gathering ripened crops. 2. The collection
of cells from cell cultures or of organs from
donors for the purpose of transplantation.
thu hoch 1. Qu trnh lin quan cc ma
v cy trng chn tp trung. 2. Tp hp
ca t bo t nui cy t bo hoc ca c
quan t th cho v mc ch cy chuyn.

haptoglobin Protein huyt thanh m

t-ng tc vi haemoglobin trong vng tun
hon ca phn t st ca hemoglobin. T
ng ngha: alpha globulin.

heat shock protein (Abbreviation: HSP).

A class of protein chaperones which are
typically over-expressed as a response to
heat stress. Two such proteins - HSP 90
and HSP 70 - have a role in ensuring that
crucial proteins are folded into the correct
conformation. Synonym: stress protein.

hardening off Adapting glasshouse or

controlled environment grown plants to
outdoor conditions by reducing availability
of water, lowering the temperature,
increasing light intensity, or reducing the

protein sc nhit (vit tt: HSP). Lp cht

km protein tiu biu -c biu th hon
ton nh- mt phn ng p li cng thng
nhit . Hai loi protein nh- -HSP 90 v
HSP 70- c vai tr bo m cho cc

heat therapy

135

protein vng u -c gp thnh hnh

dng chun. T ng ngha: stress protein.
heat therapy liu php nhit
thermotherapy.

xem:

helix A structure with a spiral shape. The

normal state of double-stranded DNA is
in the form of a double helix.
vng xon Cu trc c dng xon c.
Trng thi bnh th-ng ca DNA si kp l
trong mu chui xon kp.
helminth A class of parasitic worms,
especially those which are internal
parasites of man and animals.
giun sn Lp u trng k sinh, c bit
lp trng ny l vt k sinh trong ng-i v
ng vt.
helper cell T cells that assist in stimulating
B and T lymphocytes to develop into
antibody-producing plasma cells and
killer T cells, respectively.
t bo tr gip Cc t bo T h tr khi
kch thch cc limph bo B v T pht
trin thnh t bo t-ng bo sn xut
khng nguyn v cc t bo T n tht, t-ng
ng.
helper plasmid A plasmid that provides
a function or functions to another plasmid
in the same cell.
plasmit tr gip Plasmit cung cp mt
chc nng hoc nhiu chc nng cho
plasmit khc trong cng t bo.
helper T cell t bo T h tr xem: helper
cell.
helper T lymphocyte lympho bo T h
tr xem: helper cell.
helper virus A virus that provides a
function or functions to another virus in the
same cell.
virut h tr Virut cung cp mt hoc nhiu
chc nng cho virut khc trong cng t
bo.
hemicellulase An enzyme that catalyses
the degradation of hemicellulose.
Enzim xc tc phn hu hemicellulose.
hemicellulose Any cellulose-like
carbohydrate, but excluding cellulose

itself. Together with pectin and lignin,

hemicelluloses form the cell wall matrix.
Bt k hydrat cacbon no ging ht xenlu-l, ngoi tr xen-lu-l. Cng vi pectin
v lignin, hemicellulose hnh thnh phc
hp vch t bo.
hemizygous The condition in which genes
are present only once in the genotype and
not in pairs. Occurs for all genes in
haploids, for all genes located in the
differential segments of the sex
chromosomes in diploids, and in various
aneuploids and deletion mutant
heterozygotes. Synonym: haplozygous.
bn hp t iu kin trong cc gen
xut hin ch mt ln trong kiu gen v
khng phi trong cc cp i. Xy ra vi
tt c cc gen trong th n bi, ca tt
c cc gen nh v trong on bit ha ca
nhim sc th gii tnh trong th nh bi,
v trong cc th lch bi khc nhau v d
hp t th t bin khuyt on. T ng
ngha: haplozygous.
hemoglobin xem: haemoglobin.
hemolymph xem: haemolymph.
hemophilia xem: haemophilia.
HEPA filter Abbreviation for high
efficiency particulate air filter. A filter
capable of excluding particles larger than
0.3. HEPA filters are used in laminar air
flow cabinets to ensure that the air is
pathogen-free. See: pre-filter.
lc HEPA vit tt ca high efficiency
particulate air filter. Mt loi lc c kh
nng loi tr cc ht ln trn 0.3. Cc b
lc HEPA dng trong phng lung khng
kh lp mng bo m rng khng kh
l phi tc nhn gy bnh. Xem: pre-filter.
herbicide A substance that is toxic to
plants; the active ingredient in
agrochemicals intended to kill specific
unwanted plants, especially weeds.
thuc dit c Cht c vi cy trng;
thnh phn hot ng trong cc nng d-c
ch nh dit cc cy ngoi mun, c
bit c di.
herbicide resistance The ability of a plant

heredity
to remain unaffected by the application of
a herbicide.
tnh chu thuc dit c Kh nng ca cy
trng tn ti khng b nh h-ng do dng
thuc dit c.
heredity Resemblance among individuals
related by descent; transmission of traits
from parents to offspring.
di truyn S ging nhau gia nhng c
th lin quan bi dng di; s truyn nhng
tnh trng t cha m cho con ci.
heritability The degree to which a given
trait is controlled by inheritance, as
opposed to being controlled by non-genetic
factors. See: broad-sense heritability;
narrow-sense heritability.
tnh di truyn Mc m ti mt tnh
trng nht nh -c iu khin bi di
truyn, khi ng-c li l iu khin bi nhn
t khng di truyn. Xem: broad-sense
heritability; narrow-sense heritability.
hermaphrodite 1. An animal that has both
male and female reproductive organs, or
a mixture of male and female attributes. 2.
A plant whose flowers contain both stamen
and carpels. Synonym: intersex.
l-ng tnh 1. ng vt c c c quan sinh
sn c v ci, hoc pha trn ca cc
thuc tnh ci v c. 2. Mt cy m hoa
ca n c cha c nh hoa v non. T
ng ngha: intersex.
heteroallele A gene having mutations at
two or more different sites.
d alen Gen mang cc t bin hai hoc
nhiu v tr khc nhau.
heterochromatin
Regions
of
chromosomes that remain contracted
during interphase and therefore stain
more intensely in cytological preparations.
These regions have a high content of
repetitive DNA, and a low content of
genes; thus they are for the most part
genetically
inactive.
Opposite:
euchromatin.
cht d nhim sc Cc vng nhim sc
th cn li b co ngn trong thi k ngh v
do vy bt mu mnh hn nhiu cc ch
phm t bo hc. Cc vng ny c mt

136
hm l-ng cao DNA lp, v hm l-ng thp
gen; nh- vy chng l ca hu ht phn
khng hot ng di truyn. Ng-c vi:
euchromatin.
heteroduplex A double-stranded DNA
molecule or DNA-RNA hybrid, where each
strand is of a different origin. Where the
two DNAs differ significantly in sequence,
single-stranded regions will be revealed
when the heteroduplex is observed under
the electron microscope. A map of
homologous and non-homologous
regions of the two molecules may thereby
be constructed (heteroduplex mapping).
Synonym: hybrid DNA (DNA/RNA). See:
heteroduplex analysis.
d xon kp Mt phn t DNA si kp hoc
th lai DNA-RNA, m mi mt si thuc
v gc khc nhau. Ni hai DNA khc nhau
ng k v trnh t, nhng vng si n
s l ra khi quan st chui kp d hp d-i
knh hin vi in t. Mt bn vng ng
dng v khng ng dng ca hai phn t
do c th -c thnh lp (lp bn d
xon kp). T ng ngha: hybrid DNA
(DNA/RNA). Xem: heteroduplex analysis.
heteroduplex analysis The use of the
electrophoretic mobility of heteroduplex
DNA to estimate the degree of nonhomology between the sequences of the
two strands. Gel mobility tends to be
reduced as the amount of sequence
divergence increases, because the
effective size of a fully complementary pair
of strands is smaller than that of a partially
complementary structure.
phn tch d xon kp S dng l-u ng
in di DNA d xon kp nh gi
khng t-ng hp gia trnh t ca hai si.
Cc khuynh h-ng di ng gel gim bt
khi s l-ng trnh t phn k tng thm,
bi v kch th-c hu hiu cp b sung
hon chnh ca cc si nh hn cu trc
b sung tng phn.
heterogametic Producing unlike gametes
with regard to the sex chromosomes. In
mammals, the XY male is heterogametic,
and the XX female is homogametic.
d giao t Sinh sn cc giao t khng

heterogeneity
ging ht nhau lin quan n nhim sc
th gii tnh. Trong ng vt c v, con
c XY l d giao t, v con ci XX l ng
giao t.
heterogeneity tnh khng ng nht
xem: genetic heterogeneity.
heterogeneous
nuclear
RNA
(Abbreviation: hnRNA). Large RNA
molecules, which are found in the nucleus
of a eukaryotic cell and the precursors of
mRNA and other RNA molecules.
RNA nhn khng ng nht (vit tt:
hnRNA). Phn t RNA ln, -c hnh thnh
trong nhn ca t bo c nhn v tin cht
ca mRNA v phn t RNA khc.
heterokaryon A cell with two or more
different nuclei as a result of cell fusion.
See: synkaryon.
d nhn Mt t bo vi hai hoc nhiu
nhn khc nhau kt qu ca dung hp t
bo. Xem : synkaryon.
heterologous From a different source.
khng t-ng ng T mt ngun khc
nhau.
heterologous probe A DNA probe that is
derived from one species and used to
screen for a similar DNA sequence from
another species.
u d khng t-ng ng u d DNA
bt ngun t mt loi v dng sng lc
mt trnh t DNA t-ng t t loi khc.
heterologous protein protein khng
t-ng ng xem: recombinant protein.
heteroplasmy A condition in which two
genetically different organelles are present
in the same cell. The equivalent to
heterozygous in the context of nuclear
genes. Opposite: homoplasmy.
d cht nguyn sinh iu kin trong
hai phn t sinh cht khc nhau v di
truyn c mt trong cng t bo. T-ng
-ng vi d hp trong ni dung ca gen
nhn. Ng-c vi: homoplasmy.
heteroploid Cells with nuclei containing
chromosome numbers other than
diploid.

137
d bi th Nhng t bo c nhn cha s
l-ng nhim sc th khc vi l-ng bi.
heteropyknosis The property of certain
chromosomes, or of their parts, to remain
more dense during the cell cycle and to
stain more intensely than other
chromosomes or parts.
d dng Thuc tnh ca cc nhim sc th
nht nh, hoc cc thnh phn ca chng,
l-u gi cng dy c hn trong chu trnh
t bo v bt mu cng mnh hn cc
nhim sc th hoc phn khc.
heterosis -u th lai xem: hybrid vigour.
heterotroph Organism non capable of
self-nourishment utilizing carbon dioxide or
carbonates as the sole source of carbon
and obtaining energy from radiant energy
or from the oxidation of inorganic elements,
or compounds such as iron, sulphur,
hydrogen, ammonium and nitrites.
Opposite: autotroph.
sinh vt d d-ng Sinh vt khng c kh
nng t nui d-ng s dng kh cc b
nch hoc cacbonat lm ngun cc bon duy
nht v hp thu nng l-ng t nng l-ng
bc x hoc t xi ha nhng phn t v
c, hoc nhng hp cht nh- l st, l-u
hunh, hy-r, ammn v nhng nitril.
Ng-c vi: autotroph.
heterotrophic d d-ng (tnh t) xem:
heterotroph.
heterozygous tnh d hp (tnh t) xem:
heterozygote.
heterozygote An individual with nonidentical alleles for a particular gene or
genes. The condition is termed
heterozygous. Opposite: homozygote.
d hp t Mt c th c cc alen khng
ging ht nhau ca mt gen hoc nhiu
gen ring bit. iu kin -c gi l D
hp . Ng-c vi: homozygote.
Hfr High-frequency recombination strain
of Escherichia coli; in these strains, the
F factor (plasmid) is integrated into the
bacterial chromosome.
Hfr Ni vi khun ti t hp tn s cao ca
Escherichia coli; trong cc ni ny, nhn

hGH
t F (plasmit) -c tch hp trong nhim
sc th vi khun.
hGH Vit tt ca Human growth
hormone.
high efficiency particulate air filter xem:
HEPA filter.
high throughput screening Automated
systems designed to process large
numbers of assays, especially in the
context of genotyping.
hin th l-u l-ng cao Cc h thng t
ng ha thit k x l s ln cc phn
tch, c bit trong phm vi gim nh gen.
histocompatibility The degree to which
tissue from one organism is tolerated by
the immune system of another organism.
t-ng hp m Mc m t mt loi
sinh vt c th chu -c bi h thng min
dch ca sinh vt khc.
histocompatibility complex phc h
t-ng hp m xem: major
histocompatibility complex.
histoglobulin The peptides present on the
surface of nucleate cells, responsible for
the differences between genetically nonidentical individuals that cause rejection of
tissue grafts between such individuals.
Products of the major histocompatibility
complex genes.
histoglobulin Nhng peptit hin din
trn b mt ca t bo cu to nhn, c
vai tr i vi s khc nhau gia cc c
th khng ng nht di truyn gy ra thi
b cc mnh ghp t bo gia cc c
th. Sn phm ca gen phc h t-ng
hp m chnh.
histology Science that deals with the
microscopic structure of animal and plant
tissues.
m hc Khoa hc c quan h vi cu trc
hin vi ca m ng vt v thc vt.
histone Group of water-soluble proteins
rich in basic amino acids, closely
associated with DNA in plant and animal
chromatin. Histones are involved in the
coiling of DNA in chromosomes and in the
regulation of gene activity.

138
histon Nhm protein ho tan n-c giu
axit amin kim, lin kt cht ch vi DNA
trong cht nhim sc ng vt v thc vt.
Cc histone -c tham gia xon DNA trong
cc nhim sc th v trong iu ho hot
ng gen.
HLA Vit tt ca Human-leukocyteantigen system. Xem: major
histocompatibility antigens.
hnRNA vit tt ca Heterogeneous
nuclear RNA.
Hogness box hp Hognes T ng
ngha: TATA box.
hollow fibre A tube of porous material, with
an internal diameter of a fraction of a
millimetre, making its ratio of surface area
to internal volume very large. Employed
as filters or in bioreactors as a method of
retaining cells while allowing the easy
removal of spent medium and/or
products.
si rng Mt ng vt liu xp, c -ng
knh pha trong l mt phn nh ca mili
mt, lm cho t l din tch b mt so vi
th tch bn trong l rt ln. -c dng
lc hoc trong bnh phn ng nh- mt
ph-ng php gi cc t bo khi cho php
d loi b d dng mi tr-ng tiu th v/
hoc cc sn phm.
holoenzyme enzim hon ton xem:
apoenzym.
holometabolous An insect that undergoes
complete metamorphosis to the adult from
a morphologically distinct larval stage.
bin thi hon ton Mt cn trng tri
qua s bin thi hon ton ti tr-ng thnh
t giai on u trng phn bit r hnh thi
hc.
homeobox A highly conserved 180 bp
DNA sequence that controls body part-,
organ- or tissue-specific gene expression,
most particularly involved in segmentation
in animals (e.g. development of antennae
or legs of Drosophila melanogaster), but
also in a variety of other eukaryotes. It
encodes a DNA-binding region, the
homeodomain, which acts as a
transcription factor.

homeodomain
ng hp Mt trnh t DNA 180 bp bo
ton cao iu khin biu hin gen
chuyn bit mt phn c th, c quan hoc
m, c bit nht lin quan phn on
trong ng vt (v d s pht trin ru hoc
chn ca rui dm bng en), nh-ng cng
trong mt s loi sinh vt nhn thc khc.
N m ha mt vng lin kt DNA, ng
min, tc ng mh- mt nhn t phin m.
homeodomain ng min xem:
homeobox.
homeotic genes Genes that act in concert
to determine fundamental patterns of
development.
gen ng cn Gen hot ng phi hp
xc nh khung mu c bn ca pht
trin.
homeotic mutation A mutation that
causes a body part to develop in an
inappropriate position in an organism, such
as the mutation in Drosophila
melanogaster that causes legs to develop
on the head in place of antennae.
t bin ng cn t bin gy ra mt
phn thn th pht trin ti mt v tr khng
thch hp trong sinh vt, nh- l t bin
rui dm bng en lm chn pht trin trn
u thay cho ru.
homoallele One of a number of otherwise
identical alleles which differ at the same
site in their sequence. Homoalleles are
inherited as strict alteRNAtives; but
heteroalleles, in principle, could through
recombination create a genotype which
contains a double variant.
ng alen Mt trong s alen ng nht
theo cch khc khng hp ti cng v tr
trong trnh t. Cc ng alen -c di truyn
lun chuyn nghim ngt; ngoi tr cc d
alen, theo nguyn tc, s c th qua ti t
hp to ra mt kiu gen mang ph-ng
n nhn i.
homodimer A protein comprising two
identical polypeptide chains, or a dimer
of identical residues.
ng trng phn Protein gm hai chui
polyeptit ng nht, hoc cht trng phn
cc gc ng nht.

139
homoduplex DNA A double-stranded fully
complementary DNA molecule.
DNA ng xon kp Phn t DNA b
sung y si i.
homoeologous
Referring
to
chromosomes which are descended from
a common progenitor, but which have
evolved to be no longer fully homologous.
Homoeologous chromosomes have similar
gene content to one another, but are
structurally altered in subtle ways to inhibit,
and sometimes completely prevent their
pairing with one another at meiosis.
t-ng ng cp n nhng nhim sc
th -c di truyn t t tin chung, nh-ng
tin ho thnh t-ng ng khng hon
chnh. Cc nhim sc th t-ng ng c
ni dung gen ging nhau, nh-ng -c bin
i cu trc tinh vi ngn chn, v i
khi hon ton ngn nga cp i gia
chng vi nhau ti gim phn.
homogametic Producing similar gametes
with regard to the sex chromosomes. In
mammals, the female is homogametic
(XX), and the male is heterogametic (XY).
ng giao t Sn sinh nhng giao t
t-ng t c lin quan nhim sc th gii
tnh. Trong ng vt c v, ging ci l
ng giao t (XX), v ging c l d giao
t (Y).
homogenotization An allele replacement
technique, in which a bacterial cell is
transformed with a plasmid containing an
altered copy of the target sequence, and
a double recombination event effects the
substitution of the wild type allele by the
altered one. An antibiotic resistance
gene is usually fused to the altered copy
in the plasmid, so that double
recombinants can be selected.
ng h ho K thut thay th alen, trong
t bo vi khun -c bin np vi
plasmit c cha bn sao tu chnh ca
trnh t ch, v c hi ti t hp p lm
nh h-ng thay th alen kiu di do mt
-c tu chnh. Gen chng thuc khng sinh
thng th-ng dung hp vi bn sao -c
tu chnh trong plasmit, do vy ti t hp
p c th -c la chn.

homokaryon
homokaryon A cell with two or more
identical nuclei as a result of fusion.
Opposite: heterokaryon.
ng nhn Mt t bo c hai hoc nhiu
nhn ng nht kt qu ca dung hp.
Ng-c vi: heterokaryon.
homologous 1. General definition: from
the same source, or having the same
evolutionary function or structure. 2. Of
chromosomes: identical with respect to
gene content and linear ordering.
Homologous chromosomes pair and
recombine with one another at meiosis.
3. Of DNA/proteins: identical, or nearly
identical nucleotide/amino acid sequence.
T-ng ng 1. nh ngha chung: t cng
mt ngun gc, hoc c cng chc nng
tin ha hoc cu trc. 2. Ca nhim sc
th: ng nht c lin quan vi ni dung
gen v sp t tuyn tnh. Nhng nhim
sc th t-ng ng ghp i v kt hp li
vi nhau ti gim phn. 3. Ca DNA/
protein: trnh t nuleotit/amino acid ng
nht, hoc gn nh- ng nht.
homologous recombination The
exchange of DNA fragments between the
two non-sister chromatids of the same
chromosome in the course of meiosis.
ti t hp t-ng ng Trao i on DNA
gia hai nhim sc t khng ch em ca
cng nhim sc th trong gim phn.
homology 1. The degree of identity
between individuals, or characters. 2. The
degree of identity of sequence (nucleotide
or amino acid) between a number of DNA
or polypeptide molecules.
tnh ng nht 1. Mc nhn bit gia
cc c th, hoc cc c tr-ng. 2. Mc
nhn bit trnh t (nuleotit hoc amino acid)
gia mt s phn t DNA hoc polyeptit.
homomultimer A protein consisting of a
number of identical subunits.
th ng nht Mt protein gm c mt
s l-ng cu trc d-i phn t ng nht.
homoplasmy The condition in which all
copies of an organelle in a cell are
genetically
identical.
Opposite:
heteroplasmy.

140
cht t bo ng nht Tnh trng m
trong ton b bn sao ca mt bo
quan trong mt t bo l ng nht di
truyn. Ng-c vi: heteroplasmy.
homopolymer A polymer (nucleic acid,
polypeptide, etc.) which contains only one
kind of residue (e.g. the polynucleotide
GGGGGGGGG...).
polyme ng nht Mt plime (axit
nucleic, polyeptit, v.v.) ch mang mt loi
ui (v d polinucleotit GGGGGGGGG...).
homopolymeric tailing ui polyme
ng nht xem: tailing.
homoozygous hp t ng nht (tnh
t) xem: homozygote.
homozygote An individual that has two
copies of the same allele for a given gene
on its two homologous chromosomes.
The condition is termed homozygous.
Opposite: heterozygote.
ng hp t Mt c th c hai bn sao
ca cng alen mt gen -c to ra trn
hai nhim sc th ng nht. Trng thi
-c gi l ng hp t. Ng-c vi:
heterozygote.
hormone A specific chemical, produced in
one part of a plant or animal body, and
transported to another part where, at low
concentrations, it promotes, inhibits or
quantitatively modifies a biological
process.
hc mn Cht ha hc c bit, -c sn
xut trong mt b phn c th thc hoc
ng vt, v -c chuyn ti phn khc
ni c nng thp, n xc tin, ngn chn
hoc bin i nh l-ng qu trnh sinh hc.
host An organism that contains another
organism or a cloning vector.
vt ch, k ch Mt sinh vt c cha sinh
vt khc hoc vect tch dng.
host-specific toxin A metabolite,
produced by a pathogen, and which is
responsible for the adverse effects of the
pathogen. The toxin has a host specificity
equivalent to that of the pathogen. Utilized
for in vitro selection experiments to screen
for tolerance or resistance to the
pathogen.

hot spot
c t chuyn vt ch Sn phm trao
i cht, sn sinh do tc nhn gy bnh,
v c trch nhim vi cc hiu ng i lp
ca tc nhn gy bnh. c t c s t-ng
ng chuyn bit vt ch vi tc nhn gy
bnh. -c s dng cho cc th nghim
chn lc trong ng nghim chn lc sc
chu ng hoc tnh chng chi i vi vt
gy bnh.
hot spot im nng xem:
recombinational hot spot.
HSA xem: serum albumin.
HSP xem: heat shock protein.
human
artificial
chromosome
(Abbreviation: HAC). Analogous to yeast
artificial chromosome, a construct
comprising a human centromere and
telomeres, which would allow for the
cloning of very large fragments of DNA,
and their transfer into human cells for the
purpose of gene therapy. Not yet
established as a working technology,
although some partial success has been
reported.
nhim sc th nhn to ng-i (vit tt:
HAC). T-ng t vi nhim sc th nhn
to nm men, mt cu trc gm c tm
ng v im mt nhim sc th ng-i,
n s cho php to dng on DNA rt
ln, v chuyn cho t bo ng-i vi mc
ch cha bnh gen. Hin cn ch-a -c
thit lp thnh cng ngh hot ng, mc
d mt s phn thnh cng -c thng
bo.
human growth hormone hc mn sinh
tr-ng ng-i (vit tt: hGH). xem: growth
hormone.
human-leukocyte-antigen system h
khng nguyn bch cu ng-i (vit tt:
HLA). xem: major histocompatibility
antigens
humoral immune response phn ng
min dch th dch xem: antibodymediated immune response.
Hup + v tr on nhn hydro d-ng tnh
vit tt ca hydrogen-uptake positive.
hybrid 1. The offspring of two genetically
unlike parents. 2. Of DNA molecules, see:

141
heteroduplex.
sinh vt lai 1. Con ci ca hai cha m
khng ging nhau di truyn. 2. Ca nhng
phn t DNA, xem: heteroduplex.
hybrid arrested translation A method
used to identify what protein(s) are
encoded by a particular cloned DNA
sequence. A total mRNA preparation,
which contains many different mRNAs, is
hybridized with cloned DNA, so that those
mRNA molecules homologous to the
cloned DNA will anneal to give DNA/RNA
heteroduplexes. The non-annealed
mRNA molecules can be translated in vitro
and this is then compared to translation
products from the untreated mRNAs. See:
hybrid released translation.
bn dch ngn chn lai Mt ph-ng php
s dng xc nh mt hoc nhiu
protein -c m ho do trnh t DNA nhn
dng ring bit. Tng s ch phm RNA
thng tin, mang RNA thng tin khc nhau,
lai vi DNA nhn dng, do vy cc phn t
RNA thng tin t-ng ng vi DNA -c
nhn dng s ghp to ra chui kp d
hp DNA/RNA. Cc phn t RNA thng
tin khng ghp c th -c dch m trong
ng nghim v sau em so snh vi
cc sn phm dch m t cc RNA thng
tin ch-a x l. Xem: hybrid released
translation.
hybrid cell t bo lai Xem: synkaryon.
hybrid dysgenesis Infertility and an
increased incidence of chromosome
mutations thought to be caused by the
activation of transposons.
Sinh ri lon lai Th tinh v mt phm vi
tng cao t bin nhim sc th ngh l
-c gy ra do kch hot cc gen nhy.
hybrid released translation A method
used to identify the gene product of a
cloned gene. The cloned DNA is
immobilized and hybridized with a mixed
mRNA sample, so that only mRNA
sequences homologous to the cloned
DNA will be retained. These mRNA
molecules are subsequently removed and
translated in vitro. See: hybrid arrested
translation.

hybrid seed
bn dch pht hnh lai Ph-ng php
-c dng xc nh sn phm gen ca
gen nhn dng. DNA nhn dng -c gi
c nh v lai vi mu hn hp, do ch
duy nht cc trnh t mRNA t-ng ng
vi DNA nhn dng s -c gi li. Cc
phn t RNA thng tin ny -c chuyn
vo v dch m trong ng nghim. Xem:
hybrid arrested translation.
hybrid seed 1. Seed produced by crossing
genetically dissimilar parents. 2. In plant
breeding, used colloquially for seed
produced by specific crosses of selected
pure lines, such that the F 1 crop is
genetically uniform and displays hybrid
vigour. As the F1 plants are heterozygous
with respect to many genes, the crop does
not breed true and so new seed must be
purchased each season.
ht ging lai 1. Ht ging sn xut do lai
cho hai cha m khc di truyn. 2. Trong
chn ging thc vt, bnh th-ng -c
dng ht ging sn xut do cc cp lai
cho c bit ca dng thun chn lc,
sao cho th h cy lai F1 l ging nhau v
di truyn v biu hin -u th lai. Khi cy
lai F1 l d hp c mi quan h ti nhiu
gen, cy ging khng phi l dng thun
v v th ht ging mi cn -c mua theo
tng ma v.
hybrid selection The process of choosing
individuals
possessing
desired
characteristics from among a hybrid
population.
chn lc lai Qu trnh chn nhng c th
x l cc c tnh mong mun t mt qun
th lai.
hybrid vigour The extent to which a hybrid
individual outperforms both its parents with
respect to one or many traits. The genetic
basis of hybrid vigour is not well
understood, but the phenomenon is
widespread, particularly in inbreeding
plant species. Synonym: heterosis.
-u th lai Phm vi cho mt c th lai
th hin c cha m c lin quan vi mt
hoc nhiu tnh trng. C s gen hc -u
th lai ch-a -c hiu bit y , nh-ng
hin t-ng ny l ph bin, c bit trong

142
thc vt ni phi. T ng ngha:
heterosis.
hybridization 1. The process of forming
a hybrid by cross pollination of plants
or by mating animals of different types. 2.
The production of offspring of genetically
different parents, normally from sexual
reproduction, but also asexually by the
fusion
of
protoplasts
or
by
transformation. 3. The pairing of two
DNA strands, often from different sources,
by hydrogen bonding between
complementary nucleotides.
s lai ging 1. Qu trnh canh tc ging
lai do th phn cho thc vt hoc kt i
cc vt nui dng khc nhau. 2. Sn phm
con ci ca cha m khc nhau di truyn,
th-ng t sinh sn hu tnh, nh-ng cn t
v tnh do dung hp cht nguyn sinh hoc
bin np. 3. S cp i hai si DNA, th-ng
t cc ngun khc nhau, bng kt ni hyr gia cc nuleotit b sung.
hybridoma A synthetic hybrid cell, derived
by fusing a B lymphocyte with a tumour
cell. The former secretes a single antibody,
while the latter confers the property of
growing indefinitely in tissue culture. The
underlying technology behind the
monoclonal antibody.
vt lai T bo lai tng hp, -c to ra do
dung hp limph bo B vi t bo khi u.
Vt u phn tit khng th n, trong khi
vt sau to ra thuc tnh sinh tr-ng v
hn nh trong nui cy m. Cng ngh
c bn quan trng sau khng th dng n.
hydrogen-uptake positive (Abbreviation:
Hup + ). A term describing a microorganism that is capable of assimilating
(or taking up) hydrogen gas.
chp nhn hydrogen d-ng tnh (vit
tt: Hup+). Mt thut ng m t mt vi sinh
vt c kh nng ng ho (hoc gii
phng) kh hydrogen.
hydrolysis A chemical reaction in which
water is added across a covalent bond,
often cleaving the molecule into two.
Occurs for example when polynucleotides,
polypeptides, and polysaccharides are
broken into their component monomers.

hydrophobic interaction
Thus sucrose can be hydrolysed to
glucose and fructose; and proteins to
individual amino acids.
thy phn Phn ng ha hc trong
n-c -c gn thm lin kt ng ha tr,
th-ng phn tch phn t ny thnh hai.
Xy ra v d khi cc polinucleotit, polyeptit,
v polisacarit b b gy thnh cc n phn
thuc thnh phn ca chng. Nh- vy cht
-ng c th -c thu phn thnh
glucoza v -ng qu; v cc protein
thnh cc amino acids ring l.
hydrophobic interaction An interaction
between a hydrophobic (water-hating)
part of a molecule and an aqueous
environment. Particularly significant in
establishing the conformation of
molecules in solution, and thus their
biological activity. Many enzymes have a
structure where the polypeptide chain is
folded to form a hydrophobic core and a
hydrophilic (water-loving) surface.
t-ng tc ght n-c Mi t-ng tc gia
phn ght n-c ca phn t v mi tr-ng
n-c. c bit quan trng trong vic thit
lp hnh dng phn t trong dung dch, v
hot tnh sinh hc ca chng. Nhiu enzim
c mt cu trc ni chui polyeptit -c
gp li hnh thnh li ght n-c v b mt
-a n-c.
hydroponics The growing of plants
without soil. Plants are fed with an aerated
solution of nutrients, and the roots are
either supported within an inert matrix, or
are freely floating in the nutrient solution.
trng cy trong dung dch Trng cy
khng t. Cc cy trng -c nui vi
mt dung dch cc cht dinh d-ng -c
lm thng kh, v r -c h tr trong mt
phc h khng hot ng, hoc ni ty
theo dung dch cht dinh d-ng.
hygromycin An antibiotic used as
selective agent in bacterial and transgenic
plant cell cultures.
hygromycin Mt khng sinh s dng lm
tc nhn c chn lc trong nui cy t bo
thc vt chuyn gen v vi khun.
hyperploid The situation in which a
particular chromosome or chromosome

143
segment is present in more than the
normal number. Opposite: hypoploid.
siu bi Tnh trng trong mt nhim
sc th ring bit hoc tng on nhim
sc th c mt nhiu hn so vi s l-ng
bnh th-ng. Ng-c vi: hypoploid.
hypersensitive response 1. A specific
reaction of a plant to attack by a pathogen.
The plant cells surrounding the point of
infection rapidly die and dry out, so that
pathogen spread within the plant is
prevented. Often associated with the
interaction of race-specific R genes with
a matching pathogen avirulence. 2. The
abnormal response of an animal to the
presence of a particular antigen.
phn ng siu cm 1. Phn ng c bit
ca thc vt khi b tn cng do tc nhn
gy bnh. Cc t bo thc vt bao vy
im nhim trng gy cht nhanh chng
v lm kh, nh- vy tc nhn gy bnh
trong cy -c ngn chn. Th-ng lin
quan n mi t-ng tc ca cc gen R t
l c bit vi s u tranh lm mt c
tnh tc nhn gy bnh . 2. Phn ng khc
th-ng ca mt ng vt vi s c mt
ca mt khng nguyn c bit.
hypersensitive site Regions in the DNA
that are highly susceptible to digestion
with restriction endonucleases.
v tr siu cm Nhng vng trong DNA d
b nh h-ng cao tiu ha vi cc
endonucleaza gii hn.
hypertonic A solution with an osmotic
potential greater than that of living cells.
Treatment with such solutions leads to the
plasmolysis of cells. Opposite:
hypotonic.
-u tr-ng Dung dch c p sut thm thu
ln hn so vi t bo sng. X l vi cc
dung dch nh- vy dn n tiu nguyn
sinh t bo. Ng-c vi: hypotonic.
hypervariable region The parts of both
the heavy and light chains of an antibody
molecule that enable it to bind to a specific
site on an antigen.
vng siu bin Cc phn ca c chui
nng ln chui nh ca phn t khng th

hypervariable segment
m cho php n kt khi vi mt im c
bit trn khng nguyn .
hypervariable segment A region of a
protein that varies considerably between
strains or individuals.
on siu bin Mt vng protein c bin
i ng k gia cc dng hoc c th.
hypocotyl The portion of an embryo or
seedling below the cotyledons. A
transitional area between stem and root.
tr d-i l mm Phn ca mt phi hoc
cy ging d-i l mm. Mt vng chuyn
tip gia thn cy v r.
hypomorph A mutation that reduces, but
does not completely abolish gene
expression.
hipomorph Mt kiu t bin lm suy
nh-c, nh-ng khng hu b hon ton biu
hin gen.
hypoplastic Defective and reduced
growth or development (e.g. dwarfing and
stunting in plants) resulting from an
abnormal condition, for example disease
or nutritional stress.
hypoplastic S tng tr-ng hoc pht
trin b gim bt v c sai st (v d lm
nh v chn li khng cho pht trin trong

144
thc vt) hu qu do iu kin khc
th-ng, bnh hoc cng thng dinh d-ng.
hypoploid The situation in which a
particular chromosome or chromosome
segment is present in less than the normal
number. Opposite: hyperploid.
gim bi Tnh trng trong mt nhim
sc th c bit hoc tng on nhim sc
th c mt t hn s l-ng bnh th-ng.
Ng-c vi: hyperploid.
hypothalamic peptides Peptides
generated in the vertebrate forebrain and
concerned with regulating the bodys
physiological state.
thuc su hypothalamic Cc loi thuc
su pht sinh trong no tr-c ng vt c
x-ng sng v lin quan vi vic iu chnh
trng thi sinh l ca c th.
hypotonic Osmotic potential less than that
of living cells. Cells placed in a hypotonic
solution will absorb water and display
swelling and turgidity. Opposite:
hypertonic.
nh-c tr-ng p sut thm thu thp hn
so vi t bo sng. Nhng t bo t trong
mt dung dch nh-c tr-ng s ht n-c
v biu l vt bng v s-ng phng. Ng-c
vi: hypertonic.

145

Ii
I/E region vng I/E Vit tt ca
integration-excision region.
ICSI Xem: intracytoplasmic sperm
injection.
identical twin sinh i ng nht Xem
monozygotic twin.
idiogram s c th Xem: karyogram.
idiotype An identifying property or
characteristic of an item or system. 1.A
plant form expected on physiological
grounds to represent an optimal type for
the environment in which the plant is to be
grown. 2. A classification of antibody
molecules according to the antigenicity of
the variable regions. Each idiotype is
unique to a particular immunoglobulin
raised to a particular antigen.
kiu c th Tnh cht hoc c tr-ng xc
nh ca mt ch tiu hoc h thng.1. Mt
mu thc vt mong mun v mt sinh l
hc m t mt kiu ti -u ca mi tr-ng
trong cy s sinh tr-ng. 2. Phn loi
phn t khng th theo tnh khng nguyn
ca vng bin d. Mi mt kiu c th duy
nht cho mt globulin min dch c th
gy ra mt khng th ring bit.
IgA/Igd/IgG/IgE/IgM
GlobulinA/
GlobulinD/GlobulinG/GlobulinE/
GlobulinM xem: antibody class.
IGS vit tt ca 1. internal guide
sequence. 2. intergenic spacer.
imaginal disc A mass of cells in the larvae
of Drosophila melanogaster and other
holometabolous insects that gives rise to
particular adult organs, such as antennae,
eyes or wings.
a mm Khi l-ng t bo ca u trng
rui dm (Drosophila melanogaste) v cc

loi cn trng bin thi hon ton khc sinh

ra cc c quan tr-ng thnh c bit, nhru, mt hoc cnh.
imbibition 1. The absorption of liquids or
vapours into the ultramicroscopic spaces
or pores found in materials. 2. The initial
water uptake by seeds prior to germination.
hp th 1. Hp th cc cht lng hoc hi
vo trong khong trng hoc l siu nh
hnh thnh trong nguyn liu. 2. Dn n-c
ban u do ht ging tr-c ny mm.
immediate early gene A viral gene that is
expressed promptly after infection.
gen sm tc thi Mt gen virut -c biu
th tc thi sau ly nhim.
immobilized cells Cells entrapped in
matrices such as alginate, polyacrylamide
and agarose, for use in membrane and
filter bioreactors.
t bo c nh Nhng t bo mc by
trong cc mi tr-ng nh- anginate,
polyacrylamide v agarose, s dng
trong cc phn ng sinh hc mng v lc.
immortalization
The
genetic
transformation of a cell type into a cell
line which can proliferate indefinitely.
ha bt t Bin np gen ca mt kiu t
bo thnh dng t bo m c th tng
nhanh khng gii hn.
immortalizing oncogene A gene that,
upon transfection, enables a primary cell
to grow indefinitely in culture.
gen gy ung th- ha bt t Mt gen cho
php t bo gc sinh tr-ng khng gii hn
trong nui cy khi chuyn nhim,.
immune response The processes,
including the synthesis of antibodies, that
are used by vertebrates to respond to the
presence of a foreign antigen. See:
primary immune response; secondary
immune response.
phn ng min dch Cc qu trnh, bao
gm tng hp khng th, -c ng vt
c x-ng sng dng tr li s c mt
mt khng nguyn ngoi. Xem: primary
immune response; secondary immune
response.

immunity
immunity The lack of susceptibility of an
animal or plant to infection by a particular
pathogen, or to the harmful effects of their
toxins.
tnh min dch Thiu tnh mn cm vi
nhim bnh ca ng vt hoc thc vt
do tc nhn gy bnh c th, hoc vi
nh h-ng c hi ca c t ca chng.
immunization The production of
immunity in an individual by artificial
means. Active immunization involves the
introduction, either orally or by infection,
of specially treated bacteria, viruses or
their toxins so as to stimulate the
production of antibodies. See: passive
immunity.
to min dch To tnh min dch ca mt
c th bng ph-ng php nhn to. To
min dch ch ng lin qua vic -a vo,
trc tip hoc do nhim bnh, ca vi khun,
virut -c x l ring bit hoc c t ca
chng kch thch to khng th. Xem:
passive immunity.
immunoaffinity chromatography A
purification technique in which an
antibody is bound to a matrix and is used
to isolate a protein from a complex
mixture. See: affinity chromatography.
sc k i lc min dch K thut lm sch
trong khng th lin kt vi mt hp
cht v -c s dng phn lp protein
t mt hn hp cht phc tp. Xem: affinity
chromatography.
immunoassay An detection system for a
particular molecule, which exploits the
specific binding of an antibody raised
against it. For measurement, the antibody
can incorporate a radioactive or
fluorescent label, or be linked to an
enzyme which catalyses an easily
monitored reaction such as a change in
colour (see: ELISA). Synonym:
immunodiagnostics.
th nghim min dch H thng d tm
mt phn t c th, khai thc mi lin kt
c bit ca mt khng th gy chng i.
thc hin, khng th c th hp nht
mt nh du phng x hoc hunh

146
quang, hoc lin kt vi mt enzim xc
tc phn ng d tm d nhn thy nh- thay
i mu (xem: ELISA). T ng ngha:
immunodiagnostics.
immunochemical control kim tra min
dch xem: immunotherapy.
immunodiagnostics chn on min
dch xem: immunoassay.
immunogen tc nhn min dch xem:
antigen.
immunogenicity The ability to elicit an
immune response.
gy min dch Kh nng khi mo phn
ng min dch.
immunoglobulin huyt thanh min dch
xem: antibody.
immunoprophylaxis The process of
active or passive immunization. Active
immunization with vaccines leads to longterm protection through mobilizing the
organisms own immune system. Passive
immunization is achieved by injection of
antibody against a specific pathogen
obtained either by fractionation of blood
from an individual previously infected with
the pathogen, or by monoclonal
antibody technology. See: adoptive
immunization, passive immunity.
phng nga min dch Qu trnh to min
dch ch ng hoc th ng. To min
dch ch ng vi vacxin dn ti bo v
di hn qua huy ng h thng min dch
ca chnh sinh vt. To min dch th ng
t -c do tim khng th chng li tc
nhn gy bnh ring bit thu -c do phn
tch mu t mt c th tr-c ly nhim vi
tc nhn gy bnh, hoc bi cng ngh
khng th dng n. Xem: adoptive
immunization, passive immunity
immunosensor A biosensor having an
antibody as the biological element.
b cm min dch Mt u th cm sinh
hc c mang mt khng th nh- phn t
sinh vt.
immunosuppression The suppression of
the immune response. Necessary
following organ transplants from a

immunosuppression
genetically different donor in order to
prevent the host rejecting the grafted
organ.
c ch min dch p ch phn ng min
dch. Cn thit tip theo cy chuyn c
quan t th cho khc bit di truyn nhm
mc ch ngn nga vt ch loi b c
quan ghp.
immunosuppressor A substance, an
agent or a condition that prevents or
diminishes the immune response.
cht c ch min dch Mt cht, mt tc
nhn hoc mt iu kin ngn nga
hoc lm gim thiu phn ng min dch.
immunotherapy The use of an antibody
or a fusion protein containing the antigen
binding site of an antibody to cure a
disease or enhance the well-being of a
patient. Synonym: immunochemical
control.
min dch tr liu S dng khng th hoc
protein dung hp mang v tr lin kt khng
nguyn ca khng th iu tr bnh
hoc tng c-ng sc kho ng-i bnh. T
ng ngha: immunochemical control.
immunotoxin Protein drugs consisting of
an antibody joined to a toxin molecule.
Made by either chemically linking the
molecules, or by fusing the genes for the
toxin and the antibody, and expressing a
fusion protein. The antibody portion of the
molecule targets the toxin.
c t min dch Thuc protein gm
khng th lin kt vi phn t c t. -c
to ra do lin kt ha hc phn t, hoc
do dung hp cc gen ca c t v khng
th, v biu th mt protein dung hp. Phn
khng th ca phn t nhm ch c t.
impeller An agitator that is used for mixing
the contents of a bioreactor.
cn y Vt khuy ng dng trn
cc thnh phn ca b phn ng sinh hc
in silico In a computer file. In the present
context, the use of data bases of DNA and
protein sequence to help answer
biological questions. This is growing area
of biology as the amount of genomics and

147
proteomics data continues to grow. See:
bio-informatics.
in silico Trong h s my tnh. Trong hon
cnh hin nay, s dng c s d liu trnh
t DNA v protein h tr tr li cc vn
sinh vt. y l lnh vc ang pht
trin ca sinh vt hc v tng s d liu h
gen v protein ang tip tc gia tng. Xem:
bio-informatics
in situ In the natural place or in the original
place. 1. Experimental treatments
performed on cells or tissue rather than
on extracts from them. 2. Assays or
manipulations performed with intact
tissues.
ti ch Trong ch t nhin hoc nguyn
bn. 1. Th nghim nghin cu thc hin
trn cc t bo hoc m thay v trn cc
on trch ra t chng. 2. Phn tch hoc
thao tc -c thc hin vi m cn nguyn.
in situ colony hybridization A procedure
for screening bacterial colonies or plaques
growing on plates or membranes for the
presence of specific DNA sequences by
the hybridization of nucleic acid probes
to the DNA molecules present in these
colonies or plaques. Synonym: in situ
plaque hybridization.
lai ging khun lc ti ch Ph-ng php
sng lc khun lc hoc vt tan ang
ln ln trn cc mng hoc mng t bo
th hin cc trnh t DNA ring bit do
lai u d axit nucleic vi phn t DNA c
mt trong khun lc hoc cc mng ny.
T ng ngha: in situ plaque hybridization.
in-situ conservation The conservation of
ecosystems and natural habitats and the
maintenance and recovery of viable
populations of species in their natural
surroundings and, in the case of
domesticated or cultivated species, in the
surroundings where they have developed
their distinctive properties.
bo tn ti ch Bo tn cc h sinh thi,
ni c- tr t nhin, duy tr v khi phc
cc qun th loi c th tn ti trong vng
xung quanh t nhin v, xung quanh ni
chng pht trin cc c tnh phn bit.

in situ hybridization
in situ hybridization The visualization of
in vivo location of macromolecules
(particularly polynucleotides and
polypeptides) by the histological staining
of tissue sections or cytological
preparations via labelled probes/
antibodies.
lai ti ch Quan st r v tr trong c th
cc i phn t (c bit l polynucleotit
v polyeptit ) bng nhum mu m hc
cc khu vc m hoc cc ch phm t bo
qua u d/ khng th nh du.
in situ plaque hybridization lai ging
mng ti ch Xem: in situ colony
hybridization.
in vitro Outside the organism, or in an
artificial environment. Applied for example
to cells, tissues or organs cultured in glass
or plastic containers.
trong ng nghim Bn ngoi sinh vt,
hoc trong mi tr-ng nhn to. p dng
in hnh vi t bo, m hoc c quan nui
cy trong thng bng knh hoc cht do.
in
vitro
embryo
production
(Abbreviation: IVEP). The combination of
ovum pickup, in vitro maturation of ova,
and in vitro fertilization. A potential
means of overcoming the variability
between donors in number of ova collected
in embryo-transfer programmes.
sn xut phi thai trong ng nghim
(vit tt: IVEP). Kt hp ca u c non,
tr-ng thnh trong ng nghim ca non,
v th tinh trong ng nghim. Mt ph-ng
php tim nng ch ng tnh bin thin
gia vt cho trong s cc non -c tp
hp trong ch-ng trnh chuyn phi.
in vitro fertilization (Abbreviation: IVF).
A widely used technique in human and
animal science, whereby the egg is
fertilized with sperm outside the body
before re-implanting into the uterus.
th tinh trong ng nghim (vit tt: IVF).
K thut s dng ph bin trong khoa hc
ng-i v ng vt, bng cch no trng
-c th tinh vi tinh trng bn ngoi c
th tr-c khi cy vo t cung.

148
in vitro maturation (Abbreviation: IVM).
Culture of immature ova in the laboratory,
usually until they are ready for in vitro
fertilization.
tr-ng thnh trong ng nghim (vit tt:
IVM). Nui cy non ch-a tr-ng thnh
trong phng th nghim, th-ng cho n
khi chng -c chun b y th tinh
trong ng nghim.
in vitro mutagenesis gy t bin trong
ng nghim xem: directed mutagenesis.
in vitro transcription The cell-free
synthesis from DNA of RNA in the test
tube. Synonym: cell-free transcription.
phin m trong ng nghim Tng hp
t do t bo t DNA ca RNA trong ng
th nghim. T ng ngha: cell-free
transcription.
in vitro translation The synthesis of
proteins from isolated mRNA molecules
in the test-tube. Synonym: cell-free
translation.
dch m trong ng nghim Tng hp
protein t cc phn t RNA thng tin -c
c lp trong ng th nghim. T ng
ngha: cell-free translation.
in vivo The natural conditions in which
organisms reside. Refers to biological
processes that take place within a living
organism or cell under normal conditions.
trong c th Cc iu kin t nhin trong
sinh vt c- tr. Lin quan vi qu trnh
sinh vt t trong mt sinh vt hoc t bo
sng d-i cc iu kin bnh th-ng.
in vivo gene therapy The delivery of a
gene or genes to a tissue or organ of a
complete living individual to alleviate a
genetic disorder.
liu php gen trong c th Chuyn giao
mt hoc nhiu gen ti m hoc c quan
ca c th sng hon chnh lm gim bt
ri lon gen.
inactivated agent A virus, bacterium or
other organism that has been treated to
prevent it from causing a disease. See:
attenuated vaccine.

inbred line
tc nhn kh hot tnh Mt virut, vi khun
hoc hoc sinh vt khc -c x l ngn
nga gy bnh. Xem: attenuated vaccine.
inbred line The product of inbreeding, i.e.
the intercrossing of individuals that have
ancestors in common. In plants and
laboratory animals, it refers to populations
resulting from at least 6 generations of
selfing or 20 generations of brother-sister
mating, so that they have become, for all
practical
purposes,
completely
homozygous. In farm animals, the term
is sometimes used to describe populations
that have resulted from several
generations of the mating of close
relatives, without having reached complete
homozygosity.
dng ni phi Sn phm ni phi, ngha
l lai cho cc c th c t tin chung.
Trong thc vt v ng vt th nghim, lin
quan vi qun th kt qu t t nht 6 th
h t phi hoc 20 th h giao phi, do
vy chng tr thnh ng hp t hon ton
theo tt c cc mc ch thc hnh. Trong
ng vt trang tri, thut ng i khi dng
m t nhng qun th -c bt ngun
t mt s th h giao phi cn thn, khng
t ng hp t hon ton.
inbreeding Matings between individuals
that have one or more ancestors in
common, the extreme condition being selffertilization, which occurs naturally in many
plants and some primitive animals.
Synonym: endogamy.
ni phi Giao phi gia nhng c th c
mt hoc nhiu t tin chung, trng thi
cao nht l t th phn, xy ra t nhin
trong nhiu loi thc vt v mt s loi
ng vt nguyn thy. T ng ngha:
endogamy.
inbreeding depression The reduction in
vigour over generations of inbreeding.
This affects species which are normally
outbreeding and highly heterozygous.
See: hybrid vigour.
suy thoi do ni phi S gim sc sng
qua cc th h ni phi. nh h-ng n
cc loi ngoi phi bnh th-ng v d hp
cao. xem: hybrid vigour.

149
inclusion body A protein that is
overproduced in a recombinant bacterium
and forms a crystalline structure inside the
bacterial cell.
th bao Mt loi protein -c sn xut qu
nhiu trong vi khun ti t hp v hnh
thnh cu trc trong sut pha trong t bo
vi khun.
incompatibility 1. Genetically or
physiologically determined prevention of
intermating. 2. A physiological interaction
resulting in graft rejection or failure. 3. A
function of a related group of plasmids.
Incompatible plasmids share similar
replication functions, and this leads to the
exclusion of one or the other plasmid if they
are present in the same cell. Plasmids
belonging to one incompatibility group
are very closely related.
khng t-ng hp 1. t ch giao phi thn
thuc -c xc nh di truyn hoc sinh
l. 2. Tc dng t-ng h sinh l hc gy ra
do hn ch hoc hng mnh ghp. 3. Hot
ng nhm lin quan cc plasmit. Plasmit
khng t-ng hp chia s hot ng sao
chp t-ng t, v dn n loi tr plasmit
ny hoc plasmit khc nu chng c mt
trong cng t bo. Cc plasmit thuc nhm
khng t-ng hp c quan h cn thn.
incompatibility group Plasmids must
belong to different incompatibility groups
to co-exist within the same cell. A plasmid
cloning vector should always belong to
an incompatibility group different from that
of the host bacteriums endogenous
plasmids.
nhm khng t-ng hp Cc plasmit cn
thuc v nhm khng t-ng hp khc nhau
cng tn ti trong mt t bo. Vect
to dng plasmit cn lun thuc nhm
khng t-ng hp khc vi plasmit ni sinh
ca vi khun ch.
incomplete digest tiu ha khng hon
ton xem: partial digest.
incomplete dominance A gene action in
which heterozygotes have a phenotype
that is different from either homozygote,
and is usually intermediate between them.

incomplete dominance
tnh tri khng hon ton Hot ng gen
trong cc d hp t c kiu hnh khc
vi ng hp t, v th-ng l trung gian
gia chng.
incomplete penetrance Where the
phenotype does not allow perfect
prediction of the genotype as a result of
interference in gene expression by the
environment.
thm nhp khng hon ton Ni m kiu
hnh khng cho php d on hon ho
kiu di truyn l hu qu ca giao thoa
trong biu th gen do mi tr-ng.
incubation 1. The hatching of eggs by
means of heat, either natural or artificial.
2. Period between infection and
appearance of symptoms induced by a
pathogen. 3. The culture of cells and
organisms.
p 1. Trng n nh nhit t nhin hoc
nhn to. 2. Thi k gia nhim bnh v
xut hin triu chng gy ra do tc nhn
gy bnh. 3. Nui cy t bo v sinh vt.
incubator An apparatus in which
environmental
conditions
(light,
photoperiod, temperature, humidity, etc.)
are fully controlled; used for hatching eggs,
multiplying micro-organisms, culturing
plants, etc.
lng p Thit b c cc iu kin mi
tr-ng (nh sng, chu k chiu sng, nhit
, m ,v.v.) -c iu khin y ;
dng trng n, nhn vi sinh vt, nui
cy cc cy con, vn vn.
indehiscent Describing a fruit or fruiting
body that does not open to release its
seeds or spores when ripe.
khng n M t qu hoc th to qu
m khng m ra gii phng ht hoc
bo t khi chn.
independent assortment The random
distribution during meiosis of alleles (at
different genes) to the gametes that is the
case when the genes in question are
located on different chromosomes or are
unlinked on the same chromosome. See:
linkage.

150
phn b chun Phn phi ngu nhin
trong qu trnh gim phn ca alen (ti cc
gen khc nhau) cho giao t l tr-ng hp
khi gen nghi ng -c xc nh trn cc
nhim sc th khc nhau hoc khng -c
lin kt trn cng nhim sc th. Xem:
linkage
indeterminate growth The condition in
which the terminal bud persists and
produces successive lateral branches over
an indefinite period. Opposite:
determinate growth.
sinh tr-ng bt nh Tnh trng mm cui
tn ti v sn sinh cnh bn lin tip qua
mt thi k khng xc nh. Ng-c vi:
determinate growth
indirect embryogenesis Plant embryo
formation on callus tissues derived from
explants, including zygotic or somatic
embryos and seedlings. Opposite: direct
embryogenesis.
sinh phi gin tip Hnh thnh phi thc
vt trn m so bt ngun t cc mnh
nui cy, bao gm phi hp t hoc xma
v mm non. Ng-c vi :direct
embryogenesis.
indirect organogenesis Plant organ
formation on callus tissues derived from
explants.
Opposite:
direct
organogenesis.
sinh c quan gin tip Hnh thnh c
quan thc vt trn m so bt ngun t
mnh ghp. Ng-c vi: direct
organogenesis.
inducer A low-molecular-weight
compound or a physical agent that
associates with a repressor protein to
produce a complex that can no longer bind
to the operator. Thus, the presence of the
inducer turns on the expression of the
gene(s) controlled by the operator.
cht cm ng Hp cht khi l-ng phn
t thp hoc tc nhn vt l lin hp vi
protein km hm to ra phc hp c th
khng ni ko di ti im iu ho. Do
vy, th hin h-ng cm ng trn biu th
mt hoc nhiu gen do iu ho.

inducible
inducible A gene or gene product whose
transcription or synthesis is increased by
exposure of the cells to an inducer or to a
condition, e.g. heat. Opposite:
constitutive.
kh nng cm ng Gen hoc sn phm
gen -c tng c-ng phin m hoc tng
hp do h-ng cc t bo ti mt cm ng
hoc tnh trng, v d l nhit . Ng-c
vi: constitutive.
inducible enzyme An enzyme that is
synthesized only in the presence of the
substrate that acts as an inducer.
enzim gy cm ng Enzim -c tng hp
ch khi c mt mt c cht hot ng nhmt cm ng.
inducible gene A gene that is expressed
only in the presence of a specific
metabolite, the inducer.
gen gy cm ng Gen -c biu th ch
khi c mt sn phm trao i cht c bit,
th cm ng.
inducible promoter The activation of a
promoter in response to either the
presence of a particular compound, i.e. the
inducer, or to a defined external condition,
e.g. elevated temperature.
khi im cm ng Kch hot mt khi
im p li khi c mt mt hn hp
c bit, nh- l cht cm ng, hoc mt
iu kin bn ngoi -c xc nh, v d
nng cao nhit .
induction The act or process of causing
some specific effect to occur; for example
the transcription of a specific gene or
operon, or the production of a protein by
an organism after it is exposed to a specific
stimulus.
gy cm ng Tc ng hoc qu trnh gy
ra mt s nh h-ng c bit xut hin,
v d phin m gen hoc operon c bit,
hoc sn xut protein do sinh vt sau khi
-c h-ng ti mt lot kch thch c bit.
induction media 1. Media used to induce
the formation of organs or other structures.
2. Media causing variation or mutation in
the tissues exposed to it.

151
dung dch cm ng 1. Dung dch -c
dng cm ng hnh thnh c quan hoc
cu trc khc. 2. Dung dch gy bin d
hoc t bin trong cc m h-ng ti n.
inembryonation chuyn ghp phi xem:
artificial inembryonation.
infection The successful colonization of
any living organism by a pathogen.
nhim bnh Ly nhim hon thnh ca
bt k sinh vt sng no bi tc nhn gy
bnh.
infectious agent tc nhn ly nhim t
ng ngha: pathogen.
infiltrate The entry of liquid into pores or
other spaces.
thm thu Xm nhp ca cht lng vo l
th hoc khong trng khc.
inflorescence The flowers of a plant, and
the way those flowers are arranged.
s n hoa Cc loi hoa thc vt, v cch
nhng hoa ny -c xp xp.
inheritance The transmission of genes
and phenotypes from generation to
generation.
tnh di truyn S truyn cc gen v kiu
hnh t th h ny sang th h khc.
inhibitor 1. Any substance or object that
retards a chemical reaction. 2. A
metabolite or modifier gene that interferes
with a reaction or with the expression of
another gene.
cht c ch (b chn)1. Cht hoc i
t-ng bt k lm chm phn ng ha hc.
2. Sn phm trao i cht hoc gen bin
i ngn chn phn ng hoc biu th
ca gen khc.
initial Cells in a meristem that remain
permanently capable of differentiation, and
which develop into tissues of particular
structure and function.
khi u Cc t bo thuc m phn sinh
gi li kh nng bit ho, v pht trin
thnh m cu trc v chc nng ring.
initiation Causing something to start. 1.
Early steps or stages of a tissue culture
process. 2. Early stages of biosynthesis.

initiation codon
s Khi u Gy ra ci g t u. 1.
Cc b-c hoc giai on sm ca qu trnh
cy m. 2. Cc giai on sm ca sinh
tng hp.
initiation codon cm m khi u Xem:
start codon.
initiation factor Soluble protein required
for the initiation of translation.
nhn t khi u Protein ho tan cn thit
khi u dch m.
inoculate Deliberately introduce, in
contrast to contamination. 1. In
bacteriology, tissue culture, etc., placing
an inoculum into (or onto) medium to
initiate a culture. 2. In immunology, to carry
out immunization. 3. In plant pathology,
application of pathogen spores etc. on to
plants under conditions where infection
should result in the absence of resistance.
nhim truyn -a vo c , tri ng-c
vi nhim. 1. Trong vi khun hc, nui
cy m, v.v., -a cht truyn vo trong
(hoc ln trn) mi tr-ng khi u nui
cy. 2. Trong min dch hc, to min dch.
3. Trong bnh hc thc vt, dng cho bo
t tc nhn gy bnh v.v.cho thc vt khi
iu kin ni ly nhim lm cho khng cn
kh nng chng c .
inoculation cabinet Small room or
cabinet for inoculation (of tissue or microorganism cultures) operations, often with
a current of sterile air to carry contaminants
away from the work area.
bung nhim truyn Phng hoc bung
nh thao tc nhim truyn (ca m hoc
nui cy vi sinh vt), th-ng c lung
khng kh kh trng -a cc cht
gy nhim ra khi vng lm vic.
inoculum (pl.: inocula) 1. A small piece of
tissue cut from callus, or an explant from
a tissue or organ, or a small amount of cell
material from a suspension culture,
transferred into fresh medium for continued
growth of the culture. See: minimum
inoculum size. 2. Microbial spores or
parts (such as mycelium). 3. Vaccine.

152
cht nhim truyn (s nhiu: inocula) 1.
Mnh m nh ct t m so, hoc mmh
ghp t m hoc c quan, hoc mt l-ng
nh vt liu t bo t nui cy huyn ph,
-c chuyn vo mi tr-ng mi lm tip
tc tng tr-ng nui cy. Xem: minimum
inoculum size. 2. Bo t hoc phn vi
khun (nh- si nm). 3. Vacxin.
inorganic compound Historically,
chemicals that could not be derived from
living processes. In modern usage,
chemicals that do not contain carbon,
although carbonates and a few other
simple carbon compounds are generally
regarded as inorganic.
hp cht v c Theo lch s, ha cht
khng bt ngun t qu trnh sng. Cch
dng hin nay, ha cht khng c cc bon,
mc d cc mui cc bon v mt t cc
hp cht bon n gin khc ni chung -c
xem nh- cht v c.
inositol
A
cyclic
acid
(hexahydroxycyclohexane) that is a
constituent
of
certain
cell
phosphoglycerides. It is a nutrient
frequently referred to as a vitamin in plant
tissue culture. Also acts as a growth factor
in some animals and micro-organisms.
inositol
Cht
a-xt
vng
(hexahydroxycyclohexan) l thnh phn
ch yu ca cc phosphoglyxerit t bo
nht nh. L cht dinh d-ng thit yu
-c cp ti nh- mt vitamin trong
nui cy m thc vt. Cn lm nhn t sinh
tr-ng i vi mt s ng vt v vi sinh
vt.
inositol lipid A membrane-anchored
phospholipid that transduces hormonal
signals by stimulating the release of any
of several chemical messengers.
inositol lipit Cht photpho lipit nh trn
mng t bo vn chuyn tn hiu hc
mn do thc y gii phng mt s thng
tin ha hc no .
insecticide A substance that kills insects.
thuc tr su Cht tiu dit cc su hi.

insert
insert 1. To incorporate a DNA molecule
into a cloning vector; also used as a noun
to describe such a DNA molecule. 2. To
introduce a gene or gene construct into a
new genomic site or into a new genome.
on xen 1. hp nht phn t DNA
vo vect nhn dng; cn dng nh- danh
t m t phn t DNA. 2. chuyn
gen hoc cu trc gen vo v tr h gen
mi hoc h gen mi.
insertion element Generic term for DNA
sequences found in bacteria capable of
genome insertion. Postulated to be
responsible for site-specific phage and
plasmid integration. Synonym: insertion
sequence.
phn t xen Thut ng di truyn ch trnh
t DNA c trong vi khun c kh nng xen
vo h gen. -c cho l c trch nhim
hp nht th thc khun im c tr-ng
v plasmit.T ng ngha: insertion
sequence.
insertion mutation Changes in the base
sequence of a DNA molecule resulting
from the random integration of DNA from
another source. See: mutation.
t bin xen Thay i trnh t ba z ca
phn t DNA do hp nht ngu nhin ca
DNA t ngun khc. Xem: insertion
sequence.
insertion sequence trnh t xen xem:
insertion element.
insertion site 1. A unique restriction site
in a vector DNA molecule into which
foreign DNA can readily be inserted. This
is achieved by treating both the vector and
the insert with the relevant restriction
endonuclease and then ligating the two
different molecules, both having the same
sticky ends. Synonym: cloning site. 2.
The position of integration of a
transposon.
v tr gn xen 1. V tr gii hn duy nht
trong phn t DNA vect c th sn sng
-c chn DNA l. t -c do iu khin
c vect v on chn vi endonucleaza
gii hn thch hp v sau kt buc hai
phn t khc nhau, u c cng mt bm.

153
T ng ngha: cloning site. 2. V tr hp
nht ca gen nhy.
instability A lack of consistent phenotype,
usually as a result of uncontrolled genetic
changes. These may be due to
transposon activity, or in cell lines, to
changes in karyotype.
tnh bt n nh Thiu ht kiu hnh t-ng
hp, th-ng l hu qu ca thay i di
truyn khng -c kim sot. C th do
hot ng gen nhy, hoc trong dng t
bo, lm thay i kiu nhn.
insulin A peptide hormone secreted by
the Langerhans islets of the pancreas, and
that regulates the level of sugar in the
blood.
insulin Mt loi hc mn peptit -c tit
ra do tiu o Langerhan ca tuyn ty,
v iu chnh -ng trong mu.
integrating vector A vector that is
designed to integrate cloned DNA into the
hosts chromosomal DNA.
vect tch hp Vect -c x l nhp
DNA nhn dng vo DNA nhim sc th
vt ch.
integration The recombination process
which inserts a small DNA molecule
(usually by homologous recombination)
into a larger one. If the molecules are
circular, integration involves only a single
crossing-over; if linear, then two
crossings-over are required.
hp nht Qu trnh ti t hp chn
phn t DNA nh (th-ng do ti t hp
t-ng ng) thnh DNA ln. Nu phn t
ny l vng, hp nht ch ko theo mt vt
cho n; Nu l thng, sau cn hai
vt cho.
integration-excision region
(Abbreviation: I/E). The portion of
bacteriophage lambda () DNA that
enableso -DNA to be inserted into a
specific site in the E. coli bacteriophage
lambda chromosome or excised from
this site.
vng ct hp nht (vit tt: I/E). Phn
DNA() lamda th thc khun cho php
-DNA chn vo v tr c bit ca nhim

integument
sc th lamda th thc khun E.coli hoc
b ct t v tr ny.
integument One of the layers that
enclosed the ovule, and is the precursor
of the seed coat.
lp v Mt trong cc lp bc non, v l
tin cht ca v ht.
intellectual
property
rights
(Abbreviation: IPR). The legal framework,
which includes patenting and plant variety
protection, by which inventors control the
commercial application of their work.
quyn s hu tr tu (vit tt: IPR). Khung
php l, bao gm cp bng sng ch v
bo v ging cy trng, theo nh pht
minh kin tra ng dng th-ng mi cng
trnh ca h.
intensifying screen A plastic sheet
impregnated with a rare-earth compound,
such as calcium tungstate, which reacts
to radiation by emitting light. When placed
on one side of a piece of X-ray film with a
radioactive sample on the other side, the
intensifying screen will capture some of the
radioactive energy which has passed
through the film, exposing the X-ray film
and so enhancing the sensitivity of the
detection. Often used in Southern and
northern blotting procedures.
hin th tng c-ng Tm cht do -c
luyn vi hn hp t him, nh- vonframat
can xi, phn ng chiu x bi nh sng
pht ra. Khi t tia X mt pha ca mnh
phim v mu phng x mt khc, mn
hin th tng c-ng s bt mt t nng l-ng
phng x i qua phim, lm sng phim
tia X v do vy tng c-ng nhy cm
d tm. Th-ng dng trong quy trnh
Southern v northern blotting.
intercalary 1. Meristematic tissue or
growth not restricted to the apex of an
organ, i.e. growth at nodes. 2. Referring
to internal segments of a chromosomes
(i.e. not at the ends).
nhun; xen 1. M phn sinh hoc sinh
tr-ng khng b hn ch vi nh ca c
quan, ngha l s tng tr-ng cc lng.

154
2. Lin quan ti on gia cc cp nhim
sc th (ngha l khng phi cc mt).
intercalary growth A pattern of stem
elongation typical of grasses. Elongation
proceeds from the lower internodes to the
upper
internodes
through
the
differentiation of meristematic tissue at the
base of each internode.
sinh tr-ng lng Kiu ko di thn cy.
S ko di thu -c t lng pha d-i n
lng pha trn qua bit ho m phn sinh
lng.
intercalating agent A chemical capable
of inserting between adjacent base pairs
in a double-stranded nucleic acid. A
prominent example is ethidium bromide.
tc nhn xen Kh nng chn ha hc gia
cc cp ba z ghp i trong axit nucleic
si kp. V d in hnh l thuc nhum
ethidium bromide.
intercellular space The pore space
between cells, especially typical of leaf
tissues.
gian bo Khong trng gia cc t bo,
kiu c bit ca cc m l.
interfascicular cambium Cambium that
arises between vascular bundles.
t-ng tng Tng pht sinh gia cc b
mch.
interference The effect of one crossing
over event in altering the probability of
another crossing over event occurring at
a nearby location. This probability can be
either increased (positive interference) or
decreased (negative interference), but the
latter is the more usual.
gy nhiu Kt qu s kin bt cho ngoi
khi thay i kh nng ca bt cho ngoi
khc xut hin v tr lin k. Xc sut ny
c th lm tng (giao thoa d-ng) hoc
gim (giao thoa m), nh-ng v tr sau
th-ng ln hn.
interferon One of a group of small
proteins synthesized by certain T cells of
vertebrates, which inhibit virus replication.
There are three types of interferon in
humans. See: cytokine.

intergeneric cross
interferon Mt nhm protein nh -c
tng hp bi cc t bo T nht nh ca
ng vt c x-ng sng, ngn chn bn
sao virut. C ba kiu interferon trong c
th ng-i. Xem: cytokine.
intergeneric cross A hybrid made
between parents belonging to two different
genera.
lai cho gia loi Vt lai -c to ra gia
cha m thuc hai ging khc bit.
intergenic regions Non-coding DNA
located between genes; this comprises a
variable but considerable proportion of all
eukaryotic genomic DNA, and its function
is largely unknown.
vng ni gen DNA khng m ha nm
gia cc gen; bao gm mt bin th nh-ng
chim t l ng k ca tt c DNA h gen
nhn chun, v chc nng ca n phn
ln ch-a -c bit.
intergenic spacer (Abbreviation: IGS).
Non-coding DNA separating tandemly
arranged copies of a repeated gene
sequence (typically ribosomal DNA). Of
particular interest because, unlike the
coding sequence itself, the spacers show
high levels of interspecific sequence
polymorphism, and are thus useful as
assays for species identification.
vng m ni gen (vit tt: IGS). DNA
khng m ha tch cc bn sao sp xp
tandem ca trnh t gen lp (in hnh l
DNA ribosom). -c quan tm c bit v,
khng ging nh- trnh t t m ho, nhng
vng ny cho thy mc cao ca tnh a
hnh trnh t khc loi, v rt hu ch khi
phn tch nhn dng loi.
interleukin A group of proteins that
transmit signals between immune cells and
are necessary for mounting normal
immune responses. See: cytokine.
interleukin Nhm protein truyn du hiu
gia cc t bo min dch v cn thit
xp t cc phn ng min dch bnh
th-ng. Xem: cytokine.
internal guide sequence trnh t ni
h-ng dn (vit tt: IGS). Xem: guide
sequence.

155
internal
transcribed
spacer
(Abbreviation: ITS). Non-coding regions
separating the individual components of
the ribosomal DNA units. These regions
show
much
more
sequence
polymorphism than the genic regions
themselves, and therefore, like the
intergenic spacers, are useful a source
of genetic markers for the ribosomal DNA
locus.
vng m ni phin m (vit tt: ITS).
Vng khng m ha phn ra thnh phn
n v DNA ribosom ring bit. Vng ny
t chng cho thy nhiu tnh a hnh trnh
t hn bn thn cc vng gen, v do vy,
ging nh- cc vng m gia gen, l
ngun du chun di truyn cho gen DNA
ribosom hu ch.
International Undertaking on Plant
Genetic
Resources
The
first
comprehensive voluntary, international
agreement (adopted in 1983) dealing with
plant genetic resources for food and
agriculture. Designed as an instrument to
promote international harmony in matters
regarding access to plant genetic
resources for food and agriculture.
Following extensive negotiations to revise
the Undertaking in harmony with the
Convention on Biological Diversity, the
binding International Treaty on Plant
Genetic Resources for Food and
Agriculture was adopted by the 2001 FAO
Conference.
Cam kt Quc t v Ti nguyn Di
truyn Thc vt Tha thun mang tnh
quc t ton din u tin (-c chp nhn
vo1983) ln quan vi ti nguyn di truyn
thc vt cho l-ng thc v nng nghip.
-c son tho lm cng c y mnh
ha hp quc t trong cc vn quan
tm truy nhp ngun gen thc vt cho
l-ng thc v nng nghip. Theo iu
chnh v m cam kt ph hp vi Quy -c
v a dng Sinh vt, vic rng buc iu
khon quc t v Ti nguyn Di truyn
Thc vt cho L-ng thc v Nng nghip
-c Hi ngh FAO 2001 chp nhn.

International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture

International Treaty on Plant Genetic
Resources for Food and Agriculture The
international treaty resulting from the
revision of the International Undertaking
on Plant Genetic Resources was
adopted by the 2001 FAO Conference as
a binding international instrument to enter
into force after ratification by 40 states. Its
objectives are the conservation and
sustainable use of plant genetic resources
for food and agriculture and equitable
sharing of the benefits of this use.
internode The region of a stem between
two successive nodes.
Hip -c Quc t v Ti nguyn Di
truyn Thc vt L-ng thc v Nng
nghip Hip -c Quc t c ngun gc t
bn tho Cam kt quc t v Ti nguyn
Di truyn Thc vt -c Hi ngh FAO
2001 thng qua lm cng c quc t lin
kt tin ti bt buc sau khi 40 quc
gia ph chun. Mc tiu ca n l bo tn
v s dng an ton ti nguyn di truyn
thc vt cho l-ng thc v nng nghip v
chia s cng bng nhng li ch ca vic
s dng ny.
internode The region of a stem between
two successive nodes.
lng, nt gia Vng ca thn cy gia
hai t lin tip.
interphase The stage in the cell cycle
when the cell is not dividing and during part
of which DNA replication occurs; it follows
telophase of one mitotic division and
extends to the beginning of prophase in
the next division.
k ngh Giai on trong chu trnh t bo
khi t bo ngng phn chia v khi sao
chp DNA xy ra; k ngh sau k cui phn
chia nguyn phn v ko di ti khi bt
u k u phn chia tip theo.
intersex gii tnh trung gian t ng
ngha: hermaphrodite.
inter-simple
sequence
repeat
(Abbreviation: ISSR). A PCR-based
molecular marker assay of genomic
sequence lying between adjacent
microsatellites. Primers carrying, at their

156

3'-end, sequence complementary to the

repeat unit of the microsatellite will amplify
this genomic DNA.
lp trnh t n ni (vit tt: ISSR). Th
nghim du chun phn t trnh t h gen
nm gia cc v tinh nh lin k da vo
PCR. on mi mang trnh t b sung cho
n v lp ca v tinh nh s khuych i
DNA h gen ny ti mt 3' ca chng.
interspecific cross A hybrid made
between parents belonging to two different
species. See: intrageneric cross,
intraspecific cross.
lai khc loi Vt lai -c to ra gia cha
m thuc hai loi khc nhau. Xem:
intrageneric cross, intraspecific cross.
intervening sequence trnh t xen xem:
intron.
Intracellular Occurring within a cell.
ni bo Xy ra trong t bo.
intracytoplasmic sperm injection
(Abbreviation: ICSI). The micro-injection
of a single sperm into the cytoplasm of a
mature oocyte.
bm tinh dch ni bo t-ng (vit tt:
ICSI). Bm l-ng nh tinh dch n vo t
bo cht ca non tr-ng thnh.
intrageneric Within a genus, such as an
intrageneric cross, or intrageneric
variation.
cng ging Thuc mt ging, nh- con lai
cng ging, hoc bin d cng ging.
intrageneric cross A hybrid made
between parents belonging to two species
in the same genus. See: intraspecific
cross, interspecific cross.
lai cng ging Sinh vt to ra gia cha
m thuc hai loi trong cng mt ging.
Xem: intraspecific cross, interspecific
cross.
intragenic complementation Occurs
when wild type phenotype is restored in
an F1 individual made by crossing two
independent mutants, carrying different
heteroalleles.
b tr cng gen Xy ra khi kiu hnh di
-c khi phc trong c th F1 to ra do

intraspecific
lai cho hai sinh vt t bin c lp, mang
cc d alen khc bit.
intraspecific Within a species, such as an
intraspecific cross, or intraspecific
variation.
cng loi Trong mt loi, nh- con lai cng
loi, hoc bin d trong loi.
intraspecific cross A hybrid made
between parents belonging to the same
species. See: intrageneric cross,
interspecific cross.
lai cng loi Con lai to ra gia cha m
thuc cng mt loi. xem: intrageneric
cross, interspecific cross.
introgression The introduction of new
alleles or gene(s) into a population from
an exotic source, usually another species.
This is achieved by repeated backcrossing
of the initial hybrid in order to eliminate all
genetic changes except for the desired
new gene(s).
lai nhp gen Chuyn cc alen hoc gen
cho qun th t mt ngun ngoi lai,
th-ng khc loi. t -c do lai ng-c
lp li th lai ban u vi mc ch loi tr
tt c thay i di truyn ngoi tr cc gen
mi c gi tr.
intron A segment of the primary transcript
of a eukaryotic gene, removed (before the
mature mRNA is translated) in a process
known as intron splicing. Some eukaryotic
genes contain a large number of introns,
which make up the bulk of the DNA
sequence of the gene. Introns are also
found in genes whose RNA transcripts are
not translated, namely eukaryotic rRNA
and tRNA genes. In these cases the intron
sequence does not appear in the functional
RNA molecule. Synonym: intervening
sequence.
intron on phin m gc ca gen nhn
chun (thuc sinh vt c nhn), -c loi
b (tr-c khi RNA thng tin tr-ng thnh
-c dch m) trong qu trnh bit khi
ghp intron. Mt s gen nhn chun c s
l-ng ln intron, to thnh phn chnh yu
trong trnh t DNA gen. Intron cn c trong
gen m cc bn sao RNA ca chng khng

157
-c dch m, tc l nhng gen rRNA v
tRNA nhn chun. Trong cc tr-ng hp
ny trnh t intron khng xut hin trong
phn t RNA hot ng. T ng ngha:
intervening sequence.
invasiveness The ability of a plant,
particularly a weed, to spread beyond its
presently established site, and become
established in new locations.
xm ln Kh nng thc vt, c bit l c
di, lan truyn ra bn ngoi v tr hin -c
thit lp, v s -c thit lp trong cc
vng mi.
inversion A chromosome re-arrangement,
which involves the re-orientation of a
segment so that the order of a linear array
of genes within it is reversed.
o on S xp sp li nhim sc th,
to nh h-ng li mt on lm cho th
t tuyn tnh cc gen b o ng-c.
inverted repeat Two sequences of
nucleotides occurring in one strand, where,
relative to the first sequence, the second
has complementary bases but in the
inverted order. Under appropriate
conditions this allows formation of a
hairpin loop in the single strand. See:
palindrome.
lp o on Hai trnh t nuleotit xut hin
trong mt si, ni lin quan n trnh t s
cp v trnh t th cp mang cc ba z b
sung nh-ng c th t o ng-c. D-i iu
kin thch hp cho php hnh thnh nt hnh
kp tc trong si n.Xem: palindrome.
ion channel A protein integral to a cell
membrane, through which selective ion
transport occurs.
knh ion Protein hp nht vi mng t
bo, qua chuyn vn ion chn lc xy
ra.
IPR Vit tt ca intellectual property
rights.
IPTG Abbreviation for isopropyl-3-Dthiogalactopyranoside. A synthetic inducer
of beta-galactosidase activity in many
bacteria. Used in combination with the
synthetic chromogenic substrate Xgal to
differentiate recombinant from non-

irradiation
recombinant bacterial colonies in cloning
strategies using plasmid vectors
containing the lacZ gene: blue coloured
colonies are produced when ?galactosidase activity is not disrupted by
an insert; but when it is disrupted, the
colonies are white. Hence white colonies
are indicative of recombinant plasmids,
and blue colonies of non-recombinant
ones.
IPTG Vit tt ca isopropyl-3-Dthiogalactopyranosit. Mt cht cm ng
tng hp hot ng beta- galactosidase
ca nhiu loi vi khun. Dng kt hp vi
cht to mu tng hp Xgal phn bit
ti t hp vi khun lc khng ti t hp
trong chin l-c nhn dng v tnh s dng
vect plasmit c gen lac Z: Nhm ho mu
xanh -c sn sinh khi no? - Hot ng
galactosidase khng -c ph v do chn;
nh-ng khi -c ph v, cc khun lc ny
s l mu trng. Bi vy khun lc trng
biu th plasmit ti t hp, v khun lc
xanh biu th khng ti t hp.
irradiation
Illumination
with
electromagnetic radiation, typically of
sufficiently high energy (low-wavelength
UV or gamma, etc.) to disrupt biological
macromolecules and hence induce
mutations.
bc x Chiu sng vi bc x in t, tiu
biu nng l-ng cao (b-c sng thp
UV hoc tia gam-ma, v.v.) ph v i
phn t sinh vt v gy ra t bin.
IS element Abbreviation for insertion
sequence element. A short (800-1400
nucleotide pairs) DNA sequence found
in bacteria that is capable of transposing
to a new genomic location; DNA
sequences contained within an IS element
can be transposed along with the IS itself.
phn t trnh t xen vit tt cho insertion
sequence element. Trnh t DNA ngn
(800-1400 cp nuleotit) ca vi khun c
kh nng i ch sang v tr h gen mi;
Trnh t DNA ca phn t trnh t xen c
th t i ch theo trnh t xen.
isoallele Multiple similar copies of a gene,
usually located at independent positions

158
in the genome, which encode similar gene
products and produce the same, or a very
similar phenotype. See: allele.
ng alen Nhiu bn sao t-ng t ca mt
gen, th-ng nm v tr c lp ca h
gen, m ha cc sn phm gen t-ng t
v sn xut mt kiu hnh t-ng t hoc
ging y ht. Xem: allen.
isochromosome A chromosome
produced following an error in meiosis, in
which the two arms are mirror images of
each other. The presence of an
isochromosome results in the duplication
of all genes present on the originating
chromosome arm.
ng nhim sc th Nhim sc th to
ra sau mt li trong gim phn, trong
hai nhnh l ng phn g-ng vi nhau.
S c mt nhim sc th dn n nhn
i tt c cc gen c trn nhnh nhim
sc th gc.
isodiametric Commonly used to describe
cells with equal diameters.
ng kch th-c Th-ng -c dng m
t cc t bo c kch th-c bng nhau.
iso-electric focusing gel (Abbreviation:
IEF gel). A variant of gel electrophoresis,
in which macromolecules (usually
proteins) are separated on the basis of
differing iso-electric point, rather than on
the basis of size.
gel t ng in (vit tt: IEF gel). Mt
bin th ca din di trn gen, trong cc
i phn t (th-ng protein) -c phn ra
trn c s im ng in khc nhau, thay
v trn c s kch th-c.
isoenzyme ng enzim xem: isozyme.
isoform 1. A tissue-specific form of a
protein. 2. Synonym of isoenzyme.
ng hnh1. Dng m c bit ca
protein. 2. T ng ngha isoenzyme.
isogamy Fusion of gametes of similar size
and structure.
ng giao t Dung hp nhng giao t c
kch th-c v cu trc t-ng t.
isogenic A group of individuals that
possesses the same genotype,

isogenic stock
irrespective of their being homozygous or
heterozygous.
ng gen Nhm c th s hu cng mt
kiu gen, bt k ng hp t hoc d hp
din ra .
isogenic stock Strains of organisms that
are genetically nearly identical, except with
respect to identified genes. Generally
produced by repeated backcrossing, or by
transformation.
dng di ng gen Cc ni sinh vt gn
nh- ng nht di truyn, ngoi tr lin quan
ti cc gen xc nh. Th-ng sn xut do
lai ng-c lp, hoc do bin np gen.
isolating mechanism The properties of
an organism that prevent interbreeding
(and therefore exchange of genetic
material) between members of different
species that inhabit the same geographical
area.
c ch cch ly Cc thuc tnh ca sinh
vt ngn nga ni phi (v v th trao
i vt cht di truyn) gia thnh vin ca
cc loi khc nhau m c- tr trong cng
mt vng a l.
isolation medium An optimum plant
tissue culture medium suitable for
explant survival, growth and development.
mi tr-ng c lp Mi tr-ng nui cy
m thc vt ti -u thch hp tn ti, sinh
tr-ng v pht trin mnh ghp.
isomer 1. Structural isomers have the
same chemical formula but different
structures; e.g. leucine and isoleucine. 2.
Stereoisomers are different topological
forms of an otherwise single chemical
structure, due to changes in bond
configurations about some axis or plane
of symmetry; eg, D- and L-glucose or cisand trans-cinnamic acid.
cht ng phn 1. Nhng cht ng phn
cu trc c cng mt cng thc ha hc
nh-ng cu trc khc nhau; v d leuxin v
isoleucine. 2. Nhng cht ng phn lp
th l cc dng tp khc nhau ca mt
cu trc ha hc n kiu khc nhau, do
thay i trong cu hnh lin kt v mt s
trc hoc mt i xng; v d, D- v L-

159
Glucoza hoc cis- v trans- cinnamic axit.
isomerase Any of a class of enzymes that
catalyse the re-arrangement of the atoms
within a molecule, thereby converting one
isomer into another.
Isomeraza Mt lp bt k cc enzim ng
phn m xc tc sp xp li nguyn t
trong phn t, do chuyn i cht ng
phn thnh mt cht khc.
iso-osmotic ng p xut thm thu
xem: isotonic.
isotonic Solutions with the same osmotic
potential, as a result of being of the same
molar concentration. For protoplasts to
avoid losing or gaining water, the medium
they are suspended in must be isotonic
with them. See: hypertonic, hypotonic,
osmosis.
ng tr-ng Dung dch c cng mt p
sut thm thu, l kt qu din ra cng
nng phn t. t bo trn trnh mt
hoc thu n-c, mi tr-ng chng -c bo
qun buc phi ng tr-ng vi chng.
xem hypertonic, hypotonic, osmosis
isotope One of two or more forms of an
element that differ in the number of
neutrons carried by the nucleus.
Radioactive isotopes (radio-isotopes) are
used as probes in many biochemical
analyses.
cht ng v Mt trong hai hoc nhiu
dng nguyn t m khc s ntron c trong
nhn. Cc ng v phng x (radioisotopes) -c dng lm u d trong
phn tch ha sinh.
isozyme A genetic variant of an enzyme.
Isozymes for a given enzyme share the
same function, but may differ in level of
activity, as a result of minor differences in
their
amino
acid
sequence.
Electrophoretic separation of isozymes has
been used to distinguish between
individuals and varieties.
ng enzim Bin th di truyn ca enzim.
Cc ng enzim i vi enzim nht nh
to chc nng nh- nhau, nh-ng c th
khc v mc hot ng, l do nhng
khc bit nh trong trnh t amino acid.

ISSR
Phn tch in di ng enzim -c s
dng phn bit gia c th v th loi.
ISSR Vit tt ca inter-simple sequence
repeat.
ITS Vit tt ca internal transcribed

160
spacer.
IVEP Vit tt ca in vitro embryo
production.
IVF Vit tt ca in vitro fertilization.
IVM Vit tt ca in vitro maturation.

161

Jj
J Xem: joining segment.
Jiffy pot Pots made from wood pulp and
peat, commonly used for transplanting
tissue culture-derived plants into soil
medium.
chu dm cy Chu -c lm t bt g
v than bn, th-ng -c dng cy
chuyn thc vt -c to bng cy m ra
mi tr-ng t.
JIVET Vit tt ca juvenile in vitro
embryo technology.
JIVT Vit tt ca juvenile in vitro embryo
technology.
joining segment (Abbreviation: J). A small
DNA segment that links genes in order to
yield a functional gene encoding an
immunoglobulin.
on ni (vit tt: J). on DNA nh lin
kt cc gen vi mc ch cung cp gen
chc nng m ha globulin min dch.
jumping gene gen nhy Xem:
transposable element.
jumping library th- vin nhy Xem:
chromosome jumping.

junk DNA DNA rc thi Xem: repetitive

DNA.
juvenile hormone A hormone secreted by
insects from a pair of endocrine glands
close to the brain. Its function is to inhibit
metamorphosis so maintaining the larval
features.
hc mn u trng Hc mn tit ra bi
cn trng t cp tuyn ni tit tip gip vi
nhau nh u. Chc nng ngn chn
bin thi duy tr c tr-ng u trng.
juvenile in vitro embryo technology
(Abbreviation: JIVT or JIVET). A
technology involving collection of immature
eggs from young animals, their in vitro
maturation and fertilization, and the
transfer of the resultant embryos into
recipient females. The method is designed
to achieve rapid generation turnover.
cng ngh phi non trong ng nghim
(vit tt: JIVT hoc JIVET). Cng ngh c
lin quan ti tp hp trng ch-a chn t
ng vt cn non, s tr-ng thnh v th
tinh trong ng nghim ca chng, v vic
chuyn cc phi kt qu cho sinh vt ci
nhn. Ph-ng php -c thit k t
tc thay th th h nhanh.
juvenility Early phase of development in
which an organism is incapable of sexual
reproduction.
v thnh nin, thi k ch-a pht trin Giai
on pht trin sm trong sinh vt
khng c kh nng sinh sn hu tnh.

162

Kk
kanamycin An antibiotic of the
aminoglycoside family that inhibits
translation by binding to the ribosomes.
Important as a substrate for selection of
plant transformants.
kanamycin
Khng
sinh
dng
aminoglycosit ngn chn bn dch do lin
kt vi ribosom. Quan trng nh- mt cht
nn chn lc chuyn gen thc vt.
kanr Kanamycin-resistance gene. See:
neor, selectable marker.
r

gen kan gen chng chu Kanamycin xem:

neor, selectable marker.
kappa chain One of two classes of
antibody light chains. The other is a
lambda chain.
chui kapa Mt trong s hai lp chui nh
khng th. Chui khc l chui lamba.
karyogamy The fusion of nuclei or nuclear
material that occurs at fertilization during
sexual reproduction.
nhn hp Dung hp nhn hoc vt liu
nhn xy ra lc th tinh trong sinh sn hu
tnh.
karyogram A diagrammatic representation
of the full chromosome set of a species,
highlighting characteristic physical features
of individual chromosomes.
nhn Tr-ng by biu b nhim sc
th y ca mt loi, cc c tr-ng vt
l in hnh ni bt nht ca cc nhim
sc th ring l.
karyokinesis The division of a cell
nucleus. See: meiosis; mitosis.
nhn phn Phn chia nhn t bo. xem:
meiosis; mitosis.
karyotype The chromosome constitution
of a cell, an individual, or of a related group

of individuals, as defined both by the

number and the morphology of the
chromosomes, usually in mitotic
metaphase; chromosomes arranged in
order of length and according to position
of centromere; also, the abbreviated
formula for the chromosome constitution,
such as 47, + 21 for human trisomy-21
(Downs syndrome).
kiu nhn Cu trc nhim sc th ca t
bo, c th, hoc ca mt nhm lin quan,
khi -c xc nh c bi s l-ng v hnh
thi hc, th-ng trong k gia gim phn;
Nhim sc th xp xp th t theo chiu
di v tu thuc v tr tm ng; Cn, cng
thc -c vit tt cho cu trc nhim sc
th, nh- 47, +21 ch th ba thuc ng-i-21
(Downs syndrome- tn th-ng mi ca
trisomy-21).
kb Vit tt ca kilobase ( ca nucleic acid
si n).
kbp Vit tt ca kilobase pairs (ca DNA
si kp ).
k cat The catalytic rate constant that
characterizes an enzyme-catalysed
reaction. The larger the kcat value, the faster
the conversion of substrate into product.
kcat Hng s t l xc tc m t c
im phn ng xc tc enzim. Gi tr kcat
cng ln, chuyn i c cht thnh sn
phm cng nhanh.
k cat /K m The catalytic efficiency of an
enzyme-catalysed reaction. The greater
the value of kcat/Km, the more rapidly and
efficiently the substrate is converted into
product.
t l kcat /Km Hiu qu xc tc ca phn
ng xc tc enzim. Gi tr kcat /Km cng ln,
c cht -c chuyn thnh sn phm cng
nhanh v hiu qu cng co.
Kd Abbreviation for dissociation constant.
Describes the strength of binding (or
affinity) between molecules and their
ligands. See: avidity.
hng s phn ly vit tt ca dissociation
constant. M t mnh ca mi lin kt
(hoc khuch i) gia phn t v phi t.
xem: avidity.

kDa
kDa Abbreviation for kiloDalton. A unit of
molecular mass equal to 1000 Dalton.
Vit tt ca kiloDalton. n v o khi l-ng
phn t bng 1000 Dalton.
killer T cell T cells that kill cells displaying
recognized antigens.
t bo T n tht T bo T tiu dit cc t
bo biu l khng nguyn -c nhn ra.
kilobase (Abbreviation: kb). A length of
single-stranded nucleic acid composed of
1000 bases. One kilobase of singlestranded DNA has a mass of about 330
kiloDalton (exact mass depends on base
composition).
kilo ba z (vit tt: kb). di ca axit
nucleic si n bao gm 1000 ba z. Mt
kilobase DNA si n c khi l-ng khong
330 kiloDalton (khi l-ng chnh xc ph
thuc vo s hp thnh ba z).
kilobase pairs (Abbreviation: kbp). A
length of double-stranded DNA composed
of 1000 base pairs.
cp kilo ba z (vit tt: kbp). di DNA
si kp gm c 1000 cp baz.
kinase An enzyme that catalyses the
transfer of a phosphate group from a high
energy state (as in ATP) to another
molecule.
kinaza Enzim xc tc chuyn giao nhm
pht pht t trng thi cao nng (nh- trong
ATP) cho phn t khc.
kinetics Dynamic processes involving
motion. Often used as a suffix to indicate
studies involving movement or rates of
reactions. See: pharmacokinetics,
enzyme kinetics
ng hc Qu trnh c nng ko theo
chuyn ng. Th-ng dng nh- mt hu
t cho bit cc nghin cu lin quan
n chuyn ng hoc nhp phn ng.
xem: pharmacokinetics, enzyme kinetics
kinetin A cytokinin.
Mt cht sinh tr-ng thc vt.
kinetochore Structure at the centromere
of eukaryotic chromosomes. The
kinetochore consists of inner and outer
electron dense plates and a central zone

163
containing repetitive DNA elements.
Kinetochores are involved in the control of
chromosome movement in cell division.
ht trung tm Cu trc ti tm ng nhim
sc th nhn chun. Ht trung tm gm
c cc lp bc dy c in t pha trong
v ngoi v mt vng trung tm cha cc
phn t DNA lp. Ht trung tm lin quan
n iu khin chuyn ng nhim sc th
khi phn chia t bo.
kinetosome Granular cytoplasmic
structure which forms the base of a cilium
or flagellum. Synonym: basal body.
ht sinh d-ng Cu trc t bo cht th
ht hnh thnh c s ca lng chuyn hoc
lng roi. T ng ngha: basal body.
kinin A substance promoting cell division.
In plant systems, the prefix cyto- has been
added (cytokinin) to distinguish it from
kinin in animal systems.
kinin Cht xc tin phn chia t bo. Trong
h thc vt, tin t cyto- thm l
(cytokinin) phn bit n vi kinin trong
h ng vt.
Klenow fragment A truncated form of DNA
polymerase I from E. coli, used
extensively for the production of synthetic
DNA molecules as it retains polymerase
and 3'-exonuclease activities, but not 5'exonuclease activity.
on Klenow Dng cht ngn ca DNA
polymeraza I T E.coli, -c dng rt ph
bin sn xut cc phn t DNA tng
hp khi n duy tr cc hot ng
polymerase v cc 3'-exonuclease, nh-ng
khng phi hot ng 5 -exonuclease.
K m A dissociation constant that
characterizes the binding of an enzyme to
a substrate. The smaller the value of Km,
the tighter the binding of the enzyme to
the substrate. Also called the Michaelis
constant.
Km Hng s phn ly m t c tr-ng lin
kt ca enzim vi c cht. Gi tr Km nh
hn, lin kt enzim vi c cht cht hn.
Cn -c gi l hng s michaelis.
knockout A mutant individual, in which a
single functional gene has been replaced

164
by a non-functional form of the gene. Used
to understand gene function via the
comparison of the phenotypes of wild
type and knockouts.

th b loi C th t bin, trong gen

chc nng n -c thay th bi dng
khng hot ng ca gen. -c dng
nm vng hot ng gen qua so snh cc
kiu hnh di v cc th b loi.

165

Ll
label A compound or atom that is attached
to, or incorporated into, another molecule
in order to allow detection of the latters
presence. Commonly, labels exploit
radioactivity, fluorescence or antigenicity.
Synonym: tag.
nhn, cht nh du Mt hp cht hoc
nguyn t -c gn vi, hoc hp nht
vo, mt phn t khc vi mc ch cho
php d tm s c mt ca phn cui cng.
Ni chung, cht nh du li dng tnh
phng x, hunh quang hoc tnh khng
nguyn. T ng ngha: tag.
labelling The process of attaching or
inserting a label into a molecule. Most
often in the context of nucleic acids or
proteins.
gn nhn, nh du Qu trnh gn hoc
chn nhn vo phn t. Hu ht th-ng
lin quan cc axit nucleic hoc protein.
lac repressor-lac promoter system h
thng khi u lac- km hm lac Xem:
IPTG.
lactose A disaccharide sugar produced in
milk, composed of one unit each of glucose
and galactose.
-ng sa Loi -ng i sn xut t sa,
mi n v bao gm mt glucoza v
galactoza.
lag phase 1. The state of apparent
inactivity preceding a response to a
treatment; also called a latent phase. 2.
The initial growth phase, during which cell
number remains relatively constant, prior
to the onset of rapid cell division.
pha chm 1. Trng thi khng hot ng
d thy tr-c phn ng x l; cn -c gi
l pha tim n. 2. pha sinh tr-ng u tin,
trong thi gian ny s l-ng t bo duy tr

t-ng i n nh, tr-c mt nhp phn chia

gp t bo.
lagging strand The strand of DNA that is
synthesized discontinuously during
replication (because DNA synthesis can
proceed only in the 5'?3' direction). See:
Okazaki fragment.
si chm Si DNA -c tng hp khng
lin tc khi nhn i (v tng hp DNA c
th tip tc ch theo h-ng 5 ? 3 ). Xem:
Okazaki fragment .
lambda chain One of two classes of
antibody light chains. The other is a kappa
chain.
chui lamba Mt trong s hai lp chui
nh khng th. Chui khc l chui kappa.
lambda phage A bacteriophage that
infects E. coli, commonly used as a
cloning vector. See: integrationexcision region.
thc bo lamba Th thc khun chuyn
nhim E.coli, th-ng -c dng lm vect
to dng. xem: integration-excision region.
lamella A structure, plate or vesicle that is
formed by two membranes lying parallel
to each other.
l Cu trc, a hoc mn -c hnh thnh
bi hai mng t song song vi nhau.
lamina Blade or expanded part of a leaf.
phin L-i bn hoc phn m rng ca
l.
laminar air-flow cabinet Cabinet
designed for cell or tissue culture
manipulations requiring a sterile
environment. Achieved by a continuous,
non-turbulent flow of filter-sterilized air over
the working area. Synonym: laminar airflow hood.
bung dng kh phin Bung thit k
thao tc nui cy t bo hoc m yu cu
mi tr-ng v trng. t -c do dng lin
tc, khng phi dng xoy ca khng kh
kh trng lc qua ton b khu vc lm vic.
T ng ngha: integration-excision region.
laminarin A storage polysaccharide of
the brown algae.

lampbrush chromosome
laminarin Mt polisacarit d tr ca ngnh
to nu.
lampbrush chromosome
Large
diplotene chromosomes present in
oocyte nuclei, and particularly
conspicuous in amphibians. These
chromosomes have extended regions
called loops, which are active sites of
transcription. See: diplonema.
nhim sc th lampbrush Nhim sc th
k song ty ln c trong nhn non, v c
bit ni bt trong ng vt l-ng c-. Nhim
sc th ny -c m rng vng gi l cc
vng, chng l cc v tr hot ng phin
m. xem: diplonema.
landrace In plant genetic resources, an
early, cultivated form of a crop species,
evolved from a wild population, and
generally composed of a heterogeneous
mixture of genotypes.
ging truyn thng, bn a Trong ti
nguyn di truyn thc vt, dng ban u,
-c canh tc ca mt loi cy trng, tin
ho t qun th di, v th-ng gm c hn
hp khng ng nht kiu gen.
latent agent A pathogen, usually a virus,
present in a host organism without
producing any symptoms.
tc nhn n Tc nhn gy bnh, th-ng
l virut, c trong sinh vt ch khng sn
sinh bt k mt triu chng no.
latent bud An inactive bud not held back
by rest or dormant period, but which may
start growth if stimulated.
mn ng Mm khng hot ng khng
b kim ch bi k ng ngh hoc ngng
hot ng, nh-ng c th khi ng sinh
tr-ng nu -c kch thch.
latent phase k n xem: lag phase.
lateral bud mm nch xem: axillary bud.
lateral meristem A meristem giving rise
to secondary plant tissues, such as the
vascular and cork cambia.
m phn sinh bn M phn sinh to ra
hot ng m thc vt th cp, nh- tng
pht sinh mch v nt.

166
lawn A uniform and uninterrupted layer of
bacterial growth, typically on agar medium,
in which individual colonies cannot be
observed.
bi c Lp sinh tr-ng vi khun ng dng
v lin tip, in hnh trn mi tr-ng
thch, trong cc khun lc ring l
khng th quan st -c.
layering A technique for vegetative
propagation, in which new plants produce
adventitious roots before being severed
from the parent plant.
chit cnh K thut nhn ging thc vt,
trong cy mi sn sinh r bt nh tr-c
khi -c tch khi cy b m.
LCR vit tt ca ligase chain reaction.
LD50 Abbreviation for lethal dose50%. The
amount of a substance required to kill 50%
of the test population. The higher the LD50,
the lower the toxicity of the chemical in
that specific test.
LD50 vit tt cho lethal dose 50%. S l-ng
mt cht cn thit gy cht 50% qun
th th nghim. Mc LD50 cao hn, tnh c
ca ho cht gim trong th nghim ring.
lead compound A chemical that has
demonstrated promising biological activity
in preliminary assays.
hp cht dn Cht ha hc biu l
hot tnh sinh hc c trin vng trong phn
ng th nghim.
leader peptide peptit dn u xem:
signal sequence.
leader sequence A variable length
sequence of nucleotides at the 5' end of
an mRNA molecule that precedes the AUG
initiation codon where translation
begins and is not itself translated into
protein.
on dn u Trnh t theo chiu dc khc
nhau ca nuleotit mt 5' phn t RNA
thng tin m t tr-c cm m khi u
AUG ni dch m bt u v t n khng
-c dch m cho protein.
leading strand The strand of DNA that is
synthesized continuously during
replication.

leaf blade
si dn Si DNA -c tng hp lin tc
khi nhn i.
leaf blade The usually flattened portion of
the leaf.
bn l Phn phin mng thng th-ng
ca l.
leaf bud cutting A cutting that includes a
short section of stem with attached leaf.
ct mm l on ct bao gm phn ngn
thn cy gn lin vi l.
leaf margin The edge of a leaf.
mp l Ra l .
leaf primordium A lateral outgrowth from
the apical meristem, which will become a
leaf when fully developed and expanded.
bp l Chi bn v-n ra t m phn sinh
nh, s tr thnh l cy khi pht trin v
tri rng y .
leaf roll A symptom of some virus
diseases, characterized by curling of the
leaves. Can also occur as a response to
water stress.
xon l Triu chng mt s bnh hi virt,
c tr-ng do lm cun l. Cng c th xy
ra khi phn ng vi sc n-c.
leaf scar Mark left on a stem after leaf
abscission.
so l li du trn thn sau rng l.
leaflet Expanded leaf-like part of a
compound leaf.
l cht Phn ging l cy m rng ca l
kp.
leaky mutant A mutant in which the gene
product still retains some biological activity.
t bin r t bin trong sn phm
gen cn l-u gi mt s hot tnh sinh hc .
lectin A group of plant proteins that can
bind to specific oligosaccharides on the
surface of cells, causing the cells to clump
together.
lectin Nhm protein thc vt c th lin
kt vi oligosacarit c bit trn b mt t
bo, lm cho cc t bo kt li vi nhau
thnh khi.
leptonema Stage in meiosis immediately
preceding synapsis and post DNA

167
replication, in which the chromosomes
appear as single, fine, threadlike
structures.
k si mnh Giai on trong gim phn
lin tr-c tip hp v sau nhn i DNA,
trong cc nhim sc th xut hin l
cc cu trc n, hon ho, ging si ch.
lleptotene (adj.) k si mnh (tnh t)
xem: leptonema.
lethal allele A mutant form of a gene that,
in the homozygous state, is fatal.
alen gy cht Dng t bin ca mt gen
l xu trong tnh trng ng hp t.
lethal gene gen gy cht xem: lethal
allele.
lethal mutation t bin gy cht xem:
lethal allele.
leukocyte White blood cell, up to 0.02 mm
in diameter, of which there are normally 411 million per millilitre of human blood.
There are several kinds, all involved in the
bodys
defence
mechanisms.
Granulocytes have granules in their
cytoplasm; monocytes ingest and feed on
bacteria and other micro-organisms that
cause infection; lymphocytes include the
B cells that are involved with the
production of antibodies.
bch cu T bo mu trng, -ng knh
trn 0.02 mm, vi bnh th-ng l 4-11 triu
t bo trong mt lt mu ca ng-i. C
nhiu loi, tt c u lin quan n c ch
bo v c th. Bch cu ht c cc ht
nh trong cht t bo; bch cu n nhn
tiu ho v nui d-ng trn vi khun v vi
sinh vt khc gy chuyn nhim; bch
cu bao gm t bo B lin quan vi sn
xut khng th.
library A collection of cells, usually bacteria
or yeast, that have been transformed with
recombinant vectors carrying DNA
derived from an unrelated organism. See:
cDNA library, expression library,
genomic library.
th- vin Tp hp cc t bo, th-ng vi
khun hoc nm men, bin i vi vc
t ti t hp mang DNA ngun gc t sinh
vt khng c quan h. Xem: cDNA library,

life cycle
expression library, genomic library.
life cycle The sequence of events from a
given developmental stage in one
generation to the same stage in the
following generation. In sexually
reproduced organisms, the starting point
is the fusion of gametes to form the zygote.
chu k sng, vng i Trnh t nhng s
kin t mt giai on pht trin nht nh
ca mt th h n cng mt giai on
ca th h tip theo.Trong sinh vt sinh
sn hu tnh, im khi u l s dung hp
giao t hnh thnh hp t.
ligand A small molecule (e.g. activators,
substrates and inhibitors of enzyme
activity) bound to a protein by noncovalent forces; an ion or a molecule that
binds to another chemical entity to form a
larger complex.
phi t Phn t nh(v d cht hot ha,
c cht v cht c ch hot tnh enzim)
lin kt vi protein bng lc khng ng
ha tr; Ion hoc phn t lin kt vi thc
th ha hc khc hnh thnh phc hp
ln hn.
ligaseligaza xem: DNA-ligaza.
ligase chain reaction (Abbreviation:
LCR). A technique for the detection and
amplification of target DNA sequences.
Two oligonucleotides are synthesized
which between them are complementary
to the entire target sequence, one to the
5'-side and one to the 3'-side. If the target
sequence is present in the DNA sample
under examination, the oligonucleotides
will bind to it with their ends abutting in the
centre, and a heat-stable ligase will join
them into a complete polynucleotide. No
ligation occurs if the target sequence is
absent or if the match between synthetic
oligonucleotides and target sequence is
imperfect in the region where they abut.
At a high temperature, the new
polynucleotide dissociates from the
original DNA template, and upon cooling,
it and the original DNA serve as templates
for a second cycle of hybridization, ligation
and thermal dissociation. At each cycle

168
there is a doubling of the number of new
complete polynucleotides.
phn ng chui ligaza (vit tt: LCR). K
thut d tm v khuch i trnh t DNA
ch. Hai oligonucleotit -c tng hp l
th b sung cho ton b trnh t ch, mt
v pha 5'- v mt v pha 3'-. Nu trnh t
ch c trong mu DNA khi kim tra, cc
oligonucleotit s lin kt vi cc mt tip
gip trung tm, v ligaza chu nhit s kt
ni thnh polinucleotit hon chnh. Khng
xy ra kt ni nu trnh t ch vng mt
hoc vic hp thnh gia oligonucleotit
tng hp vi trnh t ch khng hon ho
trong vng tip gip. Ti nhit cao,
polinucleotit mi tch ra t khung mu DNA
gc, v khi lm mt, n v DNA gc phc
v nh- khung mu cho chu trnh lai, kt
buc v tch nhit ln th hai. Ti mi chu
trnh mang gp i s polinucleotit hon
chnh mi.
ligate, ligation The joining of two linear
double-stranded DNA fragments by the
formation of phosphodiester bonds.
kt buc Kt ni hai on DNA si kp
tuyn tnh do hnh thnh lin kt
phosphodiester.
lignification The thickening and
strengthening of a plant cell wall with
lignin.
ha g Lm dy v cng vch t t bo
thc vt vi cht lignin.
lignin A group of high-molecular-weight
amorphous polymers of phenylpropanoid
compounds, giving strength to certain
tissues. A major component of wood.
Nhm plime v nh hnh cao phn t ca
hp cht phenylpropanoid, to cng cc
m nht nh. Mt thnh phn chnh ca
g.
lignocellulose The combination of lignin,
hemicellulose and cellulose that forms
the structural framework of plant cell walls.
lignocellulose Kt hp ca lignin,
hemicellulose v xen-lu-l hnh thnh
khung cu trc vch t bo thc vt.
LINE Vit tt ca long interspersed
nuclear element.

lineage
lineage A group of individuals, related by
common descent, e.g. an in vitro cell line
derived from a single cell.
dng ging Nhm c th, lin quan bi
cng t tin, v d mt dng t bo trong
ng nghim bt ngun t t bo n.
linear phase The growth phase during
cell culture when cell number increases
arithmetically. The linear phase follows a
period of exponential growth.
pha tuyn tnh Pha sinh tr-ng trong nui
cy t bo khi s l-ng t bo tng ln
theo cp s hc. Pha tuyn tnh xy ra sau
pha tng tr-ng cp s m.
linearized vector A covalently closed
circular DNA vector (typically a plasmid)
which has been opened by restriction
digestion to convert it to a linear molecule.
In molecular cloning, DNA to be cloned is
mixed with the linearized vector, and
treated with ligase to join and recircularize
the resulting hybrid molecule.
vc t tuyn tnh Vc t DNA mch vng
khp kn ng ha tr (in hnh plasmit)
-c m ra do tiu ho gii hn chuyn
i thnh phn t tuyn tnh. Trong nhn
dng phn t, DNA nhn dng -c
hn hp vi vc t tuyn tnh, v x l vi
ligaza tham gia v thng bo kt qu
phn t lai.
linkage The tendency of a set of genes to
be inherited together more often than
would be expected if they were assorting
independently. exists between two genes
when they are located sufficiently close to
one another on the same chromosome
that a proportion of gametes is produced
without crossing-over occurring between
them.
kt ni Xu h-ng ca mt b gen -c di
truyn kt hp th-ng hn l s mong
mun chng phn ly c lp. Xy ra gia
hai gen khi chng -c nh v hon ton
cht ch vi nhau trn cng nhim sc th
mt t l giao t -c sn sinh khng
xy ra lai cho gia chng vi nhau.

169
linkage disequilibrium mt cn bng
lin kt xem: gametic phase
disequilibrium.
linkage equilibrium cn bng lin kt
xem: gametic phase equilibrium.
linkage map A linear or circular diagram
that shows the relative positions of genes
on a chromosome as determined by
recombination fraction. See: genetic map.
bn lin kt S tuyn tnh hoc
vng ch ra v tr t-ng i ca gen trn
nhim sc th do -c xc nh bi phn
ti t hp. Xem: genetic map.
linked gene, linked marker A gene or
marker that is linked to another gene or
marker.
gen lin kt, du chun lin kt Gen
hoc du chun -c lin kt vi gen hoc
du chun khc.
linker A synthetic double-stranded
oligonucleotide that carries the
recognition sequence for one or more
restriction endonucleases. The ligation
of a linker to each end of a DNA fragment
facilitates the preparation of the fragment
for cloning into a vector. See: polylinker.
cht kt ni Cht ngho nucleotit si kp
tng hp mang trnh t on nhn cho mt
hoc nhiu endonucleaza gii hn. Kt
buc cht kt ni cho tng mt ca on
DNA lm d dng ch phm ca on
nhn dng vo trong vect. xem:
polylinker.
lipase A class of enzymes which break
down lipids into their component fatty acids
and glycerol. Lipases used in
biotechnology are generally digestive,
with a role in the break-down of fats in food
into their components, so that these can
be used to make other materials.
lipaza Lp men phn gii lipid thnh axit
bo v glyxerol. Lipaza dng trong cng
ngh sinh hc th-ng tiu ha, vi vai
tr phn hu cht bo ca thc n ra nhiu
thnh phn, do vy cc thnh phn ny
c th s dng ch to vt liu khc.

lipid
lipid Any of a group of fats or fat-like
compounds insoluble in water and soluble
in fat solvents.
Cht m Bt k nhm cht bo hoc hp
cht ging cht bo khng tan trong n-c
v tan trong dung mi cht bo.
lipofection Delivery into eukaryotic cells
of DNA, RNA or other compounds that
have been encapsulated in liposomes.
Nhim m Chuyn giao DNA, RNA hoc
cc hp cht khc -c bao gi trong
cc ht m cho cc t bo c nhn.
lipopolysaccharide (Abbreviation: LPS).
A compound containing lipid bound to a
polysaccharide; often a component of
microbial cells walls.

170
liquefaction Enzymatic digestion (often by
alpha-amylase) of gelatinized starch to
form
lower
molecular
weight
polysaccharides.
ha lng Tiu ha enzim (th-ng do
alpha- amylaza) ca tinh bt keo ho
hnh thnh polisacarit trng l-ng phn
t thp hn.
liquid medium Culture solution, without a
solidifying agent, for in vitro cell growth.
mi tr-ng lng Dung dch nui cy, thiu
tc nhn lm c, sinh tr-ng t bo
trong ng nghim.

lipopolysaccharit (vit tt: LPS). Hp cht

cha lipit lin kt vi polisacarit; th-ng l
thnh phn ca vch t bo vi trng.

liquid membrane Thin films made up of

liquids (as opposed to solids) which are
stable in another liquid (usually water).
Thus the liquid must not dissolve in the
water, but nevertheless must be prevented
from collapsing into small droplets.

liposome A synthetic microscopic

spherical structure consisting of a
phospholipid bilayer membrane
containing a user-defined aqueous
solution. Liposomes can be used to
transport relatively toxic drugs into
diseased cells, where they can exert their
maximum effect. DNA molecules may be
entrapped in, or bound to the surface of,
the vesicles, and subsequent fusion of the
liposome with the cell membrane will
deliver the DNA into the cell. Liposomes
have been used to develop an efficient
transfection procedure for Streptomyces
bacteria.

mng cht lng Phim mng -c to ra

ca cc cht lng (ng-c vi cht rn) n
nh trong cht lng khc (th-ng l n-c).
Do vy cht lng cn phi khng ho tan
trong n-c, nh-ng tuy vy phi -c ngn
nga khi b xp thnh cc git nh.
liquid nitrogen Nitrogen gas condensed
to a liquid with a boiling point of about 196 C. Commonly used as a medium for
long-term storage of biological materials.
See: cryopreservation.
Nit lng Kh nit ho thnh lng c im
si khong -196o C. Th-ng dng lm mi
tr-ng bo qun di hn nguyn liu sinh
vt. Xem: cryopreservation.

vi th m Cu trc hnh cu tinh vi nhn

to gm mt mng kp phospholipit cha
dung dch n-c d xc nh. Vi th m c
th dng chuyn ch cc cht t-ng
i c vo trong t bo bnh, ni chng
c th pht huy hiu lc ti a. Cc phn
t DNA c th b nh by bn trong, hoc
ranh gii b mt mn n-c, v tip theo
s dung hp vi th m vi mng t bo s
chuyn giao DNA cho t bo. Vi th m
-c dng pht trin ph-ng thc
chuyn nhim c hiu qu ca vi khun
Streptomyces.

litmus paper A pH indicator paper. It turns

red in acidic and blue in alkaline solutions.
giy qu Giy ch th pH. N chuyn
mu trong dung dch axit v xanh trong
dung dch kim.
live recombinant vaccine A vaccine
created by the expression of a pathogen
antigen in a non-pathogenic organism.
vacxin ti t hp sng Vacxin to ra do
biu th khng nguyn tc nhn gy bnh
trong mt sinh vt khng thuc tc nhn
gy bnh.

live vaccine
live vaccine A living, non-virulent form of
a pathogenic micro-organism or virus
used to elicit an antibody response for the
protection against infection by a virulent
form of the same pathogen.
vacxin sng Dng sng, khng c ca
vi sinh vt hoc virut gy bnh -c dng
khi mo mt phn ng khng th bo
v chng li s nhim bnh do dng c
cng tc nhn gy bnh.
living modified organism (Abbreviation:
LMO). Living organism that possess a
novel combination of genetic material
obtained through the use of modern
biotechnology (Convention on Biological
Diversity). Synonym of GMO, but restricted
to organisms that can endanger biological
diversity.
sinh vt sa i (vit tt: LMO). sinh vt
sng c s hu t hp vt liu gen mi
thu -c qua s dng cng ngh sinh hc
hin i (Quy -c v Tnh a dng Sinh
hc). T ng ngha ca GMO, nh-ng gii
hn cho nhng sinh vt m c th gy ra
nguy him a dng sinh hc.
LMO Vit tt ca living modified
organism.
locus (pl.: loci) A site on a chromosome.
gen (s nhiu: Loci) V tr trn mt nhim
sc th.
lod score The logarithm of the odds of
linkage between two loci. Used to
measure the statistical support for linkage.
phm vi lod Thang L-ga ca kt ni gia
hai gen. -c dng o s liu thng k
h tr cho kt ni.
logarithmic phase The growth phase in
cell culture, during which cell number
doubles every 20-30 minutes. Synonym:
exponential phase.
pha loga Pha sinh tr-ng nui cy t bo,
trong thi gian s l-ng t bo tng gp
i sau khong 20 - 30 pht. T ng
ngha: exponential phase.
log phase Vit tt ca logarithmic phase.
long interspersed nuclear element
(Abbreviation: LINE). Families of common
DNA elements, of average length 6.5 kb,

171
which are dispersed at numerous locations
within the genome. The human genome
contains over 500,000 LINEs (representing
ca. 16% of the genome). They appear to
represent degenerate copies of
transposable elements. See: SINE.
phn nhn xen di (vit tt: LINE). H
phn t DNA ph bin, ca di trung
bnh 6.5 kb, -c phn tn nhiu v tr h
gen. H gen ng-i c hn 500.000 LINE
(i din ca. 16 % ca h gen). Chng
xut hin th hin nhng bn sao thoi
ho ca cc phn t c th chuyn v. xem:
SINE.
long template A DNA strand, synthesized
during PCR, which has a primer sequence
at one end but is extended beyond the site
that is complementary to the second
primer at the other end.
khung mu di Si DNA, -c tng hp
trong PCR, c trnh t khi u ti mt mt
nh-ng -c m rng thm ngoi v tr
b sung cho khi u th cp ti mt khc.
long terminal repeat (Abbreviation: LTR).
A characteristic sequence of nucleotides
that occurs at each end of a retrovirus
element that has become integrated into
the host genome. Involved in the
integration process.
lp u cui di (vit tt: LTR). Trnh t
in hnh nuleotit xy ra mi mt ca
phn t virut ln -c tr thnh hp nht
vo h gen vt ch. Lin quan n qu
trnh hp nht .
long-day plant Plants requiring a period
of short nights before the switch from
vegetative to reproductive growth can be
initiated. See: Short-day plant.
cy ngy di Thc vt yu cu thi k m
ngn tr-c khi c th -c bt u chuyn
i t sinh tr-ng sinh d-ng sang sinh
thc. Xem: Short-day plant.
loop bioreactor Fermenters in which
material is cycled between a bulk tank and
a smaller tank or loop of pipes. The
circulation helps to mix the materials and
to ensure that gas injected into the
fermenter is well distributed in the liquid.

LPS
Particularly useful for photosynthetic
fermentations,
where
the
photosynthesizing organisms are passed
through a system of many small
transparent pipes, which allow the access
of light.
bnh phn ng sinh hc vng Bnh ln
men trong vt liu -c quay vng gia
mt thng khi ln v mt thng nh hn
hoc vng theo cc ng. Vng quay gip
phi trn nguyn liu v bo m rng
khng kh -a vo trong bnh ln men -c
phn u khp cht lng. c bit hu ch
cho ln men quang hp, ni sinh vt quang
hp -c chuyn qua mt h thng cc
ng trong sut nh, cho php truy nhp
nh sng.
LPS vit tt ca lipopolysaccharide.
LTR vit tt ca long terminal repeat.
luteinizing hormone A pituitary hormone
which causes growth of the yellow body of
the ovary and also stimulates activity of
the interstitial cells of the testis.
hc mn to th vng Hc mn tuyn
yn to sinh tr-ng th vng bung trng
v cn kch thch hot ng ca cc t bo
xen k tinh hon.
luxury consumption Nutrient absorption
by an organism in excess of that required
for optimum growth and productivity.
hp th d- tha Tiu th cht dinh d-ng
do sinh vt khi d- tha vt cht yu cu
t sinh tr-ng v nng sut ti a.
lyase Any of a class of enzymes that
catalyse either the cleavage of a double
bond and the addition of new groups to a
substrate, or the formation of a double
bond.
enzin phn ri Lp enzim bt k xc tc
mi nhnh ca lin kt i v gn thm
cc gc mi vo c cht, hoc hnh thnh
lin kt i.
lymphocyte White blood cells that are
important components of the immune
system of vertebrates. See: B cell, T cell.
lymph bo Cc t bo bch cu m l
thnh phn quan trng ca h thng min

172
dch ca ng vt c x-ng sng. Xem: B
cell, T cell.
lymphokine Generic name for proteins
that are released by lymphocytes to act
on other cells involved in the immune
response. The term includes interleukins
and interferons. A sub-class of cytokines.
See: monokine.
lymphokin Tn chung ch cc protein m
-c gii phng do lymph bo tc
ng vo cc t bo khc ko theo trong
phn ng min dch. Gii hn gm c
interleukins v interferons. Mt lp ph ca
cytokines. Xem: monokin.
lymphoma Cancer originating in the lymph
nodes, spleen and other lympho-reticular
sites.
u lymph Ung th- bt ngun t hch
lymph, l lch v v tr l-i lymph khc.
lyophilize xem: freeze-drying.
lysis The destruction or breakage of cells
either by viruses or by chemical or physical
treatment.
phn gii S ph hy hoc lm v t bo
do virut hoc do phn ng ha hc hoc
vt l.
lysogen A bacterial cell whose
chromosome contains integrated
bacteriophage DNA.
th tim tan T bo vi khun m nhim
sc th ca n mang DNA th thc khun
hp nht.
lysogenic Bacteria or bacteriophages
undergoing lysogeny.
tim tan Vi khun hoc th thc khun tri
qua sinh phn gii.
lysogenic bacterium Bacterium
harbouring temperate (non-virulent,
lysogenic) bacteriophages.
vi khun tim tan Vi khun c cha th
thc khun n ha (khng c, sinh phn
gii).
lysogeny A condition in which a
bacteriophage genome (pro-phage)
survives within a host bacterium, either as
part of the host chromosome or as part of

lysosome
an extrachromosomal element, and does
not initiate lysis.
sinh phn gii, hot ho thc khun
Tnh trng trong mt h gen th thc
khun (tin th thc khun) sng st trong
vi khun ch, nh- phn nhim sc th vt
ch hoc phn nhim sc th ngoi, v
khng gy phn hu.
lysosome A membrane-bound sac within
the cytoplasm of animal cells that contains
enzymes responsible for the digestion of
material in food vacuoles, the dissolution
of foreign particles entering the cell and,
on the death of the cell, the breaking down
of all cell structures. The digestive system
of the cell.
tiu th Ti lin kt mng bn trong cht
t bo ng vt c enzim trch nhim
tiu ha vt cht trong khng bo thc n,
ha tan cc ht ngoi xm nhp vo t
bo v, khi t bo cht, phn hu tt c
cu trc t bo. H tiu ha t bo.

173
lysozyme A naturally occurring enzyme
extracted from egg white protein and other
animal and plant sources, which attacks
the cell wall of gram-positive bacteria
leading to cell lysis and death.
enzim phn gii Enzim xut hin t nhin
-c chit xut t protein lng trng trng
v cc ngun ng vt, thc vt khc, n
tn cng vch t bo ca vi khun gram
d-ng dn n phn hu t bo v cht.
lytic A phase of the virus life cycle during
which the virus replicates within the host
cell, releasing a new generation of viruses
when the infected cell undergoes lysis.
pha tan Mt pha ca chu trnh sng virut
trong thi gian virut nhn i bn trong
t bo ch, gii phng mt th h virut mi
khi t bo -c chuyn nhim tri qua
phn hu.
lytic cycle The steps in viral production
that lead to cell lysis.
chu trnh sinh tan Cc b-c trong sinh
sn virut dn ti phn hu t bo.

174

Mm
M13
A
single-stranded
DNA
bacteriophage used as a vector for DNA
sequencing.
th M13 Thc khun DNA si n dng
lm vect xc nh trnh t DNA.
M13 strand The single-stranded DNA
molecule that is present in the infective
form of bacteriophage M13.
si M13 Phn t DNA si n c trong
dng ly nhim ca thc khun M13.
MAAP vit tt ca multiple arbitrary
amplicon profiling.
mAb vit tt ca monoclonal antibody.

ingest foreign substances and display on

their surfaces antigens which are
recognized by other cells of the immune
system.
i thc bo T bo bch cu ln hp
th cht l v biu l trn b mt khng
nguyn -c cc t bo khc trong h
thng min dch chp nhn.
macropropagation Production of plant
clones from growing parts.
nhn ging v m Sn xut dng v tnh
thc vt t cc b phn ang sinh tr-ng.
macrospore i bo t xem: megaspore.
mad cow disease Colloquial term for
bovine spongiform encephalopathy.
See proteinaceous infectious particle

macromolecule Any high molecular

weight molecule. Often used as a synonym
for polymers.

bnh b ci in Thut ng thng th-ng

ch tn bnh no dng bt bin gia sc.
xem: proteinaceous infectious particle
MADS box A highly conserved DNA
sequence motif found in a large family of
transcription factors, most of which play
important roles in developmental
processes. Most prominently, the MADS
box genes known in flowering plants are
intimately involved in the control of flower
morphogenesis.
hp MADS Kiu trnh t DNA bo tn cao
c trong mt h ln nhn t phin m, hu
ht ng vai tr quan trng trong qu trnh
pht trin. Ni bt nht, cc gen hp MADS
bit ca thc vt ra hoa u trc tip
tham gia iu khin to hnh hoa.

i phn t Bt k phn t c trng l-ng

phn t cao. Th-ng dng ng ngha vi
plime.

magenta A type of plastic container

frequently
used
for
plant
micropropagation and tissue culture.

macronutrient A major chemical element

essential for normal growth and
development. In tissue culture media,
macronutrients are those required in
concentrations above 0.5 millimole/litre.

thng nui cy Loi thng cha lm bng

cht do th-ng dng vi nhn ging v
nui cy m thc vt.
major histocompatibility antigen A cellsurface protein or glycoprotein that
allows the immune system to distinguish
foreign or non-self from self. A better
term is histoglobulin. These are the
antigens that must be matched between
donors and recipients during organ and
tissue transplants to prevent rejection.

macerate To disintegrate tissue to disrupt

cells. Commonly achieved via mechanical
shearing, plasmolysis or enzymatic cell
wall degradation.
ngm gim Lm tan m ph v t bo.
Th-ng t -c nh ct xn c hc, phn
hu cht nguyn sinh hoc lm tan vch
t bo nh enzim.

cht dinh d-ng a l-ng Nguyn t ha

hc chnh thit yu cho sinh tr-ng v pht
trin bnh th-ng. Trong dung dch nui cy
m, cc cht a l-ng -c yu cu nng
khong 0.5 millimol/ lit.
macrophage Large white blood cells that

major histocompatibility complex

khng nguyn t-ng hp m chnh
Protein hoc glycoprotein b mt t bo
cho php h thng min dch phn bit cc
vt l hoc khng t c t bn thn.
Thut ng chun hn l histoglobulin.
Chng l nhng khng nguyn cn -c
ph hp gia th cho v th nhn khi cy
chuyn m v c quan nhm ngn nga
thi b.
major histocompatibility complex
(Abbreviation: MHC). The large cluster of
genes that encode the major
histocompatibility antigens in mammals.
phc h t-ng hp m chnh (vit tt:
MHC). B ln gen m ha khng nguyn
t-ng hp m chnh ca lp ng vt c
v.
malt extract A mixture of organic
compounds prepared from malt, used as
a culture medium additive.
chit xut mch nha Hn hp cht hu
c ch phm t mch nha, dng lm ph
gia mi tr-ng nui cy.
malting Enzymatic reduction of starch to
sugars in germinating grain, used in
brewing.
to mch nha Phn gii enzim bin bt
thnh -ng trong ht ny mn, -c dng
trong cng nghip bia.
mammary gland The milk-producing
organ of female mammals.
tuyn v C quan to sa ca ng vt
c v .
management of farm animal genetic
resources The sum total of technical,
policy and logistical operations involved in
understanding (characterization), using
and developing (utilization), maintaining
(conservation), accessing, and sharing the
benefits of animal genetic resources.
qun l ti nguyn gen ng vt nng
nghip Tng hp li cc vn k thut,
chnh sch v cc thao tc hp l lin quan
n s hiu bit (m t c im),
mannitol dng v trin khai (s dng), duy
tr (bo tn), truy nhp, v chia s li ch
ti nguyn di truyn ng vt.

175
mannitol A sugar alcohol widely
distributed in plants. Commonly used as a
nutrient and osmoticum in suspension
media for plant protoplasts.
mannitol Mt loi cn -ng phn b rng
trong thc vt. Th-ng dng lm cht dinh
d-ng v cht thm lc trong dung dch
huyn ph cht nguyn sinh thc vt.
mannose A hexose component of many
polysaccharides, occasionally used as a
carbohydrate source in plant tissue
culture media.
mannose Thnh phn hexose ca nhiu
loi polisacarit, i khi -c dng lm
ngun hydrat cacbon trong dung dch nui
cy t bo.
map 1. verb: to determine the relative
positions of loci (genes or DNA sequences)
on a chromosome. Linkage maps are
obtained from the frequency of
recombination between loci. Physical
maps are obtained commonly by the use
of in situ hybridization of cloned DNA
fragments to metaphase chromosomes,
or by somatic-cell hybrids or radiation
hybrids. 2. noun: a diagram showing the
relative position of, and distances between,
loci on a chromosome.
bn 1. ng t: Xc nh v tr t-ng
i ca gen (gen hoc trnh t DNA) trn
nhim sc th. Bn lin kt -c thu
thp t tn s ti t hp gia cc gen.
Bn vt cht bnh th-ng -c thu thp
do s dng lai ging ti ch on DNA -c
to dng vi nhim sc th k gia, hoc
do vt lai t bo sinh d-ng hoc vt lai
bc x. 2. danh t: S ch ra v tr t-ng
i v khong cch gia cc gen trn
nhim sc th.
map distance The standard measure of
genetic distance between loci, expressed
in centiMorgans (cM) or map units.
Estimated from recombination fraction via
a mapping function. For small
recombination fractions, map distance in
cM equals the recombination fraction in
%.
khong cch bn S o chun khong

map unit
cch gen gia cc gen, biu th bng
centiMorgan(cM) hoc n v bn . -c
-c l-ng t phn ti t hp qua hm nh
x. Ca phn ti t hp nh, khong cch
bn cM t-ng -ng vi phn ti t hp
theo %.
map unit One centiMorgan (1 cM) See:
map distance; crossing-over unit.
n v bn Mt centiMorgan (1cM)
xem: map distance; crossing-over unit.
mapping The construction of a localized
(around a gene), or broad-based (whole
genome) genetic map. More generally,
determining the location of a locus (gene
or genetic marker) on a chromosome.
lp bn Cu trc bn di truyn -c
khoanh vng (xung quanh mt gen), hoc
da vo b rng (ton b h gen). Ph
bin hn, xc nh v tr gen (gen hoc
du chun gen) trn nhim sc th.
mapping function A mathematical
expression
relating
observed
recombination fraction to map distance.
hm lp bn Biu th ton hc lin quan
phn ti t hp -c quan st vi khong
cch bn .
mariculture ngh nui trng thy sn
xem: aquaculture.
marker An identifiable DNA sequence that
is inherited in Mendelian fashion, and
which facilitates the study of inheritance
of a trait or a linked gene.
du chun Trnh t DNA c th nhn bit
-c di truyn theo kiu Mendel, v c
nhiu thun tin cho nghin cu di truyn
tnh trng hoc gen lin kt.
marker gene A gene of known function or
known location, used for marker-assisted
selection or genetic studies.
gen nh du Gen ca chc nng hoc
v tr -c bit, dng chn lc c h tr
nh du hoc nghin cu gen.
marker peptide A portion of fusion
protein that facilitates its identification or
purification.

176
peptit nh du Phn protein dung hp
d nhn ra hoc lm sch.
marker-assisted introgression The use
of DNA markers to increase the speed and
efficiency of introgression of a new
allele(s) or gene(s) into a breeding
population. The markers will be closely
linked to the gene(s) in question.
hi nhp c h tr nh du S dng
du chun DNA lm tng tc v hiu
qu hi nhp alen hoc gen mi cho qun
th nhn ging sinh sn. Cc du chun
s -c lin kt cht vi gen cn nghi vn.
marker-assisted selection (Abbreviation:
MAS). The use of DNA markers to improve
response to selection in a population. The
markers will be closely linked to one or
more target loci, which may often be
quantitative trait loci.
chn lc c h tr du chun (vit tt:
MAS). S dng du chun DNA nng
cao kt qu chn lc trong qun th. Cc
du chun ny s -c lin kt cht vi
mt hoc nhiu gen ch, c th th-ng
l gen tnh trng s l-ng.
MAS vit tt ca marker-assisted
selection.
mass selection As practised in plant and
animal breeding, the selection of a number
of individuals, on the basis of their
individual phenotypes, to interbreed to
form the next generation.
chn lc khi Khi thc hnh nhn ging
sinh sn ng v thc vt, vic chn lc
mt s c th, trn c s kiu hnh c th,
ngoi phi hnh thnh th h tip theo.
maternal effect An effect attributable to a
genetic contribution of the female parent
of the individual being evaluated.
nh h-ng dng m Kt qu c th gn
cho s ng gp di truyn dng m ca
c th ang -c nh gi.
maternal inheritance Inheritance
controlled by non-nuclear genes (e.g.
mitochrondria, chloroplast) that are
transmitted only through the female line.

matric potential
di truyn dng m Tnh di truyn -c
iu khin do cc gen khng thuc nhn
(v d ty th, ht dip lc) ch -c truyn
qua dng m.
matric potential A water potential
component, always of negative value,
resulting from the presence of solid (often
finely divided) surfaces; primarily
responsible for water uptake by a dry seed
prior to germination.
tim lc matric Mt thnh phn tim lc
n-c, lun mang gi tr ng-c, kt qu t
b mt cht rn (th-ng phn nh tinh vi);
chu trch nhim ch yu v vic dn n-c
bi ht ging kh tr-c ny mm.
maturation The formation of gametes or
spores.
tr-ng thnh Hnh thnh giao t hoc bo
t.
MCS vit tt ca multiple cloning site.
Xem: polylinker.
MDA vit tt cho multiple drop array.
Xem: microdroplet array.
mean In statistics, the arithmetic average;
the sum of all measurements or values in
a sample divided by the sample size.
trung bnh Trong thng k; trung bnh ton
hc, tng s ca tt c cc php o hoc
cc gi tr trong mt mu phn chia theo
dung l-ng mu.
media mi tr-ng xem: culture medium;
medium.
median In a set of measurements, the
central value above and below which there
are an equal number of measurements.
gi tr trung bnh Trong mt tp hp cc
php o, gi tr gia m trn v d-i u
c s l-ng php o t-ng -ng.
medium (pl.: media) 1. In plant tissue
culture, a term for the liquid or solid
formulation upon which plant cells, tissues
or organs develop. See: culture medium.
2. In general terms, a substrate for plant
growth, such as nutrient solution, soil,
sand, etc., e.g. potting medium.
mi tr-ng (s nhiu: media) 1. Trong
nui cy m, thut ng ch cng thc cht

177
lng hoc rn trong cc t bo thc vt,
m hoc c quan pht trin. Xem: culture
medium. 2. Ngha thng th-ng, c cht
cho sinh tr-ng thc vt, nh- dung dch
cht dinh d-ng, t, ct, v.v., th d mi
tr-ng -m cy.
medium formulation In tissue culture, the
particular constituents for the culture
medium, commonly comprising macroand micro-elements, vitamins, plant
hormones, and a carbohydrate source.
Some formulations are very specific to the
kind of explant or plant species that can
be maintained; some are very general.
cng thc mi tr-ng Trong nui cy m,
cc phn t ring bit cho mi tr-ng nui
cy, th-ng gm c thnh phn a l-ng
v vi l-ng, vitamin, hc mn thc vt, v
ngun hydrat cacbon. Mt s cng thc
rt chuyn bit vi tng loi mnh ghp
hoc loi cy; mt s khc th rt chung
chung.
mega yeast artificial chromosome A
yeast artificial chromosome (YAC) which
can carry particularly large inserts (up to
1Mbp) - standard YACs typically carry
inserts of up to 500kbp.
nhim sc th nhn to nm men ln
Nhim sc th nhn to nm men (YAC)
c kh nng mang cc on xen ln c
bit (trn1 Mbp)- cc YAC mu tiu biu
mang cc on xen trn 500 kbp.
megabase (Abbreviation: Mb). A length of
DNA consisting of 106 bases.
megabase (vit tt : Mb). Chiu di DNA
bao gm 106 ba z.
megabase cloning The cloning of large
DNA fragments of the order of 1Mb.
nhn dng ln Nhn dng cc on DNA
ln theo th t 1 Mb.
megaDalton (Abbreviation: MDa). One
megaDalton is equal to 106 Dalton.
megaDalton (vit tt: MDa). Mt
megaDalton t-ng -ng 106 Dalton.
megagametophyte
The
female
gametophyte; the plant that develops
from a megaspore.

megaspore
i giao t Th giao t ci; thc vt pht
trin t mt i bo t.
megaspore The female gametophyte in
heterosporous plants. Synonym:
macrospore.
i bo t Th giao t ci ca thc vt d
hp t. T ng ngha: macrospore
meiosis The two-stage process in sexual
reproduction by which the chromosome
number is reduced from the somatic to
the haploid number. The first division, in
which homologous chromosomes pair
and exchange genetic material, is followed
by amitotic division. The nucleus divides
twice, but the chromosomes only once,
generating haploid nuclei, which develop
into the gametes (egg and sperm in
animals; egg and s in plants).
gim phn Qu trnh hai giai on trong
sinh sn hu tnh do c s l-ng nhim
sc th gim t s xma thnh s n bi.
Phn chia ln u, trong cc nhim sc
th t-ng ng cp i v trao i vt liu
gen, -c tip theo bi phn chia trc
phn. Nhn phn chia hai ln, nh-ng
nhim sc th ch mt ln, sinh ra nhn
n bi, pht trin thnh giao t (trng
v tinh trng ca ng vt; phn v non
ca thc vt).
meiotic analysis The use of patterns of
chromosome pairing at meiotic
prophase and metaphase to detect
relationships between chromosomes, from
which can be deduced the relationship
between the parents of the organism
studied..
phn tch gim phn S dng mu cp
i nhim sc th k u v k gia gim
phn pht hin mi quan h gia cc
nhim sc th, t c th suy ra mi quan
h gia cha m sinh vt kho st...
meiotic drive Any mechanism that causes
a particular allele or chromosome to be
over-represented in a population of
gametes.
iu khin gim phn C ch khin cho
alen hoc nhim sc th c bit -c th

178
hin ton b trong mt qun th cc giao
t.
meiotic product sn phm gim phn
xem: gamete.
melanin Dark pigment, produced by
specialized epidermal cells called
melanocytes.
melanin Cht mu ti, sn xut do cc t
bo biu b chuyn bit gi l sc t en.
melting temperature (Abbreviation: Tm).
The temperature at which a doublestranded DNA molecule denatures into
separate single strands. Tm is determined
by the length of the molecule and its base
composition. DNAs rich in G:C base pairs
have higher Tm than A:T rich DNA, because
since three hydrogen bonds are formed
between G and C, but only two between A
and T.
nhit tan (vit tt: Tm). Nhit ti
phn t DNA si kp bin tnh thnh cc
si n ri nhau. Tm -c xc nh bi
di phn t v kt hp ba z. Cc cp ba
z DNA giu G:C c Tm cao hn DNA giu
A:T, v t ba lin kt hydro -c hnh thnh
gia G v C, nh-ng ch hai gia A v T.
membrane bioreactor A vessel in which
cells are cultured on or behind a permeable
membrane, which allows the diffusion of
nutrients to the cells, but retains the cells
themselves. A variation is the hollow-fibre
reactor.
bnh phn ng sinh hc mng Bnh c
t bo -c nui cy trn hoc phia sau
mng bn thm, cho php cc cht dinh
d-ng khuch tn vo t bo, nh-ng t
gi li t bo. Mt bin th l bnh phn
ng si rng.
memory cell Long-lived B cells and T
cells that mediate rapid secondary
immune responses to a previously
encountered antigen.
t bo ghi nh Cc t bo B v t bo T
thi gian sng ko di lm trung gian cc
phn ng min dch th cp tc thi vi
mt khng nguyn -c bt cp tr-c .

Mendels Laws
Mendels Laws Two laws summarizing
Gregor Mendels theory of inheritance. The
Law of Segregation states that each
hereditary characteristic is controlled by
two factors (now called alleles), which
segregate and pass into separate germ
cells. The Law of Independent Assortment
states that pairs of factors segregate
independently of each other when germ
cells are formed. See: independent
assortment; linkage.
nh lut Mendel Hai nh lut tng kt l
thuyt di truyn Gregor Mendel. nh lut
v tnh trng Phn ly pht biu rng mi
c in di truyn u -c kim sot bi
hai nhn t (hin nay -c gi l alen),
chng tch ring v chuyn cho t bo
mm ring bit. nh lut v tnh trng
Phn b c lp pht biu rng cc cp
i nhn t tch ring c lp vi nhau
khi t bo mm -c hnh thnh. Xem:
independent assortment; linkage.
Mendelian population A natural,
interbreeding unit of sexually reproducing
plants or animals sharing a common gene
pool.
qun th Mendel Mt n v t nhin,
nhn ging sinh sn cng loi ca thc
vt hoc ng vt sinh sn hu tnh chia
s mt vn gen chung.
Mendelian segregation Occurs when
alleles are inherited according to
Mendels Laws.
phn ly Mendel Xy ra khi cc alen -c
di truyn theo cc nh lut Mendel.
mericlinal Refers to a chimera with tissue
of one genotype partly surrounded by that
of another genotype.
-ng phn sinh cp n mt th qui
vi m ca mt kiu gen -c bao quanh
tng phn bi m ca kiu gen khc.
mericloning A propagation method using
shoot tips in culture to proliferate multiple
buds, which can then be separated, rooted
and planted out.
to dng phn sinh Ph-ng php nhn
ging dng nh chi trong nui cy

179
tng bi mm, sau c th -c tch,
to r v gieo trng ra ngoi.
meristele The branch of a stele supplying
the leaf.
trung tr phn sinh Nhnh ca trung tr
cung cp l.
meristem Undifferentiated but determined
plant tissue, in which the cells are capable
of active division and differentiation into
specialized tissues such as shoots and
roots.
m phn sinh M thc vt khng bit ha
nh-ng -c xc nh, trong t bo c
kh nng phn chia tch cc v bit ho
thnh m chuyn bit nh- chi v r.
meristem culture A tissue culture
containing meristematic dome tissue
without adjacent leaf primordia or stem
tissue. The term may also imply the culture
of meristemoidal regions of plants, or
meristematic growth in culture.
nui cy m phn sinh Nui cy m c
cha m nh m phn sinh khng c bao
gc l tip gip hoc m thn. Thut ng
c th cn ng nui cy cc vng phn
sinh thc vt, hoc sinh tr-ng m phn
sinh trong nui cy.
meristem tip An explant comprising the
meristem (meristematic dome) and
usually one pair of leaf primordia. Also
refers to explants originating from apical
meristem tip or lateral or axillary meristem
tip.
chp m phn sinh Mnh nui cy gm
c m phn sinh (nh m phn sinh) v
th-ng mt cp bao gc l. Cng cp
n cc mnh nui cy c ngun gc t
chp m phn sinh nh hoc chp m
phn sinh bn hoc nch.
meristem tip culture Cultures derived
from meristem tip explants. Used widely
to achieve virus elimination and axillary
shoot proliferation, less commonly for
callus production.
nui cy chp m phn sinh Nui cy
bt ngun t mnh nui cy chp m phn
sinh. S dng ph bin loi b virut v

meristemoid
tng nhanh chi nch, t khi dng sn xut
m so.
meristemoid A localized group of callus
cells, characterized by their accumulation
of starch, RNA and protein, and giving rise
to adventitious shoots or roots.
th m phn sinh Nhm t bo m so
-c xc nh, c tr-ng bi tch lu tinh
bt, RNA v protein, v pht sinh chi bt
nh hoc r.
merozygote Partial zygote produced by
a process of partial genetic exchange,
such as transformation in bacteria.
hp t phn sinh Hp t tng phn -c
sn xut do qu trnh trao i gen tng
phn, ging nh- bin np ca vi khun.
mesh bioreactor bnh phn ng sinh
hc mt l-i xem: filter bioreactor.
mesoderm The middle germ layer that
forms in the early animal embryo and gives
rise to parts such as bone and connective
tissue.
phi b gia Lp mm gia hnh thnh
trong phi ng vt sm v pht sinh thnh
cc phn nh- x-ng v m lin kt.
mesophile A micro-organism able to grow
in the temperature range 20-50oC; optimal
growth often occurs at about 37oC. See:
psychrophile, thermophile.
hp trung Vi sinh vt c kh nng sinh
tr-ng trong gii hn nhit t 20oC n
50oC; tng tr-ng ti -u th-ng xy ra
khong 37 o C. Xem: psychrophile,
thermophile.
mesophyll Leaf parenchyma tissue found
between epidermal layers.
tht l M nhu m l hnh thnh gia cc
lp biu b.
messenger RNA RNA thng tin vit tt:
mRNA.
metabolic cell A cell that is not dividing.
See: metabolism
t bo chuyn ho Mt loi t bo khng
phn chia. xem: metabolism
metabolism The biochemical processes
whereby nutritive material is converted to
living matter, or aids in building living

180
matter, or by which complex substances
and food are broken down into simple
substances.
trao i cht, chuyn ho Qu trnh sinh
ha bin cht dinh d-ng thnh vt cht
sng, hoc h tr xy dng vt cht sng,
hoc do cht phc tp v thc n -c
phn gii thnh cht n gin.
metabolite A low-molecular-weight
biological compound that is usually
synthesized enzymically.
cht chuyn ho, cht trao i Hp cht
sinh hc phn t l-ng thp th-ng -c
tng hp do enzim.
metabolomics The large-scale study of
the full complement of secondary
metabolites produced by a given species
in all its tissues and growth stages.
chuyn ho trong c th Nghin cu
quy m ln vic b sung y cc cht
chuyn ha th cp -c sn xut do cc
loi -c to ra trong ton b m v cc
giai on sinh tr-ng.
metacentric
chromosome
A
chromosome in which the centromere is
located in the middle and, consequently,
the chromosome arms are of about equal
length.
nhim sc th tm gia Nhim sc th
trong v tr tm ng nm gia v, do
vy, cc nhnh nhim sc th c di
t-ng -ng.
metal affinity chromatography A
chromatographic technique, in which a
compound interacting with a specific metal
ion can be captured by immobilizing the
relevant ion on the columns solid matrix.
sc k i lc kim loi K thut sc k,
trong hp cht tc ng t-ng h vi
ion kim loi ring bit c th -c gi li
do c nh ion thch hp trn bng rn ca
ct.
metalloenzyme An enzyme which
requires the presence of a metal in order
to be catalytically active.
enzim kim loi Enzim yu cu c mt mt
kim loi vi t- cch l hot ng xc tc.

metallothionein
metallothionein A protective protein that
binds heavy metals such as cadmium and
lead.
metallothionein Mt loi protein bo v
lin kt vi kim loi nng nh- l cht cch
v cht dn.
metaphase Stage of mitosis or meiosis
(following prophase and preceding
anaphase)
during
which
the
chromosomes, or at least the
kinetochores, lie in the central plane of
the spindle. The stage of maximum
chromosome condensation, at which
karyotypes are generally described. In the
first division of meiosis, metaphase
represents the stage at which meiotic
analysis is generally performed.
k gia Giai on nguyn phn hoc gim
phn (tip theo k u v tr-c k sau) trong
cc nhim sc th, hoc t nht l ht
trung tm, nm trong mt phng trung tm
ca thoi. Giai on mt nhim sc th
cc i, ti kiu nhn th-ng ko di.
Trong phn chia ln u gim phn, k gia
i din cho giai on ti phn tch gim
phn th-ng -c thc hin.
metastasis The spread of cancer cells to
previously unaffected organs.
di cn S lan truyn t bo ung th- ti
nhng c quan khng b nh h-ng tr-c
.
methylation The addition of a methyl
group (-CH 3 ) to a molecule, most
commonly in the context of DNA where
cytosine and, less often, adenine
residues can be modified in this way,
sometimes resulting in a change in
transcription. See: epigenetic variation.
m tyl ho Gn thm nhm m-thyl (-CH3)
cho phn t, ph bin nht trong thnh
phn DNA nI c cytosine v, khng
th-ng xuyn, cc ui adenin c th bin
i theo kiu ny, i khi n n thay i
phin m. Xem: epigenetic variation.
MHC
vit
tt
ca
major
histocompatibility complex.

181
Michaelis constant hng s Michaelis
xem: Km.
microalgal culture Culture in bioreactors
of microalgae (including seaweeds).
nui cy vi to Nui cy vi to trong thng
phn ng sinh hc (bao gm to bin).
micro-array A large set of cloned DNA
molecules immobilized as a compact and
orderly pattern of sub-microlitre spots onto
a solid matrix (typically a glass slide). Used
to analyse patterns of gene expression,
presence of markers, or nucleotide
sequence. The major advantage of microarrays is the extent to which the process
of genotyping can be automated, thereby
enabling large numbers of individuals to
be simultaneously genotyped at many loci.
A similar approach may be used with other
immobilized components for other
purposes. Synonym: chip or DNA chip.
See: somatic cell hybrid panel, radiation
hybrid cell panel
vi mng Lp ln phn t DNA nhn dng
-c gi c nh lm khun mu trt t v
nn cht cc im siu vi m trn mt bng
rn (tiu biu mt bn knh). Dng phn
tch mu biu th gen, khi c mt cc du
chun, hoc trnh t nucleotit. Li th chnh
ca mng vi m l phm vi x l gim nh
gen c th t ng ha, do cho php
mt s ln c th -c gim nh gen cng
mt lc ti nhiu gen. Nghin cu t-ng
t c th dng vi cc thnh phn gi c
nh khc nhau cho mc ch khc nhau.
T ng ngha: chip hoc DNA chip. xem:
somatic cell hybrid panel, radiation hybrid
cell panel.
microbe vi trng xem: microbe.
microbial mat Layered microbial
populations, usually growing on the
surface of a solid medium or on a
membrane.
thm vi trng Qun th vi sinh vt sp
lp, th-ng bm chc trn b mt mi
tr-ng c hoc trn mng.
microbody A frequently spherical cellular
organelle, bound by a single membrane,

micro-carrier
20-60 nm in diameter, and containing a
variety of enzymes.
vi th Bo quan cht t bo th-ng hnh
cu, ranh gii bi mng n, -ng knh
20-60 nm, v mang nhiu loi enzim khc
nhau.
micro-carrier Small particles used as a
support material for (particularly
mammalian) cells, which are too fragile to
be pumped and stirred as bacterial cells
are in a large-scale culture
th mang vi m Ht nh dng lm vt liu
h tr t bo (c bit l loi c v), mng
d rung v khuy khi cc t bo vi
khun trong nui cy quy m ln.
microdroplet array (Abbreviation: MDA).
A technique used to simultaneously
evaluate large numbers of media
modifications, employing small quantities
of medium into which are placed small
numbers of cells or protoplasts. These
form a monolayer at the droplet meniscus
and can easily be examined. Synonyms:
multiple drop array, hanging droplet
technique
mng git nh (vit tt: MDA). K thut
dng -c l-ng ng thi cc s ln
bin i mi tr-ng, s dng s l-ng nh
mi tr-ng trong s l-ng nh t bo
hoc cht nguyn sinh chim ch. Chng
hnh thnh mt mng n ti mt ngng
thu knh v c th d quan st. Nhng t
ng ngha: multiple drop array, hanging
droplet technique
micro-element A nutritional element
required in very small quantities.
nguyn t vi l-ng Nguyn t dinh d-ng
yu cu s l-ng rt nh.
micro-encapsulation A process of
enclosing a substance in very small sealed
capsules from which material is released
by heat, solution or other means.
vi th bao Qu trnh bao bc mt cht
trong bao con nhng ng kn rt nh m
t vt cht -c lm bc hi do nhit,
dung mi hoc do mt cht khc.

182
micro-environment A small-scale
environment in which the conditions
(temperature, humidity, pH etc.) are
distinct; typically used in connection with
the surroundings of a living object.
mi tr-ng ti thiu Mi tr-ng phm vi
m nh trong cc iu kin (nhit ,
m , pH v.v..) -c xc nh; in hnh
dng trong kt ni vi ch th sng xung
quanh.
microfibril Microscopic fibres visible only
at the high magnification of the electron
microscope.
vi si Si cc nh ch quan st r mc
phng i cao ca knh hin vi in t.
microgametophyte giao t nh xem:
pollen.
micrograft ghp vi m xem: shoot-tip
graft
micro-injection The introduction of small
amounts of (usually) liquid material (DNA,
RNA, enzymes, cytotoxic agents) into a
defined tissue or single cell with a fine,
microscopic needle.
bm vi m Chuyn s l-ng nh (thng
th-ng) cht lng (DNA, RNA, men, tc
nhn c t bo) cho m hoc t bo n
gii hn bng kim cc nh tinh xo.
micro-isolating system Mechanical
separation of single cells or protoplasts
thus allowing them to proliferate
individually.
h thng c lp vi m Phn tch c hc
t bo n hoc cht nguyn sinh nh- vy
cho php chng tng nhanh ring l.
micronucleus A nucleus, distinct from
and smaller than the main nucleus, but
lying within the same cell. They usually
arise following abnormal meiotic or mitotic
telophases,
where
individual
chromosomes or chromosome fragments
do not reach the pole.
nhn nh Loi nhn, phn bit t cp
nh hn nhn chnh, nh-ng nm trong
cng t bo. Chng th-ng xut hin sau
gim phn bt th-ng hoc k cui nguyn

micronutrient
phn, ni nhim sc th ring l hoc cc
on nhim sc th khng tin n cc.
micronutrient An essential element
normally required in cell culture at
concentrations under 0.5 millimole/litre.
cht dinh d-ng vi l-ng Nguyn t thit
yu, bnh th-ng cn thit trong nui cy
t bo nhng nng -i 0.5 mili phn
t gam/ litre.
micro-organism Organism visible only
under magnification.
vi sinh vt Sinh vt quan st r ch d-i
s phng i.
microplast Vesicle produced by
subdivision and fragmentation of
protoplasts or thin-walled cells.
vi lp th Mn nh to ra do chia nh v
phn tch cht nguyn sinh hoc t bo
vch mng.
microprojectile bombardment bn vi
m xem: biolistics.
micropropagation Miniaturized in vitro
multiplication and/or regeneration of plant
material under aseptic and controlled
environmental conditions.
vi nhn ging S tng bi v/hoc ti sinh
sn vt liu thc vt -c thu nh trong
ng nghim d-i cc iu kin mi tr-ng
v trng v -c iu khin.
micropyle 1. A small opening in the
surface of a plant ovule through which the
pollen tube passes prior to fertilization. 2.
A small pore in some animal cells or
tissues.
vi l 1. L m nh trn b mt non thc
vt cho ng phn qua tr-c th tinh. 2.
L nh trong mt s t bo hoc m ng
vt.
microsatellite A segment of DNA
characterized by a variable number of
copies(typically 5-50) of a sequence of
around 5 or fewer bases (called a repeat
unit). At any one locus (genomic site),
there are usually several different alleles
in a population, each allele identifiable
according to the number of repeat units.
This existence of multiple alleles (high

183
level of polymorphism) has enabled
microsatellites to be developed as powerful
markers in many different species. They
are detected by the polymerase chain
reaction..
tiu v tinh on DNA c tr-ng bi s
bn sao khc nhau (tiu biu t 5-50) ca
trnh t khong 5 ba z hoc t hn (-c
gi l mt n v lp). Ti gen bt k (v
tr h gen), th-ng c mt s alen khc
bit trong mt qun th, mi alen c th
nhn ra theo s l-ng n v lp. S tn
ti cc a alen (mc cao ca tnh a hnh)
cho php v tinh nh pht trin thnh du
chun cc mnh ca nhiu loi khc nhau.
Chng -c pht hin bng phn ng
chui enzim trng hp.
microspore The immature male
gametophyte in seed plants; the haploid
male cell that ripens into a pollen grain.
tiu bo t Giao t c ch-a tr-ng thnh
ca thc vt c ht; t bo sinh dc c
n bi chn chuyn thnh ht phn.
microtuber Miniature tuber, produced in
tissue culture, which is readily
regenerable into a normal tuberous plant.
thn c cc nh Thn c thu nh, to ra
trong nui cy m, sn sng hi sinh bin
thnh c bnh th-ng.
microtubule Self-assembling components
of the cytoskeleton. Microtubules are
cylindrical
protein
polymers,
interconnected by cross-bridging proteins,
which structurally and dynamically
organize functional activities in living cells.
They form the spindle during mitosis.
vi ng Thnh phn cytoskeleton t tp hp
li. Cc vi ng l plime protein hnh tr,
thng vi nhau bi protein bc cu cho,
c t chc trt t v linh hot cc hot ng
chc nng ca t bo sng. Chng hnh
thnh si thoi trong nguyn phn.
middle lamella A thin exclusively plant
membrane separating two adjacent
protoplasts and remaining as a distinct
cementing layer between adjacent cell
walls.

mid-parent value
l gia Mng thc vt ring bit mng
phn tch lm hai cht nguyn sinh lin
k v gi li nh- mt lp gn kt phn bit
gia cc vch t bo k lin.
mid-parent value The average of the
phenotypic measure, with respect to a
given trait, of the two parents used to
generate the population being analysed.
gi tr gia cha m Trung bnh s o kiu
hnh, lin quan vi mt tnh trng nht nh,
ca hai cha m -c s dng lm pht
sinh qun th ang phn tch.
mineralization The conversion of organic
compounds into inorganic (mineral) ones.
For example, the conversion of ethanol
into carbon dioxide and water.
khong ha Bin hp cht hu c thnh
nhiu n v v c (khong vt). V d, bin
etanol thnh kh cc b nch v n-c.
minimum effective cell density The cell
density below which reproducible cell
growth fails. The minimum density is
determined by both the source function of
the tissue (species, explant, cell line)
and by the culture phase of the initial
inoculum.
mt t bo hiu qu ti thiu Mt
t bo m d-i mc t bo sinh sn
ngng pht trin. Mt ti thiu -c xc
nh do chc nng gc ca m (loi, mnh
ghp, dng t bo) v do pha nui cy cht
nhim truyn ban u.
minimum inoculum size The critical
volume of inoculum required to initiate
culture growth, due to the diffusive loss of
cell materials into the medium. The
subsequent culture growth cycle is
dependent on the inoculum size, which is
determined by the volume of medium and
size of the culture vessel.
ln cht nhim truyn ti thiu Th
tch ti hn cht nhim truyn cn thit
sinh tr-ng nui cy ban u, v mt do
khuch tn ca nguyn liu t bo vo mi
tr-ng. Chu k sinh tr-ng nui cy k tip
ty thuc vo ln cht nhim truyn,
-c xc nh bi th tch ca mi tr-ng

184
v kch th-c ca bnh nui cy.
mini-prep A small-scale preparation of
plasmid or phage DNA. Used to purify
cloned DNA from the DNA of the vector.
tiu ch phm Mt ch phm plasmit
hoc DNA th thc khun phm vi nh.
Dng lm sch DNA -c to dng t DNA
ca vect.
minisatellite A form of variable number
tandem repeats in which the repeat unit
size ranges from 10-100 bp. Used for DNA
fingerprinting following Southern
hybridization. Generally concentrated at
the ends of chromosomes and in regions
with a high frequency of recombination.
tiu v tinh Mt dng ca cc on lp
kiu cp i s l-ng bin th trong
kch th-c n v lp xp hng t 10-100bp.
Dng in du DNA sau khi lai phn t
trn pha rn. Th-ng tp trung cc mt
nhim sc th v vng c tn s cao ti
t hp.
minituber Small tubers (5-15 mm in
diameter) formed on shoot cultures or
cuttings of tuber-forming crops, such as
potato.
thn c nh Thn c nh (-ng knh 515 mm) hnh thnh trong nui cy chi
hoc mnh ct ca cc ging hnh thnh
thn c, nh- khoai ty.
mismatch The occurrence of a noncomplementary pairs of bases in a double
helix of DNA, e.g. A:C, G:T.
bt cp sai lch Bin c ca cp i ba
z khng b sung trong chui xon kp
DNA, v d A:C, G:T.
mismatch repair A DNA repair process
that corrects mismatched base pairs.
sa cha bt cp sai lch Qu trnh sa
cha DNA lm chnh xc cp baz sai lch.
missense mutation A mutation that
changes a codon for one amino acid into
a codon specifying another amino acid.
t bin nhm ngha t bin thay i
b ba (cm m) m ho mt amino acid
thnh b ba m ho cho amino acid khc.

mist propagation
mist propagation Application of fine
droplets of water to maintain humidity
around plantlets or cuttings, which have
not yet developed effective roots.
nhn ging s-ng m ng dng nhiu
git n-c nh tinh sch duy tr m
xung quanh cy non hoc on hom, ch-a
pht trin r tht s.
mite Free-living and parasitic arachnids.
Infestation of plant crops reduces yield
through the destruction of leaf tissue. Also
can infest plant tissue culture work areas,
contaminating culture vessels, thereby
spreading bacteria and fungi.
ve bt Loi nhn k sinh v sng t do.
Ph hoi ma mng lm gim nng sut
qua ph hy m l. Cng c th ph hoi
cc vng nui cy m thc vt, lm
nhim bnh nui cy, do khuch tr-ng
vi khun v nm.
mitochondrial DNA (Abbreviation:
mtDNA). A circular DNA found in
mitochondria. In mammals, mtDNA makes
up less than 1% of the total DNA, but in
plants the amount is variable. It encodes
rRNA and tRNA and some mitochondrial
proteins (up to 30 in animals).
DNA ty th (vit tt: mtDNA). DNA mch
vng c trong ty th. Trong ng vt c
v, DNA ty th to ra t d-i 1% tng s
DNA, nh-ng trong thc vt s l-ng thay
i. N m ha rRNA, tRNA v mt s
protein th ht (hn 30 trong ng vt).
mitochondrion (pl.: mitochondria)
Organelle possessing its own DNA which
appear in all eukaryotic cells (and never in
prokaryotic cells) and produce adenosine
triphosphate as an energy source for the
cell via oxidative phosphorylation.
Mitochondria contain many enzymes of the
respiratory cycle, although most of these
proteins are nuclear encoded.
ty th (s nhiu: mitochondria) Bo quan
cha DNA ca chnh n xut hin trong tt
c t bo c nhn (v khng bao gi c
trong t bo khng nhn) v sn xut
adenosin triphotphat (ATP) lm ngun
nng l-ng t bo qua qu trnh photphoryl
ho oxy ho. Ty th mang nhiu enzim ca

185
chu trnh h hp, mc du hu ht protein
ny -c m ha theo khiu nhn.
mitogen A substance that can cause cells
to initiate mitosis.
cht gy phn bo Cht c th gy ra
cho cc t bo bt u phn chia.
mitosis Splitting of replicated
chromosomes, and the division of the
cytoplasm to produce two genetically
identical daughter cells. On the basis of
the appearance of the chromosomes, it
is separated into five stages: interphase,
prophase, metaphase, anaphase and
telophase.
nguyn phn Tch cc nhim sc th
xon li, v phn chia t bo cht sn
xut hai t bo con ng nht di truyn.
Da trn s xut hin nhim sc th, phn
ra nm giai on: K ngh, K u, k gia,
k sau v k cui.
mixed bud A bud containing both
rudimentary leaves and flowers.
mm hn hp Mm cha c l bao v
hoa.
mixoploid Groups of cells with variable (a
mix of euploid, aneuploid, polyploid)
chromosome numbers.
tp bi Nhm t bo c s l-ng nhim
sc th (hn hp ca nguyn bi, lch bi,
a bi) bin i.
mobilization 1. The transfer between
bacteria of a non-conjugative plasmid by
a conjugative plasmid. 2. The transfer
between bacteria of chromosomal genes
by a conjugative plasmid.
vn ng 1. Chuyn giao plasmit khng
tip hp do plasmit tip hp gia cc vi
khun. 2. Chuyn giao cc gen nhim sc
th do mt plasmit tip hp gia cc vi
khun.
mobilizing function The genes on a
plasmid that give it the ability to facilitate
the transfer of either a non-conjugative or
a conjugative plasmid from one bacterium
to another.
chc nng vn ng Gen trn plasmit m
to ra kh nng d dng chuyn giao

mode
plasmit khng tip hp hoc plasmit tip
hp t vi khun ny sang vi khun khc.
mode In a frequency distribution, the class
having the greatest frequency.
gi tr mt thng k Trong phn b chun,
lp c tn s ln nht.
model 1. A mathematical description of a
biological phenomenon. 2. A simplified
biological system used to test hypotheses
(e.g. Arabidopsis thaliana as a model
plant).
m hnh 1. S m t ton hc hin t-ng
sinh vt. 2. H sinh hc -c n gin ha
dng kim tra gi thuyt (v d
Arabidopsis thalian lm cy mu).
modern biotechnology The application
of:
a. In vitro nucleic acid techniques, including
recombinant deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
and direct injection of nucleic acid into cells
or organelles, or
b. Fusion of cells beyond the taxonomic
family, that overcome natural physiological
reproductive or recombination barriers and
that are not techniques used in traditional
breeding and selection (Convention on
Biological Diversity).
cng ngh sinh hc hin i
ng dng ca:
a. K thut axit nucleic trong ng
nghim, bao gm axit deoxiribonucleic
(DNA) ti t hp v chuyn nhim trc tip
axit nucleic vo t bo hoc bo quan,
hoc
b. Dung hp t bo khng cng h
theo phn loi sinh vt hc, khc phc
nhng tr ngi sinh sn sinh l t nhin
hoc ti t hp v khng phi l k thut
-c dng trong nhn ging sinh sn v
chn lc truyn thng (Quy -c v tnh a
dng Sinh vt).
modification Enzymatic attachment of
one or more chemical groups to a
macromolecule, affecting its biological
activity or properties. See: methylation,
glycosylation, phosphorylation.

186
bin i nh km nh enzim mt hoc
nhiu nhm ha hc cho mt i phn t,
lm nh h-ng n hot tnh sinh hc hoc
cc tnh cht ca n. xem: methylation,
glycosylation, phosphorylation
modifying gene A gene that affects the
expression of some other gene.
gen bin i Gen c nh h-ng n biu
th ca mt s gen khc.
MOET vit tt ca multiple ovulation and
embryo transfer.
molecular biology The study of living
processes at the molecular level.
sinh hc phn t Khoa hc nghin cu
qu trnh sng mc phn t.
molecular chaperone cht km phn t
xem: chaperone.
molecular cloning The biological
amplification of a DNA sequence via the
mitotic division of a host cell into which it
has been transformed or transfected. See:
cloning.
nhn dng phn t Khuych i sinh hc
trnh t DNA qua phn chia nguyn phn
t bo ch thnh t bo -c bin i hoc
chuyn nhim. Xem: cloning.
molecular genetics The study of the
expression, regulation and inheritance of
genes at the level of DNA and its
transcription products.
di truyn hc phn t Khoa hc nghin
cu biu th, iu chnh v di truyn gen
mc DNA v sn phm phin m ca n.
molecular marker A genetic marker which
is assayed at the DNA level.
du chun phn t Du chun di truyn
-c th nghim mc DNA .
molecular pharming canh tc phn t
xem: biopharming.
molecule The stable union of two or more
atoms; some organic molecules contain
very large numbers of atoms.
phn t Kt hp n nh ca hai hoc
nhiu nguyn t; mt s phn t hu c
c rt nhiu nguyn t.

monoclonal antibody
monoclonal antibody (Abbreviation:
mAb). An antibody, produced by a
hybridoma, directed against a single
antigenic determinant of an antigen.
khng th dng n (vit tt: mAb). Mt
khng th, -c sn xut do t bo lai,
-c nh h-ng ng-c vi nhn t quyt
nh khng nguyn n ca mt khng
nguyn.
monocot vit tt ca monocotyledon
monocotyledon (Abbreviation: monocot).
A flowering plant whose embryo has one
cotyledon. Examples are cereals (corn,
wheat, rice etc.), banana, and lily.
cy n t dip (vit tt: monocot). Thc
vt ra hoa m phi ca n c mt l mm.
V d l cc loi ng cc (ng, la m, la
go v.v.), chui, v hoa loa kn.
monoculture The agricultural practice of
cultivating a single crop over a whole farm
or area.
c canh Thc tin nng nghip ca vic
canh tc mt loi cy trng n c trn
c nng tri hoc mt vng.
monoecious A plant species that has
separate male and female flowers on the
same plant (e.g. maize).
cy n tnh Loi thc vt c hoa c v
hoa ci ring bit trn cng mt cy (v d
ng).
monogastric animal A non-ruminant
animal with a simple stomach.
ng vt mt d dy ng vt khng
thuc loi nhai li c mt d dy n.
monogenic Trait controlled by a single
gene. Opposite: multigenic, polygenic.
thuc gen n Tnh trng kim sot bi
mt gen n. ng-c vi: multigenic,
polygenic.
monohybrid Heterozygous with respect to
one gene.
lai mt tnh D hp t c lin quan vi
mt gen.
monohybrid cross A cross between
parents differing in only one trait or in which
only one trait is being considered

187
lai cho n tnh Lai cho gia cha m
khc nhau ch trong mt tnh trng hoc
trong ch mt tnh trng -c xem xt.
monokine Generic name for proteins that
are released by monocytes to act on other
cells involved in the immune response. A
sub-class of cytokines.
m n kin Tn di truyn hc ch protein
c lin quan bi t bo n tc ng
n cc t bo khc ko theo phn ng
min dch. Lp ph ca cytokine.
monolayer A single layer of cells growing
on a surface.
lp n Lp n t bo sinh tr-ng trn
b mt.
monolignols The building blocks of lignin
that undergo polymerization.
Cc ngn xy dng lignin -c tri qua
trng hp.
monomer A small molecule (in the
biological sciences typically individual
amino
acids,
nucleotides
or
monosaccharides) that can combine with
identical or similar others to form a larger,
more complex molecule called a polymer.
n phn Phn t nh (theo l thuyt sinh
hc tiu biu l amino acid, nuleotit hoc
monosacarit c th) c th kt hp vi
phn t khc ng nht hoc t-ng t
hnh thnh phn t ln, phc tp hn gi
l plime.
monomorphic Absence of variation for a
marker, gene, chromosome, or
genetically determined trait in a
population.
n dng Thiu s thay i ca mt du
chun, gen, nhim sc th, hoc tnh trng
xc nh di truyn trong mt qun th
monophyletic A group of organisms that
are assumed to have originated from the
same ancestor.
cng ngun gc Nhm sinh vt -c gi
thit c ngun gc t cng mt t tin.
monoploid n bi th Xem: haploid.
monosaccharide A simple sugar (e.g.
glucose, fructose). See: disaccharide,
polysaccharide.

monosaccharide
Cht -ng n (v d glucoza, -ng
qu). Xem: disaccharit, polisacarit.
monosomic A form of aneuploidy in which
a diploid organism lacks one member of
a homologous chromosome pair.
n nhim th Mt dng ca hin t-ng
lch bi trong sinh vt l-ng bi thiu
mt thnh vin ca cp nhim sc th
t-ng ng.
mono-unsaturates Oils containing monounsaturated fatty acids (i.e. where one CH2-CH2- group in the hydrocarbon chain
is replaced by -CH=CH-).
cht bo khng no n Du cha axit
bo khng bo ho n (ngha l nhm
-CH2-CH2- thuc chui hy-r-cac-bon
-c thay th bng -CH=CH-).
monozygotic twin One of a pair of twins
derived from a single fertilized egg.
Synonym: identical twin.
sinh i cng trng Mt trong cp sinh
i bt ngun t mt trng th tinh n.
T ng ngha: identical twin.
morphogen A substance that stimulates
the development of form or structure in an
organism.
morphogen Cht kch thch pht trin hnh
dng hoc cu trc ca sinh vt.
morphogenesis The development,
through growth and differentiation, of form
and structure in an organism.
pht sinh hnh thi S pht trin hnh
dng v cu trc ca sinh vt, qua sinh
tr-ng v bit ho.
morphogenic response The effect on the
developmental history of a plant or its parts
exposed to a given set of growth conditions
or to a change in the environment.
phn ng hnh thi Kt qu lch s pht
trin mt loi cy trng hoc tng phn
bc l mt tp hp cc iu kin sinh
tr-ng nht nh hoc thay i trong mi
tr-ng .
morphology Shape, form, external
structure or arrangement.
hnh thi hc nh dng, mu, cu trc
hoc bin i bn ngoi.

188
mosaic An organism or part of an
organism that is composed of cells with
different origin.
khm Sinh vt hoc phn sinh vt gm c
cc t bo mang ngun gc khc bit.
mother plant cy m xem: donor plant.
motif A conserved sequence of
nucleotides or amino acids that can be
associated with some function of,
respectively, a length of DNA or a protein.
m tp Trnh t bo tn nuleotit hoc amino
acid c th hp nht vi mt s chc nng
theo ln l-t ca mt on di DNA hoc
mt protein.
movable genetic element phn t di
truyn vn ng xem: transposon.
mRNA Abbreviation for messenger RNA.
The RNA molecule resulting from
transcription of a protein-encoding gene,
following any splicing (1). The information
encoded in the mRNA molecule is
translated into a gene product by the
ribosomes.
RNA thng tin vit tt ca messenger
RNA. Phn t RNA bt ngun t phin m
gen m ho protein, tip theo bt k ghp
ni (1). Thng tin m ha trong phn t
mRNA -c dch m sang sn phm gen
do cc ribosom.
MRU vit tt ca minimum recognition
units. xem: dAb.
mtDNA vit tt ca mitochondrial DNA.
multi-copy Describing plasmids which
replicate to produce many copies per host
bacterial cell.
bi sao chp M t cc plasmit m chng
sao li sn xut nhiu bn sao theo t
bo vi khun ch.
multigene family A set of genes (not
necessarily mapping to the same genomic
location) that are related in nucleotide
sequence and/or that produce
polypeptides with similar amino acid
sequences. Sequence similarity does not
always result in functional similarity.
h a gen Mt tp hp gen (khng nht
thit v bn cng v tr h gen) c quan

multigenic
h vi trnh t nucleotit v/hoc sn xut
polyeptit c trnh t amino acid t-ng t.
Ging nhau trnh t khng phi lun dn
n ging nhau chc nng.
multigenic Trait controlled by several
genes, as opposed to monogenic.
Synonym: polygenic.
a gen Tnh trng kim sot do mt vi
gen, ng-c vi thuc gen n. T ng
ngha: polygenic.
multi-locus probe A DNA sequence that
hybridizes to a number of different genomic
sites.
u d a gen Trnh t DNA lai vi
mt s v tr h gen khc bit.
multimer A protein made up of more than
one polypeptide chain.
th a Protein to ra nhiu hn mt chui
polyeptit.
multiple alleles The existence of more
than two alleles at a locus in a population.
a alen Tn ti ca nhiu hn hai alen ti
mt gen trong qun th.
multiple arbitrary amplicon profiling A
collective term for a number of related
polymerase chain reaction techniques,
all of which use arbitrary primers, and
which generate a number of distinct
amplification products. See: random
amplified polymorphic DNA.
bn v khuch i a chuyn Thut ng
tp hp ch s l-ng cc k thut lin quan
phn ng chui enzim trng hp, tt c
u s dng mi chuyn, v pht sinh s
l-ng sn phm khuch i khc nhau.
Xem: random amplified polymorphic DNA.
multiple cloning site v tr a nhn dng
(vit tt: MCS). xem: polylinker.
multiple drop array mng git nh (vit
tt: MDA). xem: microdroplet array.
multiple ovulation and embryo transfer
(Abbreviation: MOET). A technology by
which a single female that usually
produces only one or two offspring can
produce a litter of offspring. Involves
stimulation of a female to shed large

189
numbers of ova; natural mating or artificial
insemination; collection of fertilized ova
(either surgically, or non-surgically through
the cervix); and transfer (usually nonsurgical, through the cervix) of these
fertilized ova to recipient females.
rng trng bi v chuyn ghp phi
(vit tt: MOET). Cng ngh theo mt
th ci n th-ng sn sinh ch mt hoc
hai con c th sinh ra mt s t hn con
ci. Ko theo s kch thch sinh vt ci
rng trng bi; giao phi t nhin hoc th
tinh nhn to; tp hp trng th tinh (gii
phu, hoc khng gii phu qua c t
cung); v chuyn giao (th-ng khng phu
thut, qua c t cung) cc trng th
tinh ny cho th ci nhn.
multiplex 1. The simultaneous
amplification of a number of amplicons
in a single polymerase chain reaction,
achieved by including more than one set
of primers in the reaction mix. 2. The
inheritance pattern of alleles in
autopolyploids. See: quadruplex.
a tp 1. Khuch i ng thi mt s
l-ng n v siu sao chp trong phn ng
chui enzim trng hp n, t -c do
bao gm nhiu hn mt tp hp mi trong
phn ng hn hp. 2. Mu di truyn alen
trong th t a bi. Xem: quadruplex.
multivalent vaccine A vaccine designed
to elicit an immune response either to
more than one infectious agent or to
several different antigenic determinants
of a single agent.
vacxin a ho tr Vc xin -c thit k
khi mo phn ng min dch vi nhiu
tc nhn chuyn nhim hoc cho mt s
yu t quyt nh khng nguyn khc bit
ca tc nhn n.
mutable gene A gene which has an
unusually high rate of mutation.
gen khng bn Gen c mt t l t bin
cao khc th-ng.
mutagen An agent or process capable of
inducing mutations (e.g. irradiation,
alkylating agents).

mutagen

190

tc nhn t bin Tc nhn hoc qu

trnh c kh nng gy ra t bin (v d
bc x, tc nhn ankyl).
mutagenesis Induction of heritable
change(s) in the genetic constitution of a
cell through alterations to its DNA.
pht sinh t bin Cm ng ca mt, hay
nhiu thay i di truyn trong cu trc gen
ca t bo thng qua thay i DNA.
mutant An organism or an allele bearing
a mutation. Usually applied when a
characteristic change in phenotype can
be recognized.
vt t bin Sinh vt hoc alen sinh ra
t bin. Th-ng p dng khi thay i c
tr-ng kiu hnh c th -c nhn bit.

thay i chc nng ca trnh t m ho.

Xem: back mutation, single nucleotide
polymorphism.
mutation pressure A constant mutation
rate that adds mutant genes to a
population; repeated occurrences of
mutations in a population.
t bin p ch T l t bin khng i
m tng thm gen t bin cho qun th;
Bin c -c lp li ca nhng t bin
trong qun th.
mutualism thuyt h sinh xem:
symbiosis.
mycelium (pl.: mycelia) Threadlike
filament making up the vegetative portion
of thallus fungi.

mutation Any change in the genome with

respect to a defined wild type. Can occur
at the level of ploidy, karyotype, or
nucleotide sequence. Most of the latter
mutations are silent (i.e. cannot be
associated with any change in
phenotype), either because the DNA
sequence affected is in the non-coding part
of the genome, or because the specific
change does not alter the function of a
coding sequence. See: back mutation,
single nucleotide polymorphism.

h si (s nhiu: mycelia) Th si nh nhch to ra phn sinh d-ng ca nm tn.

mycoprotein Fungal protein.
protein nm Protein ca nm.
mycorrhiza Fungi that form an association
with, or have a symbiotic relationship with
roots of more developed plants.
nm r Loi nm hnh thnh kt hp vi,
hoc c mi quan h cng sinh vi r ca
cc thc vt pht trin hn.
mycotoxin Toxic substance of fungal
origin, e.g. aflatoxin.
c t nm Cht c nguyn gc nm,
v d aflatoxin.
myeloma A plasma cell cancer.
u ty Mt loi ung th- t bo cht.
myo inositol xem inositol.

t bin Thay i bt k trong h gen c

lin quan ti mt kiu di xc nh. C th
xy ra mc bi th, nhn, hoc trnh t
nucleotit. Hu ht t bin chm l ln
(ngha l khng c lin quan vi bt k thay
i trong kiu hnh), hoc do trnh t DNA
b nhim l trong phn h gen khng m
ho, hoc do thay i c bit khng lm

191

Nn
naked bud A bud not protected by bud
scales.
mm trn Mm khng -c bo v bi l
mm.
narrow-host-range plasmid A plasmid
that can replicate in one, or at most a few,
different bacterial species.
plasmit gii hn ch hp Plasmit c kh
nng sao chp vo mt, hoc s ti thiu,
loi vi khun khc bit.
narrow-sense heritability The proportion
of the phenotypic variance that is due to
variation in breeding values; the
proportion of the phenotypic variance that
is due to additive genetic variance.
di truyn cm nhn hp T l sai khc
kiu hnh cc gi tr nhn ging sinh sn
do bin d; t l sai khc kiu hnh do
ph-ng sai di truyn cng tnh.
native protein The naturally occurring
form of a protein.
protein bn a Dng xut hin t nhin
ca protein.
natural selection The differential survival
and reproduction of organisms because
of differences in characteristics that affect
their ability to utilize environmental
resources.
chn lc t nhin Tn ti v sinh sn khc
nhau ca sinh vt do nhng khc bit v
c tr-ng tc ng n nng lc s dng
ngun ti nguyn mi tr-ng ca chng.
necrosis Death of tissue evidenced by
discolouration, dehydration and loss of
organization.
hoi t Cht m nhn thy r do mt mu,
kh n-c v tiu gim t chc.
negative autogenous regulation
Inhibition of the expression of a gene or

set of co-ordinately regulated genes by the

product of the gene or the product of one
of the genes. Synonym: negative selfregulation.
iu chnh t ng m tnh Km hm biu
th gen hoc tp hp gen iu ho cng
phi hp do sn phm ca gen hoc sn
phm ca mt lot gen. T ng ngha:
negative self-regulation.
negative control system A mechanism by
which a regulatory protein is required to
turn off gene expression.
h iu khin m tnh C ch protein
iu ha cn thit lm tt biu th gen.
negative selection Selection against
individuals possessing a certain character.
Opposite: positive selection.
chn lc m tnh Chn lc ng-c li vi
cc c th s hu mt c tnh nht nh.
Ng-c vi: positive selection.
negative self-regulation t iu chnh
m tnh xem: negative autogenous
regulation.
nematode Slender, unsegmented worms,
often parasitic. Also known as eelworm,
especially when phytoparasitic.
ngnh giun trn Giun thn mnh, khng
x-ng sng, th-ng sng k sinh. Cn
-c bit n nh- giun trn, c bit khi
k sinh thc vt.
neo-formation hnh thnh mi xem:
organogenesis.
neomycin phosphotransferase II
(Abbreviation: npt-II). An enzyme which
detoxifies the antibiotic neomycin, used
as a marker gene to select for successfully
transformed cells in plant transgenesis.
See: neor.
(vit tt npt- II). Mt enzim gii c
neomixin khng sinh, -c dng lm gen
nh du la chn cc t bo -c bin
i gen thnh cng trong chuyn gen thc
vt. Xem: neor.
neoplasm Localized cell multiplication,
forming a tumour. Generally the result of
genetic transformation. Neoplasmic cells
differ in structure and function from the
original cell type.

neor
u tn sinh Nhn bi t bo ti mt v tr,
hnh thnh mt khi u.Th-ng do bin np
gen. T bo u tn sinh khc vi kiu t
bo gc v cu trc v chc nng .
neo r Neomycin-resistance gene. See:
antibiotic resistance marker gene,
neomycin phosphotransferase II,
selectable marker.
gen neor Gen chng chi neomixin. xem:
antibiotic resistance marker gene,
neomycin phosphotransferase II,
selectable marker.
neoteny The retention of juvenile body
characters in the adult state, or the
occurrence of adult characters in the
juvenile state.
hin t-ng l Duy tr c tr-ng c th non
trong trng thi tr-ng thnh, hoc xut
hin c tr-ng tr-ng thnh trong giai on
non.
net photosynthesis Photosynthetic
activity minus respiratory activity,
measured by the net absorption of carbon
dioxide.
quang hp thun Hot ng quang hp
tr i hot ng h hp, -c o bng s
hp thu thc t kh cc b nch.
neutral mutation A mutation that changes
the nucleotide sequence of a gene, but
has no observable effect on the fitness of
the organism.
t bin trung tnh t bin lm thay i
trnh t nucleotit ca gen, nh-ng khng nh
h-ng ng k n s thch hp ca sinh
vt.
neutral theory The theory that much of
evolution has been primarily due to
random drift of neutral mutations.
l thuyt trung tnh L thuyt v nhiu
s tin ha c ngun gc do xu th ngu
nhin ca t bin trung tnh.
neutrophil A type of leukocyte involved
in the early inflammatory response.
bch cu trung tnh (bch cu a hnh)
Kiu t bo bch cu lin quan n phn
ng khi mo sm.

192
NFT vit tt ca nutrient film technique.
nick To break (or a break in) a
phosphodiester bond in one of the
strands of a double-stranded DNA
molecule.
ch h Lm gy (hoc gy trong) lin kt
phosphodieste trong mt si ca phn t
DNA si kp.
nick translation A procedure for labelling
DNA by treating a fragment with DNAse
to produce single-stranded nicks followed
by excision of a nucleotide and repair of
the gaps with radiolabelled nucleotide.
bn dch h Mt ph-ng php DNA
nh du do x l mt on vi DNAse
to ra l thng si n tip theo do ct
nuleotit v sa cha ch trng vi nuleotit
nh du ng v phng x.
nicked circle During the extraction of
plasmid DNA from a bacterial cell, one
strand of the DNA often becomes nicked.
This relaxes the torsional strain which
normally ensures a supercoiled structure.
Synonym: relaxed circle.
vng trn h Trong khi chit xut DNA
plasmit t t bo vi khun, si DNA th-ng
b h. iu ny d to ra khuynh h-ng
xon li m bo bnh th-ng mt cu
trc siu xon. T ng ngha: relaxed
circle.
nif gene cluster Group of bacterial genes
responsible for the biological fixation of
atmospheric nitrogen.
b gen c nh m Nhm gen vi khun
c trch nhim c nh sinh hc nit
kh quyn.
nitrate The form of nitrogen that can be
used directly by plants; a major component
of inorganic fertilizers.
nitrt Dng nit c kh nng -c thc
vt trc tip s dng; thnh phn chnh ca
phn bn v c.
nitrification The natural process in which
nitrogen in plant and animal wastes is
oxidized, first to nitrites and then to nitrates,
through the action of soil-borne microbes.

nitrocellulose
nitrt ha Qu trnh t nhin nit trong
cht thi thc vt v ng vt -c xy
ha, tr-c ht thnh nitrt v sau thnh
nitrt, qua hot ng vi khun c trong t.
nitrocellulose A derivative of cellulose,
which has the property of binding to many
biological macromolecules, in particular
DNA, RNA and protein. Filters made from
nitrocellulose are commonly used in
Southern and northern blotting
experiments. Synonym: cellulose nitrate.
nitrocellulose Dn xut ca xen-lu-l, c
thuc tnh kt ni vi nhiu i phn t sinh
hc, trong DNA, RNA v protein ring bit.
B lc -c to ra t nitroxeluloza -c
dng ph bin trong th nghim du vt
Nam v Bc.T ng ngha: cellulose
nitrate
nitrogen assimilation The incorporation
of nitrogen into the cells of living
organisms.
ng ha nit Hp nht nit trong t bo
sinh vt sng.
nitrogen fixation The conversion of
atmospheric nitrogen gas to oxidized forms
that can be assimilated by plants,
particularly by blue-green algae and some
genera of bacteria (e.g. Rhizobium spp.;
Azotobacter spp.). An important source of
nitrogen in unfertilized soils. See: nif gene
cluster.
c nh m Bin i nit kh quyn thnh
dng kh c th -c ng ha bi thc
vt, c bit bi ngnh to xanh-xanh lc
v mt s a gen ca vi khun (v d
Rhizobium spp.; Azotobacter spp). Ngun
ti nguyn quan trng nit trong cc loi
t km mu m. xem: nif gene cluster.
nitrogenous base The purines (adenine
and guanine) and pyrimidines (cytosine,
and thymine or uracil) that are present in
DNA and RNA.
baz gc nit Purin (adenin v guanin)
v pyrimiin (xytosin, v thimin hoc uracil)
c mt trong DNA v RNA.
NO t chc nhn vit tt ca nucleolar
organizer.

193
nod box A DNA sequence that controls
the transcriptional regulation of Rhizobium
nodulation genes.
hp nt sn Trnh t DNA kim tra iu
chnh phin m ca gen to nt sn vi
khun c nh m.
nodal culture The culture of a lateral bud
and a section of adjacent stem tissue.
nui cy nt Nui cy mm bn v khu
vc m trung tr lin k.
node Slightly swollen structure on the
stem, where leaves and buds arise and
where branches originate. Stems have
nodes but roots do not.
nt Cu trc phnh to lng lo trn thn
cy, ni cc l v mm xut hin v ny
nhnh. Thn cy c cc nt nh-ng cn cc
r th khng c.
nodular Term commonly used to describe
the pebbly (rough) texture of a callus.
nt Thut ng -c dng ph bin m
t kt cu g gh ca m so.
nodulation The formation of nodules on
the roots of legumes following colonization
by symbiotic nitrogen-fixing bacteria.
ho nt sn Hnh thnh nt sn trn cc
r cy h u tip theo khun lc ho do
vi khun c nh m cng sinh.
nodule Swollen globular structures formed
on the roots of legumes, containing the
nitrogen-fixing bacteria.
nt sn Cu trc hnh cu cng phng
hnh thnh trn r cy h u, cha vi
khun c nh m.
non repetitive DNA/RNA A nucleotide
sequence which does not include a
significant proportion of repetitive
sequences of nucleotides.
DNA/RNA khng lp Chui nucleotit
khng bao gm mt t l ng k trnh t
lp ca cc nuleotit.
non-additive genetic variation The
proportion of the total genetic variation in
a population that does not respond to
simple mass selection and that causes

non-autonomous
specific pairwise crosses to depart from
performance values predicted by the
breeding values of the parents.
bin d gen khng cng tnh T l tng
s bin d gen trong qun th khng phn
ng vi chn lc khi n v gy ra bt
cho cp i ghi r i trch gi tr thc
hin -c d on bi gi tr bi dc ca
cha m.
non-autonomous A term referring to
biological units that cannot function by
themselves; such units require the
assistance of another unit, or helper.
Opposite: autonomous.
ni khuyt d-ng Thut ng cp ti
n v sinh vt khng t hot ng; nhng
n v nh- vy yu cu s gip ca
n v khc, hoc vt gip . Ng-c
vi: autonomous.
non-coding strand si khng m ho
xem: antisense DNA.
non-disjunction Failure of separation of
homologous
chromosomes
or
chromatids in mitosis or meiosis,
resulting in too many chromosomes in
some daughter cells and too few in others.
khng tch ri Ngng phn tch nhim
sc th t-ng ng hoc cht nhim sc
trong nguyn phn hoc gim phn, dn
n qu nhiu nhim sc th trong mt s
t bo con v qu t trong cc t bo khc.
non-histone chromosomal protein In
chromosomes, all of the proteins except
the histones.
protein nhim sc th khng histon
Trong nhim sc th, ton b protein tr
cc histon.
nonsense mutation A mutation which
converts an amino-acid-specifying codon
into a stop codon, e.g. a single base
change from UAU to UAG generates the
premature termination of the polypeptide
chain at the position where a tyrosine was
incorporated in the wild type.
t bin v ngha, nhm ngha t bin
chuyn b ba ghi r amino acid thnh b
ba kt thc, v d thay i ba z n t
UAU thnh UAG pht sinh im cui khng

194
hp ca chui polyeptit ti v tr ni tirosin
-c hp nht trong kiu di.
non-target organism An organism which
is affected by a treatment (e.g. pesticide
application) for which it was not the
intended recipient.
sinh vt khng ch Sinh vt b nh
h-ng do x l (v d s dng thuc tr
su) v n khng phi th nhn -c d
kin.
non-template strand The non-transcribed
strand of DNA. Synonyms: sense strand,
coding strand.
si khng khung mu Si khng -c
phin m ca DNA. Nhng t ng ngha:
sense strand, coding strand.
non-virulent agent tc nhn khng c
xem: attenuated vaccine.
NOR vit tt ca nucleolar organizer
region.
northern blot A technique analogous to
Southern blotting, but involving the transfer
of RNA from an agarose gel to a
membrane, prior to probing.
du vt Bc Mt k thut t-ng t vi gy
du vt Nam, nh-ng cn chuyn RNA t
gel agarose cho mng, tr-c thm d.
npt-II enzim gii c neomycin II vit tt
ca neomycin phosphotransferase II.
nucellar embryo An embryo which has
developed vegetatively from somatic tissue
surrounding the embryo sac, rather than
by fertilization of the egg cell.
phi nhn Phi -c pht trin sinh d-ng
t m xma xung quanh ti phi, thay v
do th tinh ca t bo trng.
nucellus Tissue forming the major part of
the young ovule in which the embryo sac
develops;
Also
known
as
megasporangium.
phi tm M hnh thnh b phn chnh
ca non non trong c ti phi pht
trin; Cn -c bit nh- ti bo t ci.
nuclear transfer A technology by which
novel animals are generated by cloning
a single diploid somatic cell. It involves
inserting a single diploid cell from a culture

nuclease
of cells into an enucleated ovum. The
resultant diploid ovum develops into an
embryo that is placed in a recipient female,
which gives birth to the cloned animal in
the normal manner. Note that the term is
somewhat of a misnomer, since it is a
whole cell that is transferred, not just the
nucleus.
chuyn nhn Cng ngh theo ng
vt mi l -c pht sinh do nhn dng t
bo xma l-ng bi n. N ko theo vic
chn t bo l-ng bi n t nui cy t
bo vo non -c khot nhn. Non
l-ng bi kt qu pht trin thnh phi
-c -a vo cho th ci, sinh n cho
ng vt nhn dng theo cch php bnh
th-ng. Ch rng thut ng ny ch-a
tht chnh xc, v l hu nh- c t bo u
-c chuyn, khng ch ring nhn.
nuclease A class of largely bacterial
enzymes that degrade DNA or RNA
molecules by catalysing the cleavage of
the phosphodiester bonds that link
adjacent
nucleotides.
For
deoxyribonuclease (DNAse) the
substrate is DNA, for ribonuclease
(RNAse) the substrate is RNA, and for S1
nuclease, the substrate is singlestranded DNA or RNA. Endonucleases
cleave at internal sites in the substrate
molecule,
while
exonucleases
progressively cleave from the end of the
substrate molecule. Nucleases have
varying degrees of base-sequence
specificity, the most specific being the
restriction endonucleases.

nucleaza Mt lp ln enzim vi khun

phn hu phn t DNA hoc RNA do xc
tc nhnh lin kt phosphodieste kt
ni cc nuleotit lin k. Vi
deoxyribonucleaza (DNAse) c cht l
DNA, vi ribonucleaza (RNAse) c cht
l RNA, v vi nucleaza S1, c cht l
DNA hoc RNA si n. Endonucleaza
phn r ti v tr bn trong phn t c
cht, trong khi cc exonuclease phn r
ln l-t t mt phn t c cht. Nucleaza
c thay i mc ca trnh t ba z
c tr-ng, c bit nht l endonucleaza
gii hn.

195
nucleic acid A macromolecule consisting
of polymerized nucleotides. Two forms
are found, DNA and RNA. Nucleic acids
may be linear or circularized, and singleor double-stranded. See: helix.
nucleic acid Mt i phn t gm cc
nuleotit trng hp. Hai dng -c to thnh
l DNA v RNA. Cc axit nucleic c th l
thng hoc vng, v kt si n hoc kp
i. Xem: helix.
nucleic acid probe u d axit nucleic
xem: DNA probe.
nuclein The term used by Friedrich
Miescher to describe the nuclear material
he discovered in 1869, which today is
known as DNA.
cht nhn Thut ng -c Friedrich
Miescher dng m t vt cht nhn do
ng pht hin vo nm 1869, m ngy nay
-c bit l DNA.
nucleo-cytoplasmic ratio In a cell, the
ratio of nuclear to cytoplasmic volume. This
ratio is high in meristematic cells and low
in differentiated cells.
t l nhn- t bo Trong t bo, t l ca
ht nhn so vi th tch t bo. T l ny
cao trong t bo phn sinh v thp trong
t bo bit ho.
nucleolar organizer (vit tt: NO). Xem:
nucleolar organizer region.
nucleolar
organizer
region
(Abbreviation: NOR). A chromosomal
segment containing a large array of genes
that encode ribosomal RNA; located at the
secondary constriction of specific
chromosomes.
vng t chc nhn (vit tt: NOR). on
nhim sc th c cha mng ln gen m
ha RNA ribosom; -c nh v ti im
tht th cp ca cc nhim sc th ring
bit.
nucleolus An RNA-rich nuclear organelle
in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells,
produced by a nucleolar organizer. It
represents the storage place for
ribosomes and ribosome precursors. The
nucleolus consists primarily of ribosomal
precursor RNA, ribosomal RNA, their

nucleoplasm
associated proteins, and some, perhaps
all, of the enzymatic equipment (RNA
polymerase, RNA methylase, RNA
cleavage enzymes) required for synthesis,
conversion and assembly of ribosomes.
Subsequently the ribosomes are
transported to the cytoplasm.
nhn C quan t nhn giu RNA trong
nhn t bo c nhn, to ra do mt t chc
nhn. N i din ni ct tr ribosom v
tin ribosom. Nhn bao gm ch yu RNA
tin ribosom, RNA ribosom, protein kt hp
ca chng, v mt s, c th tt c, thit
b enzim (RNA polymeraza, RNA metylaza,
enzim phn ct RNA) cn thit tng
hp, chuyn i v tp hp ribosom. Sau
cng ribosom -c chuyn cho t bo
cht.
nucleoplasm The non-staining or slightly
chromophilic, liquid or semi-liquid, ground
substance of the interphase nucleus and
which fills the nuclear space around the
chromosomes and the nucleoli. Little is
known of the chemical composition of this
ground substance, which is not easily
defined. Sometimes called karyoplasm
when it is gel-like, and karyolymph when
it is a colloidal fluid.
sinh cht nhn Cht nn khng bt mu
hoc bt mu yu, lng hoc na lng ca
nhn k ngh v n lm y khong trng
nhn xung quanh cc nhim sc th v
ht nhn. t -c bit v cu to ha hc
ca cht nn ny, n khng d dng xc
nh. i khi -c gi l cht t-ng khi
n ging vi cht gel, v dch nhn khi
n l cht lng nht.
nucleoprotein Conjugated protein
composed of nucleic acid and protein;
the material of which the chromosomes are
made.
Protein tip hp gm c axit nucleic v
protein; vt cht to ra nhim sc th.
nucleoside A base (purine or
pyrimidine) that is covalently linked to a
5-carbon (pentose) sugar. When the sugar
is ribose, the nucleoside is a
ribonucleoside; when it is 2-deoxyribose,
the nucleoside is a deoxyribonucleoside.

196
See: nucleotide.
nucleoside Ba z (purin hoc pyrimiin)
lin kt ng ha tr vi -ng 5-cc bon
(pentoza). Khi -ng ny l riboza,
nulceosit l ribonucleosit; khi -ng l 2deoxyriboza,
nulceosit
l
deoxyribonucleosit. xem: nucleotide.
nucleoside analogue A synthetic
molecule that resembles a naturally
occurring nucleoside.
t-ng t nucleosit Phn t tng hp
ging vi nulceosit xy ra t nhin.
nucleosome Spherical sub-units of
eukaryotic chromatin that are composed
of a core particle consisting of an octamer
of histones (two molecules each of
histones H2a, H2b, H3 and H4) and 146 bp of
DNA.
th nhn n v mc d-i cht nhim sc
nhn chun hnh cu to thnh ht li
mang tm histon (hai phn t ca mi mt
histon H2a, H2b, H3 v H4) v 146 bp ca
DNA.
nucleotide A nucleoside with one or more
phosphate groups linked at the 3'- or 5'hydroxyl of a pentose sugar. When the
sugar is ribose, the nucleotide is a
ribonucleotide; when it is 2-deoxyribose,
the nucleotide is a deoxyribonucleotide.
RNA and DNA are polymers of,
respectively, ribonucleoside 5'monophosphates
and
deoxyribonucleoside 5'-monophosphates.
Nucleotides containing the bases
adenine, guanine and cytosine (A, G, C)
occur in both DNA and RNA; thymine (T)
occurs only in DNA, and uracil (U) only in
RNA. Ribonucleoside mono-, di-, and
triphosphates for which a specific base is
not assigned are abbreviated NMP, NDP,
and NTP, while deoxyribonucleoside
mono-, di-, and tri-phosphates are
abbreviated dNMP, dNDP, and dNTP.
Otherwise, the N is replaced by the base
letter abbreviation. See: base pair.
nucltt Nucleosit c mt hoc nhiu
nhm pht pht lin kt ti 3'- hoc 5'hidroxyl ca -ng pentoza. Khi -ng ny
l riboza, nuleotit l ribonucleotit; khi -ng

nucleotide sequence
ny l 2 deoxiriboza, nuleotit l
deoxyribonucleotit. RNA v DNA l cc
plime tun t ca, cc ribonucleosit 5'monophosphat v deoxyribonucleosit 5'monophosphat. Nucleotit cha ba z
adenin, guanin v xytosin (A, G, C) xut
hin trong c DNA ln RNA; thimin (T) ch
xut hin trong DNA, v uracil (U) ch trong
RNA. Cc Ribonucleoside mono-, di-, v
triphosphat th hin ba z c bit
khng -c phn chia vit tt l NMP, NDP,
v NTP, trong khi cc deoxyribonucleosit
mono-, di-, and tri-phosphates khng -c
phn chia vit tt l dNMP, dNDP, v dNTP.
Cch khc, N y -c thay th bng
ch vit tt mt ba z. Xem: base pair.
nucleotide sequence trnh t nucleotit
xem: sequence.
nucleus A dense protoplasmic membranebound region of a eukaryotic cell that
contains the chromosomes, separated
from the cytoplasm by a membrane;
present in all eukaryotic cells except
mature sieve-tube elements and red blood
cells.
nhn Vng gii hn mng cht nguyn
sinh bao ln ca t bo c nhn mang
nhim sc th, -c phn tch vi cht t
bo bng mt mng; c mt trong tt c
cc t bo c nhn tr phn t mch ry
v t bo hng cu tr-ng thnh .
null allele An allele which produces no
functional gene product.
alen v hiu Alen to ra sn phm gen
khng hot ng.
null mutation t bin v hiu xem:
amorph.
nullisomic (tnh t) xem: nullisomy.
nullisomy An otherwise diploid cell or
organism lacking both members of a
homologous chromosome pair.
v th T bo hoc sinh vt l-ng bi
thuc cch khc thiu c hai thnh vin
ca mt cp nhim sc th t-ng ng.
nurse culture Culturing cells from a
suspension culture on a raft of filter paper
above a callus tissue piece (nurse tissue).

197
The filter paper serves to prevent tissue
union but allows the flow of essential
substances from the nurse to the isolated
cells.
nui cy iu d-ng Nui cy t bo t
nui cy huyn ph ln trn b giy lc
pha trn mnh m so (m nui d-ng).
Giy lc gip ngn nga kt hp m nh-ng
cho php dng chy cc cht thit yu t
t bo nui d-ng n t bo phn lp.
nutriceutical A conventional food product
that has been modified (potentially by
genetic engineering) to have improved
nutritional characteristics and/or
pharmaceutical properties.
dinh d-ng -u sinh Sn phm thc n
truyn thng -c bin i (tim nng do
k thut gen) nng cao c tnh dinh
d-ng v/hoc c tnh d-c hc.
nutrient cycle The passage of a nutrient
or element through an ecosystem,
including its assimilation and release by
various organisms and its transformation
into various organic or inorganic chemical
forms.
chu trnh cht dinh d-ng Con -ng
vn ng ca cht dinh d-ng hoc
nguyn t ho hc thng qua h sinh thi,
bao gm s hp thu v gii phng do cc
sinh vt khc nhau v bin i thnh nhiu
dng ha hc hu c hoc v c.
nutrient deficiency Absence or
insufficiency of an essential factor for
normal growth and development.
thiu cht dinh d-ng Thiu hoc khng
hi nhn t thit yu sinh tr-ng v
pht trin bnh th-ng.
nutrient film technique (Abbreviation:
NFT). A hydroponic technique used to grow
plants. NFT delivers a thin film of water or
nutrient solution either continuously or
through on-off cycles.
k thut mng dinh d-ng (vit tt: NFT).
K thut thu canh -c dng cho thc
vt nui trng. NFT chuyn giao mt mng
mng ca n-c hoc dung dch cht dinh
d-ng lin tc hoc qua chu trnh tt m.

nutrient deficiency
nutrient gradient A diffusion gradient of
nutrients and gases that develops in
tissues where only a portion of the tissue
is in contact with the medium. Gradients
are less likely to form in liquid media than
in callus cultures.
mc dinh d-ng Mc khuch tn
cc cht dinh d-ng v kh pht trin
trong m ni ch mt phn ca m tip xc
vi mi tr-ng. Cc mc u km thch

198
hp to hnh trong mi tr-ng lng so
vi trong cc nui cy m so.
nutrient medium (pl.: nutrient media) A
solid, semi-solid or liquid formulation for
in vitro cell or tissue growth.
mi tr-ng dinh d-ng (s nhiu:
nutrient media) mt s cng thc ho cht
rn, na rn hoc lng cho sinh tr-ng t
bo hoc m trong ng nghim.

199

Oo
ochre stop codon b ba kt thc mu
hong n xem: stop codon.
octoploid. An organism, or a tissue whose
cells contain eight haploid sets of
chromosomes.
tm bi Mt sinh vt, hoc m m cc t
bo ca chng mang tm b nhim sc
th n bi.
oestrogen The generic term for a group
of female sex hormones which control the
development of sexual characteristics and
control oestrus. AlteRNAtive spelling:
estrogen.
hc mn gy ng dc Thut ng chung
ch mt nhm hc mn gii tnh iu
khin s pht trin c tr-ng gii tnh v
iu khin tnh dc. Cch gi khc:
estrogen.
oestrous ng dc (tnh t) xem:
oestrus.
oestrous cycle The cycle of reproductive
activity shown by most sexually mature
non-pregnant
female
mammals.
Alternative spelling: estrous.
chu k ng dc Chu trnh hot ng sinh
sn -c ch ra bi hu ht ng vt ci
khng c thai tr-ng thnh bn nng tnh
dc. Cch gi khc: estrous.
oestrus In female mammals, the period
of sexual excitement and acceptance of
the male. Synonyms: rut, heat.
AlteRNAtive spelling: estrus (adj.: estrous).
thi k ng dc Trong ng vt ci, thi
k kch ng v chp nhn tnh dc ca
ging c. Cc t ng ngha: rut, heat.
Cch gi khc: estrus (tnh t: estrous).
offset Young plant produced at the base
of a mature plant.

mm cy Cy non -c sinh ra trn gc

cy tr-ng thnh.
offshoot Short, usually horizontal, stem
produced near the crown of a plant.
nhnh cy Mt thn ngn, th-ng nm
ngang, ny ra gn c lng cy.
offspring New individuals resulting from
sexual or asexual reproduction. Synonym:
progeny.
con ci C th mi bt ngun t sinh sn
hu tnh hoc v tnh. T ng ngha:
progeny.
Okazaki fragment Replicated DNA
fragments formed on the lagging strand
in DNA synthesis from a double-stranded
template. The fragments are subsequently
joined together by DNA ligase. See:
primosome.
on okazaki on DNA xon li hnh
thnh trn si chm trong tng hp DNA
t khung mu si kp. Cc on ny -c
ni tip vi nhau do DNA ligase. xem:
primosome.
OLA vit tt ca oligonucleotide ligation
assay.
oligomer A molecule formed by the
covalent joining of a small (undefined)
number of monomers. See: polymer.
cht ngho Phn t hnh thnh do kt ni
ng ha tr mt s nh (khng n nh)
cc n phn. xem: polymer.
oligonucleotide A nucleotide oligomer.
Often synthesized for use as primers for
in vitro DNA synthesis. See: polymerase
chain reaction.
nucltt ngho Cht ngho nuleotit.
Th-ng -c tng hp dng lm on
mi tng hp DNA trong ng nghim. Xem:
polymerase chain reaction.
oligonucleotide ligation assay
(Abbreviation: OLA). A diagnostic
technique for determining the presence or
absence of a single nucleotide
polymorphism within a target DNA
sequence, often indicating whether the
gene is wild type (normal) or mutant
(usually defective).

oligonucleotide-directed mutagenesis
th nghim buc oligonucleotit (vit tt:
OLA). K thut chn on xc nh c
mt hoc thiu vng tnh a hnh nuleotit
n ca trnh t DNA ch, th-ng ch ra
mt gen c phi hay khng phi l kiu
di (bnh th-ng) hoc t bin (th-ng
sai st).
oligonucleotide-directed mutagenesis
xem: site-specific mutagenesis.
oligonucleotide-directed site-specific
mutagenesis xem: site-specific
mutagenesis.
oligosaccharide Carbohydrate consisting
of several linked monosaccharide units.
-ng ngho Hydrat cacbon gm mt s
n v monosacarit -c lin kt.
oncogene A gene that causes cells to
grow in an uncontrolled (i.e. tumourous)
manner. Oncogenes are mutant forms of
normal functional genes (called protooncogenes) that have a role in regulating
cell proliferation. See: cellular oncogene;
dominant oncogene; immortalizing
oncogene; recessive oncogene, p53
gene.
gen gy ung th- Gen gy ra t bo sinh
tr-ng trong mt loi hnh khng kim sot
-c (ngha l khi u). Gen ung th- l dng
t bin ca gen chc nng bnh th-ng
(-c gi l tin gen gy ung th-) c vai
tr iu chnh tng nhanh t bo. Xem:
cellular oncogene; dominant oncogene;
immortalizing oncogene; recessive
oncogene,
p53
gene.
oncogenesis The progression of
cytological, genetic and cellular changes
that culminate in the development of a
tumour.
snh khi u S pht trin thay i t bo
hc, di truyn hc v thuc t bo t
n cc im trong pht trin khi u.
onco-mouse A mouse that has been
genetically modified to incorporate an
oncogene, which acts as an animal model
for studies of human cancer.
chut khi u Chut -c bin i di truyn
hp nht mt gen ung th-, dng lm m
hnh ng vt nghin cu ung th- ng-i.

200
ontogeny Developmental life history of an
organism.
pht sinh c th Lch s i sng pht
trin ca mt sinh vt.
oocyte The egg mother cell; it undergoes
two meiotic divisions (oogenesis) to form
the egg cell. The primary oocyte refers to
the state before completion of the first
meiotic division; the secondary oocyte
after completion of the first meiotic division.
non so T bo m trng; tri qua hai
qu trnh phn chia gim phn (sinh non)
hnh thnh t bo trng. Non bo s
cp lin quan ti trng thi tr-c hon
thnh phn chia gim phn ln u; non
bo th cp sau hon thnh phn chia
gim phn ln u.
oogenesis The formation and growth of
the egg in an animal ovary.
sinh non Hnh thnh v sinh tr-ng ca
trng trong bung trng ng vt.
oogonium 1. A germ cell of the female
animal, that gives rise to oocytes by mitotic
division. 2. The female sex organ of algae
and fungi.
nguyn bo non 1. T bo mm ca
ng vt ci, sinh ra non so do phn
chia nguyn phn. 2. C quan sinh dc
ci ca ngnh to v nm.
oosphere The non-motile female gamete
in plants and some algae.
non cu Giao t ci khng vn ng
trong thc vt v mt s loi to.
oospore A spore developing from a
zygote of certain algae and fungi, following
the fusion of heterogametes.
bo t non Bo t pht trin t hp t
ca loi to nht nh v nm, sau dung
hp cc d giao t.
opal stop codon xem: stop codon.
open continuous culture A continuous
culture system, in which inflow of fresh
medium is balanced by outflow of a
corresponding volume of spent medium
plus cells. In the steady state, the rate of
cell wash-out equals the rate of formation
of new cells in the system. See:

open pollination
continuous culture; batch culture;
closed continuous culture.
nui cy lin tc m H thng nui cy
lin tc, trong dng chy vo ca mi
tr-ng mi -c cn bng bi dng chy
ra ca th tch t-ng ng mi tr-ng -c
tiu th cng vi cc t bo. Trong trng
thi cn bng ng, t l t bo lm sch
cn bng vi t l hnh thnh cc t bo
mi trong h thng. xem: continuous
culture; batch culture; closed continuous
culture.
open pollination Pollination by wind,
insects or other natural mechanisms.
th phn m Th phn do gi, cn trng
hoc nhng c ch t nhin khc.
open reading frame (Abbreviation: ORF).
A sequence of nucleotides in a DNA
molecule that has the potential to encode
a peptide or protein: comprisesa start
triplet (ATG), followed by a series of
triplets (each of which encodes an amino
acid), and ending with a stop codon (TAA,
TAG or TGA). The term is generally applied
to sequences of DNA fragments, for which
no function has yet been determined. The
number of ORFs provides an estimate of
the number of genes transcribed from the
DNA sequence.
khung c m (vit tt: ORF). Trnh t
nuleotit trong phn t DNA c tim nng
m ha peptit hoc protein: bao gm b
m khi ng (ATG), tip theo l nhm cc
b ba (Mi b ba m ha mt amino acid),
v cui cng l b m kt thc (TAA, TAG
hoc TGA). Thut ng ny th-ng dng
ch trnh t cc on DNA, khng c chc
nng no -c xc nh cho n. S l-ng
cc ORF cung cp mt -c l-ng s l-ng
gen sao chp t chui DNA.
operational definition An operation or
procedure that can be carried out to define
or delimit something.
nh ngha iu ho Thao tc hoc cch
thc m c th nu ra xc nh hoc
gii hn iu g .
operator The region of DNA that is
upstream from a gene or genes and to

201
which one or more regulatory proteins
(repressor or activator) bind to control the
expression of the gene(s).
im ch huy, iu ho Vng DNA m
ng-c dng t mt hoc nhiu gen v c
mt hoc nhiu protein iu ha (cht km
hm hoc cht hot ha) lin kt iu
khin biu th mt hoc nhiu gen.
operon A functionally integrated genetic
unit for the control of gene expression in
bacteria. It consists of one or more genes
that encode one or more polypeptide(s)
and the adjacent site (promoter and
operator) that controls their expression by
regulating the transcription of the
structural genes.
n v iu ho n v di truyn tch hp
chc nng iu khin biu th gen ca
vi khun. Bao gm mt hoc nhiu gen
m ha cho mt hoc nhiu polypeptid v
v tr lin k (khi u v iu ho) iu
khin biu th chng do iu chnh phin
m ca gen cu trc.
opine The condensation product of an
amino acid with either a keto-acid or a
sugar, produced by the plant host as a
result of Agrobacterium infection, and
used exclusively by the Agrobacterium as
a carbon source for growth and
reproduction within the plant.
Sn phm ng-ng t ca amino acid vi
keto- a-xt hoc -ng, -c to ra do thc
vt ch l kt qu ca chuyn nhim
Agrobacterium, v -c dng ring
Agrobacterium lm ngun cc bon cho cy
sinh tr-ng v sinh sn.
OPU vit tt ca ovum pickup.
ORF vit tt ca open reading frame.
organ A tissue or group of tissues that
constitute a morphologically and
functionally distinct part of an organism.
c quan M hoc nhm m cu thnh mt
phn phn bit theo hnh thi hc v chc
nng ca mt sinh vt.
organ culture The aseptic culture of
complete living organs of animals and
plants outside the body in a suitable
culture medium. Animal organs must be

organellar gene
small enough to allow the nutrients in the
culture medium to penetrate all the cells.
nui cy c quan Nui cy v trng cc
c quan sng hon chnh ca ng vt v
thc vt bn ngoi c th trong mi
tr-ng nui cy thch hp. C quan ng
vt cn nh cho php cht dinh
d-ng trong mi tr-ng cy thm nhp tt
c cc t bo.
organellar gene Genes located on
organelles outside the nucleus.
gen bo quan Gen nh v trn cc bo
quan pha ngoi nhn.
organelle A membrane-bounded
specialized region within a cell, such as
the mitochondrion or dictyosome, that
carries out a specialized function in the life
of a cell.
vi bo quan Vng chuyn bit gip gii
mng nm trong t bo, nh- ty th hoc
l-i sinh cht, thc hin mt chc nng
ring bit trong i sng t bo.
organic complex A chemically undefined
compound added to nutrient media to
stimulate growth, e.g. coconut milk; malt
extract; yeast extract; casein hydrolysate.
phc hp hu c Hn hp khng -c
xc nh ha hc -c thm vo mi
tr-ng cht dinh d-ng kch thch sinh
tr-ng, v d n-c da; chit xut mch
nha; chit xut nm men; thy phn
casein.
organic evolution tin ha hu c xem:
evolution.
organism An individual living system, such
as animal, plant or micro-organism, that is
capable of reproduction, growth and
maintenance.
sinh vt H sng c th, nh- ng vt,
thc vt hoc vi sinh vt, c nng lc sinh
sn, sinh tr-ng v duy tr.
organized growth The development
under tissue culture conditions of
organized explants (meristem tips or
shoot tips, floral buds or organ primordia).
Opposite: unorganized growth.

202
sinh tr-ng c t chc Pht trin nh
iu kin nui cy m ca mnh ghp c
t chc (nh phn sinh hoc nh chi,
mm tho mc hoc mm nguyn thu c
quan). Ng-c vi: unorganized growth.
organized tissue Composed of normally
differentiated cells.
m c t chc Bao gm cc t bo bit
ho bnh th-ng.
organogenesis The initiation of
adventitious or de novo shoots or roots
from callus, meristem or suspension
cultures. See: micropropagation;
regeneration.
pht sinh c quan Khi u ca chi bt
nh hoc de novo hoc r t m so, m
phn sinh hoc nui cy huyn ph. Xem:
micropropagation; regeneration.
organoid An organ-like structure produced
in culture.
th ging c quan Cu trc ging ht c
quan to ra trong nui cy.
organoleptic Having an effect on one of
the organs of sense, such as taste or smell.
gic quan C hiu ng trn c quan cm
gic, nh- mi hoc v.
origin of replication The nucleotide
position on a DNA sequence from which
DNA synthesis (replication) is initiated.
gc bn sao V tr Nuleotit trn trnh t
DNA bt u tng hp (sao chp) DNA.
orphan gene A gene or DNA sequence
whose function is not known.
gen m ci Gen hoc trnh t DNA m
chc nng ca n ch-a -c bit.
orphan receptor A receptor for which a
cellular function or ligand has yet to be
identified.
th tip nhn m ci Th tip nhn mt
chc nng t bo hoc phi t -c
xc nh.
ortet The plant from which a clone is
obtained. Synonym: donor plant.
cy gc Thc vt lm gc cho dng v
tnh. T ng ngha: donor plant.

orthologous
orthologous Homologous genes/gene
products that have evolved divergently
between species; many rice genes have
orthologues in other cereal genomes,
because of the common ancestry of cereal
species. See: paralogous.
trc h Cc gen/sn phm gen ng nht
c lin quan phn r gia cc loi; nhiu
gen la go c trc h t h gen ng cc
khc, do t tin chung ca cc loi ng
cc. xem: paralogous.
osmosis Diffusion of water across a semipermeable membrane from zones of low
solute concentration to zones of higher
solute concentration.
thm thu Khuych tn ca n-c qua
mng bn thm t khu vc nng thp
n khu vc nng cao.
osmotic potential Change in the energy
state of solvent brought about by dissolving
a substance in the solvent - water in the
biological sciences. The potential of
aqueous solutions is always negative
compared to pure water. Solvent flows
from higher to lower osmotic potential
solutions by diffusion or osmosis.
th thm thu Thay i trng thi nng
l-ng ca dung mi dn n bi ho tan
mt cht trong n-c c kh nng ho tan
theo l thuyt sinh vt hc. Th nng dung
dch n-c lun m khi so snh vi n-c
thun khit. Dng chy dung mi t dung
dch th thm thu cao n thp do khuch
tn hoc thm thu.
osmoticum A chemical agent (e.g.
polyethylene glycol, mannitol, glucose
or sucrose) employed to maintain the
osmotic potential of a nutrient medium
equivalent to that of the cultured cells, i.e.
the medium and the cells are isotonic.
Because of this osmotic equilibrium, cells
are not damaged in vitro.
thm lc Tc nhn ha hc (v d glicol
polyetylen, -ng manit, glucoza hoc
sucroza) -c dng duy tr tim nng
thm thu ca mi tr-ng dinh d-ng
t-ng ng vi mi tr-ng ca t bo nui
cy, ngha l mi tr-ng v t bo l ng

203
tr-ng. Nh cn bng thm thu, cc t
bo khng b h- hng trong ng nghim.
outbreeding A mating
system
characterized by the inter-breeding of
genetically unrelated or dissimilar
individuals. Since genetic diversity tends
to be enhanced, and vigour or fitness of
individuals increased by this process, it is
often used to counter the detrimental
effects of continuous inbreeding.
Synonym: exogamy.
giao phi xa, ngoi phi H giao phi
-c c tr-ng do ngoi phi ca cc c
th khng lin quan hoc khng ging
nhau v di truyn. V tnh a dng di truyn
h-ng ti nng cao, v sc sng hoc
tnh thch hp ca c th -c nng cao
do qu trnh ny, -c s dng th-ng
xuyn khng li nhng nh h-ng c
hi do ni phi lin tc.T ng ngha:
exogamy.
outflow The volume of growing cells that
is removed from a bioreactor during a
continuous fermentation process.
dng chy ra Th tch cc t bo ang
sinh tr-ng -c loi khi b phn ng sinh
hc trong x l ln men lin tc.
ovary 1. Enlarged basal portion of the
pistil of a plant flower that contains the
ovules. 2. The reproduction organ in
female animals in which eggs are
produced.
non so 1. phn cn bn m rng ca
nhy hoa thc vt c cha non. 2. C
quan sinh sn ca ng vt ci trong
trng -c to ra.
overdominance Where heterozygote
performance is superior to that of either
parental genotype.
siu tri Ni thc hin d hp t mc
cao hn nhiu so vi kt qu ca tng kiu
gen cha m.
overhang nh ra xem: extension.
overlapping reading frame Start codons
in different reading frames generate
different polypeptides from the same DNA
sequence.

ovulation
khung c gi lp B ba khi ng ca
cc khung c khc bit pht sinh cc
polyeptit khc nhau t cng mt trnh t
DNA.
ovulation The release of mammalian
egg(s) from the ovary.
rng trng Gii phng trng loi ng vt
c v t non so.
ovule The part of the seed plants
reproductive organs that comprises the
nucellus, the embryo sac and the
integuments.
non, t bo trng B phn c quan sinh
sn ca thc vt c ht bao gm phi tm,
ti phi thai v lp vy.
ovum (pl.: ova) Egg.
non (s nhiu: ova ) Trng
ovum pickup (Abbreviation: OPU). The
non-surgical collection of ova from a
female.
thu nht trng (vit tt: OPU). Thu thp
khng phu thut trng t mt con ci.
oxidative phosphorylation The
enzymatic addition of a phosphate to ADP
to make ATP, coupled to electron transport
from a substrate to molecular oxygen. A

204
critical reaction for the generation of
cellular energy.
photphoril ho oxy ho Gn thm bng
enzim mt gc pht pht cho ADP to
ra ATP, -c cp i vi in t chuyn
vn t c cht cho oxi phn t. Phn ng
ti hn pht sinh nng l-ng t bo.
oxygen-electrode-based sensor Sensor
in which an oxygen electrode, which
measures the amount of oxygen in a
solution, is coated with a biological material
such as an enzyme which generates or
absorbs oxygen when the appropriate
substrate is present. When the biological
reaction takes place, the amount of oxygen
close to the electrode changes and the
signal from the electrode changes, thus
signalling the concentration of substrate.
cm ng c s in cc oxi Vt cm
ng trong mt in cc oxi, o tng
s oxi trong dung dch, -c ph ln vt
liu sinh vt nh- enzim pht sinh hoc
ht oxi khi c cht thch hp c mt. Khi
phn ng sinh vt xy ra, tng s oxi gn
lin vi thay i in cc v tn hiu t in
cc thay i, do vy ch bo nng c
cht.

205

Pp
p Denotes the shorter of the two
chromosome arms, e.g. human 14p is the
short arm of human chromosome 14.
p biu th nhnh ngn ca hai nhnh nhim
sc th, v d 14 p ng-i l nhnh ngn
ca nhim sc th s 14.
P element A Drosophila transposon.
phn t P Mt gen nhy Drosophila.
P1, P2 Generational symbols for the two
parents of a given individual.
P1, P2 K hiu th hin cho hai cha m ca
mt c th -c to ra.
p53 gene A human tumour-suppressor
transcription factor gene, damage or
mutation to which is believed to be
responsible for up to 60% of all human
cancer tumours. If, in spite of the presence
of p53 protein, a cell begins to divide
uncontrollably following damage to its
DNA, the p53 gene acts to prevent
tumours by triggering apoptosis.
gen p53 Gen nhn t phin m chn khi
u ng-i, lm tn th-ng hoc t bin gen
-c cho l trch nhim trn 60 % ca tt
c cc khi u ung th- ng-i. Nu, vng
mt protein p53, t bo bt u phn chia
t do khng kim ch tip theo lm tn
th-ng DNA ca n, gen p53 tc ng
ngn nga khi u do thc y chng cht
dn.
pachynema A mid-prophase stage in the
first meiotic division, between zygonema
and diplonema. Chromosomes appear as
long, paired threads. Occasionally all four
chromatids can be recognized.
giai on si dy Giai on k u- gia
trong phn chia gim phn ln u, gia
si ging i v si kp. Nhim sc th

xut hin l si di, cp i. i khi tt c

bn nhim sc t u c th -c nhn
bit.
pachytene giai on si dy (tnh t)
xem: pachynema.
packaging cell line A cell line designed
to produce viral particles that do not
contain nucleic acid. After transfection of
these cells with a full-size viral genome,
fully infective viral particles are assembled
and released.
dng t bo ng gi Dng t bo -c
sp t sn sinh cc ht virut khng
cha axit nucleic. Sau chuyn nhim t bo
c h gen virut kch th-c hon chnh, cc
ht vi rt nhim bnh y -c tp hp
v gii phng.
packed cell volume (Abbreviation: PCV).
The proportion of a cell culture volume
that is occupied by cells. Cell volume is
determined by sedimenting using low
speed centrifugation.
th tch t bo ng gi (vit tt: PCV).
T l ca th tch nui cy t bo b chon
ch do t bo. Th tch t bo -c xc
nh do s lng ng do s dng ly tm
tc gim.
PAGE vit tt ca polyacrylamide gel
electrophoresis
pairing The pairing of homologous
chromosomes during the prophase of the
first meiotic division. Pairing is the first
prerequisite before crossing over and
recombination can occur. Synonym:
synapsis.
cp i Cp i nhim sc th t-ng ng
trong k u phn chia gim phn ln u.
Cp i l iu tin quyt ban u tr-c
khi bt cho hon ton v ti t hp c th
xy ra.T ng ngha: synapsis.
pair-rule gene A gene that influences the
formation of body segments in Drosophila.
gen quy tc cp i Gen c nh h-ng
hnh thnh tng on thn rui gim.
palaeontology The study of the fossil
record of past geological periods and of
the phylogenetic relationships between

palindrome
extinct and contemporary plant and animal
species.
c sinh vt hc Nghin cu mu ha
thch ca nhng thi k a cht qua
v mi quan h pht sinh chng loi gia
cc loi thc vt v ng vt tit chng
v -ng i.
palindrome A segment of double-stranded
DNA, in which the order of bases, read
5'?3' in one strand, is the same as that in
the complementary antiparallel strand,
also read 5'?3'. If the sequence is written
in the normal convention, on two lines with
paired bases shown one above the other,
the base order on one strand runs in the
opposite direction to that on the
complementary strand. They are often
found at the ends of transposable
elements, and recognition sites for type II
restriction endonucleases are also
palindromes. Synonym: inverted repeat.
ti nhim on DNA si kp, trong th
t ca nhng ba z, c t 5'? 3' trong
mt si, l ging ht nh- trong si i song
song b sung, cng c t 5'? 3'. Nu
trnh t ny -c vit theo quy -c bnh
th-ng, trn hai hng c ba z cp i cho
thy mt cp ny chng ln cp khc, th
t ba z trn mt si chy theo h-ng
ng-c vi si b sung. Chng th-ng
xuyn c ti mt ca phn t gn xen, v
v tr nhn bit cc endonucleaza gii
hn kiu II cng ti nhim.T ng ngha:
inverted repeat.
palisade parenchyma Elongated cells
found just beneath the upper epidermis
of leaves, typically rich in chloroplasts.
nhu m hng ro T bo ko di tm thy
ngay d-i biu b l, c bit giu trong
lp th.
pAMP Ampicillin-resistant plasmid.
Plasmit khng Ampicillin.
panicle An inflorescence, the main axis of
which is branched; the branches bear
loose racemose flower clusters. Rice is a
prominent crop plant with a panicle
inflorescence.

206
hoa chm Chm hoa, trc chnh -c
phn nhnh; nhng nhnh ny mang cc
chm hoa nh hn th lng. La go l
thc vt canh tc ni bt c kiu hoa chm.
panicle culture Aseptic culture of
immature panicle explants to induce
microspore
germination
and
development.
nui cy chm hoa Nui cy v trng cc
mnh hoa chm ch-a chn thc y tiu
bo t ny mm v pht trin.
panmictic population A population in
which mating occurs at random.
qun th ngu phi Qun th trong
giao phi xut hin ngu nhin.
panmixis Random mating in a population.
ngu giao Giao phi ngu nhin trong
mt qun th.
paper raft technique k thut b giy
xem: nurse culture.
PAR Vit tt ca photosynthetically
active adiation.
par gene One of a class of genes required
for faithful plasmid segregation at cell
division. Initially, par loci were identified on
plasmids, but have also been found on
bacterial chromosomes.
gen par Mt trong lp gen cn thit
phn tch plasmit chnh xc ti phn chia
t bo. Ban u, gen par -c nhn bit
trn cc plasmit, nh-ng cng tm thy
trn nhim sc th vi khun.
paracentric inversion A chromosomal
rearrangement in which a segment of
chromosome, excluding the centromere,
is rotated.
o on gn tm S sp xp li nhim
sc th trong on nhim sc th, ngoi
tr tm ng, -c o li.
paraffin [wax] A translucent, white, solid
hydrocarbon with a low melting point. One
use is as an embedding medium to support
tissue for sectioning for light microscopy
observation.
sp Mt hy-r-cac-bon c rn, mu
trng v trong m c im nng chy thp.

Parafilm
Mt cng dng lm mi tr-ng gn cht
vi m h tr phn khu vc quan st
bng knh hin vi quang hc.
Parafilm A stretchable film based on
paraffin wax; used to seal tubes and Petri
dishes. Parafilm is a proprietary name
which is incorrectly applied colloquially to
similar products.
Parafilm Mt loi phim c th cng trn
sp paraffin; dng bt kn ng ht v a
Petri. Parafilm l tn bn quyn -c p
dng khng chnh xc trong khi ni v cc
sn phm t-ng t.
parahormone A substance with hormonelike properties that is not a secretory
product (e.g. ethylene; carbon dioxide).
cn hc mn Cht c cc thuc tnh ging
nh- hc mn nh-ng khng phi l sn
phm ni tit (v d -ti-len; kh cc b
nch).
parallel evolution The development of
different organisms along similar
evolutionary paths due to similar selection
pressures acting on them.
tin ha song song S pht trin ca
nhng sinh vt khc nhau theo cc -ng
tin ha t-ng t do sc p chn lc t-ng
t xy ra vi chng.
paralogous Homologous genes/gene
products that have duplicated and evolved
divergently within a species. e.g. beta- and
gamma-globulin genes.
paralogous Sn phm mt/nhiu gen
t-ng ng -c nhn i v tin trin
khc nhau trong mt loi. V d cc gen
globulin bta v gam-ma
parameter A value or measurement that
varies with circumstances, and is used as
a reference to quantify a situation or a
process.
tham s Gi tr hoc php o thay i
trong tng hon cnh, v -c dng khi
i chiu phm nh mt tnh trng hoc
mt qu trnh.
parasexual cycle A sexual cycle involving
changes in chromosome number but
differing in time and place from the usual
sexual cycle; occurring in those fungi in

207
which the normal cycle is suppressed or
apparently absent.
chu trnh cn gii tnh Chu trnh gii tnh
ko theo thay i v s l-ng nhim sc
th nh-ng khc hn v thi gian v v tr
so vi chu trnh gii tnh thng th-ng; xut
hin trong cy nm m trong chu trnh
bnh th-ng b teo li hoc hon ton vng
mt.
parasexual hybridization lai ging cn
gii tnh Xem: somatic hybridization.
parasite An organism deriving its food
from the living body of another organism.
k sinh trng Sinh vt tm -c thc n
cho n t c th sng ca sinh vt khc.
parasitism The close association of two
or more dissimilar organisms, where the
association is harmful to the host, but
beneficial to the parasite.
hin t-ng k sinh Kt hp cht ca hai
hoc nhiu sinh vt khng ging nhau, ni
hin t-ng kt hp c hi cho k ch,
nh-ng li cho k sinh.
parasporal crystal Tightly packaged
insect pro-toxin molecules that are
produced by strains of Bacillus
thuringiensis during the formation of
resting spores.
tinh th ngoi bo Phn t tin c t
cn trng ng gi cht -c sn sinh do
chng Bacillus thuringiensis trong qu trnh
hnh thnh bo t ngh.
paratope T ng ngha vi antibody
binding site.
parenchyma 1. A plant tissue consisting
of spherical, undifferentiated cells,
frequently with air spaces between them.
2. Loose connective tissue formed by
large cells.
nhu m 1. M thc vt gm c cc t bo
ch-a bit ho, hnh cu, th-ng c khong
khng kh gia. 2. M lin kt lng lo
-c hnh thnh bi cc t bo ln.
parenchymatous thuc nhu m (tnh t)
Xem: parenchyma.
parthenocarpy The development of fruit
without fertilization.

parthenogenesis
to qu ic Pht trin ca qu khng
c th tinh.
parthenogenesis Production of an
embryo from an unfertilized egg.
sinh sn n tnh Sn xut phi thai t
trng khng th tinh.
partial digest Incomplete reaction of a
restriction enzyme with DNA, such that
only a proportion of the target sites are
cleaved. Partial digests are often
performed to give an overlapping collection
of DNA fragments for use in the
construction of a gene bank. Synonym:
incomplete digest. Opposite: complete
digest.
tiu ha tng phn Phn ng khng hon
ton ca enzim gii hn vi DNA, do vy
ch mt t l ca v tr ch -c phn tch.
Tiu ha tng phn th-ng -c thc hin
to ra tp hp cc on DNA gi lp
dng trong cu trc ngn hng gen. T
ng ngha: incomplete digest. ng-c vi:
complete digest.
particle radiation High energy nuclear
emissions, used as physical agents of
mutagenesis. Three major types typically
used: alpha (A) (positively charged), beta
(B) (negatively charged), or neutrons
(uncharged).
bc x ht Pht x ht nhn nng l-ng
cao, -c dng lm tc nhn vt l gy
t bin. Ba kiu chnh tiu biu -c s
dng: alpha (A) (np d-ng), Bta (B) (np
m), hoc cc ntron (khng np).
parts per million (Abbreviation: ppm). Unit
of concentration: 1ppm = 1mg dissolved
matter per litre of solution.
phn triu (vit tt: ppm). n v nng :
1ppm=1 mg cht -c ho tan trong mt
lit dung dch.
parturition The process of giving birth.
sinh Qu trnh sinh n.
passage The transfer or transplantation
of cells from one culture medium to
another.
chuyn tip Chuyn giao hoc cy

208
chuyn t bo t mi tr-ng nui cy ny
sang mi tr-ng nui cy khc.
passage number The number of times
cells in culture have been sub-cultured.
s l-ng chuyn S l-ng ca cc ln
cc t bo trong nui cy -c nui cy
ph.
passage time Time interval between
successive sub-cultures.
thi gian chuyn Thi gian ngh gia cc
nui cy ph lin tip.
passive immunity 1. Natural acquisition
of antibodies by the foetus or neonate
(newborn) from the mother. 2. The artificial
introduction of specific antibodies by the
injection of serum from an immune animal.
In both cases, temporary protection is
conferred on the recipient. See:
immunization, immunoprophylaxis.
min dch th ng 1. Tip thu t nhin
mt khng th do bo thai hoc tr s sinh
(mi sinh) t m. 2. Chuyn nhn to
khng th ring bit do chuyn nhim
huyt thanh t ng vt min dch. Trong
c hai tr-ng hp, s bo v tm thi -c
to ra trn th nhn. Xem: immunization,
immunoprophylaxis.
pat gene A gene obtained from
Streptomyces sp. encoding resistance to
glufosinate-ammonium
containing
herbicides. (These inhibit plant synthesis
of glutamine). Used widely as a means of
transgenically inducing herbicide
resistance in crop plants. Synonym: bar
gene.
gen pat Gen thu -c t loi Streptomyces
sp. m ho tnh chng chu i vi cc
thuc dit c cha glufosinate ammnium. (chng ngn chn thc vt
tng hp glutamin). -c dng ph bin
lm ph-ng tin chuyn gen gy tnh
chng chu thuc dit c trong cy trng
canh tc. T ng ngha: bar gene.
patent A legal permission to hold exclusive
right - for a defined period of time - to
manufacture, use or sell an invention.

paternal
bng sng ch S cho php hp php
gi c quyn- cho mt qung thi gian
gii hn- sn xut, s dng hoc bn
mt pht minh.
paternal Pertaining to the father.
bn ni Gn lin vi pha cha.
pathogen A disease-causing organism
(generally microbial: bacteria, fungi,
viruses; but can extend to other organisms:
e.g. nematodes etc.). Synonym: infectious
agent. See: latent agent.
vt gy bnh Sinh vt gy bnh (vi sinh
vt ni chung: vi khun, nm, virut; nh-ng
c th m rng ti cc sinh vt khc: v d
giun trn v.v.). T ng ngha: infectious
agent. Xem: latent agent.
pathogenesis
related
protein
(Abbreviation: PR protein). One of a group
of proteins that are characteristically
highly expressed as part of a plants
response to pathogen attack. Many of
these proteins are similarly expressed
following infection with a broad range of
pathogens, indicating their role in the
hypersensitive response.
Protein lin quan bnh l hc (vit tt:
PR protein). Mt trong nhm protein biu
th cao c tr-ng nh- b phn phn ng
ca thc vt vi s tn cng vt gy bnh.
Nhiu protein loi ny -c biu th t-ng
t theo sau chuyn nhim vi phm vi rng
vt gy bnh, ch r vai tr ca chng trong
phn ng siu nhy cm.
pathogen-free Uncontaminated with
pathogen
phi vt gy bnh Khng b ly vi vi vt
gy bnh.
pathotoxin Substance secreted by certain
pathogens, in order to attack the host
tissue. Some pathotoxins are also toxic to
non-hosts, especially animals or humans.
c t vt gy bnh Cht tit ra do cc
vt gy bnh nht nh, tn cng m
ch. Mt s c t vt gy bnh cng c
vi cc sinh vt khng phi vt ch, c
bit vi ng vt hoc con ng-i.
pathovar Strain of a plant-attacking
bacterium or fungus that can be

209
differentiated from others by their
interaction with specific host cultivars.
pathovar Chng vi khun hoc nm tn
cng thc vt m c kh nng phn bit
vi nhng sinh vt khc do mi t-ng tc
ca chng vi cc cy trng ch ring bit.
PBR Vit tt ca plant breeders rights.
pBR322 One of the first plasmids used
for cloning DNA in E. coli.
pBR322 Mt trong nhng plasmit u tin
s dng nhn dng DNA trong E. coli.
PCR vit tt ca polymerase chain
reaction.
PCR-RFLP Alternative term for cleaved
amplified polymorphic sequence.
thut ng thay th cho: cleaved
amplified polymorphic sequence.
PCV vit tt ca: packed cell volume.
pectin A group of naturally occurring
complex polysaccharides, containing
galacturonic acid, found in plant cell walls,
where their function is to cement cells
together. Used as a thickening agent in
solid culture media and as a food additive.
pc tin Nhm polysaccharides phc tp
xut hin t nhin, c cha axt
galacturonic, c trong vch t bo thc vt,
Chc nng ca chng l kt cht cc t
bo vi nhau. -c dng lm tc nhn lm
c trong mi tr-ng nui cy c v lm
cht ph gia.
pectinase Enzyme catalysing the
hydrolysis of pectin. Used in conjunction
with cellulase to solubilize plant cell walls.
pectinaza Enzim xc tc thy phn pc
tin (cht g). S dng phi hp vi xelulaza
ho tan vch t bo thc vt.
pedicel Stalk or stem of the individual
flowers of an inflorescence.
cung nh Cung hoc thn ca cc hoa
ring l ca mt chm hoa.
pedigree The ancestry of an individual.
ph h Ni ging ca mt c th.
peduncle Stalk or stem of a flower that is
born singly; the main stem of an
inflorescence.

PEG
cung hoa Cung hoc thn ca mt hoa
-c sinh ra n c; thn chnh ca mt
chm hoa.
PEG Vit tt ca polyethylene glycol.
penetrance The proportion of individuals
in a population that express the
phenotype expected from their genotype
with respect to a specific gene. Measures
the extent to which phenotype predicts
genotype.
thm nhp T l c th trong qun th
biu th kiu hnh mong mun t kiu di
truyn c lin quan vi mt gen ring bit.
o khong rng vi kiu hnh d on
kiu gen.
peptidase An enzyme that catalyzes the
hydrolysis of a peptide bond.
peptidaza Enzim xc tc thy phn lin
kt peptit.
peptide A sequence of amino acids linked
by peptide bonds; a breakdown or buildup unit in protein metabolism. Typically
used to describe low molecular weight
species. See: polypeptide.
peptit Trnh t ca cc amino acid kt ni
bng lin kt peptit; mt n v b phn
hu hoc -c to ra khi chuyn ho
protein. Tiu biu dng m t loi trng
l-ng phn t thp. Xem: polypeptide.
peptide bond The chemical bond holding
amino acid residues together in peptides
and proteins. The (CO-NH) bond is
formed by the condensation, with loss of a
water molecule, between the carboxyl (COOH) group of one amino acid and the
amino (-NH2) of the next amino acid.
lin kt peptit Lin kt ha hc ni cc
gc amino acid vi nhau trong cc peptit
v protein. Lin kt (CO-NH) -c hnh
thnh do ng-ng t, v mt mt phn t
n-c, gia nhm cc-b-xyn (-COOH) ca
amino acid v nhm amino (-NH2) ca
amino acid lin k.
peptide expression library A collection
of peptide molecules, produced by
recombinant cells, in which the amino
acid sequences are varied.

210
th- vin biu th peptit Tp hp cc phn
t peptit, to ra do t bo ti t hp, trong
trnh t amino acid -c thay i.
peptide nucleic acid (Abbreviation: PNA).
A synthetic oligonucleotide analogue, in
which the sugar backbone is replaced by
a peptide chain, upon which the
nucleoside residues are strung. Probes
made from PNA appear to have greater
specificity than those made from DNA.
axit nucleic peptit (vit tt: PNA). T-ng
t oligonucleotit tng hp, trong trc
x-ng sng -ng -c thay th bi chui
peptit, trn cc gc nulceosit -c tung
ra. Cc u d to ra t PNA xut hin
c tnh c th ln hn cc u d to ra
t DNA.
peptide vaccine A short chain of amino
acids that can induce antibodies against a
specific infectious agent.
vacxin peptit Mt chui ngn amino acid
m c th thc y khng th chng li
tc nhn ly nhim c bit.
peptidyl transferase An enzyme bound
tightly to the large sub-unit of the ribosome,
that catalyses the formation of peptide
bonds between amino acids during
translation.
enzim chuyn peptit Enzim kt ni cht
vi n v ph ln ca ribosom, xc tc
hnh thnh lin kt peptit gia cc amino
acid khi dch m.
peptidyl-tRNA
binding
site
(Abbreviation: P-site). The site on a
ribosome that hosts the tRNA to which
the next amino acid for the growing
polypeptide chain is attached.
v tr kt ni peptidyl - tRNA (vit tt: Psite). V tr trn ribosom cc vt ch
tRNA -c gn thm vi amino acid k tip
cho chui polyeptit ang sinh tr-ng.
perennial A plant that flowers continuously
for several years.
cy lu nm Cy m ra hoa lin tc trong
nhiu nm.
pericentric inversion A chromosomal
rearrangement in which a segment of

periclinal
chromosome, including the centromere,
is rotated.
o on vng Sp xp li nhim sc
th trong mt on nhim sc th, k
c tm ng, -c o li.
periclinal The orientation of cell wall or
plane of cell division parallel to the
reference surface.
phn ho vng nh h-ng vch t bo
hoc mt phn chia t bo song song vi
mt ngoi lin quan.
periclinal chimera 1. Genotypically or
cytoplasmically different tissues arranged
in concentric layers. 2. A chimera in which
one or more layers of tissue derived from
one graft member enclose the central
tissue derived from the other member of
the graft.

211
permeable Referring to a membrane, cell
or cell system through which small
molecules can diffuse.
thm cp n mng, t bo hoc
h thng t bo m cc phn t nh c
th truyn qua .
persistence Ability of an organism to
remain in a particular setting for a period
of time after it is introduced.
bn Kh nng ca mt sinh vt l-u gi
trong mt ch ring bit mt khong thi
gian sau khi n -c -a vo.
persistent Chemicals with a long
inactivation or degradation time, such as
some pesticides. Persistent substances
can become dangerously concentrated in
the tissues of organisms at the top end of
a food chain.

th qui phn ho vng 1. Cc m khc

hn nhau v kiu di truyn hoc cht t
bo xp xp theo nhng lp ng tm. 2.
Th qui trong mt hoc nhiu lp m
c ngun gc t thnh vin th ghp bao
quanh m trung tm c ngun gc t thnh
vin khc ca mnh ghp.

tnh bn vng Cc ho cht c thi gian

kh hot tnh hoc phn r di, nh- thuc
st trng. Cc cht bn vng c th tp
trung gy nguy him trong m sinh vt ti
cui nh chui thc n.
PERV Vit tt ca porcine endogenous
retrovirus.

pericycle Region of the plant bounded

externally by the endodermis and
internally by the phloem. Most roots
originate from the pericycle.

pesticide A toxic chemical product that kills

harmful organisms (e.g. insecticides,
fungicide, weedicides, rodenticides).

tr b Vng thc vt d-c tip gip pha

ngoi l ni b v pha trong l m v. Hu
ht r cy bt ngun t tr b.
periplasm The space between the cell
(cytoplasmic) membrane of a bacterium or
fungus and the outer membrane or cell
wall. Synonym: periplasmic space.
cht t bo ngoi Khong gia mng t
bo (thuc t bo cht) ca vi khun hoc
nm v mng ngoi hoc vch t bo. T
ng ngha: periplasmic space.
permanent wilting point (Abbreviation:
PWP). The moisture content of a soil below
which plants wilt to such an extent that they
fail to recover even when fully watered.
im ho vnh vin (vit tt: PWP).
m t m d-i mc thc vt ho ti
mc lm chng khng th phc hi -c
thm ch c khi cung cp n-c y .

thuc dit vt hi Sn phm ha hc

c tiu dit -c sinh vt c hi (v d
thuc tr su, thuc st trng, thuc dit
c, thuc dit chut).
petal One of the parts of the flower that
make up the corolla.
cnh hoa B phn ca hoa m to ra trng
hoa.
petiole Stalk of leaf. See: pedicel;
peduncle.
cung l Cung ca l cy. xem: pedicel;
peduncle.
Petri dish Flat round glass or plastic dish
with a matching lid, used for small-scale
culturing of organisms, germinating seeds
etc. Also referred to as plates, hence to
plate a culture.
a Petri a bng cht do hoc thu
tinh trn phng c np y kht, dng

PFGE
nui cy phm vi nh cc sinh vt, ht ny
mm vn vn. Cn -c cp n nhcc mng, do vy phn mng mt nui
cy.
PFGE Vit tt ca pulsed-field gel
electrophoresis.
PG Vit tt ca polygalacturonase.
pH Logarithmic measure of acidity/
alkalinity of a solution. A pH of 7 is neutral
(e.g. pure water), whereas below 7 is acid
and above 7 is alkaline.
Php o l-ga tnh cht axit/kim ca dung
dch. Gi tr pH 7 l trung tnh (v d n-c
thun khit), khi d-i 7 l chua v trn 7 l
kim.
phage thc khun Vit tt ca
bacteriophage.
phagemids Cloning vectors that contain
components derived from both phage and
plasmid DNA.
plasmid thc khun Vect tch dng
cha cc thnh phn -c bt ngun t
c thc khun v DNA plasmit.
phagocytes Immune system cells that
ingest and destroy viruses, bacteria, fungi
and other foreign substances or cells.
thc bo T bo h thng min dch bao
bc v tiu dit cc virut, vi khun, nm v
cc cht l hoc t bo khc.
phagocytosis The process by which
foreign particles invading the body are
engulfed and broken down by
phagocytes.
hin t-ng thc bo Qu trnh cc ht l
xm phm c th u b nut v phn hu
do thc bo.
pharmaceutical agent Xem: therapeutic
agent.
pharmacokinetics The quantitative
measurement of how drugs move around
the body, and the processes which control
their absorption, distribution, metabolism,
and excretion.
ng lc d-c khoa Php o nh l-ng
ca cc loi thuc di chuyn trong c th
nh- th no, v qu trnh iu khin hp

212
th, phn phi, chuyn ho v bi tit
chng.
phase change The developmental change
from one maturation state to another.
chuyn pha Thay i pht trin t mt
trng thi tr-ng thnh ny sang trng thi
khc.
phase state The coupling or repulsion
of two linked genes.
trng thi pha Ghp ni hoc tch hai gen
lin kt.
PHB Vit tt ca polyhydroxybutyrate
pH-electrode-based sensor Sensor in
which a standard pH electrode is coated
with a biological material. Many biological
processes raise or lower pH, and the
changes can be detected by the pH
electrode.
cm bin da vo in cc pH Cm bin
trong mt in cc pH chun -c ph
vt liu sinh hc. Nhiu qu trnh sinh hc
nng cao hoc h thp pH, v nhng thay
i ny c th -c pht hin do in cc
pH.
phenocopy An environmentally induced,
non hereditary variation in an organism,
resembling a genetically determined trait.
hin t-ng sao hnh Bin d khng di
truyn trong sinh vt, gy ra do mi tr-ng,
ging vi tnh trng -c xc nh di truyn.
phenolic oxidation Common aspect of
the wound response in plants. Phenolic
oxidation is often indicated by blackening
of tissue and it may be a precursor to
growth inhibition or, in severe cases, to
tissue necrosis and death.
xi ha phenolic Kha cnh chung ca
phn ng vt th-ng thc vt. xi ha
phenolic th-ng xuyn -c ch bo bi
lm en m v n c th l mt tin cht
c ch sinh tr-ng hoc, trong cc
tr-ng hp nghim trng, lm hoi t v
cht m.
phenolics Compounds with hydroxyl
group(s) attached to the benzene ring,
forming esters, ethers and salts. Phenolic

phenotype
substances produced from newly
explanted tissues are liable to oxidise, and
as a result form coloured compounds
visible in nutrient media.
phenolic Hp cht c mt hoc nhiu
nhm hidroxyl gn vo vng benzen, hnh
thnh cc este, te v mui. Nhng cht
phenolic to ra t cc m mu mi u c
kh nng xy ra xy ha, v l hu qu t
cc hn hp ho mu trong mi tr-ng
dinh d-ng.
phenotype The visible appearance of an
individual (with respect to one or more
traits) which reflects the reaction of a given
genotype with a given environment.
kiu hnh S xut hin thy r ca mt c
th (lin quan vi mt hoc nhiu tnh
trng) phn nh mi t-ng tc ca mt
kiu gen t-ng ng vi mi tr-ng nht
nh.
pheromone A hormone-like substance
that is secreted by an organism into the
environment as a specific signal to another
organism, usually of the same species.
ph r mn Mt cht ging ht hc mn
-c tit ra do sinh vt vo mi tr-ng
bo hiu ring cho sinh vt khc, th-ng
cng mt loi.
phloem Specialized vascular plant tissue
for the transport of assimilates (generally
sugars) from the point of synthesis (in the
leaf) to other parts of the plant. It consists
of sieve tubes, companion cells, phloem
parenchyma and fibres.
m v M thc vt c mch chuyn dng
chuyn vn cc cht ng ho (th-ng
cc cht -ng) t im tng hp (trong
l cy) n cc b phn khc ca cy. N
gm c mch ry, t bo km, libe v si.
phosphatase An class of enzymes that
catalyze the hydrolysis of esters of
phosphoric acid, removing a phosphate
group from an organic compound.
phosphataza Mt lp enzim xc tc thy
phn cc este ca axit photphoric, loi
nhm pht pht khi hp cht hu c.

213
phosphodiester (phospho-diester)
bond A bond in which a phosphate group
joins adjacent carbons through ester
linkages. A condensation reaction between
adjacent nucleotides results in a
phosphodiester bond between 3' and 5'
carbons in DNA and RNA.
lin kt phosphodieste Lin kt trong
mt nhm pht pht ni tip vi ccbon lin k qua lin kt este. Phn ng
ng-ng t gia cc nuleotit lin k dn n
mt lin kt phosphodiester gia cc bon
3' v 5' ca DNA v RNA.
phospholipase A2 An enzyme which
degrades type A2 phospholipids.
Enzin phn hu cc photpho lipit kiu A2.
phospholipid A class of lipid molecules
in which glycerol is linked to a phosphate
group and two fatty acyl groups. Contains
both polar and non-polar regions. A major
component of biological membranes. See:
inositol lipid.
phospholipit Lp phn t lipit trong
glyxerol -c lin kt vi mt nhm pht
pht v hai nhm acyl cht bo. C cha
c vng cc ln khng cc. Mt thnh phn
chnh ca mng sinh vt. xem: inositol lipid.
phosphorolysis The cleavage of a bond
by orthophosphate; analogous to
hydrolysis referring to cleavage by water.
thu phn pht pht Phn tch mt lin
kt theo dy thng photphat; t-ng t thy
phn c lin quan vi phn tch do n-c.
phosphorylation The addition of a
phosphate group to a compound.
photphoryl ha Gn thm nhm pht
pht vo hp cht.
photoautotroph sinh vt quang t
d-ng Xem: autotroph, heterotroph.
photo-bioreactor Bioreactor dependent
on sunlight, which is taken up by its content
of plant material, usually algae.
bnh phn ng quang sinh Bnh phn
ng sinh hc ty thuc vo nh sng mt
tri, -c to ra do thnh phn vt liu thc
vt ca chng, thng th-ng l to.

photoheterotroph
photoheterotroph sinh vt quang d
d-ng xem: heterotroph.
photoperiod The length of daylight or
period of daily illumination provided for
growth.
k chiu sng di ngy hoc thi k
chiu sng hng ngy cung cp cho sinh
tr-ng.
photoperiodism The photoperiod
required by a plant to switch from the
vegetative to the reproductive stage.
quang chu k Chu k chiu sng -c
yu cu bi cy trng chuyn giai on
t sinh d-ng sang sinh sn.
photophosphorylation The formation of
ATP from ADP and inorganic phosphate
using light energy harvested by
photosynthesis.
quang phosphoryl ha S hnh thnh
ATP t ADP v pht pht v c c s dng
nng l-ng nh sng thu -c t quang
hp.
photoreactivation A light dependent DNA
repair process.
ti hot ha quang ho Qu trnh sa
cha DNA ph thuc nh sng.
photosynthate The carbohydrates and
other
compounds
produced
in
photosynthesis.
quang tng hp Hydrat cacbon v cc
hp cht khc to ra trong quang hp.
photosynthesis A chemical process by
which green plants synthesize organic
compounds from carbon dioxide and water
in the presence of sunlight.
quang hp, quang tng hp Mt qu
trnh ha hc cy xanh tng hp cc
hp cht hu c t kh cc b nch v n-c
vi s c mt ca nh sng mt tri.
photosynthetic Able to use sunlight
energy to convert atmospheric carbon
dioxide into organic compounds. Nearly all
plants, most algae and some bacteria are
photosynthetic.
thuc quang hp Kh nng s dng nng
l-ng nh sng mt tri bin i kh
cc b nch kh quyn thnh hp cht hu

214
c. Gn nh- tt c thc vt, hu ht to v
mt s vi khun u thuc quang hp.
photosynthetic efficiency Efficiency of
converting light energy into organic
compounds.
hiu qu quang hp Hiu qu ca vic
chuyn i nng l-ng nh sng thnh cc
hp cht hu c.
photosynthetic
photon
flux
(Abbreviation: PPF). A measure of the
intensity of light utilized by plants for
photosynthetic activity.
dng ph tn quang hp (vit tt: PPF).
Php o c-ng nh sng -c s dng
bi thc vt cho hot ng quang hp.
photosynthetically active radiation
(Abbreviation: PAR). The part of the radiant
energy that is capturable by natural
photosynthetic systems (approximately
equivalent to the natural light spectrum of
wavelengths 400-700nm).
bc x tch cc quang hp (vit tt:
PAR). Phn nng l-ng bc x c th hp
thu bng nhng h thng quang hp t
nhin (t-ng -ng xp x vi phm vi nh
sng t nhin c b-c sng t 400-700
nm).
phototropism The tendency of plants to
direct shoot growth towards the source of
light.
tnh h-ng quang Xu h-ng thc vt nh
h-ng sinh tr-ng chi v pha ngun nh
sng.
phylogeny The deduced evolutionary
history of related organisms.
pht trin chng loi Lch s tin ha
-c suy din v nhng sinh vt lin quan.
physical map An indication of the
separation, in bp, between pairs of linked
loci. See: mapping.
bn vt cht Ch dn s tch bit,
trong cc baz nit, gia cc cp ca cc
gen lin kt. Xem: mapping.
phyto- (Prefix) To do with plants.
(tip u ng) thuc v thc vt.
phytochemical Molecules
characteristically found in plants.

phytochrome
ho thc vt Cc phn t c tr-ng c
trong thc vt.
phytochrome A pigment, found in the
cytoplasm of green plants, which can exist
in two forms Pr (biologically inactive) and
Pfr (biologically active). Pfr is converted
into Pr by exposure to light of wavelength
730 nm. Involved in the timing of many
plant processes, e.g. dormancy, leaf
formation, flowering and germination.
cht mu thc vt Mt cht mu, c trong
cht t bo thc vt xanh, c th tn ti
trong hai dng Pr (khng hot ng sinh
hc) v Pfr (hot ng sinh hc). Pfr -c
chuyn i thnh Pr do phi ra nh sng
c b-c sng 730 nm. -c to ra theo
thi gian tnh ca nhiu qu trnh thc vt,
v d qu trnh ng ngh, hnh thnh l, ra
hoa v ny mm.
phytohormone A substance that
stimulates growth or other processes in
plants. Major species are auxins, abscisic
acid, cytokinins, gibberellins and
ethylene.
hc mn thc vt Cht kch thch sinh
tr-ng hoc qu trnh khc ca thc vt.
Cc loi chnh l auxin, a-xt abscisic,
cytokinin, gibberellin v -ti-len.
phytokinin Xem: cytokinin.
phytoparasite Parasite on plants.
k sinh thc vt Vt k sinh trn thc
vt.
phytoparasitic (adj.) See: phytoparasite.
thuc k sinh thc vt (tnh t) xem :
phytoparasite.
phytopathogen A plant pathogen.
gy bnh thc vt Mt vt gy bnh thc
vt.
phytoremediation The use of plants
actively to remove contaminants or
pollutants from either soils (e.g. polluted
fields) or water resources (e.g. polluted
lakes). An example is the exploitation of
the Brazil water hyacinth (Eichhornia
crassipes) to accumulate in its tissues toxic
metals such as lead, arsenic, cadmium,
mercury, nickel, and copper.

215
cha tr thc vt S dng thc vt hot
ng loi b cht gy nhim hoc
cht nhim t ngun ti nguyn t (v
d cnh ng b nhim) hoc n-c (v
d h n-c b nhim). Mt v d l khai
thc bo lc bnh Brazil (Eichhornia
crassipe) lm tch ly trong m ca n
nhng kim loi c hng u nh- thch
tn, ct-mi, thy ngn, nickel, v ng.
phytosanitary Plant health, including
quarantine.
v sinh thc vt Sc sng thc vt, bao
gm thi gian cch ly.
phytostat Apparatus designed for the
semi-continuous chemostatic culture of
plant cells.
phitostat Thit b -c chn nui cy
n nh ho d-ng na lin tc ca t bo
thc vt.
phytosterol One of a group of biologically
active phytochemicals present in the
seeds of certain plants. Evidence suggests
that human consumption of certain
phytosterols, such as -sitosterol, can help
to lower total serum cholesterol and lowdensity lipoproteins levels, thereby
reducing the risk of coronary heart disease.
phytosterol Mt trong nhm ho thc vt
hot tnh sinh hc c mt trong ht ca
cc thc vt nht nh. Bng chng ngh
rng s tiu th ca con ng-i v cc
phytosterol nht nh, nh- -sitosterol, c
kh nng h tr lm gim cholesterol huyt
thanh tng s v cc mc lipoprotein nng
thp, do vy gim thiu ri ro ca bnh
tim mch vnh.
pigment Compounds that are coloured by
the light they absorb. Light absorption is
exploited by plants both as a means of
energy capture (see: photosynthesis)
and as a signalling mechanism (see:
phytochrome).
sc t Nhng hp cht mu -c ho mu
do nh sng chng hp th. S hp thu
nh sng -c khai thc do thc vt lm
ph-ng tin thu gi nng l-ng (xem:
photosynthesis) v ng thi nh- mt c
ch bo hiu (xem: phytocrome).

pinocytosis
pinocytosis The engulfing of a minute
droplet of liquid by a living cell.
hin t-ng m bo Hin t-ng hp thu
git cc nh cht lng bi t bo sng.
pipette Widely used device for accurate
dispensing of small volumes of liquids.
ng ht nh Thit b -c dng ph bin
phn phi chnh xc mt khi l-ng nh
cht lng.
pistil Central organ of the flower, typically
consisting of ovary, style and stigma.
Usually referred to as the female part of a
perfect flower.
nhy C quan trung tm ca hoa, tiu biu
gm non, vi nhu v u nhu. Th-ng
cp ti nh- b phn nhu ci ca hoa
hon chnh.
plant breeders rights (Abbreviation:
PBR). Legal protection of a new plant
variety granted to the breeder or his
successor in title. The effect of PBR is that
prior authorization is required before the
material can be used for commercial
purposes.
Quyn li ng-i to ging thc vt (vit
tt: PBR). S bo v hp php mt th
cy trng mi ginh cho ng-i to ging
hoc ng-i k nghip. Thc hin PBR l
s u quyn ng-i sng tc -c i
hi tr-c khi vt liu ny c th -c s
dng cho mc ch th-ng mi.
plant cell culture In vitro growth of plant
cells.
nui cy t bo thc vt S sinh tr-ng
trong ng nghim ca t bo thc vt.
plant cell immobilization Entrapment of
plant cells in gel matrices so that they are
protected from physical damage. The cells
are suspended in liquified droplets which
are then allowed to harden. Commonly
used matrices are alginates, agar or
polyacrylamide.
c nh t bo thc vt Gi cht t bo
thc vt trong cht l-i gel do vy chng
-c bo v trnh khi tn th-ng vt cht.
Nhng t bo ny b ng-ng trong nhng
git nh m sau -c cho php lm

216
cng. Cc l-i thng dng l anginat, thch
hoc polyacrylamide.
plant genetic resources (Abbreviation:
PGR). The reproductive or vegetative
propagating material of: 1. cultivated
varieties (cultivars) in current use and
newly developed varieties; 2. obsolete
cultivars; 3. primitive cultivars (landraces);
4. wild and weed species, near relatives
of cultivated varieties; and 5. special
genetic stocks (including elite and current
breeders lines and mutants).
ti nguyn di truyn thc vt (vit tt:
PGR). Vt liu sinh sn hu tnh hoc sinh
d-ng ca: 1. Loi -c canh tc (cc cy
trng) hin thi ang cn s dng v loi
mi -c pht trin; 2. Cy trng khng
cn s dng; 3. Cy trng truyn thng
(cy bn a); 4. Loi c di v hoang d,
b con gn ca loi -c canh tc; v 5.
Cc ging gen c bit (bao gm cc dng
v cc th t bin ca nh to ging hin
hnh v c gi tr cao).
plant growth regulator An organic
compound, either natural or synthetic, and
other than a nutrient, that modifies or
controls one or more specific physiological
processes within a plant.
cht iu tit sinh tr-ng thc vt Hp
cht hu c t nhin hoc tng hp, v
khc hn vi cht dinh d-ng, n bin i
hoc iu khin mt hoc nhiu qu trnh
sinh l ring bit ca thc vt.
plant hormone hc mn thc vt Xem:
plant growth regulator.
plant variety protection bo v a dng
thc vt (vit tt: PVP). T ng ngha
plant breeders rights.
plant variety rights quyn li a dng
thc vt xem: plant breeders rights.
plantibody An antibody expressed
transgenically in an engineered plant.
khng th thc vt Khng th biu th
chuyn gen trong mt thc vt -c k
thut.
plantlet A small rooted shoot regenerated
from
cell
culture
following
embryogenesis or organogenesis.

plaque
Plantlets can normally develop into normal
plants when transplanted to soil.
cy non, cy mi nh Chi nh bn
r -c ti sinh t nui cy t bo tip theo
sinh phi hoc sinh c quan. Cy non c
th pht trin mt cch bnh th-ng thnh
cy bnh th-ng khi -c trng ra t.
plaque A clear spot on an otherwise
opaque lawn of bacteria, where cells have
been lysed by phage infection.
mng Vt m hin r trn bi c c m
ca vi khun theo cch khc nhau, ni cc
t bo -c lm tan do nhim bnh thc
khun.
plasma The fluid portion of the blood in
which is suspended the white and red
blood cells. Contains 8-9% solids, of which
85% is composed of the proteins
fibrinogen, albumin, and globulin. The
essential function of plasma is the
maintenance of blood pressure and the
transport of nutrients and waste.
huyt t-ng Phn cht lng ca mu
trong c cc t bo bch cu v hng
cu treo l lng. C cha 8- 9 % cht rn,
m 85% ca cht rn ny bao gm cc
protein fibrinogen, al-bu-min, v globulin.
Chc nng ch yu ca huyt t-ng l duy
tr huyt p mu v vn chuyn cht dinh
d-ng v cht thi.
plasma cells Antibody-producing white
blood cells derived from B lymphocytes.
bo t-ng T bo bch huyt sn xut
khng th c ngun gc t lymph bo B.
plasma membrane mng cht nguyn
sinh xem: plasmalemma.
plasmalemma The lipid bilayer and
associated proteins and other molecules
that surrounding the protoplast, within the
cell wall. Synonyms: cell membrane;
plasma membrane.
mng ngoi cht nguyn sinh Lp kp
lipit v protein -c kt hp v cc phn
t khc bao quanh cht nguyn sinh, bn
trong vch t bo. Nhng t ng ngha:
cell membrane; plasma membrane.

217
plasmid An circular self-replicating nonchromosomal DNA molecule found in
many bacteria, capable of transfer
between bacterial cells of the same
species, and occasionally of different
species. Antibiotic resistance genes are
frequently located on plasmids. Plasmids
are particularly important as vectors for
genetic engineering.
plasmit Phn t DNA dng vng khng
thuc nhim sc th t sao chp c trong
vi khun, c kh nng di chuyn gia cc
t bo vi khun cng mt loi, v i khi
ca loi khc. Gen chng khng sinh
th-ng nh v trn plasmit. Cc plasmit
quan trng c bit nh- cc vect k
thut gen.
plasmodesma (pl.: plasmodesmata) Fine
protoplasmic thread that connects adjacent
plant cells by passing through the plant cell
wall. Exploited by viruses as a conduit for
cell to cell movement.
si lin bo (s nhiu: plasmodesmata)
Si nguyn sinh cht tinh vi ni tip cc t
bo thc vt lin k i qua vch t bo
thc vt. -c khai thc do cc virut lm
mt ng ngm chuyn ng t t bo
sang t bo.
plasmolysis Shrinkage of protoplasm
caused by removal of water from a cell
through osmosis when surrounded by a
hypertonic solution.
co nguyn sinh Co cht nguyn sinh gy
ra do loi b n-c ra khi t bo qua thm
thu khi -c bao quanh bng dung dch
-u tr-ng.
plastid A general term for a number of
plant cell organelles which carry nonnuclear DNA. Includes the pigmentcarrying bodies: 1. chloroplasts in leaves,
2. chromoplasts in flowers, and 3. the
starch-synthesizing amyloplasts in seeds.
ht tp sc Thut ng ch chung s bo
quan t bo thc vt mang DNA khng
thuc nhn. Gm cc th mang mu: 1.
ht dip lc ca l, 2. ht sc th ca hoa,
v 3. ht tinh bt tng hp bt trong ht.

plastoquinone
plastoquinone One of a group of
compounds involved in the transport of
electrons as part of the process of
photosynthesis.
Mt trong nhm hp cht lin quan chuyn
ng in t nh- b phn ca qu trnh
quang hp.
plate 1. Verb: to distribute a thin film of
micro-organisms or plant cells onto a solid
medium. 2. Noun: refers to the two
segments of a Petri dish or similar.
mng 1. ng t: phn bit mt phim
mng ca vi sinh vt hoc t bo thc vt
trn mi tr-ng rn. 2. Danh t: cp
n hai np ca mt a petri hoc t-ng
t.
platform shaker trn rung xem: shaker.
plating efficiency The percentage of
inoculated cells which give rise to cell
colonies when seeded into culture
vessels.
hiu qu m T l phn trm ca cc t
bo -c ghp lm pht sinh cc cm t
bo khi kt ht trong cc khoang nui cy.
pleiotropic (adj.) See: pleiotropy.
thuc nhiu h-ng (tnh t) xem:
pleiotropy.
pleiotropy The simultaneous effect of a
given gene on more than one apparently
unrelated trait.
tnh a h-ng nh h-ng ng thi ca
mt gen -c to ra n nhiu hn mt
tnh trng khng lin quan r rt.
ploidy The number of complete sets of
chromosomes per cell, e.g. one set:
haploid, two sets: diploid, etc.
mc bi th S l-ng b hon chnh cc
nhim sc th theo t bo, v d mt b:
n bi, hai b: l-ng bi, vn vn.
plumule The first bud of an embryo, or
that portion of the young shoot above the
cotyledons.
t cy non Mm u tin ca mt phi,
hoc phn ca chi t trn l mn.
pluripotent a nng xem: totipotent.
plus tree cy h thp t xem: elite tree.

218
PNA Vit tt ca peptide nucleic acid.
pneumatic reactor l phn ng hi xem:
pneumatic reactor.
point mutation A change in DNA
sequence at a specific locus. The smallest
change involves the substitution, deletion
or insertion of a single nucleotide. See:
single nucleotide polymorphism.
t bin im Thay i trong trnh t DNA
ti mt gen ring bit. Thay i nh nht
bao gm s thay th, loi b hoc xen vo
mt nuleotit n. xem: single nucleotide
polymorphism.
polar bodies In female animals, the
products of a meiotic division that do not
develop into a functional ovum. The first
polar body comprises one of the two
products of the first meiotic divisions, which
may fail to divide at the second division.
The second polar body comprises one of
the products of the second division.
th cc Trong ng vt ci, cc sn phm
phn chia gim phn m khng pht trin
thnh non hot ng. Th cc u tin
gm c mt trong s hai sn phm phn
chia gim phn ln u, c th khng t
-c phn chia ti phn chia ln th hai.
Th cc th hai gm c mt trong cc sn
phm phn chia ln th hai.
polar mutation A mutation that influences
the functioning of genes that are
downstream from the site of
mutagenesis but are in the same
transcription unit.
t bin cc t bin c nh h-ng ti
chc nng ca cc gen xui dng t v tr
gy t bin nh-ng u trong cng mt
n v sao chp.
polar nuclei Two centrally located nuclei
in the embryo sac that unite with a second
sperm cell in a triple fusion. In some plant
species
(particularly
the
monocotyledons), the product of this
fusion develops into the endosperm.
ht nhn cc Hai nhn nh v tp trung
trong ti phi hp nht vi mt t bo
tinh trng th hai ca dung hp b ba.
Trong mt s loi thc vt (c bit cy

polar transport
n t dip), sn phm dung hp ny pht
trin thnh ni phi nh.
polar transport A directed movement
within plants of compounds (usually
endogenous plant growth regulators)
mostly in one direction; polar transport
overcomes the tendency for diffusion in
all directions.
chuyn cc S chuyn ng -c nh
h-ng bn trong thc vt ca cc hp cht
(th-ng l cht iu tit sinh tr-ng thc
vt ni sinh) hu nh- theo mt h-ng;
chuyn cc khc phc -c xu h-ng
khuch tn theo tt c cc h-ng.
polarity The observed differentiation of
an organism, tissue or cell into parts
having opposed or contrasted properties
or form.
phn cc S bit ho -c quan st ca
sinh vt, m hoc t bo trong cc b phn
c cc thuc tnh hoc hnh dng t-ng
phn hoc tri ng-c nhau.
pole cells A group of cells in the posterior
of Drosophila embryos that are precursors
to the adult germ line.
t bo cc Nhm t bo hu sinh ca phi
rui gim l tin cht cho dng mm tr-ng
thnh.
pollen Mature microspores of seed
plants.
phn hoa Tiu bo t tr-ng thnh ca
thc vt c ht.
pollen culture The in vitro culture and
germination of pollen grains to generate
haploid plants. See: anther culture;
microspore culture.
nui cy baophn Nui cy v -m mm
trong ng nghim ht phn pht sinh
cy n bi. Xem: anther culture;
microspore culture.
pollen grain The mature microspore,
produced in the pollen sac of angiosperms
or the microsporangium of gymnosperms.
Unicellular, with variable shape and size,
and an elaborately structured wall.
ht phn Tiu bo t tr-ng thnh, to ra
trong ti phn cy ht kn hoc tiu bo

219
nang cy ht trn. Th n bo, c hnh
dng v kch th-c bin i, v mt vch
cu trc tinh vi.
pollination Transfer of pollen from anther
to stigma in the process of fertilization in
angiosperms; transfer of pollen from male
to female cone in the process of fertilization
in gymnosperms.
th phn Di chuyn phn hoa t bao phn
n u nhu trong qu trnh th tinh ca
cy ht kn; di chuyn phn hoa t nn
c n nn ci trong qu trnh th tinh
ca cy ht trn.
poly-(A)polymerase Enzyme that
catalyses the addition of adenine residues
to the 3' end of mRNA molecules, forming
the characteristic poly-(A) tail.
poly-(A)polymeraza Enzim xc tc gn
thm gc adenin cho mt 3' ca phn t
mRNA, hnh thnh ui poly-(A) c tr-ng.
poly-(A) tail ui p ly- A Xem:
polyadenylation.
polyacrylamide
gel
Inert
electrophoresis matrix, formed by the
polymerization of acrylamide monomer
in the presence of the cross-linker N,Nmethylene-bis-acrylamide. Gels are
usually supported between two glass
plates, which need to be removed for postelectrophoresis manipulations. Sometimes
referred to incorrectly as acrylamide gels.
gel polyacrylamit Cht nn in di
chm, hnh thnh do trng hp n phn
acrylamide khi c mt N,N-methylenebis-acrylamide kt ni cho. Cc cht gel
th-ng -c t gia hai mng knh, cn
loi b cc nh h-ng sau in di. i
khi cp khng chnh xc nh- cc gel
acrylamid.
polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis
(Abbreviation: PAGE). Ubiquitous method
for separating nucleic acids and proteins
on the basis of their molecular size. The
method relies on the migration through an
inert matrix (polyacrylamide gel) of
electrically charged molecules as a result
of the imposition of an electric field.

polyadenylation
in di gel polyacrylamit (vit tt: PAGE).
Ph-ng php ph bin phn tch axit
nucleic v protein trn c s kch th-c
phn t ca chng. Ph-ng php ny ph
thuc vo s di chuyn qua on khun
lm chm (polyacrylamide gel) ca phn
t -c np in do chnh lch in
tr-ng.
polyadenylation Post-transcriptional
addition of multiple adenine residues to
the 3' end of eukaryotic mRNA. Also called
poly-(A) tailing. The adenine-rich 3'
terminal segment is called a poly (A) tail.
adenin ho S gn thm sau phin m
cc gc adenin khc nhau cho mt 3' ca
mRNA sinh vt nhn chun. Cn -c gi
l ui poly-(A). on cui giu adenin 3'
-c gi ui poly (A).
polycistronic A single mRNA that
contains the information necessary for the
production of more than one polypeptide.
Particularly characteristic of prokaryotic
mRNAs.
polycistronic Mt mRNA n mang thng
tin cn thit sn xut nhiu hn mt
polyeptit. c tr-ng in hnh ca mRNA
sinh vt khng nhn.
polyclonal antibody A serum sample that
contains a mixture of distinct
immunoglobulin molecules, each
recognizing a different antigenic
determinant of a given antigen.
khng th a dng Mu huyt thanh c
cha hn hp cc phn t globulin min
dch tch bit, mi mu nhn bit mt yu
t quyt nh khng nguyn khc nhau ca
mt khng nguyn -c to ra.
polycloning site v tr a nhn dng
xem: polylinker.
polyembryony The production of more
than one embryo from a single egg cell
(in animals) or from a range of
embryogenic cell types (in plants). These
embryos are genetically identical to one
another.
sinh a phi Sn xut nhiu hn mt phi
t mt t bo trng n ( ng vt) hoc
t hng lot t bo pht sinh phi ( thc

220
vt). Cc phi ny u ng nht di truyn
vi nhau.
polyethylene glycol (Abbreviation: PEG).
A polymer having the general formula
HOCH2(CH2OCH2)nCH2OH and available
in a range of molecular weights. Thus PEG
1000 is a polyethylene glycol of average
molecular weight 1000. PEG 4000 and
6000 are commonly used to promote cell
or protoplast fusion, and to facilitate DNA
uptake in the transformation of organisms
such as yeast. Also used to concentrate
solutions by withdrawing water from them
via osmosis.
polyethylen glicol (vit tt: PEG). Plime
c
cng
thc
chung
HOCH2(CH2OCH2)nCH2OH v tn ti
thnh mt dy di cao phn t . Nh- vy
PEG 1000 l mt glicol polyetylen c phn
t l-ng trung bnh 1000. PEG 4000 v
6000 th-ng -c dng thc y dung
hp t bo hoc t bo trn, v to
thun li vic chp nhn DNA trong bin
np sinh vt nh- nm men. Cn dng
lm tng nng dung dch do rt b n-c
nh thm thu.
polygalacturonase (Abbreviation: PG).
An enzyme which catalyses the
breakdown of pectin. A tomato engineered
to contain an antisense-PG gene
succeeded in delaying the onset of
softening, by inhibiting the expression of
PG. This allowed the fruit to be picked at a
riper stage than is conventionally possible,
and represented the first commercialized
genetically engineered crop plant.
polygalacturonaza (vit tt: PG). Mt
enzim xc tc phn hu pectin. Cy c
chua k thut mang mt gen khng
cm-PG tip ni lm chm khi pht mm
ho, do ngn chn biu th PG. iu ny
cho php thu hoch qu trong mt thi
im tp trung hn kh nng bnh th-ng,
v i din cho thc vt canh tc k thut
di truyn -c th-ng mi ha u tin.
polygene One of a number of genes, each
of small effect, which together act to
determine the phenotype of a quantitative
trait. The result is continuous variation in

polygenic
the trait and a seemingly non-Mendelian
mode of inheritance. See: quantitative
trait locus, continuous variation.
a gen Mt trong s cc gen, mi gen u
c nh h-ng nh, cng tc ng xc
nh kiu hnh ca mt tnh trng s l-ng.
Kt qu l bin d lin tc trong tnh trng
v d-ng nh- kiu di truyn ngoi Mendel.
xem: quantitative trait locus, continuous
variation.
polygenic Character controlled by many
genes of small effect. See: polygene.
thuc a gen c tr-ng kim sot do
nhiu gen hiu ng nh. xem: polygene.
polyhydroxybutyrate (Abbreviation:
PHB). A biopolymer, with physical
properties similar to polystyrene, originally
discovered in the bacterium Alcaligenes
eutropus. The gene coding for this
compound has since been transformed
into both other bacteria and into some crop
plants in order to produce a source of
renewable raw material for the plastics
industry. It is rapidly degraded by soil
micro-organisms.
poligalacturonaza (vit tt: PHB). Cht
do sinh hc, vi cc thuc tnh vt l t-ng
t nh- polystyrene, ban u khm ph
vi khun Alcaligenes eutropus. M ha gen
cho hn hp ny c t khi bin np trong
c cc vi khun v mt s ging cy trng
khc vi mc ch sn xut ngun vt liu
sng c kh nng i mi nn cng nghip
cht do. N nhanh chng -c phn hu
do vi sinh vt t.
polylinker A synthetic segment of DNA,
designed to include a number of different
restriction endonuclease sites. When
ligated to a DNA fragment that is to be
cloned, this enables a wide choice of
restriction endonucleases to be used for
the cloning process. Synonym: multiple
cloning site (MCS).
polylinke on DNA tng hp, -c thit
k gm c mt s v tr endonucleaza gii
hn khc bit. Khi -c kt ni vi on
DNA nhn dng, n cho php la chn
rng ri cc endonucleaza gii hn s

221
dng cho qu trnh tch dng.T ng
ngha: multiple cloning site (MCS).
polymer A macromolecule synthesized
by the chemical joining of many identical
or similar monomers. For example, amino
acids, monosaccharides and nucleotides
give rise to proteins, polysaccharides and
nucleic acids respectively. Water is
eliminated between the monomers as they
link to form chains. The individual
monomer units condensed within a chain
are often referred to as residues, a term
which is also employed for the bases
incorporated in polynucleotides.
polyme Mt i phn t -c tng hp do
kt ni ha hc nhiu n phn ng nht
hoc t-ng t. V d, cc amino acid,
monosaccharide v nucleotide to ra cc
protein, polisacarit v axit nucleic t-ng
ng. N-c -c loi khi gia cc n
phn khi chng ni thnh chui. Nhiu n
v n phn ring r -c c c trong mt
chui th-ng -c cp nh- cc gc,
thut ng cn -c dng ch cc ba z hp
nht trong polinucleotit.
polymerase An enzyme that catalyses the
formation of polymers from monomers.
A DNA polymerase synthesizes DNA from
deoxynucleoside triphosphates using a
complementary DNA strand and a primer.
An RNA polymerase synthesizes RNA
from ribonucleoside triphosphates and a
complementary DNA strand.
enzim trng hp Loi enzim xc tc hnh
thnh plime t cc n phn. DNA
polymeraza tng hp DNA t cc
deoxynuclosit triphosphat s dng s DNA
b sung v on mi. RNA polymeraza
tng hp RNA t cc ribonucleosit
triphosphat v si DNA b sung.
polymerase
chain
reaction
(Abbreviation: PCR). A widespread
molecular biology procedure that allows
the production of multiple copies
(amplification) of a specific DNA
sequence, provided that the base pair
sequence of each end of the target is
known. It involves multiple cycles of DNA
denaturation, primer annealing, and

polymerization
strand extension, and requires a
thermostable DNA polymerase,
deoxyribonucleotides, and specific
oligonucleotides (primers).
phn ng chui enzim trng hp (vit
tt: PCR). Ph-ng php sinh hc phn t
-c ng dng rng ri cho php sn xut
s l-ng ln bn sao (khuch i) ca trnh
t DNA -c ghi r, cung cp trnh t
cp baz ca mi mt ch -c nhn bit.
N ko theo chu trnh bin tnh DNA bi,
mm ho on mi v m rng si, v yu
cu mt enzim trng hp DNA chu nhit,
cc deoxyribonucleotit v oligonucleotit
c bit (cc on mi).
polymerization The chemical fusion of a
number of identical or similar monomers
to form a polymer. Common biological
polymers are starch (polymerized
monosaccharides),
DNA
(deoxyribonucleotides) and proteins
(amino acids).
s trng hp Dung hp ha hc mt s
l-ng n phn ng nht hoc t-ng t
hnh thnh plime. Cc plime sinh hc
ph bin l tinh bt (monosacarit trng
hp), DNA (cc deoxyribonucleotit) v
protein (cc amino acid).
polymery The phenomenon whereby a
number of genes at different loci (which
may be polygenes) can act together to
produce a single effect.
hin t-ng trng hp Hin t-ng nh
s l-ng gen cc gen khc nhau (cn
phi l a gen) c kh nng tc ng ln
nhau gy ra hiu ng n.
polymorphism 1. The occurrence of
allelic variation at a locus. Polymorphism
in nucleotide sequences has provided
powerful diagnostic tools. See: DNA
diagnostics, microsatellites, restriction
fragment length polymorphism. 2. The
occurrence of two or more forms in a
population.
See:
balanced
polymorphism,
chromosomal
polymorphism.
tnh a hnh 1. Tn sut bin d alen ti
gen. Tnh a hnh trong trnh t nucleotit

222
cung cp cng c chn on mnh.
Xem: DNA diagnostics, microsatellites,
restriction fragment length polymorphism.
2. Tn sut ca hai hoc nhiu dng hnh
trong mt qun th. Xem: balanced
polymorphism,
chromosomal
polymorphism.
polynucleotide A linear polymer
composed of covalently linked
nucleotides. Each link is formed by a
single phosphodiester bond. The term
is used to describe DNA and RNA.
polynucleotit Plime mch thng gm c
cc nuleotit lin kt ng ha tr. Mi lin
kt -c hnh thnh bi mt lin kt
phosphodiester n. Thut ng -c dng
m t DNA v RNA.
polypeptide A linear polymer composed
of covalently linked amino acids. Each link
is formed by a single peptide bond.
Sometimes used as a synonym for
protein, but also describes non-natural
and low-molecular-weight polymers.
polypeptit Plime mch thng gm c cc
amino acid lin kt ng ha tr. Mi lin
kt -c hnh thnh bi mt lin kt peptit
n. Nhiu khi -c dng ng ngha cho
protein, nh-ng cn m t cc polyme
trng l-ng phn t thp v khng thuc
t nhin.
polyploid Organism, tissue or cells
having more than two complete sets of
chromosomes. Many crop plants are
polyploid, including bread wheat
(hexaploid, 6x), cotton and alfalfa
(tetraploid, 4x), and banana (triploid, 3x).
a bi Sinh vt, m hoc cc t bo c
nhiu hn hai b nhim sc th hon chnh.
Nhiu thc vt canh tc l a bi, bao gm
la m (th lc bi, 6 X), bng v c linh
lng (th t bi, 4 X), v chui (th tam
bi, 3 X).
polysaccharide A linear or branched
polymer (e.g. starch, cellulose, etc.)
composed of covalently linked
monosaccharides, including cellulose,
pectin
and
starch.
Synonym:
carbohydrate.

polysaccharide capsule
polysaccharit Plime mch thng hoc
phn nhnh (v d tinh bt, xen-lu-l, v.v.)
-c to thnh t cc monosacarit lin kt
ng ho tr, bao gm xen-lu-l, pectin v
tinh bt. T ng ngha: carbohydrate.
polysaccharide capsule bao con nhng
polisacarit xem: capsule.
polysome A multi-ribosomal structure
representing a linear array of ribosomes
held together by mRNA.
b rib th Cu trc ribosom a cc i
din mt mng mch thng ribosom -c
bm gi vo nhau bi mRNA.
polyspermy The entry of several sperm
nuclei into the egg during fertilization,
although only one actually fuses with the
egg nucleus.
th tinh a tinh trng Thm nhp ca
mt vi nhn tinh trng vo trng trong khi
th tinh, mc d ch mt nhn tht s kt
hp vi nhn trng.
polytene
chromosome
Giant
chromosomes produced by interphase
replication without division, and consisting
of many identical chromatids arranged
side by side.
nhim sc th a si Nhim sc th
khng l sn xut do sao chp k ngh
khng c phn chia, v gm nhiu nhim
sc t ng nht xp xp cnh nhau.
polyunsaturates Oils in which some of the
carbon-carbon bonds are not fully
hydrogenated - i.e. of the form -CH=CH-,
rather than -CH2-CH2-.
cht bo ch-a no Cht du trong mt
s lin kt cc bon- cc bon ch-a -c
hydro ha hon ton ngha l ca dng CH=CH-, thay v -CH2-CH2-.
polyvalent vaccine A recombinant
organism
into
which
antigenic
determinants have been cloned from a
number of pathogens, for use as a
vaccine.
vacxin a ho tr Sinh vt ti t hp m
trong nhn t quyt nh khng nguyn
-c to dng t mt s vt gy bnh,
dng lm vacxin.

223
polyvinylpyrrolidone (Abbreviation:
PVP). An occasional constituent of plant
tissue culture isolation media. PVP is of
variable molecular weight and of general
formula (C 6 H 9 NO) n . Its antioxidant
properties are used to prevent oxidative
browning of excised plant tissues. Less
frequently used as an osmoticum in
culture media.
polyvinylpyrrolidon (vit tt: PVP).
Thnh phn ngu nhin ca mi tr-ng
phn lp nui cy m thc vt. PVP c
trng l-ng phn t bin i v cng thc
chung l (C6H9NO)n. Cc thuc tnh
chng oxi ha -c dng ngn nga
mu nu oxy ha ca m thc vt b ct.
-c dng lm cht thm lc trong mi
tr-ng nui cy nh-ng khng ph bin.
population A defined group of
interbreeding organisms.
qun th Nhm gii hn sinh vt tp giao.
population density Number of cells or
individuals per unit. The unit could be an
area, or a volume of medium.
mt qun th S l-ng t bo hoc
c th tnh theo n v. n v ny c th
l mt vng, hoc mt th tch ca mi
tr-ng.
population genetics The branch of
genetics that deals with frequencies of
alleles and genotypes in breeding
populations.
di truyn hc qun th Ngnh ca di
truyn hc c quan h vi tn s alen v
kiu gen trong qun th nhn ging sinh
sn.
porcine endogenous retrovirus
(Abbreviation: PERV). The provirus of a
porcine retrovirus. The possibility that
PERVs could be activated after
xenotransplantation of pig organs into
humans has raised concern that
xenotransplantation may result in the
transfer of novel infections to the human
population.
virus ln ni sinh sc vt (vit tt:
PERV). Tin virut ca vi rt ln gia sc.

position effect
Kh nng cc PERV c th -c kch
hot sau cy ghp khc th-ng cc c
quan gia sc cho ng-i lm pht sinh s
lo lng vic cy ghp khc th-ng c th
dn n chuyn nhim bnh l cho vng
dn c-.
position effect The influence of the
location of a gene (particularly a
transgene) on its expression and hence
its effect on phenotype.
nh h-ng v tr nh h-ng v tr gen (c
bit gen chuyn) n biu th ca n v
do vy nh h-ng n kiu hnh.
positional candidate gene A gene known
to be located in the same region as a DNA
marker that has been shown to be linked
to a single-locus trait or to a QTL, and
whose deduced function suggests that it
could be the source of genetic variation in
the trait in question.
gen ng c v tr Gen -c bit s nh
v trong vng ging nhau nh- mt du
chun DNA m ch ra l s -c lin
kt vi mt tnh trng gen n hoc vi
mt gen tnh trng s l-ng (QTL), v
chc nng suy din ca n gi rng c
th l ngun bin d di truyn ca tnh trng
cn nghi vn.
positional cloning A strategy for gene
cloning that relies on the identification of
closely linked markers to the target trait,
and then uses chromosome walking to
identify, isolate and characterize the
gene(s) responsible for the trait. The
strategy is particularly appropriate when
the biochemical basis of the target trait is
unclear, thus precluding the use of a
candidate gene approach.
to dng nh v Chin l-c to dng
gen tin t-ng vo s nhn bit cc du
chun lin kt cht vi tnh trng mc tiu,
v sau s dng ko di nhim sc th
xc nh, phn lp v m t c tr-ng
cc gen chu trch nhim cho tnh trng
ny. Chin l-c c bit ph hp khi c s
ha sinh ca tnh trng mc tiu khng
-c r rng, do vy ngn cn s dng
thm d gen ng c .

224
positive control system A mechanism in
which a regulatory protein(s) is required
to turn on gene expression.
h iu khin d-ng tnh C ch trong
protein iu ho -c yu cu ln l-t
trn biu th gen.
positive selectable marker du chun
kh nng la chn d-ng tnh Xem:
dominant selectable marker.
positive selection A method by which
cells that carry a DNA insert integrated at
a specific chromosomal location can be
selected, since this integration confers a
predictable phenotype.
chn lc d-ng tnh Ph-ng php theo
cc t bo mang on chn DNA hp
nht ti v tr nhim sc th ring bit c
th -c la chn, v s hp nht ny d
tnh mt kiu hnh c th d on.
post-replication repair A recombinationdependent mechanism for repairing
damaged DNA.
sa cha hu sao chp C ch ph
thuc ti t hp sa cha DNA b hhi.
post-translational modification The
addition of specific chemical residues to a
protein after it has been translated.
Common residues are phosphate groups
(phosphorylation)
and
sugars
(glycosylation).
bin i sau dch m Gn thm cc ui
ha hc c bit cho protein sau dch m.
Cc ui ph bin l cc gc pht pht
(photphoryl ha) v -ng (glycozyl ha).
potentiometric xem: enzyme electrode.
PPF Vit tt ca photosynthetic photon
flux.
ppm Vit tt ca parts per million.
PR protein Vit tt ca pathogenesis
related protein.
precautionary principle The approach
whereby any possible risk associated with
the introduction of a new technology is
avoided, until a full understanding of its
impact on health, environment etc. is

precocious germination
available. Particularly applied to the
release of genetically modified organisms,
since unlike many technologies, these
cannot be recalled if problems arise.
nguyn tc cnh bo tr-c, nguyn tc
phng nga Cch tip cn theo bt k
ri ro c th xy ra kt hp vi s chuyn
vo mt cng ngh mi -c ngn nga,
cho n khi no hiu bit y nh h-ng
ca n n sc khe, mi tr-ng vn vn...
l c li. -c p dng ring pht hnh
nhng sinh vt bin i gen, v khng ging
nh- nhiu cng ngh, chng khng th
-c lp li nu c vn pht sinh.
precocious
germination
Early
germination of a seed or embryo, prior to
the full maturation of the embryo.
ny mm sm S ny mm sm ca ht
hoc phi, tr-c khi phi tr-ng thnh hon
ton.
pre-filter A coarse filter used to screen out
large particles from a fluid or gas, before it
is passed through a much finer filter.
lc s L-i lc th dng chn ngoi
nhng ht ln t mt cht lng hoc kh,
tr-c khi n -c chuyn qua mt mng
lc tinh vi hn.
pre-mRNA tin RNA thng tin xem:
primary transcript.
pressure potential The pressure
generated within a cell, being the net
difference between the cells osmotic
potential and the water potential of the
external environment.
th nng p lc p lc pht sinh bn trong
t bo, din ra khc bit thc gia th nng
thm thu ca t bo v th nng n-c
ca mi tr-ng ngoi.
pre-transplant
A
stage
in
micropropagation - the rooting and
hardening process prior to transfer to soil.
cy chuyn s Mt giai on trong nhn
ging vi m- qu trnh bn r v lm cng
cy tr-c khi chuyn ra t.
preventive immunization Infection with
an antigen to elicit an antibody response
that will protect the organism against future
infections. Synonym: vaccination.

225
min dch d phng Nhim bnh vi
khng nguyn khi mo mt phn ng
khng th bo v sinh vt chng nhim
bnh v sau.T ng ngha: vaccination.
Pribnow box Consensus sequence near
the mRNA start-point of prokaryotic genes.
See: TATA box.
hp Pribnow Trnh t lin ng gn im
khi ng mRNA ca gen sinh vt khng
nhn. Xem:TATA box.
primary First in order of time or
development.
gc im u tin theo th t thi gian
hoc pht trin.
primary antibody In an ELISA or other
immunological assay, the antibody that
binds to the target molecule.
khng th gc Trong ELISA hoc th
nghim min dch khc, khng th kt khi
vi phn t ch.
primary cell A cell or cell line taken
directly from a living organism, which is not
immortalized.
t bo gc T bo hoc dng t bo -c
ly ra trc tip t sinh vt sng, m khng
-c ha bt t.
primary cell wall The cell wall layer
formed during cell expansion. Plant cells
possessing only primary walls may divide
or undergo differentiation.
vch t bo gc Lp vch t bo hnh
thnh khi m rng t bo. T bo thc vt
ch c vch t bo gc mi c th chia ct
hoc chi bit ho.
primary culture A culture started from
cells, tissues or organs taken directly from
organisms. A primary culture may be
regarded as such until it is sub-cultured
for the first time. It then becomes a cell
line.
nui cy s cp Nui cy khi ng t t
bo, m hoc c quan trc tip ly ra t
sinh vt. Nui cy s cp c th -c
ngh cho ti khi -c nui cy ph ln u.
Sau tr thnh mt dng t bo.
primary germ layers lp mm gc xem:
germ layer.

primary growth
primary growth 1. Apical meristemderived growth; the tissues of a young
plant. 2. Explant growth during the initial
culture period.
sinh tr-ng s cp 1. Sinh tr-ng bt
ngun t m phn sinh nh; cc m ca
cy tr. 2. Sinh tr-ng mnh ghp trong
giai on nui cy ban u.
primary immune response The immune
response that occurs during the first
encounter of a mammal with a given
antigen.
phn ng min dch s cp Phn ng
min dch xy ra trong khi tip xc ln u
ca mt ng vt c v vi mt khng
nguyn nht nh.
primary meristem Meristem of the shoot
or root tip giving rise to the primary plant
body.
m phn sinh s cp M phn sinh ca
nh chi hoc r cy to ra tng tr-ng
thn cy chnh.
primary structure The linear sequence of
residues making up a polymer such as a
nucleic acid, polysaccharide or protein.
See: secondary structure, tertiary
structure and quaternary structure.
cu trc s cp Trnh t mch thng ca
cc ui to ra mt loi plime nh- axit
nucleic, polisacarit hoc protein. xem:
secondary structure, tertiary structure and
quaternary structure.

226
from which DNA polymerase will
synthesize a new DNA strand to produce
a duplex molecule.
on mi on oligonucleotit ngn -c
thnh khung mu ca DNA si n, cung
cp cu trc si nhn i t enzim trng
hp DNA s tng hp si DNA mi sn
xut phn t xon kp.
primer walking A method for sequencing
long (>1 kbp) cloned pieces of DNA. The
initial sequencing reaction reveals the
sequence of the first few hundred
nucleotides of the cloned DNA. Using
this, a new primer of about 20 nucleotides
is synthesized, which is complementary to
a sequence near the end of sequenced
DNA, and used to sequence the next few
hundred nucleotides of the cloned DNA.
This procedure is repeated until the
complete nucleotide sequence of the
cloned DNA is determined.
ko di on mi Ph-ng php lm trnh
t di (>1kbp) cc on ni nhn dng
DNA. Phn ng lm trnh t ban u biu
l trnh t vi trm nuleotit u tin ca
DNA nhn dng. S dng y, mt on
mi mi khong 20 nuleotit -c tng hp,
l b sung cho trnh t gn mt ca DNA
trnh t, v dng lm trnh t vi trm
nuleotit tip theo ca DNA nhn dng.
Cch thc ny -c lp li cho n khi trnh
t nucleotit hon chnh ca DNA nhn dng
-c xc nh.

primary tissue A tissue that has

differentiated from a primary meristem.

primordium A group of cells which gives

rise to an organ.

m s cp M -c bit ho t m
phn sinh s cp.

bao gc Nhm t bo pht sinh c quan.

primosome A protein-replication complex
that catalyses the initiation of synthesis of
Okazaki fragments during discontinuous
replication of DNA. It involves DNA
primase and DNA helicase activities.
th gc Hn hp bn sao-protein xc
tc ban u tng hp on Okazaki trong
khi sao chp khng lin tc DNA. N ko
theo hot ng DNA primase v DNA
helicase.
prion Xem: proteinaceous infectious
particle.

primary transcript The RNA molecule

produced by transcription prior to any
post-transcriptional modifications; also
called a pre-mRNA in eukaryotes.
bn dch gc Phn t RNA -c to ra
do phin m tr-c bt k cc bin i sau
phin m; cn -c gi l tin-mRNA trong
sinh vt c nhn.
primer A short oligonucleotide annealed
to a template of single-stranded DNA,
providing a doubled stranded structure

probability
probability The frequency of occurrence
of an event.
xc sut Tn s bin c ca mt s kin.
proband The individual in a family in whom
an inherited trait is first identified.
u h C th ca mt h m trong c
th ny mt tnh trng di truyn -c xc
nh u tin.
probe A labelled DNA or RNA sequence
used to detect the presence of a
complementary
sequence
by
hybridization with a nucleic acid sample.
u d Trnh t DNA hoc RNA -c nh
du dng pht hin s c mt ca trnh
t b sung do lai vi mu axit nucleic.
procambium A primary meristem that
gives rise to primary vascular tissues and,
in most woody plants, to the vascular
cambium.
tin t-ng tng M phn sinh s cp sinh
ra m mch s cp v, trong hu ht cy
g sinh ra mch t-ng tng.
procaryote sinh vt khng nhn xem::
prokaryote, prokaryotic.
procaryotic thuc sinh vt khng nhn
(tnh t) xem: procaryote.
processed pseudo-gene A copy of a
functional gene which has no promoter, no
introns and which, consequently, is not
itself transcribed.
gen gi -c x l Bn sao gen hot
ng khng c khi u, khng c vng
ni v bi th n khng t phin m.
production environment All input-output
relationships, over time, at a particular
location. The relationships include
biological, climatic, economic, social,
cultural and political factors, which
combine to determine the productive
potential of a particular enterprise.
Production environments are classified as
high-, medium- and low-input.
mi tr-ng sn xut Tt c mi quan h
nhp- xut, thi gian khng hn ch, ti
mt v tr ring bit. Cc mi quan h bao

227
gm yu t sinh vt, kh hu, kinh t, x
hi, vn ha v chnh tr, chng kt hp li
xc nh tim lc sn xut ca mt t
chc kinh doanh ring bit. Mi tr-ng sn
xut -c phn loi nh- mc thu nhp caotrung bnh- v thp.
production traits Characteristics of
animals, such as the quantity or quality of
the milk, meat, fibre, eggs, work, etc., they
(or their progeny) produce, which
contribute directly to the value of the
animals for the farmer, and that are
identifiable or measurable at the individual
level.
tnh trng kinh t c tr-ng ca ng
vt, nh- s l-ng hoc cht l-ng ca sa,
tht, si, trng, sc lm vic, v.v., chng
(hoc con chu ca chng) sn xut ra,
m trc tip ng gp vo gi tr ca ng
vt cho nng dn, v c th nhn bit hoc
o c -c mc c th.
productivity The amount of economically
significant product generated within a
given period of time from a specified
quantity of resource.
nng sut Tng s sn phm thit yu
kinh t -c pht sinh trong sut mt ma
v to ra t mt s l-ng ti nguyn -c
ghi r.
pro-embryo A group of cells arising from
the division of the fertilized egg cell or
somatic embryo before those cells which
are to become the embryo are
recognizable.
tin phi Nhm t bo xut hin t phn
chia t bo trng th tinh hoc phi sinh
d-ng tr-c khi cc t bo ny s tr thnh
phi thai thc s.
progeny Synonym of offspring.
hu du T ng ngha vi con chu.
progeny testing With respect to discrete
loci, the inference of the allelic state of an
individual from the pattern of segregation
among its offspring. For a quantitative
trait, the use of progeny performance to
estimate the breeding value of an
individual.

progesterone
th nghim hu du C quan h vi
gen tch bit, s suy din trng thi alen
ca mt c th t mu tch ring theo con
ci. i vi mt tnh trng s l-ng, s dng
thnh tch con chu nh gi gi tr nhn
ging sinh sn ca mt c th.
progesterone A hormone produced
primarily by the corpus luteum, but also
by the placenta. Its function in mammals
is to prepare the inner lining of the uterus
for the implantation of a fertilized egg. Also
made by non-placental animals, including
fish.
progesteron Hc mn -c sn xut ch
yu do th vng, nh-ng cn do nhau thai.
Chc nng trong ng vt c v l
chun b lp mng lt pha trong t cung
gn trng th tinh. Cng -c to ra do
ng vt khng nhau thai, bao gm loi
c.
programmed cell death cht t bo
-c ch-ng trnh ha xem: apoptosis,
p53 gene.
prokaryote A member of the large group
of organisms, including bacteria and bluegreen algae, in which the chromosome is
not enclosed within a nucleus, but instead
exists as a linear or circular strand.
Prokaryotes do not undergo meiosis and
do not have functional organelles such as
mitochondria and chloroplasts. See:
eukaryote.
sinh vt khng nhn, tin nhn, nhn
s Thnh vin ca nhm ln sinh vt, bao
gm c vi khun v ngnh to xanh n-c
bin, trong nhim sc th ch-a -c
bao bc trong nhn, nh-ng tn ti -c
thay th nh- si thng hoc vng. Sinh
vt khng nhn khng tri qua gim phn
v khng c bo quan chc nng nh- ty
th v dip lc. Xem: eukaryote.
prolactin A hormone, produced by the
anterior pituitary gland, that stimulates and
controls lactation in mammals.
Hc mn, -c sn xut bi hch thy
tr-c tuyn yn, kch thch v iu khin
tit sa ca ng vt c v.

228
proliferation Increase by frequent and
repeated reproduction; growth by cell
division.
s phn chia Tng nhanh do sinh sn lp
li v th-ng xuyn; sinh tr-ng bi phn
chia t bo.
pro-meristem The embryonic meristem
that is the source of organ initials or
foundation cells.
tin m phn sinh M phn sinh thuc
phi l ngun gc ca cc khi u c
quan hoc t bo c s.
promoter 1. A short DNA sequence,
usually upstream of (5' to) the relevant
coding sequence, to which RNA
polymerase binds before initiating
transcription. This binding aligns the RNA
polymerase so that transcription will initiate
at a specific site. The nucleotide
sequence of the promoter determines the
nature of the enzyme that attaches to it
and the rate of RNA synthesis. 2. A
chemical substance that enhances the
transformation of benign cells into
cancerous cells. See: constitutive
promoter.
khi u 1. Trnh t DNA ngn, thng
th-ng ng-c dng ca (t 5' n) trnh t
m ho thch hp, n RNA polymerase
kt ni tr-c khi phin m bt u. S kt
ni ny sp thng hng RNA polymerase
phin m bt u ti mt v tr ring
bit. Trnh t nucleotit ca khi u xc
nh tnh cht enzim gn cho n v nhp
tng hp RNA. 2. Cht ha hc lm
tng c-ng bin np t bo vn khng
nguy him thnh t bo ung th-. Xem:
constitutive promoter.
promoter sequence trnh t khi u
xem: promoter (1).
pro-nuclear micro-injection An early, low
success-rate method to achieve
transgenesis in animals, involving the
micro-injection of many gene copies into
one of the two pro-nuclei of a fertilized
egg. Now being replaced by micro-injection
into a culture of cloned embryos produced

pro-nucleus
by nuclear transfer, which can be tested
for expression of the transgene before
transfer to recipient females.
bm vi m nhn tr-c Ph-ng php t
l thnh cng thp, u tin t -c s
pht sinh gen chuyn trong ng vt, lin
quan s bm vi m ca nhiu bn sao gen
vo mt trong s hai nhn tr-c ca trng
th tinh. Hin nay ang -c thay th bng
bm vi m vo nui cy phi -c to dng
to ra do chuyn nhn, c th -c th
biu th gen chuyn tr-c khi chuyn cho
th ci nhn.
pro-nucleus Either one of the two haploid
gamete nuclei, just prior to their fusion in
the fertilized egg.
nhn tr-c Mi mt trong hai nhn giao
t n bi, ngay tr-c khi dung hp trong
trng th tinh.
proofreading The scanning of newlysynthesized DNA for structural defects,
such as mis-matched base pairs. A
functional activity of most DNA
polymerases.
c bn th Qut DNA va -c tng
hp cho nhng li thuc cu trc, nh- cc
cp ba z ch-a ph hp. Mt hot ng
chc nng ca hu ht cc enzim trng
hp DNA.
propagation The duplication of a whole
plant from a range of vegetative materials;
adapted for in vitro culture as
micropropagation.
nhn ging Nhn i c mt thc vt t
phm vi vt liu sinh d-ng; thch hp cho
nui cy trong ng nghim nh- vi nhn
ging.

229
chromosome of a lysogenic bacterial
cell, and replicated along with its host
chromosome.
th thc khun gc H gen ca th thc
khun hp nht thnh nhim sc th ca
t bo vi khun phn gii, v -c xon
dc theo nhim sc th vt ch.
prophase The first stage of nuclear
division. The stage during which
chromosome pairing occurs in the first
division of meiosis (see: leptonema,
zygonema, pachynema, diplonema,
diakinesis). In mitosis and the second
division of meiosis, the chromosomes
shorten and thicken as a result of coiling.
k u, tin k Giai on phn chia nhn
u tin. Giai on trong s cp i
nhim sc th xut hin trong phn chia
ln u gim phn (xem: leptonema,
zygonema, pachynema, diplonema,
diakinesis ). Trong nguyn phn v phn
chia ln hai gim phn, cc nhim sc th
co ngn v dy ln do kt qu cun vng.
protamine A class of small basic proteins
that replace the histones in the
chromosomes of some sperm cells.
protamin Lp protein c s nh thay th
histon trong nhim sc th ca mt s t
bo tinh trng.
protease An enzyme that catalyses the
hydrolysis of proteins, cleaving the
peptide bonds that link amino acids in
protein molecules. Synonym: peptidase.
proteaza Enzim xc tc thy phn protein,
tch lin kt peptt kt ni cc amino
acid trong phn t protein. T ng ngha:
peptidase.

propagule Any structure capable of giving

rise to a new plant by asexual or sexual
reproduction, including bulbils, leafbuds,
etc.

protein A macromolecule composed of

one or more polypeptides, each
comprising a chain of amino acids linked
by peptide bonds.

vt gim Bt k cu trc no c kh nng

sinh ra mt cy trng mi do sinh sn v
tnh hoc hu tnh, bao gm cc mm non,
n, vn vn.
pro-phage The genome of a
bacteriophage integrated into the

protein i phn t gm c mt hoc

nhiu polyeptit, mi polyeptit gm c mt
chui amino acid -c kt ni bng lin
kt peptit.
protein crystallization The production of
a pure preparation of a protein. In this

protein drug
form, the three-dimensional structure of the
molecule can be determined.
kt tinh protein Sn phm ca mt ch
phm protein thun khit. Trong dng ny,
cu trc khng gian ba chiu ca phn t
c th -c xc nh.
protein drug thuc protein xem:
therapeutic agent.
protein engineering Generating proteins
with modified structures that confer novel
properties such as higher catalytic
specificity or thermal stability.
protein k thut Protein pht sinh vi cu
trc bin i trao i cc tnh cht mi
l nh- l tnh c th xc tc mnh hoc
bn vng nhit.
protein kinase An enzyme that catalyses
the addition of a phosphate group(s) to a
protein molecule at the sites of serine,
threonine or tyrosine residues.
Enzim xc tc gn thm mt hoc nhiu
nhm pht pht cho mt phn t protein
ti cc v tr ca gc serin, threonine hoc
tirosin.
protein metabolic step One step in the
chain of reactions that take place in an
organism and dictate the composition of
that organism.
b-c chuyn ho protein Mt b-c ca
chui phn ng xy ra trong sinh vt v
iu khin thnh phn ca sinh vt ny.
protein sequencing The process of
determining the amino acid sequence of
a protein. Usually achieved following
initially partial hydrolysis of the protein
into smaller peptides by enzymatic
digestion.
lm trnh t protein Qu trnh xc nh
trnh t amino acid ca protein. Th-ng t
-c tip theo thy phn phn u ca
protein thnh cc peptit nh hn do tiu
ha enzim.
protein synthesis The creation of
proteins from their constituent amino
acids, in accordance with the encoding
gene DNA sequence.

230
tng hp protein To thnh protein t
amino acid thnh phn, tha mn iu kin
vi trnh t DNA gen m ha.
proteinaceous infectious particle
Believed to be the agent responsible for
the class of diseases called spongiform
encephalopathies, including scrapie in
sheep, bovine spongiform encephalopathy
(BSE; mad cow disease) in cattle and CJD
in humans. It is an abnormal form of a brain
protein, and has no detectable nucleic
acid content. Synonym: prion.
ht chuyn nhim th nh protein -c
coi l tc nhn chi trch nhim v lp
bnh hi -c gi l bnh no dng bt
bin, bao gm bnh no cu, bnh no
dng bt bin gia sc (BSE; bnh b ci
in) trong gia cm v CJD trong ng-i.
N l mt dng d th-ng ca protein no,
v khng c th nhn -c du vt axit
nucleic. T ng ngha: prion.
proteolysis Enzymatic degradation of a
protein.
phn hu protein S phn r enzim ca
mt protein.
proteolytic Having the ability to degrade
protein molecules.
(thuc) phn hu protein C kh nng
phn r cc phn t protein.
proteome The complete complement of
proteins made by a given species in all
its tissues and growth stages.
proteome Th b sung hon chnh protein
to ra do mt loi nht nh trong tt c
cc m bo v giai on sinh tr-ng ca
n.
proteomics An approach that seeks to
identify and characterize complete sets of
protein, and protein-protein interactions
in a given species. See: proteome,
genomics.
h protein Cch tip cn tm kim xc
nh v m t c im cc tp hp hon
chnh protein, v s t-ng tc proteinprotein trong mt loi nht nh. xem:
proteome, genomics.

protoclone

231

protoclone Regenerated plant derived

from protoplast culture or a single
colony derived from protoplasts in culture.
dng nguyn sinh Cy trng ti sinh bt
ngun t nui cy cht nguyn sinh hoc
khun lc n bt ngun t cht nguyn
sinh trong nui cy.

bo m rng khng xut hin t th

phn.
protomeristem tin m phn sinh xem:
pro-meristem.
proto-oncogene A normal gene that can
be mutated to an oncogene. Synonym:
cellular oncogene.

protocol The step-by-step experiments

proposed to describe or solve a scientific
problem, or the defined steps of a specific
procedure.
nghi thc Nhng th nghim tun theo
tng b-c -c nu ra m t hoc gii
quyt mt vn khoa hc, hoc tng
b-c -c xc nh theo mt cch thc
ghi r.

tin gen ung th- Gen bnh th-ng n c

th -c t bin thnh gen gy ung th-.
T ng ngha: cellular oncogene.
protoplasm The essential, complex living
substance of cells, upon which all vital
functions of nutrition, secretion, growth and
reproduction depend.
cht nguyn sinh Vt cht sng thit yu,
phc hp ca t bo, nh tt c cc
chc nng sng cn ca dinh d-ng, d
tr, sinh tr-ng v sinh sn ph thuc vo.
protoplast A bacterial or plant cell for
which the cell wall has been removed
either chemically or enzymatically, leaving
its cytoplasm enveloped by a peripheral
membrane. Protoplasts are spherical and
smaller than the elongate, angular shaped
and often vacuolated cells from which they
have been released.
t bo cht nguyn sinh T bo vi khun
hoc thc vt v do vch t bo -c loi
b bng ha hc hoc enzim, b li cht
t bo -c bc ngoi bng mng ngoi
vi ca n. T bo nguyn sinh l t bo
hnh cu v nh ko di, hnh th r rng
v th-ng c khng bo m t chng
-c gii phng.
protoplast culture The culturing in vitro
of plant protoplasts. Where protoplasts
can be regenerated into whole plants, they
represent an attractive target for genetic
manipulation.
nui cy t bo nguyn sinh Nui cy
trong ng nghim t bo nguyn sinh thc
vt. Ni cc t bo nguyn sinh c th -c
ti sinh thnh ton b cy, chng i din
mt h-ng c sc hp dn thao tc gen.

protocorm A tuberous structure, formed

following the germination of orchid seeds,
from which develops a complete plant. It
develops from an unorganized embryo in
the seed, comprising only a few hundred
cells. In culture, vegetative explants of
several orchid species form round, smooth
protocorms which can be multiplied
indefinitely or induced to regenerate into
a whole plant.
mm r Cu trc hnh c, -c hnh thnh
sau ny mm ca ging cy phong lan, t
pht trin cy hon chnh. N pht trin
t phi khng c t chc trong ht, bao
gm ch mt vi trm t bo. Trong nui
cy m, cc mnh nui cy sinh d-ng
ca mt s loi phong lan hnh thnh cc
r mm xung quanh, mn m c th -c
nhn ln v hn nh hoc -c thc y
ti sinh thnh c cy.
protoderm A primary meristem tissue
that gives rise to epidermis.
tin biu b M phn sinh gc sinh ra
biu b.
protogyny The condition in which the
female reproductive organs (carpels) of a
flower mature before the male ones
(stamens), thereby ensuring that selffertilization does not occur.
nhy chn tr-c Tnh trng m trong
c quan sinh sn ci (l non) ca hoa
tr-ng thnh tr-c ging c (nh hoa), do

protoplast fusion The induced or

spontaneous coalescence of two or more
protoplasts of the same or different
species origin. Where fused protoplasts

prototroph
can be regenerated into whole plants, the
opportunity exists for the creation of novel
genomic combinations. See: cybrid.
dung hp t bo cht nguyn sinh Kt
t nh cm ng hoc t nhin ca hai hoc
nhiu t bo nguyn sinh ca cng loi
hoc loi khc ngun gc. Ni t bo
nguyn sinh -c dung hp c th -c
ti sinh thnh ton b cy, c hi tn ti
to ra ti t hp mi. Xem: cybrid.
prototroph A nutritionally independent
cell. Opposite: auxotroph.
th nguyn d-ng T bo c lp kiu
dinh d-ng.Ng-c vi: auxotroph.
pro-toxin A latent, non-active precursor
form of a toxin.
tin c t Dng tin cht tim n, khng
hot ng ca mt c t.
protozoan (pl.: protozoa) A microscopic,
single-cell organism.
ng vt nguyn sinh (s nhiu:
protozoa) Sinh vt n bo quan st r
bng knh hin vi.
protruding end mt li xem: extension.
provenance The geographical and/or
genetic origin of an individual.
gc pht sinh Ngun gc a l v/hoc
di truyn ca mt c th.
provirus A double stranded DNA copy of
the single RNA strand of a retrovirus,
which has been integrated into a host
genome.
tin virut Bn sao DNA si kp mt si
RNA n ca vi rt ln, chng -c hp
nht vo h gen vt ch.
pseudo-affinity chromatography A
chromatographic technique in which a
ligand is immobilized selectively to retain
enzymes or other proteins.
sc k i lc gi K thut ghi sc k trong
mt phi t -c c nh chn lc
gi li cc enzim hoc protein khc.
pseudo-autosomal region A section at
one end of the X and Y chromosomes for
which there is sufficient homology that
there is synapsis between them during
meiosis.

232
vng t sinh d-ng gi Khu vc ti mt
mt nhim sc th X v Y v c mt s
t-ng ng va cho mt k tip hp
gia chng trong gim phn.
pseudocarp A fruit that incorporates, in
addition to the ovary wall, other parts of
the flower, such as the receptacle (e.g.
strawberry). Synonym: false fruit.
qu gi Qu m hp nht, thm vo vch
non, cc phn khc ca hoa, nh- ch
cha ng (v d cy du ty). T ng
ngha: false fruit
pseudogene An incomplete or mutated
copy of a gene which is not transcribed
because it lacks a continuous open
reading frame. Those that lack introns
are called processed pseudogenes and
are most likely cDNA copies synthesized
from mRNA by reverse transcriptase
gen gi Bn sao khng y hoc b
t bin ca gen m ch-a -c phin m
do n thiu mt khung c m tip theo.
Nhng ci thiu intron u -c gi l gen
gi v hu ht u ging cc bn sao DNA
b sung -c tng hp t RNA thng tin
do enzim phin m ng-c.
Pseudomonas spp. A widely distributed
Gram-negative bacterial genus. Many of
the soil forms produce a pigment that
fluoresces under ultraviolet light, hence the
descriptive
term
fluorescent
Pseudomonas.
Pseudomonas spp. Mt ging vi khun
gram m phn b rng ri. C nhiu dng
rn to ra cht mu pht hunh quang
d-i tia t ngoi, do vy thut ng din t
hunh quang Pseudomonas.
P-site v tr P vit tt ca peptidyl-tRNA
binding site.
psychrophile A micro-organism that can
grow at temperatures below 30 oC and as
low as 0oC. See: mesophile, thermophile.
sinh vt -a lnh Vi sinh vt c th sinh
tr-ng nhit d-i 30oC v thp 0oC.
xem: mesophile, thermophile.
PUC A widely used plasmid, containing
as a marker a galactosidase gene.

pulsed-field gel electrophoresis

PUC Plasmit -c s dng rng ri, mang
mt du chun l gen galactosidase.
pulsed-field gel electrophoresis
(Abbreviation: PFGE). A procedure used
to separate very large (50 kbp to several
Mbp) DNA molecules by alteRNAting the
direction of electric current in a pulsed
manner across a gel.
in di gel rung (vit tt: PFGE). Ph-ng
php dng phn tch cc phn t DNA
rt ln (50 kbp ti vi Mbp) do dng in
xoay chiu theo kiu rung qua cht gel.
punctuated equilibrium The occurrence
of speciation events in bursts, separated
by long intervals of species stability.
cn bng ngt qung Tn sut s kin
hnh thnh loi khi bng n, -c phn tch
theo cc khong di ca cc loi n nh.
pure line A strain in which all members
are genetically nearly identical and are
indistinguishable by phenotype. Usually
created by repeated generations of selffertilization or close inbreeding.
dng thun Mt chng trong tt c cc
thnh vin l gn nh- ng nht v khng
th phn bit -c bng kiu hnh. Th-ng
-c to ra bi cc th h lp do t th
tinh hoc ni phi khp kn.
purification tag u lm sch Xem: affinity
tag.
purine A double-ring, nitrogen-containing
base present in nucleic acids. Adenine
(A) and guanine (G) are the two purines
normally present in DNA and RNA
molecules.

233
purin Mt ba z vng i cha nit c mt
trong axit nucleic. Adenin (A) v guanin (G)
l hai purin bnh th-ng c mt trong cc
phn t DNA v RNA.
PVP 1. vit tt ca polyvinylpyrrolidone.
2. vit tt ca plant variety protection .
PVR vit tt ca plant variety rights.
PWP vit tt ca permanent wilting point.
pyrethrins Active constituents of
pyrethrum (Tanacetum cinerariifolium)
flowers, used as insecticides.
pyrethrin Cc thnh phn hot ng ca
cy kim cc (Tanacetum cinerariifolium),
-c dng lm thuc tr su.
pyrimidine A single-ring, nitrogencontaining base present in nucleic acids.
Cytosine (C) and thymine (T) are present
in DNA, whereas uracil (U) replaces T in
RNA. Thymine is a synonym for 5methyluracil.
pyrimidin Mt ba z vng- n, cha nit
c mt trong cc axit nucleic. Xytosin (C)
v thimin (T) c mt trong DNA, trong khi
Uracil (U) thay th T trong RNA. Thimin l
mt t ng ngha cho 5-methyluracil.
pyrogen Bacterial substance that causes
fever in mammals.
cht gy st Cht vi khun gy bnh st
trong cc ng vt c v.
pyrophosphate A phosphate ion dimer;
may be released on hydrolysis of ATP
pht pht cao nng Mt cht trng phn
ion pht pht; c th -c gii phng nh
thy phn ATP.

234

Qq
q Denotes the longer of the two
chromosome arms, e.g. human 10q is the
long arm of human chromosome 10.
q Biu th nhnh di ca hai nhnh nhim
sc th, v d ng-i 10q l nhnh di ca
nhim sc th s 10 ca ng-i.
q-beta replicase A viral RNA polymerase
secreted by a bacteriophage that infects
E. coli. It has the property of being able to
copy RNA sequences at a rapid rate.
q-beta replicaza RNA polymerase virut
-c phn tit do th thc khun ly nhim
E. coli. C thuc tnh din ra kh nng sao
chp trnh t RNA vi nhp nhanh.
QSAR vit tt ca quantitative structureactivity relationship
QTL vit tt ca quantitative trait locus.
quadrivalent A chromosome configuration
visible in late prophase and metaphase
of the first meiotic division, where four
chromosomes are linked by chiasmata.
Can occur in autotetraploids when four
homologous chromosomes pair, or in
diploids as a result of heterozygosity for
a reciprocal translocation between two
non-homologous chromosomes.
ng ha tr Cu hnh nhim sc th nhn
thy r trong cui k u v k gia phn
chia gim phn ln u, ni bn nhim sc
th lin kt do bt cho. C th xut hin
trong th t bi t d-ng khi bn nhim
sc th t-ng ng cp i, hoc trong
l-ng bi l hu qu ca tnh d hp t v
hon v thun nghch gia hai nhim sc
th khng t-ng ng.
quadruplex The inheritance of alleles in
autotetraploids. A genotype AAAa will
produce gametes AA, Aa in the ratio 3:1.

ghp b bn Di truyn ca cc alen trong

th t bi t d-ng. Mt kiu gen AAAa s
sn xut cc giao t AA, Aa vi t l 3:1.
qualitative trait A trait that shows
discontinuous variation - i.e. individuals
can be assigned to one of a small number
of discrete classes.
tnh trng cht l-ng Mt tnh trng cho
thy bin d khng lin tc- ngha l cc c
th c th -c gn cho mt s l-ng nh
cc lp tch bit.
quantitative genetics The area of
genetics concerned with the inheritance
of quantitative traits that show continuous
variation, as opposed to qualitative traits.
Since many of the critical targets in both
plant and animal breeding are of this type,
most practical improvement programs
involve the application of quantitative
genetics.
di truyn hc s l-ng Lnh vc di truyn
hc lin quan vi di truyn tnh trng s
l-ng cho thy bin d lin tc, ng-c vi
tnh trng cht l-ng. V nhiu mc ch
ph phn trong nhn ging sinh sn c
thc vt v ng vt nui u thuc loi
ny, hu ht cc ch-ng trnh nng cao
thc hnh bao gm ng dng di truyn hc
s l-ng.
quantitative inheritance Inheritance of
measurable traits that depend on the
cumulative action of many genes and/or
involve a significant proportion of nongenetic determination.
di truyn s l-ng Di truyn nhng tnh
trng o -c m ph thuc vo hot ng
tch t ca nhiu gen v/hoc bao gm mt
t l quan trng yu t xc nh khng di
truyn.
quantitative
structure-activity
relationship (Abbreviation QSAR). A
computer modelling technique that
enables the prediction of the likely activity
of a molecule before it is synthesized.
QSAR analysis relies on recognizing
associations of molecular structures and
activity from historical data.

quantitative trait
quan h hot ng - cu trc s l-ng
(vit tt QSAR). Mt k thut m hnh tnh
ton cho php d on hot ng ca mt
phn t ging ht tr-c khi n -c tng
hp. S phn tch QSAR tin cy vo nhng
mi quan h nhn bit v cu trc phn t
v hot ng t d liu tin s.
quantitative trait A measurable trait that
shows continuous variation (e.g. height,
weight, colour intensity, etc.) - i.e. the
population cannot be classified into a few
discrete classes.
tnh trng s l-ng Mt tnh trng o -c
cho thy bin d lin tc (v d chiu cao,
trng l-ng, mu, v.v.) - ngha l mt
qun th khng th phn loi thnh mt
s t lp ring bit.
quantitative trait locus (Abbreviation:
QTL). A locus where allelic variation is
associated with variation in a quantitative
trait. The presence of a QTL is inferred
from genetic mapping, where the total
variation is partitioned into components
linked to a number of discrete
chromosome regions.
gen tnh trng s l-ng (vit tt: QTL).
Mt gen ni bin d alen c lin quan vi
bin i tnh trng s l-ng. S c mt ca
mt QTL c d on t lp bn gen,
ni tng s bin d -c phn chia thnh
cc thnh phn lin kt vi s l-ng cc
vng nhim sc th tch bit.
quantum speciation The rapid formation
of new species, primarily by genetic drift.
mc hnh thnh loi S hnh thnh nhanh
cc loi mi, ch yu do tch t gen.

235
quarantine Isolation for a period after
arrival in a new location, to allow any preexisting disease symptoms to appear.
Used in the context of regulations
restricting the sale or shipment of living
organisms, usually to prevent disease or
pest invasion of an area.
cch ly kim dch C lp mt thi k sau
khi n v tr mi, cho php bt k nhng
triu chng bnh vn c t tr-c xut hin.
Dng trong khung iu chnh hn ch hng
bn hoc xut khu cc sinh vt sng,
th-ng ngn nga tc nhn su hoc
bnh hi ca mt vng.
quaternary structure A level of protein
structure where several individual
molecules assemble together and form a
functional cluster. A classic example is
haemoglobin, a complex of four myoglobinlike units. See: tertiary structure.
cu trc bc bn Mc cu trc protein
ni mt s t phn t ring l tp hp li v
hnh thnh mt khi hot ng. Mt v d
kinh in l haemoglobin, mt phc h bn
n v ging nh- myoglobin. Xem: tertiary
structure.
quiescent A temporary suspension or
reduction in the rate of activity or growth,
while retaining the potential to resume prior
activity. Applies particularly to cell division.
See: dormancy.
tim n Mt s ngng hoc gim tm thi
nhp hot ng hoc sinh tr-ng, khi
duy tr tim nng thu gn tr-c khi hot
ng. p dng ring cho phn chia t bo.
Xem: dormancy.

236

Rr
R genes A class of plant genes conferring
resistance to a specific strain (or group
of strains) of a particular pathogen. Their
primary function is to sense the presence
of the pathogen and to trigger the defence
pathways in the plant. R genes have been
cloned from a number of plant species.
gen R Mt lp gen thc vt chuyn tnh
khng cho mt chng (hoc nhm ni)
nht nh ca vt gy bnh ring bit. Chc
nng gc ca chng l cm nhn s c
mt ca vt gy bnh v thc y -ng
mn bo v trong thc vt. Gen R -c
nhn dng t mt s loi thc vt.
R 1 The first-generation offspring of a
recombinant (genetically modified)
organism. Not standard terminology. See:
T0, T1, and T2.
R1 Con ci th h u tin ca sinh vt ti
t hp (bin i gen). Thut ng hc khng
chun. Xem: T0, T1, and T2.
race A distinguishable group of organisms
of a particular species. Criteria for
distinctness can be one or a combination
of geographic, ecological, physiological,
morphological, genetic and karyotypic
factors.
dng Mt nhm sinh vt d phn bit ca
loi ring bit. Cc tiu chun phn bit
c th l mt hoc kt hp nhiu yu t
nh- a l, sinh thi hc, sinh l hc, hnh
thi hc, di truyn hc v kiu nhn.
raceme An inflorescence in which the
main axis is elongated but the flowers are
borne on pedicels that are about equal in
length.
chm hoa Chm hoa c trc chnh -c
ko di nh-ng cc hoa -c sinh ra trn
nhng cung nh c di gn bng nhau.
rachilla Shortened axis of a spikelet.

cung Trc ngn ca mt bng nh.

rachis Main axis of a spike; axis of fern
leaf (frond) from which pinnae arise; in
compound leaves, the extension of the
petiole corresponding to the midrib of an
entire leaf.
sng Trc chnh ca bng; trc l cy
d-ng x (hnh l) t l cht xut hin;
trong l cy hn hp, phn m rng cung
l t-ng ng vi gn gia ton b l cy.
radiation hybrid cell panel (Abbreviation:
RH). A somatic cell hybrid panel in which
the chromosomes from the species of
interest have been fragmented by
irradiation prior to cell fusion. The
resultant small fragments of chromosomes
greatly increase the power of physical
mapping in the species of interest.
bn t bo lai bc x (vit tt: RH). Mt
bn lai t bo xma trong cc nhim
sc th t loi quan tm -c phn
mnh do tr-ng bc x tr-c dung hp t
bo. Nhng on nh kt qu ca nhim
sc th nng cao cng sut lp bn vt
cht ca nhng loi quan tm.
radicle The portion of the plant embryo
which develops into the primary root.
r mm Phn phi thc vt s pht trin
thnh r chnh.
radioimmunoassay (Abbreviation: RIA).
An assay based on the use of a
radioactively labelled antibody, where the
amount of radiation detected indicates the
amount of target substance present in the
sample.
th nghim min dch phng x (vit tt:
RIA). Th nghim trn c s s dng khng
th nh du phng x, ni tng s bc
x pht hin ch s l-ng vt cht ch hin
c trong mu.
radioisotope An unstable isotope that
emits ionizing radiation. Synonym:
radioactive isotope.
ng v phng x Cht ng v khng bn
vng pht bc x ion ha.T ng ngha:
radioactive isotope.
raft culture nui cy b xem: nurse
culture.

ramet
ramet An individual member of a clone,
descended from the ortet.
c th v tnh Thnh vin c th dng v
tnh, -c tha k t cy gc.
random amplified polymorphic DNA
(Abbreviation: RAPD). A PCR-based
genotyping technique in which genomic
template is amplified with single, short
(usually 10-mer) randomly chosen
primers. Typical patterns consist of a small
number of amplified products of up to 2
kbp in length, which are separated by
electrophoresis.
DNA a hnh khuych i ngu nhin
(vit tt: RAPD). K thut gim nh gen
da vo PCR trong khung mu h gen
-c khuych i vi cc khi u -c
chn ngu nhin, n, ngn (th-ng l 10mer). Cc mu tiu biu gm c mt s
nh sn phm khuych i ln ti 2 kbp
v di, -c phn tch bi hin t-ng
in chuyn.
random genetic drift lc dng gen ngu
nhin, xu th di truyn ngu nhin xem:
genetic drift.
random mutagenesis A non-directed
change of one or more nucleotide pairs
in a DNA molecule.
t bin ngu nhin Thay i khng nh
h-ng ca mt hoc nhiu cp nuleotit
trong phn t DNA.
random primer method A method for
labelling DNA probes, mainly for
Southern hybridization experiments. A
mixture of short oligonucleotides is
hybridized to a single-stranded DNA
probe. In the presence of DNA
polymerase and deoxyribonucleotides
- one of which is labelled - DNA synthesis
then generates labelled copies of probe
DNA.
ph-ng php mi ngu nhin Ph-ng
php cc u DNA nh du, ch
yu cho cc th nghim lai mch nSouthern hybridization. Hn hp
oligonucleotit ngn -c lai vi u d DNA
si n. Khi c mt enzim trng hp DNA

237
v cc deoxyribonucleotit- Mt ca chng
-c nh du- tng hp DNA ri pht sinh
cc bn sao nh du DNA u d.
RAPD Vit tt ca random amplified
polymorphic DNA.
rate-limiting enzyme The enzyme whose
activity controls the output of final product
from a multi-enzyme metabolic pathway.
enzim gii hn nhp Enzim c hot
ng iu khin u ra ca sn phm cui
cng t -ng mn chuyn ha a enzim.
rational drug design A systematic method
of creating compounds by analysing their
structure, function and stereochemical
interactions.
thit k thuc hp l Ph-ng php h
thng to ra cc hn hp do phn tch
cu trc, chc nng v cc mi t-ng tc
ha hc lp th ca chng.
reading frame The reading frame defines
which sets of three nucleotides are read
as triplets, and hence as codons, in DNA
transcription. The start point is usually
determined by the initiation codon, AUG.
Thus the sequence AUGGCAAAA would
be read as AUG/GCA/AAA not as A/UGC/
CAA/AA. See: open reading frame.
khung c Khung c xc nh vi cc
b ba nuleotit -c c thnh cc b ba,
v do nh- cc cm m, trong phin m
DNA. im khi ng th-ng -c xc
nh do b ba bt u, AUG. Nh- vy trnh
t AUGGCAAAA s -c c nh- AUG /
GCA / AAA m khng phi l A / UGC /
CAA / AA. Xem: open reading frame.
read-through Transcription or translation
that proceeds beyond the normal stopping
point because of the absence of the usual
transcription or translation termination
signal of a gene.
qua c Phin m hoc dch m thu c
bn ngoi im dng bnh th-ng do thiu
tn hiu kt thc phin m hoc dch m
thng th-ng ca mt gen.
recA A protein, found in most bacteria, that
is essential for DNA repair and DNA
recombination.

recalcitrant
recA Mt protein, c trong hu ht cc vi
khun, l thit yu sa cha DNA v ti
t hp DNA.
recalcitrant Of seeds, unable to survive
drying and subsequent storage at low
temperature. See: field gene bank.
-a nng m Ca cc ht ging, khng
cn kh nng sng qua sy kh v bo
qun k tip nhit thp. xem: field
gene bank.
receptacle Enlarged end of the pedicel
or peduncle, to which other flower parts
are attached.
i hoa Phn cui m rng ca cung nh
hoc hoa, gn cc b phn hoa
khc.
receptor A trans-membrane protein
located in the plasma membrane that can
bind with a ligand on the extracellular
surface, as a result of which it induces a
change in activity on the cytoplasmic
surface. More generally, a site in a
molecule that allows the binding of a
ligand.
th th Protein mng chuyn -c nh
v trn mng cht nguyn sinh c th lin
kt vi mt phi t pha ngoi t bo, l
hu qu ca vic to ra thay i hot ng
trn b mt t bo cht. Khi qut hn,
mt v tr ca phn t cho php kt ni mt
phi t.
receptor-binding
screening
A
biotechnology-based method for drug
discovery, which relies on the fact that
many drugs act by binding to specific
receptors on or in cells. Since receptors
in vivo bind to hormones or to other cells,
and thereby control the cells behaviour, a
receptor bound with a drug will likely affect
the normal activity of the cell.
hin th lin kt th th Ph-ng php
da vo cng ngh sinh hc khm ph
thuc, tin cy vo thc t m nhiu loi
thuc hot ng do lin kt vi cc th th
ring bit trn hoc trong t bo. V cc
th th trong c th -c lin kt vi hc
mn hoc vi t bo khc, v do iu
khin hnh vi t bo, mt th th -c gn

238
vi thuc c kt qu ging ht hot ng
bnh th-ng ca t bo.
recessive Describing an allele whose
effect with respect to a particular trait is
not evident in heterozygotes. Opposite:
dominant.
gen ln M t mt alen m c nh h-ng
lin quan n mt tnh trng ring bit l
khng -c r rng trong d hp t. Ng-c
vi: dominant.
recessive allele Allelic state of a gene,
where homozygosity is required for the
expression of the relevant phenotype.
Opposite: dominant allele.
alen ln Trng thi alen ca mt gen, ni
tnh ng hp t cn thit biu th kiu
hnh thch hp. Ng-c vi: dominant allele.
recessive oncogene A single copy of this
gene is sufficient to suppress cell
proliferation; the loss of both copies of the
gene contributes to cancer formation.
Synonym: anti-oncogene recessiveacting oncogene. See: oncogene.
gen gy ung th- ln Mt bn sao n
ca gen l khng ch tng nhanh t
bo; mt c hai bn sao ca gen gp phn
hnh thnh ung th-. T ng ngha: antioncogene recessive-acting oncogene.
Xem: oncogene.
recessive-acting oncogene gen gy
ung th- hot ng ln xem: recessive
oncogene.
reciprocating shaker A platform shaker
used for agitating culture flasks, with a
back and forth action at variable speeds.
rung thun nghch S dng rung trn
lc cc bnh nui cy, vi hot ng li v
tin theo tc bin i.
recognition sequence trnh t on
nhn t ng ngha recognition site.
recognition site A nucleotide sequence,
typically 4-8bp long and often palindromic,
that is recognized by, and at which a
restriction endonuclease binds to the
DNA. For some restriction endonucleases,
the presence of a methylated residue
within the recognition site abolishes

recombinant
recognition. Synonym: recognition
sequence; restriction site.
v tr on nhn Mt trnh t nucleotit, tiu
biu 4- 8 cp baz nit di v th-ng c
thun nghch, -c on nhn do, v ti
mt restriction endonucleaza lin kt
vi DNA. V mt s endonucleaza gii hn,
nn s c mt ca mt ui -c methyl
ho bn trong v tr on nhn s bi b
s on nhn. T ng ngha: recognition
sequence; restriction site.
recombinant A term used in both classical
and molecular genetics. 1. In classical
genetics: An organism or cell that is the
result of meiotic recombination. 2. In
molecular genetics: A hybrid molecule
made up of DNA obtained from different
organisms. Typically used as an adjective,
e.g. recombinant DNA.
ti t hp Mt thut ng dng c trong di
truyn hc truyn thng v di truyn hc
phn t. 1. Trong di truyn hc truyn
thng: mt sinh vt hoc t bo l kt qu
ti t hp gim phn. 2. Trong di truyn
hc phn t: Mt phn t lai -c to ra
ca DNA thu -c t cc sinh vt khc
nhau. Dng tiu biu nh- mt tnh t, v d
DNA ti t hp.
recombinant DNA The result of combining
DNA fragments from different sources.
DNA ti t hp Kt qu ca vic kt hp
cc on DNA t nhng ngun khc nhau.
recombinant DNA technology A set of
techniques for manipulating DNA,
including: the identification and cloning of
genes; the study of the expression of
cloned genes; and the production of large
quantities of gene product.
k thut DNA ti t hp Mt tp hp cc
k thut thao tc DNA, bao gm: nhn
bit v to dng gen; nghin cu biu th
gen -c to dng; v sn xut s l-ng
ln sn phm gen.
recombinant human (Abbreviation rh). A
prefix denoting molecules made through
the use of recombinant DNA technology.

239
nhn t ti t hp (vit tt rh). Mt tip
u ng biu th nhng phn t -c to
ra qua s dng k thut ti t hp DNA.
recombinant protein A protein encoded
by a cloned gene. Synonym:
heterologous protein.
protein ti t hp Mt loi protein m ha
do gen -c to dng. T ng ngha:
heterologous protein.
recombinant RNA RNA molecules joined
in vitro by T4 RNA ligase.
RNA ti t hp Nhng phn t RNA kt
ni trong ng nghim do RNA ligaza T4.
recombinant toxin A single multifunctional
toxic protein encoded by a recombinant
gene.
c t ti t hp Protein c a chc
nng n -c m ha do gen ti t hp.
recombinant vaccine A vaccine
produced from a cloned gene.
vacxin ti t hp Mt loi vacxin sn xut
t gen -c to dng.
recombinase A class of enzymes that are
able to alter the arrangement of DNA
sequences in a site-specific way.
enzim ti t hp Mt lp enzim c kh
nng thay i s sp xp cc trnh t DNA
theo v tr ring bit.
recombination The production of a DNA
molecule with segments derived from more
than one parent DNA molecule. In
eukaryotes, this is achieved by the
reciprocal exchange of DNA between nonsister chromatids within an homologous
pair of chromosomes during prophase of
the first meiotic division.
s ti t hp Sn xut phn t DNA vi
nhng on bt ngun t nhiu hn mt
phn t DNA cha m. Trong sinh vt c
nhn, t -c ti t hp nh trao i t-ng
h DNA gia cc nhim sc t khng ch
em trong mt cp Nhim sc th t-ng
ng ca k u gim phn ln mt.
recombination fraction The proportion of
recombinant (with respect to two loci)

recombination frequency
gametes arising from meiosis. Linkage
maps are based on estimates of
recombination fraction between all pairwise combinations of loci. See: map
distance. Synonyms: recombination
frequency, crossing-over unit.
phn ti t hp T l giao t ti t hp
(i vi hai gen) xut hin t gim phn.
Cc bn lin kt l c s -c l-ng phn
ti t hp gia tt c cc kt hp cp i
cc gen. Xem: map distance. t ng
ngha: recombination frequency, crossingover unit.
recombination frequency tn s ti t
hp t ng ngha recombination
fraction.
recombinational
hot
spot
A
chromosomal region where recombination
appears to occur more frequently than
expected.
im nng ti t hp Vng nhim sc
th ni ti t hp xut hin xy ra tn
s ln hn mong mun.
reconstructed cell A viable transformed
cell resulting from genetic engineering.
t bo ti th Mt t bo -c bin i
tnh cht c th sng -c bt ngun t k
thut gen.
reduction division The first division of
meiosis in which the chromosome
number is reduced from the somatic to the
gametic number.
phn chia gim nhim Phn chia gim
phn ln u trong s nhim sc th
-c gim t s xma n phi t.

240
to the development of organs or plantlets
from an explant. See: conversion;
micropropagation; organogenesis.
ti sinh Sinh tr-ng t bo hoc c quan
mi thay th phn tn th-ng hoc gim
mt. Trong nui cy m thc vt, ti sinh
lin quan vi pht trin c quan hoc cy
mi t mnh ghp. Xem: conversion;
micropropagation; organogenesis.
regulator Substance regulating growth
and development of cells, organs, etc.
th iu ho Cht iu chnh sinh tr-ng
v pht trin ca t bo, c quan, vn vn.
regulatory gene A gene with the primary
function of controlling the rate of synthesis
of the products of one or several other
genes or pathways.
gen iu ha Mt gen vi chc nng gc
iu khin nhp tng hp sn phm ca
mt hoc mt s gen hoc -ng mn
khc.
regulatory sequence A DNA sequence
involved in regulating the expression of a
gene, e.g. a promoter or operator region
(in the DNA molecule).
trnh t iu ho Trnh t DNA ko theo
iu chnh biu th gen, v d vng khi
u hoc vng ch huy (trong phn t
DNA).
rejuvenation 1. Reversion from adult to
juvenile stage. 2. The process of regular
reproduction of seed stocks or collections
in gene banks, in order to ensure
continued viability.

refugium (pl.: refugia) An area set aside

to provide protection/escape from
ecological consequences occurring
elsewhere.
vng n (s nhiu: refugia) Mt tp hp
vng dnh ring bo v/trnh khi
nhng hu qu sinh thi xy ra mt ni
no .

tr ho 1. S o ng-c t tr-ng thnh

n giai on non. 2. Qu trnh ti sinh
sn u n ca kho ht ging hoc thu
thp ngn hng gen, mc ch bo m
cho kh nng sng -c lin tc.
relaxed circle vng m xem: nicked
circle.
relaxed circle plasmid plasmit vng m
xem: plasmid.

regeneration The growth of new tissues

or organs to replace those injured or lost.
In plant tissue culture, regeneration refers

relaxed plasmid A plasmid that replicates

independently
of
the
bacterial

release factor
chromosome and is present in 10-500
copies per cell.
plasmit m Plasmit lp li mt cch c
lp ca nhim sc th vi khun v c mt
trong khong 10- 500 bn sao trn mt t
bo.
release factor 1. A soluble protein that
recognizes termination codons in
mRNAs and terminates translation in
response to these codons. 2. A hormone,
produced by the hypothalamus, which
stimulates the release of a hormone from
the anterior pituitary gland into the
bloodstream.
nhn t pht hnh 1. Protein ho tan
on nhn cm m u cui trong cc
mRNA v hon thnh dch m p li
cc cm m ny. 2. Mt hc mn, -c
sn xut bi vng cu to d-i i, kch
thch gii phng hc mn t thy tr-c
tuyn yn vo mu.
remediation The cleanup or containment
of a hazardous waste disposal site to the
satisfaction of the applicable regulatory
agency. This can sometimes be
accomplished with naturally occurring or
engineered micro-organisms or plants.
See: bioremediation.
sa cha Lm sch hoc ngn chn mt
v tr sp t ph thi nguy hi ti vic n
bi ca i l iu hnh c th p dng.
N c th i khi -c hon tt vi vi sinh
vt hoc thc vt xy ra t nhin hoc -c
k thut. xem: bioremediation.
renaturation Of DNA, the reforming of two
complementary molecules into a doublestranded structure, following heat or
chemical induction of dissociation
(denaturation). Of protein, the resumption
of three-dimensional conformation,
allowing the molecule to function normally.
Denaturation of many proteins is
irreversible, but denatured DNA molecules
will renature readily under appropriate
chemical and physical conditions.
hi tnh Ca DNA, xp t li hai phn t
b sung thnh cu trc si kp, tip theo
cm ng nhit hoc ha hc ca s tch
ra (lm bin tnh). Ca protein, bt u

241
dng khng gian ba chiu, cho php phn
t hot ng bnh th-ng. S bin tnh ca
nhiu protein khng th o ng-c, nh-ng
cc phn t DNA bin tnh s sn sng
hi tnh d-i nhng iu kin vt l v ha
hc thch hp.
rennin An enzyme, secreted by cells lining
the stomach in mammals, responsible for
the clotting of milk. Used in the
manufacture of certain dairy products.
rennin Mt enzim, -c tit ra bi nhng
t bo nim mc d dy ca ng vt c
v, chu trch nhim lm ng vn sa.
Dng trong sn xut sn phm hng b
sa nht nh.
repeat unit A sequence of nucleotides
that occurs repeatedly, often in a head-totail arrangement (tandemly).
n v lp Trnh t cc nuleotit xy ra lp
li nhiu ln, th-ng sp xp t u ti
ui (ni tip nhau).
repetitive DNA DNA sequences that are
present in a genome in many copies,
some of it originating from retrotransposon
activity. A substantial proportion of all
eukaryotic genomes is composed of this
class of DNA, whose biological function is
uncertain. Sometimes referred to as junk
DNA.
DNA lp li Cc trnh t DNA c mt trong
mt h gen ca nhiu bn sao, mt s
on bt ngun t hot ng gen nhy ln.
Mt t l ng k ca tt c cc h gen
nhn chun bao gm lp DNA ny, chc
nng sinh hc ca chng khng r rng.
Nhiu lc -c coi l Rc thi DNA .
replacement The addition of a cloned
corrected copy of a defective gene. See:
homogenotization.
mc thay th S gn thm mt bn sao
-c to dng chun xc ca mt gen c
sai st. Xem: homogenotization.
replacement therapy The administration
of metabolites, co-factors or hormones that
are deficient as the result of a genetic
disease.
liu php thay th iu khin cc sn
phm chuyn ho, cc ng yu t hoc

replica plating
hc mn b thiu ht do hu qu ca bnh
di truyn.
replica plating Duplicating a population
of bacterial colonies growing on agar
medium in one Petri plate to agar medium
in another Petri plate.
ng du Nhn i mt qun th khun
lc sinh tr-ng trn mi tr-ng thch trong
a Petri sang mi tr-ng thch trong a
Petri khc.
replicase A viral enzyme necessary for the
replication of the virus in the host cell.
Mt enzim virul cn thit cho bn sao ca
virut trong t bo ch.
replication The in vivo synthesis of
double-stranded DNA by copying from a
single-stranded template.
s sao chp Hot ng tng hp DNA
si kp trong c th do sao chp t khung
mu si n.
replication fork Y shaped structure
associated with DNA replication. It
represents the point at which the strands
of double-stranded DNA are separated
so that replication can proceed.
chc sao chp Cu trc dng ch Y kt
hp vi sao chp DNA. N i din cho
im ti cc si ca DNA si kp -c
phn tch sao chp c th tip tc.
replicative form (Abbreviation: RF). The
molecular configuration of viral nucleic
acid that is the template for replication in
the host cell.
dng sao chp (vit tt: RF). Cu hnh
phn t axit nucleic virut lm khung mu
sao chp trong t bo ch.
replicon The portion of a DNA molecule
which can be replicated from a single
origin of replication. Plasmids and the
chromosomes of bacteria, phages and
other viruses usually have a single origin
of replication so that their entire genome
constitutes a single replicon. Eukaryotic
chromosomes have multiple origins of
replication, so comprise several replicons.

242
Also used to describe a DNA molecule
capable of independent replication.
n v sao chp Phn ca phn t DNA
c th -c xon li t mt gc sao chp
n. Cc plasmit v nhim sc th ca vi
khun, thc khun th v virut khc th-ng
c mt gc sao chp n v th ton b h
gen ca chng cu thnh mt n v sao
chp n. Nhim sc th nhn chun c
nhiu gc sao chp, do vy gm c mt
vi n v sao chp. Cn -c dng m t
mt phn t DNA c nng lc sao chp
c lp.
replisome The complete replication
apparatus, present at a replication fork,
that carries out the replication of DNA.
th sao chp Thit b sao chp hon
chnh, c mt ti mt nhnh sao chp,
thc hin sao chp DNA.
reporter gene A gene that encodes a
product that can be readily assayed. Used
as a marker to confirm the incorporation
of a transgene into a cell, organ or tissue,
and as a means of testing the efficiency of
specific promoters.
gen ch huy Mt gen m ha mt sn
phm m c th sn sng -c th
nghim. -c dng lm du chun xc
nhn vic hp nht gen chuyn trong mt
t bo, c quan hoc m, v lm ph-ng
tin kim tra hiu qu cc khi u ring
bit.
repressible enzyme An enzyme whose
activity can be diminished by the presence
of a regulatory molecule.
enzim c ch Mt enzim m hot ng
ca n c th b thu hp do c mt mt
phn t iu ho.
repressible gene A gene whose
expression can be diminished or
extinguished by the presence of a
regulatory molecule.
gen c ch Mt gen m biu th ca n
c th b thu hp hoc b dp tt do c mt
mt phn t iu ho.

repressor
repression Inhibition of transcription by
preventing RNA polymerase from
binding to the transcription initiation site.
c ch, km hm Khi u phin m do
ngn chn RNA polymerase kt khi vi v
tr bt u phin m.
repressor A protein which binds to a
specific DNA sequence upstream from the
transcription initiation site of a gene and
prevents RNA polymerase from
commencing mRNA synthesis.
cht c ch, nhn t km hm Mt loi
protein kt hp vi trnh t DNA c bit
ng-c dng t v tr khi u phin m ca
mt gen v ngn chn RNA polymerase
t s bt u tng hp mRNA.
reproduction 1. Sexual reproduction: the
regular alteRNAtion of meiosis and
fertilization which provides for the
production of offspring. The main
biological significance of sexual
reproduction lies in the phenomenon of
recombination. 2. Asexual or agamic
reproduction: the development of a new
individual from a single cell or group of cells
in the absence of meiosis. See: apomixis.
sinh sn 1. Sinh sn hu tnh: Lun phin
u ca gim phn v th tinh cung
cp cho sn xut con ci. ngha sinh hc
chnh ca sinh sn hu tnh nm trong hin
t-ng ti t hp. 2. Sinh sn v tnh hoc
n tnh: Pht trin c th mi t t bo
n hoc nhm t bo khi khng c gim
phn. xem: apomixis.
repulsion A double heterozygote in which
the dominant (or wild-type) allele at one
locus and the recessive (or mutant) allele
at a second linked locus occur on the same
chromosome (genetic constitution Ab/aB).
Synonym: trans configuration. Opposite:
coupling, cis configuration.
y ng-c D hp t kp trong alen
tri (hoc kiu di) mt gen v alen
thoi ha (hoc t bin) mt gen lin
kt ln hai xy ra trn cng nhim sc th
(cu trc di truyn Ab/aB). T ng ngha:
trans configuration. Ng-c vi: coupling,
cis configuration.

243
residue 1. See: polymer. 2. Materials
remaining after degradation and/or
attempted removal, e.g. pesticide
residues in food.
gc 1. xem: polymer. 2. Nhng vt cht
cn li sau phn gii v/hoc -c c gng
xo b, v d cc gc ha cht dit cn
trng trong thc n.
resistance The ability to withstand abiotic
(high temperature, drought etc.) or biotic
(disease) stress, or a toxic substance.
Often in the context of genetic
determination of resistance.
tnh khng Kh nng lm gim cng
tthng v sinh (nhit cao, kh hn v.v.)
hoc sinh hc (bnh hi), hoc mt cht
c. Lun thuc ni dung xc nh di truyn
ca tnh khng.
resistance factor A plasmid that confers
antibiotic resistance to a bacterium.
tc nhn khng Mt loi plasmit to ra
tnh khng vi mt loi vi khun.
rest period A physiological condition of
viable seeds, buds or bulbs that prevents
growth even in the presence of otherwise
favourable environmental conditions.
Synonym: dormancy.
k ngh Tnh trng sinh l ca ht, chi
hoc c c th tn ti ngn cn s sinh
tr-ng thm ch trong khi c iu kin mi
tr-ng thun li. T ng ngha: prevents.
restitution nucleus A single nucleus
arising from a failure of nuclear division,
either during meiosis, in which a gamete
is formed with the unreduced
chromosome number; or at mitosis to
give a cell with a doubled chromosome
number.
nhn ti to Nhn n xut hin do thiu
st phn chia nhn, khi gim phn, trong
mt giao t -c hnh thnh c s l-ng
nhim sc th khng gim; hoc nguyn
phn to ra mt t bo c s nhim
sc th gp i.
restriction endonuclease A class of
enzymes that cut DNA after recognizing a
specific sequence. The three types of
restriction endonuclease are: I. Where the

restriction enzym
cut occurs within a random sequence at
sites>1kbp from the recognition
sequence, and has both restriction and
methylation activities. II: Cuts within, or
near a short, usually palindromic
recognition sequence. A separate enzyme
methylates the same recognition
sequence. III: Cuts 24-26bp downstream
from a short, asymmetrical recognition
sequence, requires ATP and has both
restriction and methylation activities. Type
II enzymes are the class used for most
molecular biology applications.
endonucleaza gii hn Mt lp ennzim
ct DNA sau khi nhn ra mt trnh t
c bit. C ba kiu endonucleaza gii hn
l: I. Ni ct xy ra trong mt trnh t ngu
nhin nhng v tr > 1 kbp k t trnh t
on nhn, v c c hot ng hn ch
v methyl ho. II: Kiu ct bn trong, hoc
gn mt trnh t on nhn ngn, th-ng
c thun nghch. Mt enzim tch bit
chuyn methyl cho cng trnh t on
nhn. III: Kiu ct 24-26 cp baz nit xui
dng t mt trnh t on nhn ngn,
khng i xng, yu cu ATP v c c hot
ng methyl ho v gii hn. Cc enzim
kiu II l lp s dng cho hu ht cc ng
dng sinh hc phn t.
restriction enzym enzim gii hn t ng
ngha restriction endonuclease.
restriction exonuclease A class of
enzymes that degrade DNA or RNA,
starting from either the 5'- or the 3'-end.
exonuclesza gii hn Mt lp enzim phn
r DNA hoc RNA, bt u t mt 5' hoc
3'.
restriction fragment A shortened DNA
molecule generated by the cleavage of a
larger molecule by one or more restriction
endonucleases.
on gii hn Phn t DNA -c rt ngn
pht sinh do phn nhnh mt phn t ln
do mt hoc nhiu endonucleaza gii hn.
restriction
fragment
length
polymorphism (Abbreviation: RFLP). A
class of genetic marker based on the
detection of variation in the length of
restriction fragments generated when

244
DNA is treated with restriction
endonucleases. Differences in fragment
lengths arise due to genetic variation with
respect to the presence or absence of
specific recognition site(s). RFLPs were
initially
detected
by
Southern
hybridization but are now detected by
electrophoresis of digested PCR product.
tnh a hnh di on gii hn (vit
tt: RFLP). Mt lp du chun gen da vo
s d tm ca bin d di ca cc on
gii hn pht sinh khi DNA -c x l vi
cc endonucleaza gii hn. S khc bit
chiu di on xy ra do bin d di truyn
lin quan vi s c mt hoc vng mt cc
v tr on nhn ring bit. Cc RFLP thot
tin -c pht hin do lai mch n Nam
(Southern hybridization) nh-ng hin nay
-c pht hin bi din di ca sn phm
PCR tiu ha.
restriction map The linear arrangement
of restriction endonuclease recognition
sites along a DNA molecule.
bn gii hn S sp xp thng hng
cc v tr on nhn endonucleaza gii hn
dc theo phn t DNA.
restriction site v tr gii hn t ng
ngha recognition site.
reticulocyte A slightly immature red blood
cell.
hng cu l-i T bo mu mu nh .
retro-element Any of the integrated
retroviruses or the transposable
elements that resemble them.
phn t ln Cc virut ln tch hp bt k
hoc cc phn t vn ng m ging vi
chng.
retroposon A transposable element that
moves via reverse transcription but lacks
the long terminal repeat sequences
necessary for autonomous transposition.
Much of the repetitive DNA that makes
up a large proportion of eukaryotic
genomes consists of silenced (i.e. inactive)
retroposons. Synonym: retro-transposon.
gen nhy Phn t vn ng di chuyn qua
phin m ng-c nh-ng thiu cc trnh t
lp ui di cn thit o v t ng.

retroviral vectors
Nhiu DNA lp to ra mt t l ln h
gen nhn chun gm c cc gen nhy cm
(ngha l khng hot ng). T ng ngha:
retro-transposon.
retroviral vectors Gene transfer systems
based on viruses that have RNA as their
genetic material.
vect virut ln H thng chuyn gen da
vo nhng virut m c RNA nh- vt liu di
truyn ca chng.
retrovirus A class of eukaryotic RNA
viruses that, by using reverse
transcription, can form double-stranded
DNA copies of their genomes, which can
integrate into the chromosomes of an
infected cell. Pathogenic retroviruses
include HIV and the causative agents of
many vertebrate animal cancers.
virut ln Lp virut RNA nhn chun c
th hnh thnh cc bn sao DNA si kp
ca cc h gen do s dng phin m
ng-c, c th hp nht thnh cc nhim
sc th ca t bo ly nhim. Cc virut ln
gy bnh bao gm HIV v nhng tc nhn
gy bnh ca nhiu loi ung th- cho ng
vt c x-ng sng.
reversal transfer Transfer of a culture
from a callus-supporting medium to a
shoot-inducing medium.
chuyn ng-c Chuyn mt nui cy t
mt mi tr-ng h tr m so thnh mt
mi tr-ng thc y chi.
reverse genetics di truyn hc o xem:
positional cloning.
reverse mutation t bin nghch xem:
reversion.
reverse transcriptase An enzyme that
uses an RNA molecule as a template for
the synthesis of a complementary DNA
strand. Synonym: RNA-dependent DNA
polymerase.
enzim phin m ng-c enzim s dng
phn t RNA lm khung mu tng hp
DNA si b sung. T ng ngha: RNAdependent DNA polymerase.
reverse transcription The synthesis of
DNA from a template of RNA,
accomplished by reverse transcriptase.

245
phin m ng-c Tng hp DNA t mt
khung mu RNA, hon thnh do enzim
phin m ng-c.
reversion Restitution of a mutant gene
to the wild-type condition, or at least to a
form that gives the wild-type phenotype;
more generally, the appearance of a trait
expressed by a remote ancestor.
Synonym: reverse mutation.
hi bin Hon gen t bin thnh tnh
trng kiu di, hoc t nht thnh mt dng
dn ti kiu hnh di; tng qut hn, s
xut hin mt tnh trng biu th bi mt t
tin xa. T ng ngha: reverse mutation.
RF vit tt ca replicative form.
RFLP vit tt ca restriction fragment
length polymorphism.
rh vit tt ca recombinant human.
rhizobacterium A micro-organism whose
natural habitat is near, on, or in, plant roots.
rhizobacterium Mt loi vi sinh vt c- tr
t nhin gn, trn hoc bn trong r thc
vt.
Rhizobium (pl.: Rhizobia) Prokaryotic
species which are able to establish a
symbiotic relationship with leguminous
plants, as a result of which elemental
nitrogen is fixed or converted to ammonia.
See: nitrogen fixation.
vi khun nt r (s nhiu: Rhizobia) cc
loi sinh vt khng nhn c kh nng thit
lp mi quan h cng sinh vi cy trng
h u , l kt qu ca vic nit phn t
-c c nh hoc chuyn i thnh
amnic. Xem: nitrogen fixation.
rhizosphere The soil region in the
immediate vicinity of growing plant roots.
vng r Vng t ln cn lin k vi r
thc vt ang sinh tr-ng.
Ri plasmid A class of large conjugative
plasmids found in the soil bacterium
Agrobacterium rhizogenes, which can
infect certain plants and cause hairy root
disease. Like Ti plasmids, Ri plasmids
include sequences that are transferred to
plant cells and inserted into the plants DNA
as part of the infection process.

RIA
Ri plasmit Mt lp plasmit tip hp ln c
trong vi khun t Agrobacterium
rhizogenes, n c th ly nhim cc thc
vt nht nh v gy bnh r t. Nh- cc
plasmit Ti, plasmit Ri gm c cc trnh t
-c chuyn cho t bo thc vt v chn
vo DNA ca thc vt nh- b phn ca
qu trnh nhim bnh.
RIA vit tt ca radioimmunoassay.
ribonuclease (Abbreviation: RNAse). Any
enzyme that catalyses the hydrolysis of
RNA.
ribonucleaza (vit tt: RNAse). Enzim bt
k xc tc thy phn RNA.
ribonucleic acid (Abbreviation: RNA). An
organic acid polymer composed of
adenosine, guanosine, cytidine and
uridine ribonucleotides. The genetic
material of some viruses, but more
generally is the molecule, derived from
DNA by transcription, that either carries
information (messenger RNA), provides
sub-cellular structure (ribosomal RNA),
transports amino acids (transfer RNA),
or facilitates the biochemical modification
of itself or other RNA molecules.
axit ribonucleic (vit tt: RNA). Mt
plime axt hu c gm c adenosine,
guanosine, cytidine
v uridine
ribonucleotides. Vt liu di truyn ca mt
s loi virut, nh-ng ph bin hn l phn
t, bt ngun t DNA do phin m,
mang thng tin (RNA thng tin), cung cp
cu trc mc d-i t bo (RNA ribosom),
vn chuyn cc amino acid (RNA vn
chuyn), hoc lm d dng bin i ha
sinh ca chnh n hoc nhng phn t RNA
khc.
ribonucleosid xem: nucleoside.
ribonucleotide xem: nucleotide.
ribose A monosaccharide found in all
ribonucleosides, ribonucleotides and RNA.
Its close analogue, 2-deoxyribose, is
similarly found in all deoxyribonucleosides,
deoxyribonucleotides and DNA.
riboza Mt monosacarit c trong tt c cc
ribonucleosit, ribonucleotit v RNA. S
ging ht nhau ca 2-deoxyribose trong

246
tt
c
cc
deoxyribonucleosit,
deoxyribonucleotit v DNA.
ribosomal binding site A sequence of
nucleotides near the 5' end of a bacterial
mRNA molecule that facilitates the binding
of the mRNA to the small ribosomal subunit. Also called the Shine-Delgarno
sequence.
im bm ribosom Trnh t nuleotit gn
mt 5' ca phn t mRNA vi khun m lm
d dng vic kt ni mRNA vi n v ph
nh mc d-i ribosom. Cn -c gi trnh
t Delgarno to sng.
ribosomal DNA The coding locus for
ribosomal RNA. This is generally a large
and complex locus, typically composed of
a large number of repeat units, separated
from one another by the intergenic
spacer. A repeat unit comprises a gene
copy for each individual ribosomal RNA
component, separated from one another
by the internal transcribed spacer.
DNA ribosom Mt gen m ho cho RNA
ribosom. Ni chung y l mt gen phc
tp v ln, tiu biu kt hp mt s ln
cc n v lp, tch ra t mt n v
khc do vng m lin gen. Mt n v lp
gm c mt bn sao gen cho mi mt
thnh phn RNA ribosom ring bit, -c
phn tch t mt on khc do vng m
phin m trong.
ribosomal RNA (Abbreviation: rRNA). The
RNA molecules that are essential structural
and functional components of ribosomes,
where protein synthesis occurs. Different
classes of rRNA molecule are identified by
their sedimentation (S) values. E. coli
ribosomes contain one 16S rRNA molecule
(1541 nucleotides long) in one (small)
ribosomal sub-unit, and a 23S rRNA (2904
nucleotides) and a 5S rRNA (120
nucleotides) in the other (large) sub-unit.
These three rRNA molecules are
synthesized as part of a large precursor
molecule which also contains the
sequences of a number of tRNAs. Special
processing enzymes cleave this large
precursor to generate the functional
molecules. Constitutes about 80% of total

ribosome

247

cellular RNA.
RNA ribosom (vit tt: rRNA). Cc phn
t RNA l thnh phn chc nng v cu
trc thit yu ca ribosom, ni xy ra hot
ng tng hp protein. Nhng lp Khc
nhau ca phn t rRNA -c xc nh bi
gi tr kt tng ca chng. Cc ribosom E.
coli c cha mt phn t 16S rRNA (di
1541 nuleotit) trong n v ph ribosomal
(nh), v mt 23S rRNA (2904 nuleotit) v
mt 5S rRNA (120 nuleotit) trong n v
ph (ln) khc. Ba phn t rRNA ny -c
tng hp nh- b phn ca phn t tin
cht ln n cn mang trnh t ca mt s
tRNA. Vic x l ring bit cc enzim phn
ct tin cht ln pht sinh cc phn t
hot ng. To thnh khong 80% ca
tng s RNA t bo.

other RNAs. Synonyms: catalytic RNA,

gene shears.
ribozim Phn t RNA m c th xc tc
phn nhnh ha hc ca chnh n hoc
ca cc RNA khc. Nhng t ng ngha:
catalytic RNA, gene shears.
ribulose A keto-pentose sugar (C5H11O5)
involved in the carbon dioxide fixation
pathway of photosynthesis.

ribosome The sub-cellular structure that

contains both RNA and protein molecules
and is the site for the translation of mRNA
into protein. Ribosomes comprise large
and small sub-units.

ribuloza hai pht pht (vit tt: RuBP).

Mt loi -ng nm cc bon kt hp vi
kh cc b nch hnh thnh mt trung
gian c su cc bon trong giai on u
ca phn ng ti quang hp.
rinderpest Cattle plague; a viral infection
of cattle, sheep and goats.
bnh dch Gy hi gia sc; s chuyn
nhim virut ca gia sc, cu v d.
RIP vit tt ca ribosome-inactivating
protein.

ribosom Cu trc mc d-i t bo c RNA

v phn t protein v l ni dch m mRNA
vo protein. Ribosom gm c cc n v
ph nh v ln.
ribosome-inactivating
protein
(Abbreviation: RIP). A class of plant
proteins that inhibit normal ribosome
function, and are thus highly toxic. Type 1
RIPs consist of single polypeptide chain
proteins; type 2 (e.g. ricin) consist of two
proteins linked by a disulphide bridge,
one the toxin and the other a lectin that
attaches to recognition sites on a target
cell.
protein kh hot tnh ribosom (vit tt:
RIP). Mt lp protein thc vt ngn chn
hot ng ribosom bnh th-ng, v l cht
c cc mnh. Kiu 1 RIPs gm c cc
protein chui polyeptit n; kiu 2 (v d
ricin- cht c ht cy thu du) gm c
hai protein kt ni do mt cu disulphid,
mt c t v cht khc mt lectin gn
vo cc im on nhn trn t bo ch.
ribozyme An RNA molecule that can
catalyse chemical cleavage of itself or of

ribuloza Mt loi -ng keto-pentoza

(C5H11O5) lin quan trong -ng mn c
nh kh cc b nch ca quang hp.
ribulose biphosphate (Abbreviation:
RuBP). A five-carbon sugar combined with
carbon dioxide to form a six-carbon
intermediate in the first stage of the dark
reaction of photosynthesis.

risk analysis A process consisting of three

components: risk assessment, risk
management and risk communication
performed to understand the nature of
unwanted, negative consequences to
human and animal health, or the
environment.
phn tch ri ro Qu trnh gm ba yu t:
nh gi ri ro, qun l ri ro v thng bo
ri ro -c thc hin hiu bn cht ca
nhng hu qu m tnh v khng mong
mun i vi sc khe con ng-i v ng
vt, hoc mi tr-ng.
risk assessment a scientifically based
process consisting of the following steps:
i) hazard identification; ii) hazard
characterization; iii) exposure assessment;
and iv) risk characterization.

risk communication
nh gi ri ro Mt qu trnh da vo phn
tch khoa hc gm c cc b-c sau: i) nhn
ra mo him; ii) c tr-ng mo him; iii)
nh gi khuynh h-ng; v iv) c tr-ng
ri ro.
risk communication The interactive
exchange of information and opinions
throughout the risk analysis process
concerning hazards and risks, risk-related
factors and risk perceptions, among risk
assessors, risk managers, consumers,
industry, the academic community and
other interested parties, including the
explanation of risk assessment findings
and the basis of risk management
decisions.
thng bo ri ro Trao i ln nhau v
thng tin v nhng quan im v tt c
nhng x l phn tch ri ro lin quan mo
him v ri ro, cc yu t lin quan ri ro
v nhn thc ri ro, gia ng-i nh gi
ri ro, nh qun l ri ro, ng-i tiu dng,
cng nghip, cng ng khoa hc v
nhng thnh phn ng phi quan tm
khc, bao gm vic gii thch cc tm kim
nh gi ri ro v c s ca cc quyt nh
qun l ri ro.
risk management The process, distinct
from risk assessment, of weighing policy
alternatives, in consultation with all
interested parties, considering risk
assessment and other factors relevant for
the health protection of consumers and for
the promotion of fair trade practices, and,
if needed, selecting appropriate prevention
and control options.
qun l ri ro Qu trnh, phn bit r rng
t vic nh gi ri ro, ca cc la chn
chnh sch cng rn, c tham kho vi tt
c cc thnh phn quan tm, cch xem
xt vic nh gi ri ro v nhng yu t
khc thch hp bo v sc khe ng-i
tiu dng v thc y thc hnh th-ng
mi chnh ng, v nu cn c th tin
hnh la chn chnh sch ngn chn v
iu khin hp l.
R-loops Single-stranded DNA regions in
RNA-DNA hybrids formed in vitro under

248
conditions where RNA-DNA duplexes are
more stable than DNA-DNA duplexes.
vng n R Nhng vng DNA si n
trong vt lai RNA - DNA hnh thnh trong
ng nghim d-i cc iu kin ni m cc
cp i RNA-DNA l n nh hn cc cp
i DNA-DNA.
RNA vit tt ca axit ribonucleic .
RNA editing Post-transcriptional
processes that alter the information
encoded in RNAs.
son tho RNA Qu trnh sau phin m
lm thay i thng tin m ha trong cc
RNA.
RNA polymerase A polymerase enzyme
that catalyses the synthesis of RNA from
a DNA template.
Mt enzim trng hp xc tc hot ng
tng hp RNA t mt khung mu DNA.
RNAase Vit tt ca ribonuclease.
RNA-dependent DNA polymerase Xem:
reverse transcriptase
RNase vit tt ca ribonuclease.
rol genes A family of genes, present on
the Ri plasmid of Agrobacterium
rhizogenes, that when transferred to a
plant upon infection by the bacterium,
induce the formation of roots. Used as a
means of root induction on different
species and cultivars of micropropagated
fruit trees.
gen rol Mt h gen, c mt trn Ri plasmit
ca Agrobacterium rhizogenes, khi
-c chuyn cho cy d-i s chuyn
nhim do vi khun, s thc y hnh thnh
r. -c dng lm ph-ng php cm ng
r trn cc loi v cy trng ca nhng
dng cy n qu vi nhn ging khc bit.
root The descending axis of a plant,
normally below ground, which serves to
anchor the plant and to absorb and
conduct water and mineral nutrients.
r Trc m xung ca thc vt, bnh
th-ng d-i nn t, n gip cy vng
vng ht, v dn n-c v dinh d-ng
khong.

root apex
root apex The apical meristem of a root;
very similar to the shoot apical meristem
in that it forms the three meristematic
areas: the protoderm (develops into the
epidermis); the procambium (the stele);
and the growth meristem (the cortex).
nh r M phn sinh nh ca r; rt
ging vi m phn sinh nh chi trong
n hnh thnh ba vng m phn sinh: tin
m phn sinh (pht trin thnh biu b);
tin t-ng tng (trung tr); v m phn sinh
tng tr-ng (v).
root cap A mass of reinforced cells
covering and protecting the apical
meristem of a root.
nn r Khi l-ng cc t bo -c tng
c-ng bao trm v bo v m phn sinh
nh r.
root culture The culture of isolated apical
or lateral root tips to produce in vitro root
systems with indeterminate growth habits.
Used to study mycorrhizal, symbiotic and
plant-parasitic relationships.
nui cy r Nui cy cc nh r chp
hoc r bn phn lp sn xut cc h
r trong ng nghim c tp qun sinh
tr-ng khng xc nh. Dng nghin
cu cc mi quan h k sinh thc vt, cng
sinh v bnh r nm.
root cutting Cutting made from sections
of roots alone.
nhn r Nhn on ct -c to ra t cc
cc phn r ring.
root hairs Outgrowths from epidermal cell
walls of the root, specialized for water and
nutrient absorption.
lng ht Cc mu li t cc vch t bo
biu b ca r, chuyn dng hp th n-c
v cht dinh d-ng.
root nodule A small round mass of cells
attached to the roots of leguminous plants,
containing symbiotic nitrogen-fixing
bacteroids, particularly Rhizobium spp.
nt sn, nt r Mt khi bao quanh nh
cc t bo -c gn vo r cy h u, c
cha cc loi vi khun c nh m cng
sinh, c bit vi khun nt r Rhizobium
spp.

249
root tuber Thickened root that stores
carbohydrates.
thn c R -c lm dy d tr hydrat
cacbon.
root zone The volume of soil or growing
medium containing the roots of a plant. In
soil science, the depth of the soil profile in
which roots are normally found.
tng r Vng t hoc mi tr-ng sinh
tr-ng c cha chm r thc vt. Trong
khoa hc t, su ca phu din t
trong chm r hnh thnh bnh th-ng.
rootstock The trunk or root material to
which buds or scions are inserted in
grafting. See: stock.
gc ghp Vt liu thn hoc r cc
mt ng hoc chi cy -c chn vo khi
ghp. Xem: stock.
rotary shaker Rotating apparatus with a
platform on which liquid media or cultures
can be continuously shaken.
thit b rung Thit b quay cng vi nn
m trn mi tr-ng lng hoc nui cy
c th -c rung lin tc.
Roundup-ready Describing transgenic
crop varieties that carry the bacterial gene
which detoxifies the herbicide
glyphosate, thereby making them
resistant to its application.
Roundup-ready M t cc loi cy trng
chuyn gen mang gen vi khun gii c
thuc herbicit glyphosat, Do lm chng
chi ng khi s dng thuc.
rRNA vit tt ca ribosomal RNA.
RuBP vit tt ca ribulose biphosphate.
ruminant Animal having a rumen - a large
digestive sac in which fibrous plant material
is fermented by commensal microbes, prior
to its digestion in a true stomach (the
abomasum). Common farm ruminants are
cattle and sheep.
loi nhai li ng vt c mt d c-mt
ti tiu ha ln trong vt liu cy c si
-c ln men do cc vi khun cng sinh,
tr-c khi tiu ho trong mt d dy tht
(d mi kh). Cc loi nhai li ng c ph
bin l tru b v cu.

runner
runner A lateral stem that grows
horizontally along the ground surface and
gives rise to new plants either from axillary
or terminal buds. Synonym: stolon.
thn b Mt thn bn sinh tr-ng ngang
theo b mt t v sinh ra nhng cy mi
t cc mm nch hoc c mm cui. T
ng ngha: stolon.
rust A generic descriptor for various
serious fungal plant pathogens, which
infect the leaves and stems of crops. The

250
appearance of spores is reminiscent of
metallic rust, although the colour varies,
according to species, from yellow to
reddish-brown.
g st M t chung cho nhiu tc nhn
gy bnh nm nguy him khc nhau,
chng ly nhim l v mm ca cc cy
trng. S xut hin cc bo t l s gi li
vt r kim loi, mc du c nhiu thay i
v mu, tu theo cc loi, t vng n nu nht.

251

Ss
S phase The phase in the cell cycle during
which DNA synthesis occurs.
pha S Pha trong chu trnh t bo xy ra
hot ng tng hp.
S 1 mapping A method to characterise
post-transcriptional modifications in
RNA (removal of introns etc.) by
hybridizing RNA with single-stranded
DNA and treating with S1 nuclease.
lp bn S1 Ph-ng php m t c
im nhng bin i sau phin m trong
RNA (loi b cc intron v.v.) bng cch lai
RNA vi DNA si n v x l vi nucleaza
S1.
S1 nuclease An enzyme obtained from the
filamentous fungus Aspergillus oryzae
which specifically degrades RNA or
single-stranded DNA into its constituent
mononucleotides, and cleaves nicked
double-stranded DNA at the nick.
S1 nucleaza Enzim thu -c t nm mc
Aspergillus oryzae phn ct ring bit RNA
hoc DNA si n thnh nhng
mononucleotit thnh phn, v tch DNA
si kp h ti ngay ch h.
saccharifaction Following liquefaction,
the hydrolysis of polysaccharides by
glucoamylase to maltose and glucose.
-ng phn Tip theo s ha lng, thy
phn polisacarit thnh -ng maltoza v
glucoza bng glucoamylaza.
saline resistance tnh chi mn t ng
ngha vi salt tolerance.
Salmonella A genus of rod-shaped, Gramnegative bacteria that are a common cause
of food poisoning.
Salmonella Ging vi khun Gram-m,
hnh que l nguyn nhn ph bin ng c
thc n.

salt tolerance The ability of a plant in soil

or in culture to withstand a concentration
of common salt (sodium chloride) which is
damaging or lethal to most other plants.
Breeding and selection for increased
tolerance and resistance in crop plants is
of great current interest. Synonym: saline
resistance. An organism with extreme salt
tolerance is a halophyte.
tnh chu mn Kh nng chi ng ca
thc vt vi nng mui tng s (natri
clorua) trong t hoc trong nui cy m
gy hi hoc lm cht hu ht cc loi cy
trng khc. Nhn ging sinh sn v chn
lc nng cao sc chu ng v tnh
khng ca cy trng canh tc ang -c
ht sc quan tm. T ng ngha: saline
resistance. Mt loi sinh vt c tnh chu
mui cao nht l cy chu mn.
sap Fluid content of the xylem and
phloem cells of plants. Fluid content of
the vacuole generally referred to as cell
sap.
nha cy Thnh phn lng ca cc t bo
mch g v v thc vt. Thnh phn lng
ca khng bo ni chung -c cp nhnha t bo.
saprophyte An organism (generally a
fungus) that depends on dead plant or
animal tissue for its source of nutrition and
metabolic energy.
loi hoi sinh Mt sinh vt (th-ng l
nm) da vo cy cht hoc m ng vt
lm ngun dinh d-ng v nng l-ng
trao i cht.
satellite DNA Highly repetitive DNA in
plant and animal genomes, consisting of
millions of copies of sequences typically
in the range 5-500 bp long. Thousands of
copies occur tandemly (head-to-tail) at
each of many sites. It can be isolated from
the rest of the genomic DNA by density
gradient centrifugation.
DNA v tinh DNA lp li mc cao trong
h gen thc vt v ng vt, gm c hng
triu bn sao trnh t tiu biu trong phm
vi di t 5- 500bp. Hng nghn bn sao
xut hin kiu cp i (u ni vi ui)
mi cp trong nhiu v tr. C th -c phn

satellite RNA
lp t phn cn li ca DNA h gen do ly
tm gradien mt .
satellite RNA A small, self-splicing RNA
molecule that accompanies several plant
viruses, including tobacco ringspot virus.
Synonym: viroid.
RNA v tinh Phn t RNA nh, t ghp
ni kt hp vi mt s virut thc vt,
bao gm virut m trn thuc l. T ng
ngha: viroid.
SC Vit tt ca synaptonemal complex.
SCA Vit tt ca specific combining
ability.
scaffold The central proteinaceous core
structure of condensed eukaryotic
chromosomes. The scaffold is composed
of non-histone chromosomal proteins.
dn gio Cu trc li protein trung tm
ca nhim sc th nhn chun dy c.
Dn gio bao gm cc protein nhim sc
th khng histon.
scale up Conversion of a process, such
as fermentation of a micro-organism,
from a small laboratory scale to a larger
industrial scale.
quy m tng Chuyn i mt qu trnh,
nh- ln men vi sinh vt, t quy m nh
phng th nghim n quy m ln cng
nghip.
scanning electron microscope
(Abbreviation: SEM). An electron-beambased microscope used to examine, in a
three dimensional screen image, the
surface structure of prepared specimens.
knh hin vi in t qut (vit tt: SEM).
Knh hin vi da vo chm in t dng
kim tra cu trc b mt ca nhng bn
mu -c lm sn trn mn nh hin th
khng gian ba chiu.
SCAR vit tt ca sequence
characterized amplified region
scarification The chemical or physical
treatment given to certain seeds having
hard, impermeable seed coats in order to
puncture or weaken the seed coat
sufficiently to permit water uptake and
germination.

252
lm mn v X l ho hc hoc vt l cho
cc ht ging nht nh c mang v cng
khng thm n-c vi mc ch lm thng
hoc lm mng v ht dn n-c v
ny mm.
SCE vit tt ca sister chromatid
exchange.
scion A twig or bud used for grafting onto
another plant or rootstock.
chi ghp Cnh non hoc mm dng
ghp ln trn cy hoc gc ghp khc.
scion-stock interaction The effect of a
rootstock on a scion (and vice versa) in
which a particular scion grafted onto a
specific s performs differently than it would
either on its own roots or on a different
rootstock.
t-ng tc gc-chi S nh h-ng ca
gc ghp trn chi ghp (v ng-c li)
trong mt chi ghp ring bit -c
ghp trn mt vi sai chn lc c bit thc
hin khc bit hn vi trn r ca chnh n
hoc trn gc ghp khc bit.
sclerenchyma A strengthening tissue in
plants, composed of cells with heavily
lignified cell walls.
ph cng M tng c-ng ca thc vt,
bao gm t bo c cc vch ho g mnh.
SCP vit tt ca single-cell protein.
scrapie A spongiform encephalopathy
disease of sheep. See: proteinaceous
infectious particle.
bnh no Mt loi bnh no dng bt bin
ca cu Xem: proteinaceous infectious
particle.
screen Preliminary characterization of a
sample collection on the basis of a set of
simple established criteria (biochemical,
anatomical, physiological, etc.). Often
applied to the process of selection for
specific purposes, such as for disease
resistance or for improved agronomic
performance in crop plants.
hin th, sng lc c tr-ng gc ca mt
tp hp mu da vo b tiu chun thit
lp n (ha sinh, gii phu, sinh l hc,
v.v.). Th-ng p dng cho qu trnh chn

SDS
lc mc tiu ghi r, nh- tnh khng bnh
hoc nng cao thc hnh nng hc ca
thc vt canh tc.
SDS vit tt ca sodium dodecyl
sulphate.
SDS-PAGE vit tt ca: sodium dodecyl
sulphate
polyacrylamide
gel
electrophoresis.
secondary antibody In an ELISA or other
immunological assay system, the antibody
designed to bind to the primary antibody,
and to which a label is generally attached.
khng th th cp Trong ELISA hoc h
thng th nghim min dch khc, khng
th thit k lin kt vi khng th gc,
v ni th-ng -c gn nhn .
secondary cell wall The innermost layer
of cell wall, giving rigidity to the cells.
Characterized by its highly organized
microfibrillar structure, and only formed in
certain cells after cell elongation has
ceased.
vch t bo thc cp Lp y ca vch
t bo, to cng cho t bo. -c c
tr-ng bi cu trc si vi m c t chc cao,
v ch hnh thnh trong cc t bo nht
nh sau khi s ko di t bo ngng
hn.
secondary growth Type of growth
characterized by an increase in the
thickness of stem and root, and resulting
from the formation of secondary vascular
tissues by the vascular cambium.
sinh tr-ng th cp Kiu sinh tr-ng
-c c tr-ng bi tng theo b dy thn
v gc, v bt ngun t hnh thnh m
mch th cp do mch t-ng tng.
secondary immune response The rapid
immune response that occurs during the
second (and subsequent) encounters of
the immune system of a mammal with a
specific antigen. See: primary immune
response.
phn ng min dch th cp Phn ng
min dch nhanh xut hin trong bt cp
ln hai (v k tip) ca h min dch ng
vt c v vi mt khng nguyn c th.
Xem: primary immune response.

253
secondary messenger A chemical
compound within a cell that is responsible
for initiating the response to a signal from
a chemical messenger (such as a
hormone) that cannot enter the target cell
itself.
thng tin th cp Mt hp cht ha hc
bn trong t bo chu trch nhim trin
khai p li tn hiu t thng tin ha hc
(nh- hc mn) m khng th t tin vo t
bo ch.
secondary metabolism The production
by living organisms of substances not
essential for primary metabolic functions
or physiology. Their role is associated with
interaction with the environment, for
example for defence, as elicitors or as
attractants. Some of these have useful
pharmacological or nutritional properties,
while others are toxic.
chuyn ho th cp Sn xut nhng cht
khng phi l thit yu cho hot ng
chuyn ho s cp hoc sinh l hc do
sinh vt sng. Vai tr ca chng -c kt
hp t-ng h vi mi tr-ng, v d bo
v, nh- cht xua ui hoc cht dn d.
Mt s trong c cc thuc tnh d-c
hc hoc dinh d-ng hu ch, trong khi
nhng loi khc th li c.
secondary metabolite Product of
secondary metabolism.
cht chuyn ho th cp Sn phm ca
qu trnh chuyn ho th cp.
secondary oocyte non bo th cp
xem: oocyte.
secondary phloem Phloem tissue formed
by the vascular cambium during
secondary growth in a vascular plant.
libe th cp M libe hnh thnh do t-ng
tng trong qu trnh sinh tr-ng th cp
ca cy mch g.
secondary plant product sn phm thc
vt th cp xem: secondary metabolite.
secondary root A branch or lateral root.
r th cp R nhnh hoc r bn.
secondary spermatocyte tinh bo th
cp xem: spermatocyte.

secondary structure
secondary structure Localized three
dimensional conformations adopted by
macromolecules, in particular nucleic
acids and polypeptides. These arise as a
result of the action of non-covalent forces
generated by interactions between
residues which are brought into close
contact with one another. Examples are
alpha-helix regions and beta-pleated
sheets in proteins, and hairpin loops in
nucleic acids. See: primary structure,
tertiary structure, quaternary structure.
cu trc bc hai Hnh thi khng gian ba
chiu -c xc nh chp nhn bi cc i
phn t, trong cc nucleic acid and
polypeptid ring bit. Cu trc bc hai xut
hin l hu qu ca hot ng lc c-ng
bc khng ng ha tr pht sinh do t-ng
tc gia cc gc khi -a vo tip xc gn
nhau. V d vng xon alpha v np gp
beta ca protein, v nt hnh cp tc ca
axit nucleic. Xem: primary structure,
tertiary structure, quaternary structure.
secondary thickening Deposition of
secondary cell wall materials which result
in an increase in thickness in stems and
roots.
lm dy th cp ng kt vt liu vch t
bo th cp dn n lm dy thn v r.
secondary vascular tissue Vascular
tissue (xylem and phloem) formed by the
vascular cambium during secondary
growth in a vascular plant.
m mch th cp M mch (mch g v
v cy) -c hnh thnh do mch t-ng
tng trong qu trnh sinh tr-ng th cp
ca cy mch g.
secondary xylem th g th cp xem:
secondary vascular tissue.
secretion The transport of a molecule
from the inside of a cell through the cell
membrane.
(s) phn tit Chuyn vn mt phn t
t trong t bo qua mng t bo.
seed Botanically, the matured ovule
without accessory parts. Colloquially,

254
anything which may be sown; i.e. seed
potatoes (which are vegetative tubers);
seed of wheat (karyopses) etc.
ging, ht ging Theo ngha thc vt hc,
non tr-ng thnh khng c cc phn ph.
Ngha thng th-ng, bt c b phn no
c th gieo trng; ngha l khoai ty ging
(l thn c sinh d-ng); ht la m (mu
nhn) vn vn.
seed storage proteins Proteins
accumulated in large amounts in protein
bodies within seeds. They act as a source
of amino acids during germination. Of
interest in biotechnology: 1. As a major
source of human and animal nutritional
protein. 2. As a model expression system.
Since they are produced in large amounts
relative to other proteins, and are stored
in stable, compact bodies in the plant seed,
it may be possible to engineer transgenes
which are expressed in the same way as
seed storage proteins - i.e. in large
amounts and in a convenient form.
protein tch ly ht ging Protein -c
tch lu vi s l-ng ln cc loi protein
ht ging. Chng lm ngun amino acid
khi ny mm. Mi quan tm trong ngnh
cng ngh sinh hc: 1. Lm mt ngun
chnh ca protein dinh d-ng ng-i v
ng vt. 2. Lm h thng biu th mu. V
chng -c sn sinh vi s l-ng ln so
vi protein khc, v -c ct gi trong cc
th gn, n nh trong ht ging thc vt,
c kh nng thit k gen chuyn biu
th theo cng mt cch nh- protein tch tr
ht ging - ngha l trong mt s l-ng ln
v trong mt dng tin li.
segment-polarity gene A gene that
functions to define the anterior and
posterior components of body segments
in Drosophila.
gen phn t Gen hot ng xc nh
thnh phn sau v tr-c tng t thn
rui gim.
segregant An individual derived from a
cross between two unlike parents.

segregation
th phn ly C th bt ngun t lai cho
gia hai cha m khng ging nhau.
segregation For genes, the separation of
allele pairs from one another and their
resulting assortment into different cells at
meiosis. For chromosomes, the
separation and re-assortment of the two
homologues in anaphase of the first
meiotic division. For individuals, the
occurrence of different genotypes and/or
phenotypes among offspring, resulting
from chromosome or allele separation in
their heterozygous parents.
phn ly Ca gen, Phn tch cc cp alen
vi nhau v phn loi kt qu trong t bo
khc nhau gim phn. Ca nhim sc
th, phn tch v phn loi hai ng hp
t trong k sau gim phn ln u. Ca c
th, bin c kiu gen v/hoc kiu hnh
khc nhau gia con ci, bt ngun t phn
tch nhim sc th hoc alen ca cha m
d hp.
selectable Having a gene product that,
when present, enables the identification
and preferential propagation of a
particular genotype. See: reporter gene.
kh nng chn lc c mt sn phm
gen m, khi c mt, cho php nhn ra v
nhn ging -u tin ca mt kiu gen ring
bit. Xem: reporter gene.
selectable marker A gene whose
expression allows the identification of a
specific trait or gene in an organism.
du chun kh nng chn lc Gen m
biu th ca n cho php nhn ra tnh trng
hoc gen ghi r trong sinh vt.
selection 1. Differential survival and
reproduction of phenotypes. 2. A system
for either isolating or identifying specific
genotypes in a mixed population.
chn lc 1. Sinh tn v sinh sn khc nhau
ca cc kiu hnh. 2. H thng va phn
lp hoc va xc nh cc kiu gen ring
bit trong qun th hn hp.
selection coefficient A measure of the
intensity of selection at a locus, commonly
abbreviated as s. It represents the

255
proportionate reduction in the gametic
contribution of a particular genotype,
compared with the (generally most
favoured) standard genotype.
h s chn lc Php o c-ng chn
lc ti gen, th-ng -c vit gn l s. N
i din thu nh cn i s ng gp phi
t ca mt kiu gen ring bit, so snh vi
kiu gen chun (-c tha nhn ph bin
nht).
selection culture A selection based on
difference(s) in environmental conditions
or in culture medium composition, such
that preferred variant cells or cell lines
(presumptive or putative mutants) are
favoured over other variants or the wild
type.
nui cy chn lc Chn lc da vo mt
hoc nhiu im khc nhau ca iu kin
ngoi cnh hoc thnh phn mi tr-ng
nui cy, sao cho cc t bo bin th thch
hp hoc nhng dng t bo (cc t bin
suy on hoc gi nh) -c -u tin hn
mi bin th khc hoc kiu di.
selection differential The difference
between the mean of the individuals
selected to be parents and the mean of
the overall population; it represents the
average superiority of the selected
parents; commonly abbreviated as S.
vi sai chn lc Sai Khc gia trung bnh
cc c th la chn lm cha m v trung
bnh ton b qun th; i din trung bnh
tt hn ca cha m -c la chn; th-ng
vit tt l S.
selection pressure The intensity of
selection acting on a population of
organisms or on cells in culture. Its
effectiveness is measured in terms of
differential survival and reproduction, and
consequently in changes in allele
frequency in a population.
sc p chn lc C-ng chn lc tc
ng ln qun th sinh vt hoc t bo
trong nui cy. Mi nh h-ng nh ca n
-c o trong cc iu kin sinh tn v
sinh sn khc nhau, v hu qu do thay
i tn s alen ca qun th.

selection response
selection response The difference
between the mean of the individuals
selected to be parents and the mean of
their offspring. Predicted response is
calculated as the product of narrow-sense
heritability and selection differential.
phn ng chn lc Sai khc gia trung
bnh cc c th -c chn lc lm cha m
v trung bnh con ci ca chng. Phn ng
d on -c tnh ton nh- sn phm di
truyn cm nhn hp v vi sai chn lc.
self-incompatibility In plants, the inability
of the pollen to fertilize ovules (female
gametes) of the same plant.
khng t t-ng hp Trong thc vt, tnh
bt th ca phn hoa lm th tinh non
(phi t ci) ca cng cy.
self-replicating
elements
Extrachromosomal DNA elements that
have origins of replication for the
initiation of their own DNA synthesis.
phn t t lp Cc phn t DNA ngoi
nhim sc th c cc gc bn sao bt
u tng hp DNA ca chnh bn thn
chng.
self-sterility khng t sinh sn t ng
ngha self-incompatibility.
SEM vit tt ca scanning electron
microscope.
semen sexing xc nh gii tnh tinh
dch t ng ngha sperm sexing.
semi-conservative replication During
DNA duplication, each strand of a parent
DNA molecule acts as a template for the
synthesis of a new complementary
strand. Thus, one half of a pre-existing
DNA molecule is conserved during each
round of replication.
bn sao bn bo tn Trong khi nhn i
DNA, mi si ca mt phn t DNA cha
m lm mt khung mu tng hp mt si
b sung mi. Nh- vy, mt na phn t
DNA vn c t tr-c (tin kip) -c bo
tn trong mi vng sao chp.
semi-continuous culture Cells in an
actively dividing state which are maintained

256
in culture by periodically draining off the
medium and replenishing it with fresh
medium.
nui cy bn lin tc T bo trong trng
thi phn chia tch cc -c duy tr khi nui
cy bng cch rt kit mi tr-ng v cung
cp thm mi tr-ng mi theo nh k.
semi-permeable membrane A natural or
synthetic material which selectively allows
the passage of certain ions or molecules.
mng bn thm Vt liu tng hp hoc t
nhin m cho php chn lc cc ion hoc
phn t nht nh thm qua.
semi-sterility The condition of partial
fertility.
Often
associated
with
chromosomal aberrations or the result of
mutagenesis.
bn v sinh Tnh trng th tinh b phn.
Th-ng kt hp vi sai lch nhim sc th
hoc kt qu gy t bin.
senescence A late stage in the
development of multicellular organisms,
during which irreversible loss of function
and degradation of biological components
occur. The physiological ageing process
in which cells and tissues deteriorate and
finally die.
lo ho Giai on mun trong s pht trin
ca sinh vt a bo, khi m xy ra mt
chc nng v phn r khng th o ng-c
cc thnh phn sinh hc. Qu trnh gi ho
sinh l khi t bo v m suy gim dn v
cui cng cht.
sense RNA The RNA transcript of the
coding strand DNA (often represented as
the (+)-strand). Opposite: antisense RNA.
When both sense and antisense
transcripts of a gene are present
simultaneously, gene silencing is often
the result.
RNA xui chiu, c ngha Bn sao RNA
ca DNA si m ha (th-ng -c biu
din l si (+)). Ng-c vi: RNA i ngha.
Khi c cc bn sao c ngha v i ngha
ca mt gen ng thi cng c mt, th-ng
dn n bt hot gen.

sensitivity
sensitivity In diagnostic tests, the smallest
amount of the target molecule that the
assay can detect.
nhy cm Trong php th chn on,
s l-ng nh nht ca phn t ch m
th nghim c th pht hin.
sepsis Destruction of tissue by
pathogenic micro-organisms or their
toxins, especially through infection of a
wound.
nhim trng mu Ph hy m do vi sinh
vt gy bnh hoc c t ca chng, c
bit qua chuyn nhim vt th-ng.
septate (thuc) vch ngn (tnh t) xem:
septum.
septum A dividing wall or partition, which
splits a structure into separate cells or
compartments.
vch ngn Vch ngn cch hoc phn
chia, tch cu trc ra thnh cc t bo hoc
cc gian ri.
sequence The linear order of nucleotides
along a DNA or RNA molecule, and the
process of obtaining this. Genome
sequencing aims to generate the linear
order of all nucleotides present in the
nuclear DNA of an organism.
trnh t Th t tuyn tnh nuleotit dc theo
phn t DNA hoc RNA, v qu trnh t
-c. Lm trnh t h gen vi mc ch
sinh th t tuyn tnh ca tt c cc nuleotit
c mt trong DNA nhn ca mt sinh vt.
sequence characterized amplified
region (Abbreviation: SCAR). A molecular
marker obtained by the conversion to a
sequence-tagged site of a single random
amplified polymorphic DNA product.
vng khuych i c tr-ng trnh t (vit
tt: SCAR). Du chun phn t t -c
do chuyn i ti v tr nh du trnh t
sn phm DNA a hnh khuych i ngu
nhin n.
sequence divergence The percent
difference in the nucleotide sequence
between related nucleic acid sequences,
or in the amino acid sequence in a
comparison between related proteins.

257
phn k trnh t Sai khc phn trm trong
trnh t nucleotit gia cc trnh t nucleic
acid lin quan, hoc trong trnh t amino
acid khi so snh gia cc protein lin quan.
sequence hypothesis The concept that
genetic information exists as a linear
DNA code, and that DNA and gene product
sequence are collinear.
gi thuyt trnh t Khi nim m t thng
tin di truyn c mt cm m DNA tuyn
tnh, v DNA v trnh t sn phm gen l
ng tuyn tnh.
sequence tandem repeat (Abbreviation:
STR). See: tandem repeat.
lp tandem trnh t (vit tt: STR). Xem:
tandem repeat.
sequence-tagged site (Abbreviation:
STS). Short unique DNA sequence (200500 bp long) that can be amplified by PCR
and is thus tagged to the site on the
chromosome from which it was amplified.
v tr nh du trnh t (vit tt: STS).
Trnh t DNA duy nht ngn (chiu di 200500 bp) c th -c khuych i bi
PCR v -c nh du v tr trn nhim
sc th ngay t ch -c khuych i.
serial division Splitting of excised shoottip material growing in vitro, in order to
induce the development of greater
numbers of plantlets.
phn l S phn chia sinh tr-ng vt liu
nh chi -c ct trong ng nghim, vi
mc ch thc y pht trin s l-ng ln
cc cy mi.
serial float culture A technique whereby
immature anthers are floated on a liquid
medium, and continue their development
through to the release of pollen.
nui cy ni theo l K thut theo
nhy hoa cn xanh -c th ni trn mi
tr-ng lng, v tip tc pht trin nh gii
phng phn hoa.
serology The study of serum reactions
between an antigen and its antibody.
Mainly used to identify and distinguish
between antigens, such as those specific
to particular micro-organisms or viruses.

serum
huyt thanh hc Nghin cu phn ng
huyt thanh gia khng nguyn vi khng
th ca n. Ch yu dng xc nh v
phn bit gia cc khng nguyn, nh- tnh
c th vi vi sinh vt hoc virut ring bit.
serum Blood plasma that has had its
clotting factor removed.
huyt thanh Huyt t-ng mu -c
loi b nhn t ng cc.
serum albumin A globular protein
obtained from blood and body fluids.
Bovine and human serum albumins are
abbreviated BSA and HSA respectively.
anbumin huyt thanh Protein hnh cu
thu -c t mu v cc cht lng c th.
Cc anbumin huyt thanh ng-i v gia sc
-c vit tt t-ng ng l HSA v BSA .
sewage treatment A widespread
biotechnological processes in developed
economies. Methods vary widely, but all
are designed for the biological break-down
of human and animal waste in order to
allow safe discharge into the environment.
x l ph thi Mt qu trnh cng ngh
sinh hc ph bin thuc cc ngnh kinh t
pht trin. Cc ph-ng php thay i rt
nhiu, nh-ng tt c u thit k phn
hu sinh hc ca ph thi ng-i v ng
vt vi mc ch thi an ton vo mi
tr-ng.
sex chromosome Differentiated
chromosome which is responsible for the
determination of sex of the individual. For
all mammals, a small number of flowering
plants and many insects, female
individuals carry a pair of X chromosomes,
and males carry one X and one Y. For
birds, reptiles and most amphibians, male
individuals carry a pair of W chromosomes,
and females carry one W and one Z. In
some insects there is only one sex
chromosome, X, and sex is determined by
the number of these present. Synonym:
allosome. Opposite: autosome.
nhim sc th gii tnh Nhim sc th
khc bit lin quan n vic xc nh gii

258
tnh c th. i vi tt c cc ng vt c
v, mt s t loi cy ra hoa v nhiu loi
cn trng, c th ci mang mt cp nhim
sc th X, v c th c mang mt X v
mt Y. i vi cc loi chim, b st v hu
ht cc l-ng c-, con c mang mt cp
nhim sc th W, v con ci mang mt W
v mt Z. Trong mt s loi cn trng ch
mt loi nhim sc th gii tnh, X, v gii
tnh -c xc nh bi s l-ng hin c
ny. T ng ngha: allosome. ng-c vi:
autosome.
sex determination Any method by which
the distinction between males and females
is established in a species, particularly at
an early stage of foetal development.
xc nh gii tnh Mi ph-ng php m
phn bit gia c v ci -c thit lp
trong mt loi, c bit giai on sm
pht trin thai nhi.
sex duction The incorporation of bacterial
genes into F factors and their subsequent
transfer, by conjugation, to a recipient
cell.
dn gii tnh Hp nht cc gen vi khun
thnh nhn t F v chuyn tip theo ti t
bo nhn do tip hp.
sex factor A bacterial episome (e.g. the
F plasmid in E. coli) that enables the cell
to be a donor of genetic material. The sex
factor may be propagated in the
cytoplasm, or it may be integrated into the
bacterial chromosome.
nhn t gii tnh Th ngoi sinh d-ng vi
khun (v d F plasmit trong E. coli) c th
bin t bo thnh th cho vt liu di truyn.
Nhn t gii tnh c th truyn lan trong
cht t bo, hoc c th tch hp vo trong
nhim sc th vi khun.
sex hormones Steroid hormones that
control sexual development in animals.
hc mn sinh dc Cc hc mn steroid
iu khin pht trin gii tnh ca ng vt.
sex linkage Referring to genes present on
one of the sex chromosomes, thus
genetically linked to the sex of the
individual.

sex mosaic
lin kt gii tnh Lin quan vi cc gen
c trn mt loi nhim sc th gii tnh, do
vy -c kt ni di truyn vi gii tnh ca
c th.
sex mosaic th khm gii tnh t ng
ngha gynandromorph.
sexed embryos Embryos separated
according to sex.
phi phn gii tnh Phi -c phn tch
theo gii tnh.
sex-influenced dominance The tendency
for gene action to vary between the sexes
within a species. For example, the
presence of horns in some breeds of sheep
appears to be dominant in males but
recessive in females.
tnh tri nh h-ng gii tnh Xu h-ng
hot ng gen lm thay i gia gii
tnh trong cng mt loi. V d, vic c sng
trong mt s ging cu xut hin l tri
trong con c nh-ng thoi ha trong con
ci.
sex-limited Expression of a trait in only
one sex; e.g. milk production in mammals;
egg production in chickens.
hn ch gii tnh Biu th mt tnh trng
ch trong mt gii tnh; v d sn l-ng sa
ca ng vt c v; trng ca g.
sexual reproduction The process
whereby two gametes fuse to form one
fertilized cell (zygote).
sinh sn hu tnh Qu trnh hai giao t
dung hp hnh thnh mt t bo (hp
t) -c th tinh.
shake culture An agitated suspension in
culture providing adequate aeration for
cells in the liquid medium. Usually
achieved using platform shakers, or by
constant stirring with a magnetic stirrer.
nui cy rung Huyn ph -c kch ng
trong nui cy nhm cung cp thng kh
thch hp cho t bo trong mi tr-ng lng.
Th-ng t -c khi s dng trn rung,
hoc xung ng khng thay i vi gy
xung t tnh.
shaker A platform, with set or variable
speed control, used to agitate vessels

259
containing liquid cell cultures. Also
described as a platform shaker.
vt rung Mt trn, c iu khin tc n
nh hoc bin thin, dng rung bnh
cha cc nui cy t bo th lng. Cn
-c m t nh- mt trn rung.
shear Literally the sliding of one layer
across another, with deformation and
fracturing in the direction parallel to the
movement. In the present context, used
to describe 1. the forces that cells are
subjected to in a bioreactor or a
mechanical device used for cell breakage.
2. the intentional or unintentional
fragmentation of large DNA molecules,
achieved commonly by passing a
concentrated DNA solution through a
hypodermic needle. This treatment
generates random breaks in the DNA, and
the average size of fragments can be
manipulated by varying the bore of the
needle.
xon, gy Theo ng ngha vic lm tr-t
ca lp ny ngang qua lp khc, c bin
dng v lm gy theo h-ng song song
vi chuyn ng. Trong thc t hin nay,
dng m t 1. Lc -a t bo vo bnh
phn ng hoc thit b c kh dng lm v
t bo. 2. Phn on nh tr-c hoc
khng nh tr-c ca cc phn t DNA ln,
th-ng t -c do qua dung dch DNA c
c thng qua kim chch. Cch x l ny
to ra cc mnh v ngu nhin DNA, v
kch th-c trung bnh ca nhng mnh v
c th -c thao tc bng thay i l kim.
Shine-Dalgarno sequence A conserved
sequence of prokaryotic mRNAs that is
complementary to a sequence near the
5' terminus of the 16S ribosomal RNA and
is involved in the initiation of translation.
See: ribosomal binding site.
trnh t Shine-Dalgarno Trnh t mRNA
sinh vt khng nhn -c bo qun b
sung cho trnh t gn cc u 5' ca RNA
ribosom 16 S v -c ko theo khi u
sao chp. Xem: ribosomal binding site.
shoot apex nh chi xem: shoot tip.
shoot differentiation The development of

shoot tip
growing points, leaf primordia and finally
shoots from a shoot tip, axial bud, or callus
surface.
bit ho chi Pht trin cc im sinh
tr-ng, bao l v chi cui t nh chi,
mm chnh, hoc b mt m so.
shoot tip The terminal bud (0.1 - 1.0 mm)
of a plant, which consists of the apical
meristem (0.05 - 0.1 mm) and the
immediately surrounding leaf primordia
and developing leaves, and adjacent stem
tissue. Synonym: shoot apex.
nh chi Mm khi u (0.1- 1.0 mm)
ca thc vt, bao gm m phn sinh nh
(0.05- 0.1 mm) v bao gc l ph cn trc
tip v cc l ang pht trin, v m thn
lin k. T ng ngha: shoot apex.
shoot-tip graft A shoot tip or meristem
tip grafted onto a prepared seedling or
micropropagated rootstock in culture.
Meristem tip grafting is mainly used for in
vitro virus elimination from Citrus spp. and
other plants. Synonym: micrograft.
ghp nh chi nh chi hoc nh m
phn sinh ghp ln cy non c sn hoc
gc ghp vi nhn ging trong nui cy.
Ghp nh m phn sinh ch yu -c s
dng trong ng nghim loi virut khi
cc ging cam qut v nhng cy khc. T
ng ngha: micrograft.
short interspersed nuclear element
(Abbreviation: SINE). Families of short
(150-300 bp), moderately repetitive DNA
elements of eukaryotic genomes. They
appear to be DNA copies of certain tRNA
molecules, created presumably by the
unintended
action
of
reverse
transcriptase during retroviral infection.
phn t nhn xp ng-c ngn (vit tt:
SINE). H ngn (50- 300bp), nhng phn
t DNA lp trung bnh ca cc h gen nhn
chun. Chng xut hin nh- l bn sao
DNA ca phn t tRNA nht nh, -c to
ra mt cch c th on tr-c do hot ng
khng nh h-ng ca enzim phin m
ng-c khi ly nhim vi rt ln.

260
short-day plant A plant which will not
flower until triggered to do so by exposure
to one or a number of dark periods equal
to or longer than its critical period. Other
plant species are long-day and some are
daylength neutral. Genetic variation for
daylength sensitivity is present in many
crop species.
cy ngy ngn Mt loi cy m s khng
ra hoa cho n khi -c thc y ra hoa
do chiu sng vi mt hoc mt s giai
on ti bng hoc di hn thi k ti hn
ca n. Nhng loi cy khc l cy ngy
di v mt s l cy ngy di trung bnh.
Bin d di truyn nhy cm di ngy
lun c mt trong nhiu ging canh tc.
shotgun genome sequencing A strategy
for sequencing a whole genome, in which
the genomic DNA is initially fragmented
into pieces small enough to be sequenced.
Specialized computer software is then
used to piece together the individual
sequences to create long contiguous tracts
of sequenced DNA.
lm trnh t h gen hng lot Chin l-c
lm trnh t ton b h gen, trong DNA
h gen -c phn mnh u tin thnh
nhng mnh nh -c trnh t. Phn
mm my tnh chuyn dng sau -c
dng chp cc trnh t c l vi nhau
to ra nhng khong rng lin tc theo
chiu di ca DNA trnh t.
shuttle vector A plasmid capable of
replicating in two different host organisms
because it carries two different origins of
replication and can therefore be used to
transfer genes from one to the other.
Synonym: bifunctional vector.
vect con thoi Mt plasmit c kh nng
sao li trong hai sinh vt ch khc bit v
n mang hai bn gc sao chp khc nhau
v c th do vy -c s dng chuyn
gen t sinh vt ny cho sinh vt khc. T
ng ngha: bifunctional vector.
sib-mating The deliberate crossing of
siblings. Generally done where self-

siderophore
incompatibility prevents the production
of self-fertilized progeny.
kt i ch em S bt cho t do gia anh
ch em. a s thc hin ni m tnh t
khng t-ng thch ngn nga s sn sinh
ca con chu t th tinh.
siderophore A low molecular weight entity
that binds very tightly to iron. Siderophores
are synthesized by a variety of soil microorganisms to ensure that the organism is
able to obtain sufficient amounts of iron
from the environment.
thc bo cha st Mt thc th phn t
l-ng thp m lin kt cht vi kim loi.
Cc thc bo cha st -c tng hp do
loi vi sinh vt t bo m rng sinh
vt ny c th hp th s l-ng y
kim loi t mi tr-ng.
sieve cell A long and slender sieve
element in vascular plants, characterized
by relatively unspecialized sieve areas and
tapering end walls that lack sieve plates.
t bo mch ry Phn t mch ry di v
mnh ca thc vt mch g, c tr-ng bi
cc vng mch ry t-ng i khng bit
ho v cc vch kt thc nh dn lm thiu
cc tm mch ry.
sieve element The phloem cell concerned
with longitudinal conduction of food
materials.
phn t mch ry T bo v cy lin quan
vi vic dn nguyn liu thc n theo chiu
dc.
sieve plate Perforated wall area in a sieve
tube element, through which strands
connecting sieve tube protoplasts can
pass.
tm mch ry Vng vch xuyn thng
ca phn t ng mch ry, si ni tip cht
nguyn sinh ng mch ry c th chuyn
qua .
sieve tube A tube within the phloem tissue
of a plant, composed of joined sieve
elements.
ng mch ry Mt loi ng bn trong m
v cy trng, bao gm cc phn t mch
ry kt ni.

261
sigma factor The sub-unit of prokaryotic
RNA polymerases responsible for the
initiation of transcription at specific
initiation sequences.
nhn t sigma n v mc d-i ca RNA
polymerase nhn s lin quan khi u
sao chp ti nhng trnh t khi u ring
bit.
signal peptide peptit tn hiu xem:
signal sequence.
signal sequence A stretch of 15-30 amino
acid residues at the N terminus of a
protein, which is thought to enable the
protein to be secreted (pass through a cell
membrane). The signal sequence is
removed as the protein is secreted.
Synonyms: signal peptide, leader
peptide.
trnh t tn hiu Mt qung cc gc15-30
amino acid ti u cui N ca protein, -c
ngh ti vic cho php phn tit protein (di
chuyn qua mng t bo). Trnh t tn hiu
-c loi b khi phn tit protein. Nhng
t ng ngha: signal peptide, leader
peptide.
signal transduction The biochemical
events that conduct the signal of a
hormone or growth factor from the cell
exterior, through the cell membrane, and
into the cytoplasm. This involves a number
of molecules, including receptors, ligands
and messengers.
chuyn i tn hiu S kin ha sinh
h-ng dn tn hiu hc mn hoc yu t
tng tr-ng t ngoi t bo, qua mng t
bo, v vo trong cht t bo. Chuyn i
tn hiu ko theo mt s phn t, bao gm
th th cm, phi t v th -a tin.
signal-to-noise ratio A specifically
produced response (signal) compared to
the response level (noise) when no specific
stimulus (activity) is present.
t l t tn hiu ti ting n Mt s p
li (tn hiu) -c sn sinh c bit so snh
vi mc p li (ting n) khi s kch thch
(hot ng) khng c bit c mt.
silencing Loss of gene expression either
through an alteration in the DNA

silent mutation
sequence of a structural gene, or its
regulatory region; or because of
interactions between its transcript and
other mRNAs present in the cell (see:
antisense RNA).
ln, tim n Mt biu th gen qua thay i
trnh t DNA ca mt gen cu trc, hoc
vng iu ho; hoc bi t-ng tc gia bn
sao v cc RNA thng tin khc c mt trong
t bo (xem: antisense RNA).
silent mutation t bin ln xem:
mutation.
simple sequence repeat lp trnh t n
(vit tt: SSR). xem: microsatellite.
SINE vit tt ca short interspersed
nuclear element.
single-cell line dng t bo n xem:
cell strain
single-cell protein (Abbreviation: SCP).
Protein produced by micro-organisms,
particularly yeast. Used as either a feed
or a food additive.
protein t bo n (vit tt: SCP). Protein
sn xut do vi sinh vt, c bit nm men.
Lm thc n hoc ph gia thc phm.
single copy A gene or DNA sequence
which occurs only once per (haploid)
genome. Many structural genes are single
copy.
bn sao n Gen hoc trnh t DNA m
xut hin ch mt ln (n bi) theo h gen.
Nhiu gen cu trc l bn sao n.
single domain antibody khng th min
n xem: dAb.
single node culture Culture of separate
lateral buds, each carrying a piece of stem
tissue.
nui cy nt n Nui cy chi bn tch
rng, mi nt u mang mt mnh m
thn.
single nucleotide polymorphism
(Abbreviation: SNP). A genetic marker
resulting from variation in sequence at a
particular position within a DNA sequence.
SNPs are commonly the result of
transition changes (A for G, T for C), but
also transversions (G or A for T or C) and

262
single base deletions. Such variation is
extensive throughout all genomes, and
offers the particular advantage of being
detectable without the need for gel
electrophoresis.
tnh a hnh nuleotit n (vit tt: SNP).
Du chun gen bt ngun t bin d trong
trnh t ti v tr c bit bn trong trnh t
DNA. Cc SNP a s l hu qu ca nhng
thay i ng hon (A cho G, T cho C),
ngoi tr d hon (G hoc A cho T hoc C)
v xa ba z n. Nh- vy bin d m rng
c h gen, v cung cp li th c bit
tin hnh d tm m khng cn thit n
hin t-ng in chuyn cht gel.
single primer amplification reaction
(Abbreviation: SPAR). A PCR-based
genotyping technique in which genomic
template is amplified with a single primer.
phn ng khuch i khi u n (vit
tt: SPAR). Mt k thut gim nh gen da
vo PCR trong khung mu h gen -c
khuych i vi mt khi u n.
single-strand
conformational
polymorphism (Abbreviation: SSCP). A
technique for detection of mutations in a
defined DNA sequence. Single-stranded
polynucleotides are electrophoretically
separated on non-denaturing gels.
Intrachain base pairing results in a limited
number of conformers stabilized by
intrachain loops, and mutated DNA shows
on electrophoresis an altered
assortment of such conformers.
tnh a hnh hnh thi si n (vit tt:
SSCP). Mt k thut d tm t bin
trong trnh t DNA -c xc nh. Nhng
polinucleotit si n -c phn tch
chuyn in trn cc gel khng lm bin
tnh. Cc kt qu cp i baz cng chui
trong mt s gii hn hnh thi -c n
nh do cc vng cng chui, v DNA -c
t bin ch ra trn hin t-ng in chuyn
mt phn loi -c bin i ca cc hnh
thi nh- vy.
single-strand DNA binding protein A
protein that coats single-stranded DNA,
preventing renaturation and so
maintaining the DNA in an extended state.

single-stranded DNA
protein bm dnh DNA si n Mt
protein m ph ln DNA si n, ngn
nga hi tnh v do vy duy tr DNA trong
mt trng thi m rng.
single-stranded DNA (Abbreviation:
ssDNA). DNA molecules separated from
their complementary strand, either by its
absence or following denaturation.
DNA si n (vit tt: ssDNA). Phn t
DNA -c phn tch t si b sung ca
chng, do thiu hoc bin tnh tip theo.
single-stranded nucleic acid Nucleic
acid molecules consisting of only one
polynucleotide chain. The genomes of
many viruses are single-stranded DNA
molecules, as are most biologically
effective RNAs. Many RNA molecules do
include double-stranded regions formed by
the intra-strand base-pairing of selfcomplementary sequences, and these
determine the 3-dimensional shape
(conformation) that they adopt in vivo.
axit nucleic si n Phn t axit nucleic
bao gm ch mt chui polinucleotit. Cc
h gen ca nhiu loi virut l phn t DNA
si n, nh- hu ht cc RNA hiu ng
sinh hc. Phn t RNA bao gm cc vng
si kp -c hnh thnh do s cp i ba
z si ngoi ca trnh t t b sung, v
xc nh hnh dng khng gian ba chiu
(hnh thi) m chng chp nhn trong c
th.
sire Male animal chosen for breeding.
c ging ng vt ging c -c chn
bi dc.
sister
chromatid
exchange
(Abbreviation:
SCE).
Reciprocal
interchanges of the two chromatid arms
within a single chromosome.
trao i nhim sc t ch em (vit tt:
SCE). Hon i lun phin ca hai nhnh
nhim sc t trong mt nhim sc th n.
site-specific A term used to describe any
process or enzyme which acts at a defined
sequence within a DNA or RNA molecule.
c tr-ng im Thut ng m t mt
s qu trnh hoc enzim m tc ng ti

263
mt trnh t xc nh trong mt phn t
DNA hoc RNA.
site-specific mutagenesis The induction
of mutations, by molecular biology
techniques, in one or more specific
nucleotides within a defined coding
sequence in order to create altered forms
of the gene product. Used to define the
active sites of proteins and for protein
engineering.
sinh t bin c tr-ng im Gy t
bin, bng k thut sinh hc phn t, trong
mt hoc nhiu nuleotit c bit bn trong
trnh t m ho -c xc nh vi mc ch
to ra cc dng bin i sn phm gen.
-c dng nh ngha nhng im hot
ng ca cc protein v k thut
protein.
sitosterol xem: phytosterol.
six-base cutter Type II restriction
endonucleases whose recognition site
and cleavage site consist of a
characteristic sequence of six nucleotide
pairs. See: four-base cutter.
phn ct su ba z Endonucleaza gii
hn kiu II m v tr on nhn v v tr
phn r ca n bao gm mt trnh t c
tr-ng ca su cp nuleotit. xem: four-base
cutter.
small nuclear ribonucleoprotein
(Abbreviation: snRNP). A complex of small
nuclear RNA and nuclear protein, heavily
involved in the post-transcriptional
processing of mRNA, especially the
removal of introns. snRNPs are a major
component of spliceosomes.
ribonucleoprotein nhn nh (vit tt:
snRNP). Mt phc hp ca RNA nhn nh
v protein nhn, tham gia mnh m vo
x l hu phin m ca RNA thng tin, c
bit loi b cc intron. Cc snRNP l thnh
phn chnh ca phn t ghp ni.
small nuclear RNA (Abbreviation:
snRNA). RNA transcripts of 100-300 bp
that associate with proteins to form small
nuclear ribonucleoprotein particles.
Most snRNAs are components of the
spliceosomes.

SNP
RNA nhn nh (vit tt: snRNA). Bn sao
RNA 100- 300 bp m kt hp vi protein
hnh thnh ht ribonucleoprotein nhn
nh. Hu ht cc snRNA l nhng thnh
phn ca phn t ghp ni.
SNP vit tt ca single nucleotide
polymorphism.
snRNA vit tt ca small nuclear RNA.
snRNP vit tt ca small nuclear
ribonucleoprotein.
sodium dodecyl sulphate (Abbreviation:
SDS). A detergent used to solubilize
protein and DNA from biological materials.
Specific use in sodium dodecyl sulphate
polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis.
thuc ty sun pht (vit tt: SDS). Mt
loi thuc ty lm ho tan protein v DNA
t nguyn liu sinh vt. c bit s dng
trong in di gel polycrylamit sul-fat
dodecyl natri.
sodium
dodecyl
sulphate
polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis
(Abbreviation: SDS-PAGE). A widely
employed electrophoretic method for the
separation of proteins from biological
samples. The sodium dodecyl sulphate
gives a uniform charge density to the
surface of proteins or nucleic acids, so that
their rate of migration through the gel is
determined largely by their molecular
weight.
in di gel polycrylamit thuc ty sun
pht (vit tt: SDS - PAGE). Ph-ng php
in di -c dng ph bin tch cc
protein khi mu sinh vt. Cht sul-fat
dodecyl natri to ra mt tch np ng
dng vi b mt protein hoc axit nucleic,
do vy t l di chuyn ca chng qua cht
gel -c xc nh phn ln do trng l-ng
phn t ca chng.
soil amelioration The improvement of
poor soils. Includes the fungal and bacterial
break down of plant organic matter, to form
humus; the release of minerals - such as
phosphates - to the soil, making them
available to plants; the fixation of nitrogen.
Can sometimes include an element of
bioremediation.

264
ci thin t Ci to cc loi t ngho.
Bao gm phn hu nm v vi khun
bin cht hu c thc vt thnh mn; gii
phng khong cht -nh- cc pht phtcho t, lm tng ph cho cy; c nh
nit. C th i khi cn bao gm phn t
cha tr sinh hc.
soil-less culture Growing plants in
nutrient solution without soil. Synonym:
hydroponics.
canh tc khng t Thc vt trng trong
dung dch cht dinh d-ng khng c t.
T ng ngha : hydroponics.
solid medium Nutrient medium solidified
by the addition of a gelling agent,
commonly agar.
mi tr-ng c Dung dch cht dinh
d-ng -c lm c bng cch thm vo
mt tc nhn to gel, ph bin l thch.
somaclonal variation Epigenetic or
genetic changes induced during the callus
phase of plant cells cultured in vitro.
Sometimes visible as changed phenotype
in plants regenerated from culture.
bin d to dng xma Cc thay i biu
sinh hoc di truyn gy ra trong pha m
so ca t bo thc vt trong ng nghim.
i khi ng-i ta c th thy mt kiu hnh
-c thay i ca thc vt ti sinh t nui
cy.
somatic Referring to cell types, structures
and processes other than those associated
with the germ line.
(thuc)th, xma, sinh d-ng cp ti
kiu, cu trc v qu trnh t bo thay v
chng -c kt hp vi dng mm.
somatic cell Cells not involved in sexual
reproduction, i.e. not germ cells.
t bo xma, t bo th Cc t bo
khng tham gia vo sinh sn hu tnh,
ngha l khng phi t bo mm.
somatic cell embryogenesis The
process of differentiation of somatic
embryos either from explant cells (direct
embryogenesis), or from callus generated
from explants (indirect embryogenesis).
Synonym: asexual embryogenesis.

somatic cell gene therapy

sinh phi t bo xma Qu trnh bit ho
phi xma t t bo mnh ghp (pht sinh
phi trc tip) hoc t m so pht sinh t
mnh ghp (pht sinh phi gin tip). T
ng ngha : asexual embryogenesis.
somatic cell gene therapy The delivery
of a transgene(s) to a somatic tissue in
order to correct a physiological defect.
liu php gen t bo th Chuyn giao
mt hoc nhiu gen chuyn cho m xma
mc ch sa cha khuyt tt sinh l
hc.
somatic cell hybrid panel A panel of cells
created by cell fusion, typically involving
a reference species (e.g. hamster) and the
species of interest (e.g. sheep) with each
member of the panel containing a different
mixture of chromosomes from the two
species. By relating the presence or
absence of cloned fragments (via in situ
hybridization) or PCR products to the
presence or absence of particular
chromosomes from the species of interest,
such panels can be used for physical
mapping.
bng lai t bo th Bng cc t bo to
ra do dung hp t bo, in hnh lin quan
n mt loi tham kho (v d chut bch)
v loi quan tm (v d cu) vi mi mt
thnh vin ca bng c cha hn hp khc
nhau cc nhim sc th t hai loi. Do c
quan h vi s c mt hoc thiu vng cc
on -c to dng (nh lai phn t ti
ch) hoc sn phm PCR vi s c mt
hoc thiu vng cc nhim sc th ring
bit t loi quan tm, nhng bng nh- vy
c dng lp bn vt cht.
somatic cell variant A somatic cell with
unique characters not present in the other
cells, and which could be selected for by
an appropriate screen.
bin th t bo xma T bo xma c
nhng c tnh duy nht khng c mt
trong t bo khc, v c th -c la chn
v do hin th thch hp.
somatic embryo An organized embryolike structure. Although morphologically

265
similar to a zygotic embryo it is initiated
from somatic plant cells. Under in vitro
conditions, somatic embryos go through
developmental processes similar to
embryos of zygotic origin. Each somatic
embryo is potentially capable of developing
into a normal plantlet.
phi xma Cu trc ging ht phi c t
chc. Mc du t-ng t v hnh thi hc
vi phi hp t n -c bt u t cc t
bo thc vt xma. D-i iu kin trong
ng nghim, cc phi xma ln l-t tri
qua cc qu trnh pht trin t-ng t nhphi gc hp t. Mi mt phi xma u
c kh nng tim tng pht trin thnh
mt cy non bnh th-ng.
somatic hybridization Naturally occurring
or induced fusion of somatic protoplasts
or cells of two genetically different parents.
The difference may be as wide as
interspecific. Wide synthetic hybrids
formed in this way (i.e. not via gametic
fusion) are known as cybrids. Not all
cybrids contain the full genetic
information (nuclear and non-nuclear) of
both parents.
Lai xma S dung hp xy ra t nhin
hoc -c cm ng ca cht nguyn sinh
xma hoc t bo ca hai cha m khc
nhau di truyn. S khc nhau c th rng
gia cc loi. Cc con lai tng hp xa hnh
thnh theo cch ny (tc khng phi qua
dung hp giao t) -c bit nh- cc vt lai
bo cht. Khng phi l tt c cc vt lai
bo cht u cha thng tin di truyn (c
nhn v khng nhn) y ca c hai
cha m.
somatic hypermutation The high
frequency of mutation that occurs in the
gene segments encoding the variable
regions of immunoglobulins during the
differentiation of B lymphocytes into
antibody producing plasma cells.
t bin siu xma Tn s cao t bin
xy ra trong tng on gen m ha nhiu
vng khc nhau ca globulin min dch khi
bit ho limph bo B trong t bo huyt
t-ng sn sinh khng th.

somatic reduction

266

somatic reduction Halving of the

chromosomal number of somatic cells; a
possible method of producing haploids
from somatic cells and calli by artificial
means.

Southern blot A nitrocellulose or nylon

membrane to which DNA fragments
previously
separated
by
gel
electrophoresis, have been transferred
by capillary action. See: blot.

phc hi xma Chia i s l-ng nhim

sc th ca t bo xma; mt ph-ng php
c kh nng sn sinh n bi t t bo
xma v m so bng cc ph-ng php
nhn to.

du vt Nam Mt mng nitroxeluloza hoc

ni lng nhng on DNA -c phn tch
tr-c bng in di trn gel, -c chuyn
ti bng hot ng mao dn. Xem: blot.
Southern hybridization A procedure in
which a cloned, labelled segment of DNA
is hybridized to DNA restriction fragments
on a Southern blot.
lai phn t Nam Ph-ng php trong
mt on nh du, to dng ca DNA
-c lai vi cc on gii hn DNA trn
du vt Nam.
spacer sequence A DNA sequence
separating neighbouring genes; spacer
sequences are not usually transcribed.
trnh t khong m Trnh t DNA phn
tch cc gen gn nhau; cc trnh t khong
m th-ng khng -c sao chp.

somatocrinin Growth hormone-releasing

hormone. See: growth hormone.
Hc mn gii phng hc mn sinh tr-ng.
Xem: growth hormone.
somatostatin Growth hormone-inhibiting
hormone. See: growth hormone.
Hc mn ngn chn hc mn sinh tr-ng.
Xem: growth hormone.
somatotropin Xem: growth hormone.
sonication Disruption of cells or DNA
molecules by high frequency sound waves.
bc sng m Tan r t bo hoc phn t
DNA do sng m tn s cao.
SOS response The synthesis of a whole
set of DNA repair, recombination and
replication proteins in bacteria suffering
severe DNA damage (e.g. following
exposure to UV light).
phn ng SOS Tng hp ca hu nhton b sa cha DNA, protein ti t hp
v nhn i trong cc vi khun chi ng
s hu hi DNA rt ln (v d phi trn d-i
tia cc tm).
source DNA The DNA from an organism
that contains a target gene, and used as
the starting material in a cloning
experiment.
DNA ngun DNA t mt sinh vt m c
cha mt gen ch lm vt liu khi u
trong th nghim to dng.
source organism A bacterium, plant or
animal from which DNA is purified and
used in a cloning experiment.
sinh vt ngun Vi khun, thc vt hoc
ng vt m t DNA -c lm sch v
s dng trong th nghim to dng.

SPAR Abbreviation for single primer

amplification reaction.
SPAR Vit tt ca single primer
amplification reaction.
sparger A device that introduces, into a
bioreactor, air in the form of fine bubbles.
th dn Mt thit b dn khng kh trong
dng nhng bt nh vo bnh phn ng.
spatial autocorrelation statistics A set
of statistical parameters aimed to depict
the spatial (geographical) pattern of
genetic diversity in a population.
thng k t-ng quan khng gian Tp
hp tham s thng k nhm miu t mu
khng gian (a l) ca tnh a dng di
truyn trong mt qun th.
speciation The evolutionary differentiation
of a pre-existing species into one or more
distinct species.
hnh thnh loi Sai khc tin ha t mt
loi thnh mt hoc nhiu loi khc bit.
species A class of individuals capable of
interbreeding, but which is reproductively

specific combining ability

isolated from other such groups having
many characteristics in common. A
somewhat arbitrary and sometimes blurred
classification; but still quite useful in many
situations.
loi Mt lp c th c kh nng giao lai
ging, nh-ng -c tch ring ti sinh sn
t chnh cc nhm khc mang nhiu c
tr-ng chung. Mt s phn loi i cht tu
tin v i khi b b qua; nh-ng vn cn
hu ch trong nhiu tnh hung.
specific combining ability (Abbreviation:
SCA). A component of genetic variance
calculable where a number of genotypes
are intercrossed in all possible
combinations. The SCA measures the
deviation of the performance of a
particular cross from the average general
combining ability of its two parents.
kh nng t hp ring (vit tt: SCA). Mt
thnh phn ph-ng sai di truyn c th
tnh ton -c ni m mt s kiu gen -c
bt cho ngoi vi tt c cc kh nng kt
hp. SCA o s sai lch v thnh tch ca
con lai ring bit t kh nng t hp genn
trung bnh ca hai cha m.
specificity For diagnostic tests, the ability
of a probe to react precisely and uniquely
with its target molecule.
tnh c th Ca cc php th chn on,
kh nng ca mt u d phn ng
chnh xc v duy nht vi phn t ch.
spent medium After sub-culture, medium
which is discarded because it has been
depleted of nutrients, dehydrated, or
accumulated toxic metabolic products.
mi tr-ng tiu th Sau nui cy ph,
mi tr-ng m -c b i bi v rt ht
cc cht dinh d-ng, kh n-c, hoc tch
ly cc sn phm chuyn ha c.
sperm vit tt ca spermatozoon.
sperm competition Competition between
different spermatozoa to fertilize the egg
cell of a single female.
cnh tranh tinh trng Cnh tranh gia
cc tinh trng khc bit th tinh t bo
trng ca th ci n.

267
sperm sexing The separation of
mammalian sperm into those bearing an
X chromosome and those bearing a Y
chromosome, in order to be able to
produce, via artificial insemination or in
vitro fertilization, animals of a specified
sex. Methods for achieving this include the
inactivation of X-bearing or Y-bearing
sperm by antibodies recognizing sexspecific sperm surface peptides, and
fluorescence-activated cell sorting.
xc nh gii tnh tinh trng S phn
tch tinh dch loi c v thnh loi mang
mt nhim sc th X v loi mang mt
nhim sc th Y, mc ch c th sn xut,
qua th tinh nhn to hoc th tinh trong
ng nghim, cc ng vt mang mt gii
tnh c th. Cc ph-ng php t -c
iu ny bao gm kh hot tnh ca tinh
dch mang X hoc Y do khng th on
nhn cc peptit b mt tinh trng ch gii
tnh, v phn loi t bo kch hot hunh
quang.
spermatid Immature spermatozoon. One
of the four cells formed at the end of the
second
meiotic
division
in
spermatogenesis.
tinh t Mt trong s bn t bo thnh
hnh vo lc cui phn chia gim phn ln
hai trong sinh tinh trng.
spermatocyte The premeiotic parental cell
of the spermatids; the primary
spermatocyte before the initiation of the
first meiotic division; the secondary
spermatocyte after completion of the first
meiotic division, but before the initiation of
the second division. Synonym: sperm
mother cell.
tinh bo T bo cha m theo phn chia
ca cc tinh t; tinh bo gc tr-c khi u
phn chia gim phn ln mt; tinh bo th
cp sau khi hon thnh phn chia gim
phn ln mt, nh-ng tr-c khi bt u phn
chia ln hai. T ng ngha: sperm mother
cell.
spermatogenesis The series of cell
divisions in the testis as a result of which
the formation and the maturation of the
male gametes (i.e. sperm) are achieved.

spermatogonium
sinh tinh trng Cc t phn chia t bo
trong tinh hon l kt qu ca s hnh
thnh v tr-ng thnh nhng giao t ging
c (ngha l tinh trng).
spermatogonium (pl.: spermatogonia)
Primordial male germ cell. These can
either divide by mitosis to produce
daughter cells, or enter a growth phase
and differentiate into a primary
spermatocyte.
tinh nguyn bo (s nhiu:
spermatogonia). T bo mm ging c
nguyn thu. C th phn chia do nguyn
phn sn sinh cc t bo con, hoc do
chuyn sang mt pha sinh tr-ng v bit
ho thnh tinh bo gc.
spermatozoon (Abbreviation: sperm). (pl.:
spermatozoa) The mature, mobile gametic
cell of male animals, produced in the testis.
tinh trng (vit tt: sperm). (s nhiu:
spermatozoa) T bo phi t tr-ng thnh,
vn ng ca ng vt ging c, sn xut
trong tinh hon.
spharoblast Nodule of wood which can
give rise to adventitious shoots with
juvenile characteristics.
mt ng Mu nh ca cy g m c th
sinh ra chi ph c cc c tr-ng non tr.
spheroplast (AlteRNAtive spelling:
sphaeroplast). A microbial or plant cell from
which most of the cell wall has been
removed, usually by enzymatic treatment.
Strictly, in a spheroplast, some of the cell
wall remains, while in a protoplast the cell
wall has been completely removed. In
practice, the two words are often used
interchangeably.
t bo trn (cn gi l: sphaeroblast). T
bo vi trng hoc thc vt m hu ht vch
t bo -c loi b, th-ng do x l
enzim. Chnh xc, trong t bo trn, mt
s vch t bo gi li, cn trong t bo
cht nguyn sinh vch t bo -c loi
b hon ton. Trong thc t, hai t th-ng
-c s dng thay th cho nhau.
spike 1. An inflorescence in which the
main axis is elongated and the flowers are

268
sessile. 2. The deliberate addition of a
known quantity of a known substance to
an analytical sample, used to validate the
analytical technique.
bng 1. Mt bng hoa trong trc chnh
-c ko di v cc hoa l l khng cung.
2. S gn thm c ch s l-ng mt cht
bit vo mu phn tch, th-ng lm tng
hiu lc k thut phn tch.
spikelet The unit of inflorescence in
grasses, made up of a small group of
florets.
gi nh n v bng hoa trong cy ho
tho, to ra mt nhm hoa nh.
spindle An intracellular fibrous structure,
involved in the control of chromosome
movement in mitosis and meiosis.
hnh thoi Cu trc si t bo, lin quan
n iu khin chuyn ng nhim sc th
trong nguyn phn v gim phn.
spliceosome A complex of small nuclear
ribonucleoproteins and other proteins
that assemble on an immature mRNA and
catalyse the excision of an intron. See:
splicing.
phn t ghp ni Mt phc hp ca
ribonucleoprotein nhn nh v cc protein
khc -c tp hp trn mt RNA thng tin
ch-a hon chnh v xc tc ct mt intron.
Xem: splicing.
splicing 1. During the maturation of
eukaryotic mRNA, the process that
removes intron sequences and covalently
joins exon sequences. Synonym: editing.
2. In recombinant DNA technology, the
term refers to the ligation of two fragments
of DNA together.
ghp ni 1. Trong thi gian tr-ng thnh
ca RNA thng tin nhn thc, qu trnh loi
b trnh t intron v kt hp ng ha tr
trnh t exon.T ng ngha: ct xn. 2.
Trong k thut DNA ti t hp, thut
cp ti s kt buc hai on DNA vi nhau.
splicing junction The DNA sequence
immediately surrounding the boundary
between an exon and an intron. There is
a degree of sequence conservation in

split gene
these regions, allowing the identification of
introns in newly sequenced genes.
u mi ghp ni Trnh t DNA bao quanh
ngay ranh gii gia exon v intron. Cp
bo tn trnh t trong cc vng ny, cho
php nhn ra intron trong cc gen mi -c
lm trnh t.
split gene In eukaryotes, the encoding
DNA of many structural genes is made up
of exons and introns. This commonly
found pattern of interruption in the coding
sequence is referred to as a split gene.
gen phn chia Trong sinh vt c nhn,
DNA m ha gen cu trc -c to ra t
nhng exon v intron. iu th-ng to ra
khung mu gin on trong trnh t m ho
-c cp nh- mt gen phn chia.
spontaneous mutation A mutation
occurring in the absence of any known
mutagen.
t bin t pht Mt t bin xy ngoi
bt k t bin no bit.
sporangium (pl.: sporangia) A
reproductive structure in plants that
produces spores. A megasporangium
produces megaspores, which give rise to
the female gametophyte; in seed plants it
is represented by the ovule. A
microsporangium produces microspores,
which give rise to the male gametophyte;
it is represented in seed plants by the
pollen sac.
ti bo t (s nhiu: sporangia) Mt cu
trc sinh sn ca thc vt m sinh ra cc
bo t. Mt ti bo t ci sn xut cc i
bo t, sinh ra th giao t ci; trong thc
vt c ht n -c i din do non. Mt
ti phn sn xut cc bo t nh, sinh ra
th giao t ging c; n -c i din
trong thc vt c ht do ti phn.
spore 1. A reproductive cell that develops
into an individual without union with other
cells; some spores such as meiospores are
the product of the germ line, but others
are asexual in nature. 2. A small, protected
resting body, often synthesized by microorganisms when nutrient levels are low.

269
bo t 1. Mt t bo sinh sn pht trin
thnh c th m khng lin hip vi cc t
bo khc; mt s bo t nh- cc bo t
n bi l sn phm ca mt dng mm,
nh-ng s khc l dng v tnh trong t
nhin. 2. Mt th nh ang ng ngh, -c
bo v, th-ng do cc vi sinh vt tng hp
khi dinh d-ng mc thp.
spore mother cell t bo m bo t. T
ng ngha: sporocyte
sporocyte A diploid germ line cell that is
the parent of the four haploid spores
generated by meiosis.
kn bo t Mt t bo dng mm l-ng
bi l b ca bn bo t n bi pht sinh
do gim phn.
sporophyll A leaf that bears sporangia.
l bo t Mt l mang ti bo t.
sporophyte The diploid generation in the
life cycle of a plant, and that produces
haploid spores by meiosis.
th bo t S pht sinh l-ng bi trong
vng i cy trng, v to ra nhng bo
t n bi do gim phn.
sport An individual plant, or portion
thereof, showing a recognizably different
phenotype from the parent, presumably
as a result of spontaneous mutation. Novel
traits displayed by some sports can
become of great agricultural worth, but
generally they are disadvantageous.
cy bin d Mt cy c th, hoc mt phn
ca n, cho thy mt kiu hnh khc bit
c th nhn ra t cha m, c th on
chng l hu qu ca t bin t pht. Cc
tnh trng mi biu hin do mt s cy bin
d c th tr thnh gi tr nng nghip cao,
nh-ng ni chung chng bt li.
ssDNA DNA si n vit tt ca singlestranded DNA.
SSR vit tt ca: simple sequence
repeat. Xem: microsatellite.
stacked genes Refers to the insertion of
two or more genes into the genome of an
organism. An example would be a plant
carrying a Bt transgene giving insect

stages of culture (I-IV)

resistance, and a bar transgene giving
resistance to a specific herbicide.
gen xp chng cp ti s xen lng
ca hai hoc nhiu gen vo trong h gen
ca mt sinh vt. Mt v d l mt cy mang
Bt transgene cho tnh khng cn trng, v
mt bar transgene cho tnh khng thuc
dit c c hiu.
stages of culture (I-IV) giai on nui
cy ( I - IV) xem: micropropagation.
staggered cuts Symmetrically cleaved
phosphodiester bonds that lie on both
strands of double-stranded DNA, but are
not opposite one another.
ct ch chi Cc mi lin kt
phosphodiester -c phn chia i xng
nm trn c cc si ca DNA si kp,
nh-ng khng i din vi nhau.
stamen Floral structure made up of an
anther and a filament. The stamen is the
male organ of a flower.
nh hoa Cu trc hoa to ra t bao phn
v tua nh nh. Nh hoa l c quan c
ca hoa.
standard deviation A statistical measure
of variability in a population of individuals
or in a set of data.
lch chun Php o thng k tnh bin
thin trong mt qun th nhiu c th hoc
trong mt tp hp d liu.
standard error A statistical measure that
indicates the predictive accuracy over all
individuals of a mean value derived from
a sample population.
li chun Mt php o thng k ch ra
d on chnh xc ton b cc c th v
gi tr trung bnh bt ngun t qun th
mu.
starch The major plant carbohydrate
storage substance, particularly but not
exclusively found in seeds, and used both
as food and feed source and for various
industrial processes. A large waterinsoluble heterogenous group of
polysaccharides, consisting of various
proportions of the two glucose polymers,
amylose and amylopectin. Starch is

270
broken down into simple metabolisable
sugars in vivo by the action of amylases.
-ng bt Cht d tr hydrat cacbon thc
vt chnh, ring bit nh-ng khng ch c
ring trong ht, v -c dng lm ngun
thc n v nui d-ng v ca cc qu trnh
cng nghip khc nhau. Mt nhm ln hn
tp khng tan trong n-c ca polisacarit,
gm t l khc nhau ca hai dy plime
glucoza l amyloza v amylopectin. -ng
bt -c phn gii thnh cc -ng
chuyn ho n gin trong c th do hot
ng ca amylaza.
start codon The codon which specifies the
first amino acid of a polypeptide chain
and at which the ribosome starts the
process of translation. In bacteria, this is
either AUG (translated as n-formyl
methionine) or, rarely, GUG (valine). In
eukaryotes, it is always AUG and is
translated as methionine. The start codon
sets the reading frame for translation.
Synonym: initiation codon.
b m khi ng B m ghi chp r
amino acid u tin ca mt chui polyeptit
v ti ribosom khi ng qu trnh dch
m. Trong vi khun, chng l AUG (-c
dch l n-formyl methionine) hoc, him
khi, GUG (valin). Trong sinh vt c nhn,
lun l AUG v -c dch l methionine.
B m khi ng t ra khung c cho bn
dch. T ng ngha: initiation codon.
starter culture Micro-organisms that are
deliberately added to foods to alter flavour,
colour, texture, smell, or taste.
nui cy khi ng Cc vi sinh vt -c
ch ng thm vo thc n thay i
h-ng thm, mu, kt cu, mi, hoc v.
stationary culture A culture maintained
without agitation.
nui cy tnh Mt nui cy -c duy tr
thiu s rung ng.
tationary phase The plateau of the growth
curve, during which cell number remains
relatively constant, following the
logarithmic phase. See: growth phases.
pha dng Mt bng ca -ng cong sinh
tr-ng, khi s l-ng t bo cn li khng

steady state
thay i mt cch t-ng i, tip theo pha
loga. Xem: growth phases.
steady state In a continuous
fermentation process, the condition under
which the number of cells removed with
the outflow is exactly balanced by the
number of newly synthesized cells.
trng thi cn bng ng Trong qu trnh
ln men lin tc, tnh trng trong s
l-ng t bo loi b vi dng chy ra -c
cn bng chnh xc do s l-ng t bo mi
tng hp.
stele The central vascular cylinder, inside
the cortex, of roots and stems of higher
plants.
trung tr Tr mch trung tm, pha bn
trong v, ca r v thn thc vt bc cao.
stem The main body of the above-ground
portion of a tree, shrub, herb or other plant;
the ascending axis, whether above or
below ground, of a plant.
thn cy Thn chnh phn trn mt t
ca mt cy, bi rm, c hoc loi cy
khc; trc h-ng thin, d trn hay d-i
mt t, ca thc vt.
stem cell An undifferentiated somatic cell
that is capable of either division to give rise
to daughter stem cells, or differentiating
into any specialized cell type given the
appropriate signals. Cultured stem cells
are critical to the concept of therapeutic
cloning.
t bo gc Mt t bo xma khng bit
ha m c kh nng phn chia sinh ra
cc t bo gc con, hoc bit ho thnh
mt s kiu t bo chuyn bit sinh ra du
hiu thch hp. Cc t bo gc -c nui
cy l s ph phn nim to dng cha
bnh.
sterile 1. Medium or object free of viable
micro-organisms (see: disinfect). 2.
Incapable of producing viable gametes.
v trng, v sinh 1. Mi tr-ng hoc i
t-ng khng c vi sinh vt tn ti (xem:
disinfect). 2. Khng c kh nng sn xut
giao t sng.

271
sterile room Dedicated space for the
carrying out of activities that require sterile
conditions. Can usually be achieved more
economically with a laminar air-flow
cabinet.
phng v trng Khong khng gian -c
dnh cho vic to ra cc hot ng m
yu cu iu kin v trng. C th th-ng
t -c hiu qu kinh t ln hn so vi
bung dng kh phin.
sterility Complete or partial failure of an
individual to produce functional gametes
or viable zygotes under a given set of
environmental conditions.
tnh v sinh S tht bi hon ton hoc
b phn ca mt c th sn xut giao
t hot ng hoc hp t c th sinh tn
d-i mt tp hp iu kin ngoi cnh -c
t ra.
sterilize 1. The elimination of microorganisms, using heat, irradiation,
filtration or chemicals. 2. The operation
of making an animal incapable of
producing offspring.
tit trng, tit dc 1. Loi b vi sinh vt,
c dng nhit, bc x, lc hoc ha cht.
2. Thao tc lm cho mt ng vt khng
cn kh nng sn sinh con ci.
Steward bottle Flask developed for the
growth of cells and tissues in a liquid
medium, in which they can be periodically
submerged during rotation.
bnh Steward Chai c di pht trin
sinh tr-ng t bo v m trong mi tr-ng
lng, trong chng c th -c ngm
chm nh k trong khi quay.
sticky end mt bm xem: extension.
stigma Receptive portion of the style, to
which pollen adheres.
u nhy Phn d thu nhn ca vi nhu,
ti phn hoa dnh cht.
stirred-tank fermenter A growth vessel in
which cells or micro-organisms are mixed
by mechanically-driven impellers.
ln men thng ng Bnh sinh tr-ng
trong cc t bo hoc vi sinh vt -c

stock
trn ln bng cc cn y iu khin c
kh.
stock The lower portion of a graft. See:
rootstock.
gc ghp Phn thp pha d-i mnh ghp.
Xem: rootstock.
stock plant The source plant from which
cuttings or explants are obtained. Stock
plants should be well maintained to
optimize explant and cutting quality.
cy gc ghp Cy ngun m t nhng
on hom hoc mnh ghp -c thu nhn.
Nhng cy gc cn phi -c duy tr tt
lm ti -u cht l-ng hom v mnh
ghp.
stock solution Pre-prepared solution of
commonly used reagents.
dung dch gc Dung dch chun b tr-c
ca cc cht phn ng -c s dng ph
bin.
stolon A lateral stem that grows
horizontally along the ground surface.
Used by some plant species as a
mechanism for dispersal, since stolon
nodes can differentiate into normal stems
and roots, giving rise to a daughter plant
removed from the parent.
thn b Mt thn bn sinh tr-ng theo
ph-ng nm ngang theo mt t. -c
mt s loi thc vt dng lm c ch
phn tn, v cc nt thn b c th bit
ho thnh thn v r bnh th-ng, pht sinh
mt cy con cch xa cy m.
stoma (pl.: stomata) 1. Any of various
small openings or pores in an animal body,
especially an opening resembling a mouth
in various invertebrates. 2. A pore in the
epidermis of the leaf or stem of a plant,
which allows the exchange of gases,
including water vapour, to and from the
intercellular spaces. Sometimes used
loosely to refer to the pore along with its
associated pair of guard cells. Synonym:
stomate. See: stomatal complex.
kh khng (s nhiu: stomata) 1. Bt k
mt kiu m hoc l th nh trong c th
ng vt, c bit l kiu m ging vi

272
ming ca ng vt khng x-ng sng
bin th. 2. Kh khng trn biu b l hoc
thn thc vt, cho php trao i kh, bao
gm hi n-c, vo v ra t khoang gian
bo. i khi -c dng khng cht ch
ch l th song song vi cp -c kt hp
vi n ca t bo bo v. T ng ngha:
stomate. Xem: stomatal complex.
stomatal complex Includes the stoma,
together with its guard cells and, when
present, any related subsidiary cells.
phc hp kh khng Bao gm cc l kh,
cng vi t bo bo v v, khi c mt, bt
k cc t bo ph thuc lin quan.
stomatal index A measurement of the
surface density of stomata. This
parameter has been found useful in
comparing leaves of different sizes.
Relative humidity and light intensity during
leaf development affect the value of
stomatal index.
ch s kh khng Php o mt b mt
ca cc kh khng. Tham s ny c ch khi
so snh cc l cy c kch th-c khc
nhau. m t-ng i v c-ng nh
sng trong sut thi gian pht trin l cy
c nh h-ng gi tr ch s kh khng.
stop codon A set of three nucleotides
for which there is no corresponding tRNA
molecule to insert an amino acid into the
polypeptide chain. Protein synthesis is
hence terminated and the completed
polypeptide released from the ribosome.
Three stop codons are known: UAA
(ochre), UAG (amber) and UGA (opal).
Synonyms: chain terminator; nonsense
codon, termination codon.
b m dng Mt b ba nuleotit v khng
c phn t tRNA t-ng ng chn mt
amino acid vo chui polyeptit. Tng hp
protein do polyeptit -c chm dt t y
v hon chnh gii phng khi ribosom.
Ba n v m kt thc -c bit l: UAA
(ochre- hong th), UAG (amber- h
phch) v UGA (opal- mt mo). Nhng
t ng ngha: chain terminator; nonsense
codon, termination codon.
STR vit tt ca sequence tandem
repeat. Xem: tandem repeat.

strain
strain A group of individuals derived by
descent from a single individual within a
species.
chng, ni Mt nhm c th c ngun
gc t mt c th n trong mt loi.
stratification Subjection of moist seeds
to a period of low temperature (+2 to +4
0
C) to break dormancy.
xun ho S l thuc ca nhng ht ging
m -t vo mt thi k nhit thp (+2
0
C ti +40C ) ph ng ngh.
streptavidin A microbial protein with a
high affinity for the B complex vitamin
biotin. The specific interaction of these two
molecules has been exploited in labelling
technology and in applications where a
specific molecule needs to be captured or
purified.
Protein vi trng c mt i lc cao vi B
complex vitamin biotin. S t-ng tc c
bit ca hai phn t ny -c khai thc
trong cng ngh nh du v trong cc
ng dng ni mt phn t ring bit cn
thit -c bt gi hoc lm sch.
stress Non-optimal conditions for growth.
Stresses may be imposed by biotic
(pathogens,
pests)
or
abiotic
(environment, such as heat, drought etc.)
factors.
sc, cng thng Cc iu kin khng
thun li cho sinh tr-ng. Nhiu cng thng
c th b bt buc do cc tc nhn sinh
hc (vt gy bnh, su hi) hoc v sinh
(mi tr-ng, nh- nhit, kh hn v.v.)
stress protein protein sc Xem: heat
shock protein.
stringency Reaction conditions (notably
temperature, salt concentration and pH)
that affect the annealing process of singlestranded DNA or RNA to make doublestranded DNA or RNA, or DNA/RNA
hybrids. At high stringency, duplexes form
only between strands with perfect
complementarity; lower stringency allows
the annealing of strands with some degree
of mismatch.
tnh nghim ngt Cc iu kin phn ng
(ng ch nhit , nng mui v pH)

273
m nh h-ng n qu trnh lm do DNA
hoc RNA si n to ra DNA si kp
hoc RNA, hoc cp lai DNA/ RNA. Khi
tnh cht ch cao, xon kp ch -c hnh
thnh gia cc si c b sung hon chnh;
tnh cht ch thp hn cho php lm do
ca nhng si c mc khng thch hp.
stringent plasmid A plasmid that can only
replicate at the same time as does the main
bacterial chromosome, and is present as
a single or, at most, several copies per cell.
plasmit cht ch Mt plasmit c th ch
-c lp li cng thi im to ra nhim
sc th vi khun chnh, v c mt ring l
hoc, ti hu ht, trong mt s bn sao t
bo.
stroma The supporting connective tissue
of an organ or plastid.
cht nn, m m M lin hp nng
ca mt c quan hoc plastid.
structural gene A gene that encodes a
polypeptide, with either enzymatic or
structural functions, and that is required for
the normal metabolism and growth of a
cell or organism.
gen cu trc Mt gen m ha polyeptit,
c c cc chc nng cu trc hoc enzim,
v -c yu cu trao i cht v sinh
tr-ng bnh th-ng ca mt t bo hoc
sinh vt.
structure-functionalism The scientific
tradition that stresses the relationship
between a physical structure and its
function, e.g. the related disciplines of
anatomy and physiology.
thuyt hot ng cu trc Truyn thng
khoa hc nhn mnh mi quan h gia
mt cu trc vt cht v chc nng ca
n, v d cc nguyn l lin quan gia gii
phu hc v sinh l hc.
STS vit tt ca sequence-tagged site.
style Slender column of tissue that arises
from the top of the ovary and terminates
in the stigma, and through which the
pollen tube must grow to achieve
fertilization.
vi nhu Mt ng mnh ca m xut hin
t nh bung trng v kt thc ti u

sub-clone
nhu, v qua ng phn cn v-n di
t -c th tinh.
sub-clone A procedure in which a large
cloned DNA molecule is divided into
smaller fragments, each one of which is
then separately cloned.
dng ph Mt ph-ng php trong mt
phn t DNA ln -c to dng phn chia
thnh nhng mnh nh hn, tng mnh
ny sau -c to dng ring.
sub-culture Division and transfer of a
portion of a culture to fresh medium.
Sometimes used to denote the adding of
fresh liquid to a suspension culture.
Synonym: passage.
nui cy ph Phn chia v chuyn mt
t nui cy vo mi tr-ng mi. i khi
dng biu th vic thm cht lng mi
cho nui cy ni. T ng ngha: passage.
sub-culture interval The time between
consecutive sub-cultures of cells.
khong cch nui cy ph Thi gian gia
cc t nui cy ph lin tip ca cc t
bo.
sub-culture number The number of times
cells, etc., have been sub-cultured..
s nui cy ph S l-ng ca cc ln
cc t bo,v.v., -c nui cy ph...
subgenomic promoter A promoter
added to a virus for a specific
heterologous gene, resulting in the
formation of mRNA for that gene alone.
khi im h gen ph Mt khi im gn
thm virut cho mt gen d hp t ring bit,
dn n hnh thnh RNA thng tin cho
ring gen ny.
subspecies Population(s) of organisms
sharing certain characteristics that are not
present in other populations of the same
species.
loi ph Mt hoc nhiu qun th sinh vt
chia s cc c tr-ng nht nh m khng
c mt trong cc qun th khc ca cng
mt loi.
sub-strain Derived from a strain by the
isolation of an individual or group of

274
individuals having properties or markers
not shared by the strain as a whole.
chng ph -c bt ngun t mt chng
nh phn lp mt c th hoc nhm cc
c th c cc thuc tnh hoc du chun
khng -c to ra do chng ny hon ton.
substrate 1. A compound that is altered
by an enzyme. 2. Food source for growing
cells or micro-organisms. 3. Material on
which a sedentary organism lives and
grows.
c cht, gi th 1. Mt hp cht -c bin
i bi enzim. 2. Ngun thc n cho t bo
hoc vi sinh vt sinh tr-ng. 3. Vt cht
m trn sinh vt sinh sng v tr-ng
thnh.
sub-unit vaccine One or more
immunogenic proteins, either purified from
the pathogen itself or produced from a
cloned pathogen gene. A vaccine
composed of a purified antigenic
determinant that is separated from the
virulent organism.
vacxin n v ph Mt hoc nhiu protein
gy min dch, hoc -c lm sch ngay
t bn thn vt gy bnh hoc sn xut t
gen vt gy bnh -c to dng. Mt loi
vacxin bao gm yu t quyt nh khng
nguyn lm sch m -c phn tch
t sinh vt c hi.
sucker A shoot that arises from an
underground root or stem. Of particular
significance to grafted plants, since the
sucker will be genotypically rootstock,
rather than scion.
chi Mt chi cy xut hin t r hoc thn
ngm. C ngha c bit vi cc cy -c
ghp, v chi ghp s l kiu di truyn gc
ghp, thay v chi.
suckering
Type
of
vegetative
propagation where lateral buds grow out
to produce an individual that is a clone of
the parent.
nhn chi Kiu sinh sn sinh d-ng ni
cc chi bn sinh tr-ng v-t tri sn
sinh mt c th l mt dng v tnh ca
cha m.

sucrose density gradient centrifugation

sucrose density gradient centrifugation
A procedure used to fractionate nucleic
acids on the basis of their size.
ly tm mc -ng Mt ph-ng php
dng phn chia cc axit nucleic trn c
s kch th-c ca chng.
superbug Jargon for a particular
engineered strain of Pseudomonas, in
which various hydrocarbon-degrading
genes, derived from different plasmids,
were combined into one genotype. This
provided the basis for the precedentsetting legal decision that declared that
genetically engineered organisms were
patentable. See: Chakrabarty decision
siu b Thut ng chuyn mn ch mt
chng Pseudomonas -c k thut ring
bit, trong nhiu loi gen phn r hyr-cac-bon khc nhau, bt ngun t
nhng plasmit khc nhau, -c kt hp
thnh mt kiu gen. N cung cp c s
cho quyt nh hp php t ra tin l
thng bo rng cc sinh vt -c k thut
gen l c th cp bng. xem:
Chakrabarty decision
supercoil The conformation of a doublestranded DNA molecule placed under
torsional stress as a result of interactions
with
proteins. The
stress
is
accommodated by a twist imposed on the
duplex. A left-handed supercoil favours
unwinding of the double helix; a righthanded supercoil favours tighter winding.
chui siu xon Hnh thi phn t DNA
si kp t d-i s cng thng l hu qu
ca t-ng tc vi protein. S cng thng
ny -c iu tit do mt ch cong bt
buc trn xon kp. Mt chui siu xon
tri thun cho tho chui xon kp; mt
chui siu xon phi thun cho cun cht
hn.
supercoiled plasmid The predominant in
vivo form of most plasmids, in which the
DNA is coiled around histone-like
proteins. When supporting proteins are
stripped away during DNA extraction from
the bacterial cell, the plasmid molecule
also tends to supercoil around itself in vitro.

275
plasmit siu xon Dng in hnh trong
c th ca hu ht cc plasmit, trong
DNA -c qun xung quanh cc protein
ging nh- histon. Khi cc protein h tr
-c thot ra trong thi gian trch ly DNA
t t bo vi khun, phn t plasmit cng t
h-ng ti siu xon xung quanh n trong
ng nghim.
supergene A group of tightly linked genes
that are co-inherited, and may be
functionally related.
gen siu tri Mt nhm cc gen -c lin
kt cht -c ng di truyn, v c th
lin quan chc nng.
supernatant The liquid phase remaining
after insoluble materials are pelleted by
centrifugation or precipitation.
ni trn mt Pha lng cn li sau khi cc
nguyn liu khng tan -c kt vn do ly
tm hoc kt ta.
suppressor mutation A mutation that
reverses the effect of an earlier mutation,
e.g. a mutation in a gene for a tRNA that
permits it to read and override an amber
mutation.
t bin c ch t bin lm o ng-c
kt qu ca t bin tr-c , v d t
bin trong mt gen mt tRNA ca gen
cho php c v ln t bin amber.
suppressor-sensitive mutant An
organism that can grow in the presence,
but not in the absence of a second genetic
factor (the suppressor).
t bin cm c ch Mt sinh vt c th
sinh tr-ng khi c mt, nh-ng khng sinh
tr-ng khi vng mt nhn t di truyn th
cp (th c ch).
susceptible Inability to withstand injury
due to biotic or abiotic stress. Opposite:
resistance, tolerance.
tnh mn cm Tnh d b nh h-ng
chng li vt th-ng do cng thng sinh
hc hoc v sinh. Ng-c vi:resistance,
tolerance.
suspension culture A type of culture in
which cells and/or clumps of cells grow and
multiply while suspended in a liquid
medium.

symbiont
nui cy ni Mt kiu nui cy trong
cc t bo v/hoc nhng khi t bo sinh
tr-ng v nhn ln khi ni trong mi tr-ng
lng.
symbiont An organism living in symbiosis
with another, dissimilar organism.
sinh vt cng sinh Mt sinh vt sng
cng sinh vi sinh vt khc, khng ging
n.
symbiosis The close association of two
different kinds of living organisms where
there is benefit to both or where both
receive an advantage from the association.
A prominent example is the colonization
of Rhizobium spp. inside the roots of
leguminous plants.
cng sinh Kt hp mt thit hai loi hnh
khc nhau ca sinh vt sng, ni c li ch
cho c hai hoc ni c hai nhn mt li
th t kt hp. Mt v d in hnh l s
ng ho ca loi vi khun nt sn bn
trong cc cy h u.
sympatric speciation The evolution of
new species by populations that inhabit
the same or overlapping geographic
regions.
hnh thnh loi theo vng phn b S
tin ha ca loi mi do cc qun th m
c- tr cng vng a l ging nhau hoc
chng gi nhau.
sympodial A type of plant development in
which the terminal bud of the stem stops
growing due either to its abortion, or to its
differentiation into a floral meristem.
Frequently, the uppermost lateral bud
then takes over the further axial growth of
the stem.
cnh v-t Mt kiu pht trin cy trng
trong mm cui ca thn cy dng sinh
tr-ng do cht yu, hoc do bit ho thnh
m phn sinh hoa. Th-ng, chi bn trn
cng ri tip n nm quyn sinh tr-ng
trc tip theo ca thn cy.
synapsis Synonym of chromosome
pairing.
tip hp T ng ngha ca cp i nhim
sc th.

276
synaptonemal complex (Abbreviation:
SC). A ribbon-like proteinaceous structure
formed between paired homologous
chromosomes at the end of the first
meiotic prophase. The SC binds the
chromatids along their length, and
facilitates crossing over.
phc h lin hp si ghp (vit tt: SC).
Mt cu trc protein ging ht ruy bng
-c hnh thnh hnh gia cc nhim sc
th t-ng ng cp i ti cui k u gim
phn ln mt. SC kt ni cc nhim sc t
theo chiu dc, v lm thun li bt cho
ngoi.
synchronous culture A culture in which
the cell cycle is synchronized for the
majority of the cells present. Synchrony
can be induced by the addition of drugs
which arrest the cell cycle at specific
stages.
nui cy ng b Nui cy trong chu
trnh t bo -c ng b ha phn ln
nhng t bo xut hin. S ng b c th
-c gy ra do thm vo thuc hm
chu trnh t bo ti cc giai on ring bit.
syncytium A group of cells in which
cytoplasmic continuity is maintained; the
effect is of a multinucleate cell.
hp bo Mt nhm t bo trong s lin
tc cht t bo -c duy tr; kt qu l ca
mt t bo a nhn.
syndrome A group of specific characters
that occur together, and are characteristic
of a particular disease or genetic condition
(e.g. Downs syndrome).
hi chng Mt nhm ca cc c tr-ng
ring cng xut hin, v l c tr-ng ca
mt bnh c bit hoc mt tnh trng gen
(v d hi chng down).
synergid One of the two haploid nuclei
at the micropylar end of the embryo sac
of higher plants. The third nucleus is the
egg.
hp bo Mt trong s hai nhn n bi ti
cui l non ca ti phi thc vt bc cao.
Ht nhn th ba l trng.

suspension culture
suspension culture An interaction
between two organisms (e.g. Rhizobium
and legumes) in which the growth of one
is helped by the other. Opposite:
antagonism.
tr lc Mt s t-ng tc gia hai sinh vt
(v d vi khun nt r v cy h u) trong
s tng tr-ng ca mt sinh vt -c
h tr do sinh vt khc. Ng-c vi:
antagonism.
syngamy giao hp t ng ngha
fertilization.
synkaryon The initial hybrid nucleus of
the zygote, formed by the fusion of the
gametic nuclei upon fertilization. A hybrid
nucleus formed by the fusion of two
different somatic cells during somatic cell

277
hybridization is called a heterokaryon.
nhn hp Nhn lai khi u ca hp t,
hnh thnh do dung hp nhn phi t lc
th tinh. Mt nhn lai -c hnh thnh do
dung hp hai t bo xma khc nhau trong
khi lai t bo xma -c gi l d nhn.
synteny The occurrence of two or more
loci on the same chromosome, without
regard to their genetic linkage. Increasingly
used to describe the conservation of
gene order between related species.
hin t-ng lin hp Bin c ca hai hoc
nhiu gen trn cng nhim sc th,
khng lin quan n lin kt gen. Ngy
cng -c dng m t bo tn th t
gen gia cc loi cn thn.

278
v th h con ca T1 l nhng cy T2 vn
vn. Mi quan tm c bit l tnh n nh
biu th gen chuyn t T0 ti T2, v tip
theo.

Tt
T Vit tt ca thymine.
T cell Lymphocytes which pass through
the thymus gland during maturation.
Different kinds of T cells play important
roles in the immune response. Synonym:
T lymphocyte. See: T-cell-mediated
(cellular) immune response.
t bo T Limph bo chuyn qua tuyn
c khi tr-ng thnh. Cc loi t bo T khc
nhau u ng vai tr quan trng trong
phn ng min dch. T ng ngha:
Tlymphocyte T. Xem: T-cell-mediated
(cellular) immune response.
T cell receptor An antigen-binding
protein, located on the surface of
mammalian killer T cells, which mediates
the cellular immune response. T cell
antigen encoding genes are assembled
from gene segments by somatic
recombination processes that occur
during lymphocyte differentiation.
th nhn t bo T Mt protein lin kt
khng nguyn, nh trn b mt cc t bo
T n tht thuc loi c v, lm trung gian
phn ng min dch t bo. Cc gen m
ho khng nguyn t bo T -c tp hp
t cc on gen do qu trnh ti t hp
xma xy ra khi bit ho limph bo.
T lymphocyte bch huyt cu T xem: T
cell.
T0, T1 and T2 Successive generations of
plants following a transformation event.
The parent transformed plant is T0, its
immediate progeny is T1, and the progeny
of the T1 are T2 plants etc. Of particular
interest is the stability of transgene
expression from T0 to T2, and beyond.
T0, T1 v T2 Cc th h k tip ca thc
vt theo sau s kin bin np. Cy bin
np cha m l T0, th h con k lin l T1,

T4 DNA ligase An enzyme, present in

bacteria infected with bacteriophage T4,
which catalyses the joining (ligation) of,
and repairs nicks in, duplex DNA
molecules. Ligation activity requires that
one DNA molecule has a 5'-phosphate
group, and that the other has a free 3'hydroxyl group.
T4 DNA ligaza Mt loi enzim, c mt
trong cc vi khun ly nhim vi th thc
khun T4, xc tc tham gia (kt buc) ca
cc phn t DNA xon kp, v sa cha
ch h trong cc phn t ny. Hot ng
kt buc yu cu phn t DNA c mt
nhm pht pht 5', v phn t DNA khc
c mt nhm hidroxyl 3' t do.
tag nhn xem: label.
tailing The in vitro addition, to the 3'hydroxyl ends of a double-stranded DNA
molecule, of multiple copies of a single
nucleotide by the enzyme terminal
transferase. Synonym: homopolymeric
tailing.
ni di ui Gn thm cc bn dch a
chc nng nuleotit n do enzim terminal
transferaza trong ng nghim, cho mt 3'hidroxyl ca phn t DNA si kp. T ng
ngha: homopolymeric tailing.
tandem array mng kiu kp i xem:
tandem repeat.
tandem repeat Two (or more) contiguous
identical DNA sequences. The orientation
can be either head-to-tail, or head-to-head.
Synonyms: tandem array, sequence
tandem repeat.
lp kiu kp i Hai (hoc nhiu) trnh t
DNA ng nht lin k. nh h-ng c th
t u ti ui, hoc t u ti u. Nhng
t ng ngha: tandem array, sequence
tandem repeat.
tank bioreactor A fermentation vessel
designed to grow large scale quantities of
a micro-organism (bacteria, yeast or
fungi). Most tank bioreactors are designed

tap root
to be stirred mechanically, since this allows
effective distribution throughout the culture
of gas and nutrients. Alternative
bioreactors use fibre or membrane
surfaces to immobilize the cultured cells.
thng phn ng sinh hc Mt bnh ln
men thit k cy trng s l-ng quy m
ln mt loi vi sinh vt (vi khun, nm men
hoc cy nm). Hu ht thng phn ng
sinh hc -c thit k -c khuy ng
c hc, v n cho php phn phi hiu qu
kh v cc cht dinh d-ng sut qu trnh
nui cy. Cc thng phn ng sinh hc
thay th dng si hoc cc b mt mng
gi c nh cc t bo -c nui cy.
tap root Root system in which the primary
root has a much larger diameter than any
lateral roots (e.g. carrot). Opposite:
fibrous root.
r tr H r m trong r chnh c -ng
knh to hn bt k cc r bn (v d c rt).
Ng-c vi: fibrous root.
Taq polymerase A heat-stable DNA
polymerase isolated from the thermophilic
bacterium Thermus aquaticus, widely used
in PCR.
enzim trng hp taq Mt enzim trng hp
DNA n nh nhit -c phn lp t vi
khun -a nhit Thermus aquaticus, dng
ph bin trong PCR .
target In diagnostic tests, the molecule or
nucleic acid sequence assayed in a
sample. In mutagenesis, the gene
sequence that needs to be altered to
generate the desired change in
phenotype.
ch, mc tiu Trong php th chn on,
phn t hoc trnh t axit nucleic th
nghim trong mt mu. Trong gy t bin,
trnh t gen cn thit thay i pht sinh
thay i mong mun ca kiu hnh.
target site duplication A short sequence
of DNA duplicated when a transposable
element inserts at a new locus; usually
found at each end of the insertion.
nhn i v tr ch Trnh t DNA ngn

279
nhn i khi mt phn t chuyn v chn
vo cc gen mi; thng th-ng c ti
mi mt ca on xen.
targeted drug delivery A method of
delivering the activated form of a drug
molecule to the site in the body where it is
needed, rather than allowing it reach the
target by uncontrolled diffusion.
chuyn thuc c mc tiu Mt ph-ng
php chuyn giao dng -c kch hot t
ca mt phn t thuc ti v tr trong c
th ni n -c yu cu, thay v cho php
n t n ch do khuych tn khng -c
kim sot.
targeting vector A cloning vector carrying
a DNA sequence capable of participating
in a recombinational event at a specified
chromosomal location in the host cell.
vect h-ng ch Mt vect to dng
mang trnh t DNA c kh nng tham gia
vo s kin ti t hp ti mt v tr nhim
sc th -c ghi r trong t bo ch.
TATA box A widely conserved adenineand thymine-rich DNA sequence found 2530 bp upstream of the transcription
initiation point of many eukaryotic genes.
The TATA box is implicated in the
promotion of gene transcription as it acts
as a binding site for RNA polymerase.
Analogous to the Pribnow box in
prokaryotic promoters. Synonym: Hogness
box.
hp TATA Mt trnh t DNA giu adenin
v thimin -c bo tn rng c 25- 30 bp
ng-c dng ca im khp u phin m
ca nhiu gen nhn chun. Hp TATA c
lin quan n thc y phin m gen v n
lm v tr kt ni RNA polymeraza. T-ng
t nh- hp Pribnow ca cc khi u nhn
s. T ng ngha: Hogness box.
tautomeric shift The transfer of a
hydrogen atom from one position in an
organic molecule to another position.
Tautomers can have widely different
biological activities, as the shift can induce
a significant change in the conformation
of the molecule.

tautomerism
di chuyn tautome Chuyn mt nguyn
t hy-r t mt v tr ca phn t hu c
n v tr khc. Cc tautome c th c hot
tnh sinh hc rng khc th-ng, khi chuyn
c th thc y s thay i hnh thi phn
t.
tautomerism A type of isomerism in which
the two isomers arising from a tautomeric
shift are in equilibrium.
hin t-ng tautome Mt kiu ng phn
trong hai cht ng phn sinh ra t di
chuyn tautome l lun cn bng.
T-cell-mediated (cellular) immune
response The synthesis of antigenspecific T cell receptors and the
development of killer T cells in response
to an encounter of immune system cells
with an unrecognized immunogenic
molecule.
phn ng min dch (thuc t bo)trung
gian t boT Tng hp cc th th t bo
T chuyn bit khng nguyn v pht trin
cc t bo T n tht phn ng vi s tn
cng ca cc t bo h min dch vi phn
t gy min dch khng -c tha nhn.
T-DNA The DNA segment of the Ti
plasmid, present in pathogenic
Agrobacterium tumefaciens, that is
transferred to plant cells and inserted into
the plants DNA as part of the infection
process. Wild type T-DNA encodes
enzymes that induce the plant to
synthesize specific opines that are
required for bacterial growth. In engineered
T-DNAs, these genes are replaced by a
transgene(s).
t-DNA on DNA ca Ti plasmit, c mt
trong cc Agrobacterium tumefaciens gy
bnh, -c chuyn ti t bo thc vt v
chn vo DNA thc vt thnh b phn x
l ly nhim. T-DNA kiu di m ha cc
enzim thc y thc vt tng hp sn
phm ng-ng t c bit cn thit cho sinh
tr-ng vi khun. Trong cc T-DNA k thut,
gen -c thay th bi mt hoc nhiu gen
chuyn.
telomerase An enzyme that maintains the
structure of the telomere by adding the

280
required repetitive sequences to the ends
of eukaryotic chromosomes.
telomeraza Enzim duy tr cu trc ca
on cui bi gn thm cc trnh t lp
cn thit ti cc mt nhim sc th nhn
chun.
telomere The structure found at the end
of eukaryotic chromosomes containing
specialized repetitive (and widely
conserved across species) DNA
sequences, which are necessary to assure
the completion of a cycle of DNA
replication.
on cui Cu trc c ti mt nhim sc
th nhn chun cha trnh t DNA lp
chuyn bit (v bo tn rng qua loi), l
cn thit m bo hon thnh mt chu
trnh sao chp DNA.
telophase The last stage in each mitotic
or meiotic division, in which the
chromosomes coalesce at each pole of the
dividing cell.
k cui Giai on cui trong mi ln phn
chia nguyn phn hoc gim phn, trong
cc nhim sc th hp li ti mi cc
ca t bo ang phn chia.
temperate phage A phage (virus) that
invades but does not normally destroy
(lyse) the host bacterial cell. Under specific
circumstances, the lytic cycle is induced,
resulting in the release of infective phage
particles.
phage n ho Th thc khun (virut) xm
phm nh-ng bnh th-ng khng ph hy
(phn gii) t bo vi khun ch. D-i hon
cnh c bit, chu trnh phn gii -c thc
y, dn n gii phng cc ht th thc
khun ly nhim.
temperature-sensitive mutant An
organism that can grow at one temperature
but not at another.
t bin cm nhit Sinh vt c th sinh
tr-ng ti mt nhit no m khng
phi nhit khc.
temperature-sensitive protein A protein
that is functional at one temperature but
loses function at another (usually higher)
temperature.

tautomerism
protein cm nhit Protein c chc nng
hot ng ti mt nhit nh-ng li mt
chc nng ti nhit khc (th-ng cao
hn).
tautomerism An RNA or single-stranded
DNA molecule, used by polymerases to
generate a complementary nucleotide
strand.
khun mu Mt phn t RNA hoc DNA
si n, -c s dng do cc enzim trng
hp pht sinh si nucleotid b sung.
template strand si khun mu xem:
anticoding strand.
terminal bud A branch tip, an undeveloped
shoot containing rudimentary floral buds
or leaves, enclosed within protective bud
scales.
mm cui Mt nh nhnh, Mt chi khng
pht trin c cha mm hoa hoc l, km
theo vy mm bo v.
terminal transferase An enzyme that
catalyses the addition of nucleotides to
the 3' end of a DNA molecule.
enzim truyn cui Mt enzim xc tc gn
thm cc nuleotit cho mt 3' ca phn t
DNA.
terminalization Repelling movement of
the centromeres of bivalents in the
diplotene stage of the meiotic prophase,
that appears to move visible chiasmata
toward the ends of the bivalents.
s kt thc S chuyn ng y li cc
tm ng ho tr hai trong giai on si
kp ca k u gim phn, xut hin di
chuyn ch bt cho thy r v pha cc
mt ho tr hai.
termination codon b ba kt thc xem:
stop codon.
termination signal In transcription, a
nucleotide sequence that specifies RNA
chain termination.
tn hiu kt thc Trong phin m, trnh t
nucleotit ghi r u cui chui RNA.
terminator 1. A DNA sequence just
downstream of the coding segment of a
gene, which is recognized by RNA
polymerase as a signal to stop

281
synthesizing mRNA. 2. A term used in
GMO technology for a transgenic method
which genetically sterilizes the progeny of
the planted seed, thereby preventing the
use of farm-saved seed.
th kt thc 1. Mt trnh t DNA va mi
xui dng ca on ang m ho mt gen,
-c on nhn bi RNA polymerase n h mt tn hiu dng tng hp mRNA 2. Mt
thut ng dng trong cng ngh GMO
ch mt ph-ng php chuyn gen c kh
di truyn con chu ca ht -c gieo trng,
v th ngn nga s dng ht ging -c
bo qun nng tri.
terminator codon m kt thc xem: stop
codon.
terminator gene A specific variety-level
genetic use restriction technology. A
patented technique.
gen kt thc K thut hn ch s dng
gen thuc mc th loi ch r. Mt k
thut -c cp bng sng ch.
terminator region A DNA sequence that
signals the end of transcription.
vng kt thc Mt trnh t DNA bo hiu
dim cui cng ca phin m.
tertiary structure The three-dimensional
conformation taken up by complete
macromolecules as a result of
intramolecular interactions, such as
hydrogen-bonding. See: primary
structure, secondary structure,
quaternary structure.
cu trc bc ba Hnh thi khng gian ba
chiu -c to ra do cc i phn t hon
chnh l kt qu ca cc mi t-ng tc
trong phn t, nh- lin kt hy-r. xem:
primary structure, secondary structure,
quaternary structure.
testcross A cross between a genetically
unknown individual and a recessive tester
to determine whether the individual in
question
is
heterozygous
or
homozygous for a certain allele. It can
also used as a method to test for linkage,
i.e. to estimate recombination fraction.
lai phn tch Lai gia mt c th khng
bit r di truyn v vt th ln xc nh

testis
liu c phi c th cn nghi ng l d hp
hoc ng hp t cho mt alen nht nh.
N cn c th dng lm ph-ng php kim
tra kt ni, ngha l -c l-ng phn ti t
hp.
testis (pl.: testes) Male sex organ where
spermatozoa mature and are stored.
tinh hon (s nhiu: testes) c quan sinh
dc c ni tinh trng tr-ng thnh v d
tr.
testosterone Male hormone, synthesized
in the testis of mammals; used to induce
sex reversal in fish.
kch thch t Hc mn ging c, tng
hp trong tinh hon ca ng vt c v;
-c dng gy thay i gii tnh ca c.
test-tube fertilization th tinh ng th
nghim xem: in vitro fertilization.
tetracycline An antibiotic that interferes
with protein synthesis in prokaryotes. A
gene encoding resistance to tetracycline
has been widely used as a marker to
distinguish between transformed and nontransformed cells in the production of
transgenic plants.
tetraciclin Mt loi khng sinh ngn cn
tng hp protein ca sinh vt khng nhn.
Mt gen m ha tnh chng chi tetraxiclin
-c dng rng ri lm du chun phn
bit gia t bo chuyn gen vi t bo
khng chuyn gen trong sn xut cy
chuyn gen.
tetrad The four haploid cells formed after
the second meiotic division in plants (pollen
tetrads) or fungi (ascospores).
b bn Bn t bo n bi hnh thnh sau
phn chia gim phn II ca thc vt (b
bn phn hoa) hoc cy nm (bo t
nang).
tetraploid An organism, or a tissue whose
cells contain four haploid sets of
chromosomes.
th t bi Mt sinh vt, hoc m m t
bo mang bn b nhim sc th n bi.
tetrasomic (Noun: tetrasome). Pertaining
to a nucleus or an organism with four
members of one of its chromosomes,

282
whereas the remainder of its
chromosome complement is diploid.
Chromosome formula: 2n + 2.
thuc t bi (danh t: tetrasome). Gn
lin vi mt nhn hoc mt sinh vt vi
bn thnh vin ca mt loi nhim sc th
ca n, trong khi phn gc ca b sung
nhim sc th l l-ng bi. Cng thc
nhim sc th: 2n+2.
tetratype In fungi, a tetrad of spores that
contains four different types; e.g. AB, aB,
Ab and ab.
kiu bn Trong cy nm, mt b bn ca
cc bo t m mang bn kiu khc nhau;
v d: AB, aB, Ab v ab.
TGGE Vit tt ca thermal gel gradient
electrophoresis.
thallus Plant body without true roots,
stems, or leaves.
Tn Mt th thc vt khng c r, thn,
hoc l tht.
therapeutic agent A compound used for
the treatment of a disease or for improving
the well-being of an organism. Synonyms:
pharmaceutical agent, drug.
tc nhn tr liu Hp cht dng iu
tr bnh hoc nng cao th lc sinh vt.
Nhng t ng ngha: pharmaceutical
agent, drug.
therapeutic cloning The potential use of
stem cells to grow, in vitro, tissue or
organs for use in transplantation. Because
these cells would be obtained from, and
would therefore be genetically identical to
the patients own cells, problems of
transplant rejection would be overcome.
The technique would also remove the
difficulty of identifying an organ donor.
nhn dng tr liu Tim nng s dng
cc t bo gc sinh tr-ng, trong ng
nghim, m hoc nhng c quan dng
tromg cy ghp. V cc t bo ny s thu
-c t t bo nhn, v do vy s ng
nht di truyn vi chnh n, vn thi b
chuyn ghp s -c thc hin. K thut
ny cng loi b kh khn xc nh mt
th cho c quan.

thermal gel gradient electrophoresis

thermal gel gradient electrophoresis
(Abbreviation: TGGE). A method for
separating DNA fragments according to
their mobility under increasingly denaturing
conditions imposed by heat.
in di mc gel nhit (vit tt: TGGE).
Ph-ng php phn tch cc on DNA
theo s vn ng ca chng d-i cc iu
kin bin tnh tng do do nhit.
thermal shock Exposure to reduced or
increased temperature for a significant
period.
sc nhit Phi trn gim bt hoc nng
cao nhit cho mt giai on thit yu.
thermolabile Not resistant to heat, often
in the context of a molecule which is
unstable upon heating. Opposite:
thermostable.
khng chu nhit khng chu ng nhit,
th-ng trong hon cnh phn t khng c
kh nng chu t nng. Ng-c vi:
thermostable.
thermophile An organism which is
adapted to high temperatures, such as in
hot springs and geysers, smoker vents on
the sea floor, and domestic hot water pipes.
A wide range of bacteria, fungi and simple
plants and animals can grow at
temperature up to 50 0C ; thermophiles
grow and reproduce at above 50 0C. They
can be classified, according to their optimal
growth temperature, into simple
thermophiles (50-65 0C); thermophiles (6585 0C), and extreme thermophiles (>85 0C).
See: mesophile, psychrophile.
sinh vt -a nhit Sinh vt thch nghi vi
nhit cao, nh- ma xun m p v sui
n-c nng thin nhin, cc ng khi trn
bong tu thu, v ng n-c nng gia nh.
Mt phm vi rng cc vi khun, cy nm
v cc thc vt v ng vt n gin c
th sinh tr-ng ti gn 50 0C; cc loi -a
nhit sinh tr-ng v sinh sn trn 50 0C.
Chng c th -c phn loi, theo nhit
tng tr-ng ti -u, thnh cc nhm -a
nhit n (50-65 0C); nhm -a nhit (6585 0C), v nhn -a nhit cao (> 85 0C).
Xem: mesophile, psychrophile.

283
thermosensitivity Loss of biological
activity of a molecule at high temperature.
mn cm nhit Mt hot tnh sinh hc ca
phn t nhit cao.
thermostable A molecule which retains its
biological activity at some specified higher
temperature. Opposite: thermolabile.
chu nhit Mt phn t m gi hot tnh
sinh hc mt s nhit cao c bit.
Ng-c vi: thermolabile.
thermotherapy Exposure to elevated
temperatures, a technique mainly used for
virus or mycoplasma elimination, taking
advantage of the higher thermostability of
the host over its pathogen. Synonym:
heat therapy.
liu php nhit Phi trn nhit nng
ln, mt k thut ch yu dng loi b
virut hoc cht nguyn sinh, li dng tnh
chi nhit cao ca k ch hn hn vt gy
bnh. T ng ngha: heat therapy.
thinning 1. Removal of older stems to
promote new growth. 2. Removal of excess
fruits to improve the size and quality of the
remaining fruits. 3. Removal of seedlings
spaced too closely for optimum growth.
ta th-a 1. Loi b gc gi y mnh
sinh tr-ng gc non. 2. Loi b qu tha
ci thin kch th-c v cht l-ng qu
cn li. 3. Loi b cy ging khong cch
qu gn sinh tr-ng cc thun.
thymidine The deoxyribonucleoside
resulting from the combination of the base
thymine (T) and the sugar 2-deoxy-Dribose. See: TTP.
thymidin Deoxyribonucleosit kt qu do
kt hp ba z thimin (T) v -ng 2-deoxyD-riboza. Xem: TTP.
thymidine kinase (Abbreviation: tk). An
enzyme that allows a cell to utilize an
alternate metabolic pathway for
incorporating thymidine into DNA. Used
as a selectable marker to identify
transfected eukaryotic cells.
thymidine kinaza (Vit tt: tk). Mt loi
enzim cho php t bo dng -ng mn
chuyn ha xen k hp nht thymidin

thymidine triphosphate
vo DNA. -c dng lm du chun la
chn nhn bit cc t bo nhn chun
-c chuyn.
thymidine triphosphate Abbreviation:
TTP; dTTP is strictly correct but rarely
used.
thymidin triphosphat Vit tt: TTP; dTTP
l hon ton chnh xc nh-ng t khi dng.
thymidylic acid (Abbreviation: TMP or
dTMP). Synonym for thymidine 5'monophosphate, a deoxyribonucleotide
containing the nucleoside thymidine.
axt thymidylic (Vit tt: TMP hoc
dTMP). T ng ngha cho thymidin 5'monophosphate, Mt deoxyribonucleotit
c cha thymidin nulceosit.
thymine (Abbreviation: T). One the bases
found in DNA. See: thymidine.
thymin (Vit tt: T). Mt ba z c trong
DNA. xem: thymidine.
Ti plasmid Tumour-inducing plasmid. A
large plasmid present in pathogenic
Agrobacterium tumefaciens, responsible
for the induction of tumours in plant with
crown gall disease. Engineered forms of
this plasmid are central to the production
of transgenics in many crop species. See:
T-DNA.
Ti plasmit Plasmit thc y khi u. Mt
loi plasmit ln c mt trong cc
Agrobacterium tumefaciens thuc vt gy
bnh, chu trch nhim thc y khi u
trong thc vt mang bnh nt sn. Cc
dng -c k thut ca plasmit ny l trung
tm sn xut gen chuyn trong nhiu
loi ging cy trng. Xem: T - DNA.
tissue A group of cells of similar structure
which sometimes performs a special
function.
m Mt nhm t bo c cu trc ging
nhau i khi thc hin mt chc nng c
bit.
tissue culture The in vitro culture of cells,
tissues or organs in a nutrient medium
under sterile conditions.
nui cy m Nui cy trong ng nghim
cc t bo, m hoc c quan trong mt

284
mi tr-ng dinh d-ng d-i cc iu kin
nghim ngt.
titre 1. The concentration of infectious
virus particles present in a suspension. 2.
A measure of antibody concentration,
given by the highest dilution of the sample
that results either in a useable
immunoassay, or in the formation of
visible precipitate when challenged by the
appropriate antigen.
chun 1. Mt cc ht virut ly nhim
c trong huyn ph. 2. Php o mt
khng th, to ra do pha long mu mc
cao nht m cc kt qu trong mt th
nghim min dch c th s dng, hoc
trong s hnh thnh cht kt ta thy r
khi -c kch thch bng khng nguyn
thch hp.
tk Vit tt ca thymidine kinase.
TMP Vit tt ca deoxyribonucleotide
thymidine 5'-monophosphate xem:
thymidylic acid.
tolerance Incomplete resistance to a
given biotic or abiotic stress. Tolerant
genotypes are less inhibited by the stress,
but are not immune.
tnh chng chu Tnh khng khng hon
ton vi cng thng hu sinh hoc v sinh
to ra. Cc kiu gen tnh chng chi t b
c ch do cng thng, nh-ng khng phi
l min dch.
tonoplast The cytoplasmic membrane
bordering the vacuole of plant cells. It
plays a prominent role in regulating the
osmotic pressure exerted by the cell sap.
mng tr-ng Mng cht t bo b quanh
khng bo ca t bo thc vt. ng vai
tr ni bt trong iu chnh p sut thm
thu kim ch do dch t bo.
topo-isomerase Enzim ng phn nh
v xem: DNA topo-isomerase.
totipotency The ability of a cell or tissue
to be induced to regenerate into a complete
organism.
tnh ton nng Kh nng ca t bo hoc
m -c thc y pht sinh thnh sinh
vt hon ho.

totipotent
totipotent tnh ton nng (tnh t) xem:
totipotency.
toxicity The extent to which a toxic
compound negatively affects a given trait.
tnh c Phm vi mt hp cht c
nh h-ng m tnh n mt tnh trng -c
to ra.
toxin A compound produced by one
organism, which is deleterious to the
growth and/or survival of another organism
of the same or different species.
c t Mt hp cht do sinh vt sn xut,
n l c vi sinh tr-ng v/hoc tn ti
ca sinh vt khc trong cng mt loi hoc
khc loi.
tracer A substance (typically a radioactive
isotope or a fluorescent dye) that can be
detected by physical means, and which is
used to analyse the progress of a chemical
reaction or a biological process.
nguyn t nh du Mt cht (tiu biu
l mt ng v phng x hoc cht nhum
hunh quang) m c th -c pht hin
bng cc ph-ng php vt l, v n dng
phn tch qu trnh ca mt phn ng
ha hc hoc mt qu trnh sinh vt.
tracheid An elongated, tapering xylem
cell, with lignified pitted walls, adapted for
solute conduction and physical support.
Found in conifers, ferns and related plants.
qun bo T bo mch g hnh nn, ko
di, c vch ho g b thng, thch nghi
truyn dn dung dch v chng c th.
C trong tng bch, d-ng x v thc vt
lin quan gn.
trait One of the many characteristics that
define an organism. The phenotype is a
description of one or more traits. Synonym:
character.
tnh trng Mt trong nhiu c tr-ng
xc nh mt sinh vt. Kiu hnh l s m
t ca mt hoc nhiu tnh trng.T ng
ngha: character.
trans configuration cu hnh trans xem:
repulsion.

285
trans
heterozygote
A
double
heterozygote that contains two mutations
arranged in the trans configuration.
d hp t trans Mt d hp t kp mang
hai t bin xp xp trong cu hnh trans.
trans test php th trans xem:
complementation test.
trans-acting 1. A term describing
substances that are diffusable and that can
affect spatially separated entities within
cells. 2. A genetic element (e.g. a
promoter sequence) that is effective only
when present in the trans configuration.
hot ng trans 1. Thut ng m t cht
c th truyn v c th nh h-ng cc thc
th phn bit khng gian trong t bo. 2.
Mt phn t gen (v d mt trnh t khi
u) ch c nh h-ng khi c mt trong
cu hnh trans.
trans-acting factor Any of the multiple
ancillary DNA-binding proteins that
interact with the cis-regulatory DNA
sequences to control gene expression.
nhn t hot ng trans Bt k protein
no lin kt DNA ph thuc a chc nng
m t-ng tc vi trnh t DNA iu chnh
cis kim tra biu th gen.
transcapsidation The partial or full
coating of the nucleic acid of a virus
particle with the coat protein of a different
virus.
Ph axit nucleic tng phn hoc y
ca mt phn t virut c protein v bc
ca virut khc bit.
transcript An RNA molecule that has been
synthesized from a specific DNA template.
In eukaryotes, the primary transcript
produced by RNA polymerase is often
processed or modified in order to form
functional mRNA, rRNA or tRNA. See:
splicing.
bn sao Phn t RNA -c tng hp
t khung mu DNA c th. Trong sinh vt
c nhn, bn sao gc sn xut bi enzim
RNA polymeraza lun -c x l hoc sa
i hnh thnh RNA thng tin, RNA

transcription
ribosom hoc RNA vn chuyn hot ng.
Xem: splicing.
transcription Synthesis of RNA from a
DNA template via RNA polymerase.
phin m S tng hp RNA t mt khung
mu DNA nh enzim RNA polymeraza.
transcription factor A protein that
regulates the transcription of genes.
nhn t phin m Mt potein iu chnh
phin m gen.
transcription unit A segment of DNA that
contains signals for the initiation and
termination of transcription, and is
transcribed into one RNA molecule.
n v phin m Mt on DNA c cha
cc du hiu bt u v kt thc phin
m, v -c phin m trong mt phn t
RNA.
transcriptional anti-terminator A protein
that prevents RNA polymerase from
terminating transcription at specific
transcription termination sequences.
khng kt thc phin m Mt protein
ngn cn RNA polymeraza kt thc phin
m ti cc trnh t kt thc phin m ring
bit.
transcriptional roadblock A DNA-binding
protein which affects the rate at which
RNA polymerases transcribe genes. The
protein/DNA complex interferes with the
passage of the elongation complex. In
some cases these obstacles are readily
bypassed, but in others a significant level
of pausing or termination occurs, and this
can then act as a control point for gene
expression.
vt cn phin m Protein kt ni DNA
m lm nh h-ng nhp ti RNA
polymeraza sao chp gen. Phc h
protein/DNA lm nh h-ng n s ko
di phc h. Trong mt s tr-ng hp
nhng ch-ng ngi ny sn sng -c b
qua, nh-ng trong cc tr-ng hp khc mc
thit yu ca vic tm ngng hoc s
kt thc xut hin, v iu ny c th sau
lm mt im kim tra biu th gen.
transducing phage thc khun ti np
xem: transduction.

286
ransduction 1. Genetic: the transfer by
means of a viral vector of a DNA sequence
from one cell to another. 2. Signal: any
process that helps to produce biological
responses to events in the environment
(e.g. transduction of hormone binding into
cellular events by hormone receptors).
chuyn np 1. Di truyn hc: Chuyn
bng ph-ng tin vect virut mt trnh t
DNA t t bo ny sang t bo khc. 2.
Tn hiu: qu trnh bt k h tr sn xut
phn ng sinh hc vi s kin trong mi
tr-ng (v d chuyn hc mn lin kt vi
s kin t bo do th nhn hc mn).
transfection The infection of a cell with
isolated viral DNA (or RNA), resulting in
the production of intact viral particles.
gy nhim Nhim bnh t bo vi DNA
(hoc RNA) virut -c phn lp, kt qu
dn n sn xut cc ht virut nguyn vn.
transfer RNA RNA vn chuyn xem:
tRNA.
transferase A class of enzymes that
catalyses the transfer of a group of atoms
from one molecule to another.
enzim vn chuyn Mt lp enzim xc tc
chuyn mt nhm nguyn t t phn t
ny sang phn t khc.
transformant A cell or organism that has
been genetically altered through the
integration of a transgene(s). Primary: the
first
generation
following
the
transformation event. Secondary:
progeny of the primary transformant.
th bin np Mt t bo hoc sinh vt thay
i di truyn qua hp nht mt hoc nhiu
gen chuyn. Th bin np gc: th h u
tin sau s kin bin np. Th bin np
th cp: th h con chu ca th bin np
gc.
transformation 1. The uptake and
integration of DNA in a cell, in which the
introduced DNA is intended to change the
phenotype of the recipient organism in a
predictable manner. 2. The conversion, by
various means, of cultured animal cells
from controlled to uncontrolled cell growth,
typically through infection with a tumour

transformation efficiency or frequency

287

virus or transfection with an oncogene.

bin np 1. Chp nhn v hp nht DNA
trong mt t bo, trong DNA -a vo
-c d nh lm thay i kiu hnh ca
sinh vt nhn trong mt kiu c th on
tr-c. 2. S chuyn i, bng nhiu
ph-ng tin, ca cc t bo ng vt -c
nui cy t s tng tr-ng t bo kim sot
n khng kim sot -c, c bit qua
nhim bnh vi mt virut khi u hoc ly
nhim vi mt gen gy ung th-.

transgenic An individual in which a

transgene has been integrated into its
genome. In transgenic eukaryotes, the
transgene must be transmitted through
meiosis to allow its inheritance by the
offspring.
thuc chuyn gen Mt c th c mt gen
chuyn hp nht vo h gen ca n.
Trong sinh vt c nhn chuyn gen, gen
chuyn ny cn phi -c chuyn t qua
gim phn cho php di truyn bi con
ci.

transformation efficiency or frequency

The fraction of a cell population that takes
up and integrates the introduced
transgene; expressed as the number of
transformed cells recovered divided by the
total number of cells in a population.
hiu qu hoc tn s bin np Phn
nh ca mt qun th t bo to ra v
hp nht gen chuyn -c -a vo; biu
th s l-ng t bo -c bin np sa li
-c phn chia bi tng s t bo trong
mt qun th.
transforming oncogene A gene that,
upon transfection, converts a previously
immortalized cell to the malignant
phenotype.
gen gy ung th- bin i Mt gen ,
khi chuyn nhim, chuyn i mt t bo
ha bt t tr-c thnh kiu hnh c tnh.
transgene An isolated gene sequence
used to transform an organism. Often, but
not always, the transgene has been
derived from a different species than that
of the recipient.
gen chuyn Trnh t gen -c phn lp
dng bin i sinh vt. Th-ng xuyn,
nh-ng khng phi lun lun, gen chuyn
ny c to ra t nhng loi khc vi ca
th nhn.
transgenesis The introduction of a gene
or genes into animal or plant cells, which
leads to the transmission of the input gene
(transgene) to successive generations.
sinh gen chuyn Chuyn mt gen hoc
nhiu gen cho t bo ng hoc thc vt,
m dn ti s chuyn t ca gen nhp
(gen chuyn) ti cc th h tip theo.

transgressive variation The appearance,

in a segregating generation, of individuals
showing expression of a trait outside the
extremes defined by the parent of the
cross that was used to generate the
population.
bin d gen chuyn S xut hin, trong
mt th h tch ring, ca nhng c th
cho thy biu th mt tnh trng bn ngoi
cc thi cc xc nh do cha m ca ging
lai m -c s dng pht sinh qun
th ny.
transient expression Short-term activity
of a transgene following its introduction
into target tissue. Transient expression
usually implies non-integration of the
transgene into the host genome.
biu th nht thi Hot ng ngn hn
ca mt gen chuyn tip theo s chuyn
vo m ch. Biu th nht thi th-ng ng
s khng hp nht ca gen chuyn vo
h gen ch.
transition The substitution in DNA or RNA
of one purine by another purine, or of one
pyrimidine by another pyrimidine. See:
transversion, base substitution.
hon v, ng hon Thay th trong DNA
hoc RNA mt purin ny bng purin khc,
hoc ca mt pyrimiin bng pyrimiin
khc. xem: transversion, base substitution.
transition stage The period between
juvenile and reproductive stages of growth.
giai on chuyn tip Thi k gia cc
giai on sinh tr-ng ch-a tr-ng thnh
v sinh tr-ng sinh sn.

transition-state intermediate

288

transition-state intermediate In a
chemical reaction, an unstable and highenergy configuration assumed by
reactants on the way to making products.
Enzymes are thought to bind and stabilize
the transition state, thus lowering the
energy of activation needed to drive the
reaction to completion.

yu t (di truyn) vn ng Mt phn t

DNA c th chuyn t mt v tr trong h
gen n v tr khc. T ng ngha:
transposon.

gia trng thi chuyn tip Trong phn

ng ha hc, mt cu hnh khng bn vng
v nng l-ng cao -c gi thit do cc
cht phn ng trn con -ng ti hon
thin sn phm. Cc enzim -c ngh ti
kt ni v lm n nh trng thi chuyn
tip, nh- vy lm gim thp nng l-ng
kch hot cn thit -a phn ng ti
hon ton.

enzim chuyn v Mt enzim -c m ha

do mt gen nhy xc tc di chuyn mt
trnh t DNA ti v tr khc trong phn t
DNA.

translation The process of polypeptide

synthesis in which the amino acid
sequence is determined by mRNA,
mediated by tRNA molecules, and carried
out on ribosomes.

transposase An enzyme encoded by a

transposon gene that catalyses the
movement of a DNA sequence to a
different site in a DNA molecule.

transposition The process whereby a

transposon or insertion sequence
inserts itself into a new site on the same
or another DNA molecule. The exact
mechanism is not fully understood and
different transposons may transpose by
different mechanisms. Transposition in
bacteria does not require extensive DNA
homology between the transposon and
the target DNA.

dch m Qu trnh tng hp polyeptit trong

trnh t amino acid -c xc nh do
RNA thng tin, lm trung gian bi cc phn
t RNA chuyn vn, v thc hin trn cc
ribosom.
translational initiation signal tn hiu
khi u dch m Xem: initiation codon.
translational start codon b ba khi
ng dch m Xem: initiation codon.
translational stop signal tn hiu dng
dch m Xem: termination codon.

o v Qu trnh lm th no mt gen
nhy hoc trnh t on xen chn vo mt
v tr mi trn cng phn t DNA hoc phn
t khc. C ch chnh xc ch-a -c hiu
bit y v cc gen nhy khc nhau c
th chuyn ch do nhng c ch khc
nhau. o v trong vi khun khng yu cu
s t-ng hp DNA m rng gia gen nhy
v DNA ch.

translocation 1. The movement of

nutrients or products of metabolism from
one location to another. 2. Change in
position of a segment of a chromosome
to another, non-homologous chromosome.

gen nhy T ng ngha transposable

genetic element.

chuyn v 1. Chuyn ng ca cht dinh

d-ng hoc sn phm chuyn ho t v tr
ny sang v tr khc. 2. Chuyn i v tr
ca mt on nhim sc th vi on
nhim sc th khc, nhim sc th khng
t-ng ng.
transposable (genetic) element A DNA
element that can move from one location
in the genome to another. Synonym:
transposon.

transposon Synonym of transposable

genetic element.

transposon tagging A method of gene

isolation that exploits the disruption of
normal gene expression that is the result
of an insertion of a transposon within, or
close to the target. Since the sequence of
the transposon is known, this can be used
as a DNA probe to define the DNA
fragment containing the target gene.
Large-scale experiments to generate
populations of gene mutations are
colloquially referred to as gene machines.
gn nhn gen nhy Ph-ng php phn
lp gen khai thc s ph v biu th

transversion

289

gen bnh th-ng l hu qu ca gn xen

mt gen nhy vo bn trong hoc bm vo
ch. V trnh t gen nhy -c bit, nn
c th dng lm u d DNA xc nh on
DNA c cha gen ch. Nhiu th nghim
quy m ln pht sinh nhng qun th t
bin gen th-ng -c cp nh- cc my
gen.

tripartite mating A process in which

conjugation is used to transfer a plasmid
vector to a target cell when the plasmid
vector is not self-mobilizable.

transversion The substitution in DNA or

RNA of one purine by a pyrimidine or vice
versa. See: transition, base substitution.
d hon Thay th trong DNA hoc RNA
ca mt purin bng mt pyrimiin hoc
ng-c li. Xem: transition, base
substitution.

triplet A sequential group of three

nucleotides in DNA or RNA. See: codon.
b ba Nhm lin tc ca ba nuleotit trong
DNA hoc RNA. Xem: coon.

tribrid protein A fusion protein that has

three segments, each encoded by parts
of different genes.
protein th ba Protein dung hp c ba
on, mi on gen u -c m ha do
b phn gen khc nhau.
trichome A short filament of cells, resulting
in a hair-like structure.
Mt tua ngn t bo, gy ra mt cu trc
ging ht si tc.
tri-hybrid The hybrid offspring of a cross
between parents carrying contrasting
alleles at three loci.

lai tam nguyn Qu trnh trong s tip

hp -c s dng chuyn vect plasmit
ti t bo ch khi vect plasmit khng t
vn ng.

triploid A cell, tissue or organism

containing three times the haploid number
of chromosomes.
tam bi Mt t bo, m hoc sinh vt c
s nhim sc th nhiu gp ba ln s n
bi.
trisomic thuc th ba (tnh t) xem:
trisomy.
trisomy The presence in a diploid cell or
organism of an extra chromosome of one
homologue (chromosome formula: 2n+1).
See: disomy; monosomic.
th ba S hin din trong t bo hoc sinh
vt l-ng bi mt nhim sc th ph thm
ca mt ng hp t (cng thc nhim sc
th: 2n+ 1). Xem: disomy; monosomic.

lai tam bi Con chu ca lai cho gia

cha m mang cc alen ng-c nhau ti ba
gen.

triticale The hybrid man-made species

formed by the crossing of tetraploid or
hexaploid wheat with diploid rye.

trinucleotide repeat Tandem repeats of

three nucleotides that are present in
many genes. Commonly trinucleotide
repeats have undergone variable
expansion in copy number, forming the
basis of microsatellite markers, and
occasionally resulting in the formation of
alleles giving rise to genetic disease.

ging tam nguyn Cc loi c b lai -c

hnh thnh do lai cho la m th t bi
hoc lc bi vi la mch en l-ng bi.

qung lp b ba nucleotide Nhng

qung lp kiu cp i ca ba nuleotit c
mt trong nhiu gen. Thng th-ng nhng
qung lp b ba ny tri qua m rng bin
th ca mt s bn dch, dn n c s
du chun v tinh nh, v thnh thong dn
n s hnh thnh cc alen pht sinh bnh
gen.

tRNA Abbreviation for transfer RNA. Small

RNA molecules that transfer amino acids
to the ribosome during protein synthesis.
Each tRNA binds just one species of
amino acid and recognizes a specific
codon in the mRNA, thus implementing
the genetic code.
RNA vn chuyn Vit tt ca transfer
RNA. Phn t RNA nh m chuyn giao
amino acid cho ribosom trong khi tng hp
protein. Mi mt tRNA ch kt ni vi mt
loi amino acid v ghi nhn mt b ba ghi

290

tropism
r trong RNA thng tin, nh- vy thc
hin m di truyn.
tropism Plant response to an external
stimulus, resulting in the bending/turning
of stem or root growth. Typical tropisms
are phototropism (light), geotropism
(gravity) or hydrotropism (water).
tnh h-ng Phn ng thc vt vi mt kch
thch bn ngoi, gy ra s un/quay ca
sinh tr-ng thn hoc r. Nhng tnh h-ng
tiu biu l tnh h-ng sng (nh sng),
h-ng a (sc nng) hoc h-ng thy
(n-c).

Thnh phn protein chnh ca cc vi

ng t bo nhn chun.
tumble tube A glass tube mainly used in
vitro to agitate and consequently aerate
suspension cultures. The tube, which is
commonly attached to a slowly revolving
platform, is closed at both ends, with a
side-neck opening.
ng ri Mt ng thu tinh ch yu dng
trong th nghim lc rung v to bt hp
l cc nui cy ni. ng ny, th-ng -c
gn vi nn quay chm, -c nt cht
c hai u, c ming h bn cnh.

true-to-type Conforming to
phenotype of the breed/variety.

tumor-suppressor gene A gene that

regulates cell growth. If such a gene
becomes dysfunctional, and potentiating
damage occurs to the cell, then
uncontrolled growth and a cancer may
result. See: p53 gene, oncogene.

the

thc n kiu Lm cho ph hp vi kiu

hnh ca ging/th loi.
trypsin A proteolytic enzyme used in vivo
for the digestion of peptides. It acts by
hydrolysing peptide bonds on the carboxyl
side of the amino acids arginine and lysine.
Mt enzim phn gii protein -c s dng
trong c th tiu ha cc peptit. Hot
ng do lin kt peptit kh hydro bn
pha cc-b-xyn ca cc amino acid
acginin v lysine.
trypsin inhibitor Substances inactivating
trypsin, typically found in seed tissue of
certain plants, where they are thought to
have evolved as anti-feedant agents
against insect predators.
th hm tripsin Cc cht kh hot tnh
tripsin, tiu biu c trong m ht ca cc
cy nht nh, ni chng -c thu nhn
pht trin lm tc nhn gy ngn nhm
chng li cc con th n tht cn trng.

gen c ch khi u Mt loi gen iu chnh

sinh tr-ng t bo. Nu mt gen nh- vy
tr nn khng hot ng, v s h- hi tim
n xy ra vi t bo, th sau sinh tr-ng
khng kim sot -c v c th dn n
ung th-. xem: p53 gene, oncogene.
tumour virus A virus capable of
transforming a cell to a malignant
phenotype.
virut to u Mt virut c kh nng bin i
mt t bo thnh kiu hnh c.
tumour-inducing plasmid plasmit thc
y khi u xem: Ti plasmit.
tunica The outer one- to four-cell layer
region of the apical meristem, where cell
division is anticlinal, i.e. perpendicular to
the surface. See: apical meristem.

TTP Abbreviation for thymidine 5'triphosphate. TTP is required for DNA

synthesis since it is a direct precursor
molecule. See: thymidine, thymidylic
acid.

m Mt vng xp lp t mt n bn t
bo k t pha ngoi ca m phn sinh
thuc nh, ni s phn chia t bo l
th-ng thuc nh, ngha l trc din. Xem:
apical meristem.

TTP Vit tt ca thymidin 5 - triphosphat.

TTP lun cn thit tng hp DNA v n
l mt phn t tin cht trc tip. Xem:
thymidine, thymidylic acid.
tubulin The major protein component of
the microtubules of eukaryotic cells.

turbidostat An open continuous culture

in which a pre-selected biomass density
is uniformly maintained by automatic
removal of excess cells. The fresh medium
flows in response to an increase in the
turbidity (usually corresponding to cell
density) of the culture.

turgid
turbidostat Mt nui cy lin tc m trong
mt sinh khi chn tr-c -c duy
tr khng hon chnh do t ng loi b t
bo tha. Nhng dng mi tr-ng mi p
ng s gia tng dy c (th-ng t-ng
xng vi mt t bo) ca nui cy.
turgid Swollen, distended; referring to a
cell that is extended as a result of
adequate water uptake. Loss of turgidity
in plant cells is a sign of water deficit.
tr-ng n-c S phnh ra, cng phng; lin
quan vi t bo m -c m rng l hu
qu ca ng mch dn n-c t-ng xng.
Mt tr-ng n-c trong t bo thc vt l
mt du hiu thiu n-c.
turgor potential th nng tr-ng xem:
pressure potential.

291
turgor pressure The pressure within a cell
resulting from the absorption of water into
the vacuole and the imbibition of water
by the protoplasm.
p sut tr-ng Sc p bn trong mt t
bo bt ngun t s ht n-c vo trong
khng bo v hp th n-c do cht nguyn
sinh.
turion An underground bud or shoot from
which an aerial stem arises. See: sucker.
mm Mt mm hoc chi cy ngm d-i
t m thn kh sinh xut hin. xem:
sucker.
twin One of two individuals originating from
the same zygote.
sinh i Mt trong s hai c th bt ngun
t cng mt hp t.

292

Uu
U vit tt ca uracil.
ubiquitin A small protein, present in all
eukaryotic cells, which plays an important
role in tagging proteins destined for
proteolytic cleavage (because they are
damaged or no longer needed).
ubiquitin Protein phn t nh, c mt
trong tt c cc t bo nhn chun, ng
vai tr quan trng trong cc protein gn
nhn phn tch thy phn protein (bi v
chng b hu hoc khng cn lu).
ultrasonication sng siu m xem:
sonication.
UMP Vit tt ca (ribo)nucleotide uridine
5'-monophosphate. Xem: uridylic acid.
understock Host plant for a grafted scion,
a branch or shoot from another plant; an
understock may be a fully grown tree or a
stump with a living root system.
gc ghp Cy ch mang chi ghp, mt
nhnh hoc chi ca cy khc; mt gc
ghp c th l cy sinh tr-ng y hoc
mt gc n c b r kho.
undifferentiated Undifferentiated cells are
those which have not been committed to
become part of a specialized tissue.
khng phn ha Cc t bo khng -c
bit ha l t bo khng -c giao ph
tr thnh b phn ca mt m chuyn
dng.
unencapsidated A virus not enclosed by
a coat protein or capsid.
thiu v bc Mt virut khng -c bc
bi mt protein ph ngoi hoc v bc.
unequal crossing over Abnormal meiotic
event, in which one chromatid contains a
duplication and the other a deletion.
Often arises in a region containing

repeated DNA sequences, which can pair

out of register.
lai cho khng cn bng S kin gim
phn d th-ng, trong mt nhim sc t
c cha s nhn i v mt nhim sc t
khc t on. Th-ng xut hin trong
mt vng cha trnh t DNA lp, n c th
cp i ngoi phm vi.
unicellular Tissues, organs or organisms
consisting of a single cell.
n bo Cc m, c quan hoc sinh vt
gm c t bo n.
uniparental inheritance The inheritance
of genes exclusively from one parent, e.g.
chloroplast DNA is inherited either
maternally (many angiosperms) or
paternally (most gymnosperms).
di truyn mt cha/m Di truyn ca
nhng gen ch ring t mt cha/m, v d
DNA lc lp -c di truyn theo m (nhiu
cy ht kn) hoc theo cha (hu ht cy
ht trn).
unisexual Higher organisms (animals or
plants) possessing either male or female
reproductive organs, but not both.
n tnh Cc sinh vt bc cao (cy trng
v vt nui ) c c quan sinh sn c hoc
l ci, nh-ng khng gm c hai.
univalent An unpaired chromosome at the
first division of meiosis.
ha tr mt Nhim sc th khng cp i
ti phn chia gim phn ln u.
universal donor cell Cells that, after
introduction into a recipient, will not induce
an immune response that leads to their
rejection.
t bo cho ph qut Nhng t bo m,
sau khi chuyn vo th nhn, s khng
to ra phn ng min dch m dn n
thi b chng.
universality Referring to the genetic code,
the triplet codons are translated to the
same amino acid, with minor exceptions,
in virtually all species.
s ph qut cp n cm m di truyn,
cc cm m b ba -c dch cho cng mt

unorganized growth
loi amino acid, c nhng ngoi l sai st
nh, trong hu nh- tt c cc loi.
unorganized growth In vitro formation of
tissues with few differentiated cell types
and no recognizable structure; typical
structure of calli formed in tissue culture.
Opposite: organized growth.
tng tr-ng thiu t chc Trong ng
nghim s hnh thnh m vi mt t kiu t
bo bit ho v cu trc khng -c nhn
bit; cu trc in hnh ca m so hnh
thnh trong nui cy m. Ng-c vi:
organized growth.
upstream 1. The stretch of DNA lying in
the 5' direction from the site being
considered. Where the reference point is
the initiation of transcription, the first
transcribed base is designated +1 and
upstream nucleotides are marked with
minus signs, e.g. -1, -10; 2. In chemical
engineering, those phases of a
manufacturing process that precede the
biotransformation step. Refers to the
preparation of raw materials for a
fermentation process. Also called
upstream processing.
ng-c dng 1. Dy DNA nm theo h-ng
5' t v tr ang xem xt. Ni im xem xt
l bt u phin m, ba z -c phin m
u tin -c ch nh +1 v nhng nuleotit
ng-c dng -c nh du tr, v d -1, 10; 2. Trong k thut ha hc, cc pha ca
qu trnh sn xut tr-c b-c bin i sinh
hc. cp ch phm nguyn liu t-i
sng ca qu trnh ln men. Cng gi l
x l ng-c dng.
upstream processing x l ng-c dng
xem: upstream (2).
uracil (Abbreviation: U). One the bases

293
found in RNA. See: uridine.
uracil (vit tt: U). Mt loi ba z c trong
RNA. Xem: uridine.
uridine The (ribo)nucleoside resulting
from the combination of the base uracil
(U) and the sugar D-ribose. See: uridylic
acid, uridine triphosphate.
uridin (ribo)nucleosit do kt hp gia ba
z uracil (U) v -ng D - riboza. xem:
axit uridylic, uridine triphosphate.
uridine triphosphate (uridine 5'triphosphate) (Abbreviation: UTP).
Required for RNA synthesis since it is a
direct precursor molecule. See: uridylic
acid.
uridin ba pht pht (vit tt: UTP). Cn
thit tng hp RNA v l mt phn t
tin cht trc tip. Xem: uridylic acid.
uridylic acid Synonym for uridine 5'monophosphate (abbreviation: UMP), a
(ribo)nucleotide containing the base
uracil. See: uridine triphosphate.
axit uridylic T ng ngha uridin 5'monophosphat (vit tt: UMP), mt
(ribo)nucleotit cha ba z uracil. xem:
uridine triphosphate.
utilization of farm animal genetic
resources The use and development of
animal genetic resources for the
production of food in a sustainable system
of agriculture.
s dng ti nguyn gen ng vt nng
nghip S dng v s pht trin ti
nguyn di truyn ng vt sn xut
l-ng thc trong h thng nng nghip bn
vng.
UTP Xem: uridine triphosphate.

294
vacuole A fluid-filled membrane-bound
cavity inside many plant cells, in which
various plant products and by-products are
stored.

Vv
V region Variable region in antibodies.
See: CDR.
vng V Vng bin i ca khng th. Xem:
CDR.
v/v Abbreviation for volume per volume.
The relative proportion of each liquid in a
mixture.
t l v/v Vit tt ca th tch/th tch. T l
t-ng i ca mi cht lng trong mt hn
hp.
vaccination tim chng Xem: preventive
immunization.
vaccine A preparation of dead or
attenuated (weakened) pathogens, or of
derived antigenic determinants, that can
induce the formation of antibodies in a
host, and thereby produce host immunity
against the pathogen. See: sub-unit
vaccine, viral vaccine, DNA vaccine,
inoculum.
vc xin Ch phm ca cc vt gy bnh
cht hoc lm yu (suy nh-c), hoc ca
cc yu t quyt nh khng nguyn to
thnh, m c th thc y hnh thnh
khng th trong vt ch, v do sn xut
tnh min dch vt ch chng li vt gy
bnh. Xem: sub-unit vaccine, viral vaccine,
DNA vaccine, inoculum.
Vaccinia The cowpox virus used to
vaccinate against smallpox and,
experimentally, as a carrier of genes for
antigenic determinants cloned from other
disease organisms.
ng-u u Virut bnh u b dng tim
chng chng li bnh u ma v, -c
thc nghim, khi mt th mang gen cho
cc yu t quyt nh khng nguyn nhn
dng t sinh vt mang bnh khc.

khng bo Mt hc hnh thnh mng cha

y dch lng c trong nhiu t bo thc
vt, trong cc loi sn phm thc vt
v cc sn phm ph -c ct tr.
variable domain Regions of antibody
molecules that have different amino acid
sequences in different antibody molecules.
These regions are responsible for the
antigen-binding specificity of the antibody.
min bin Vng phn t khng th c trnh
t amino acid khc nhau trong cc phn
t khng th khc bit. Cc vng ny c
vai tr lin kt khng nguyn c hiu ca
khng th.
variable expressivity Variation in the
phenotype caused by different alleles of
the same gene and/or by the action of
other genes and/or by the action of nongenetic factors.
biu th bin d Bin d trong kiu hnh
gy ra bi nhng alen khc bit ca cng
mt gen v/hoc do hot ng ca nhng
gen khc v/hoc do hot ng ca cc
nhn t khng di truyn.
variable number tandem repeat
(Abbreviation: VNTR). A DNA sequence,
present as tandem repeats, for which the
number of copies varies greatly between
unrelated genotypes.
lp kiu cp i s bin (vit tt: VNTR).
Trnh t DNA, c mt cc lp li kiu cp
i, v th s l-ng cc bn sao thay i
ln gia cc kiu gen khng quan h.
variable
surface
glycoprotein
(Abbreviation: VSG). One of a battery of
antigenic determinants expressed by a
micro-organism to elude immune
detection.
glicoprotein mt bin (vit tt: VSG).Mt
trong b ngun cc yu t quyt nh
khng nguyn -c biu th do mt vi sinh
vt trnh d tm min dch.

variance
variance A statistical term representing a
measure of the dispersion of data from the
overall mean. Used to quantify the
variability of a population.
ph-ng sai Thut ng thng k m
ttung bnh phn tn ca d liu t
ton b php o. Dng xc nh s l-ng
bin thin ca mt qun th.
variant An individual that is genetically
distinct from others in the population.
bin th Mt c th m khc kiu di truyn
vi cc c th khc trong qun th.
variation Differences between individuals
within a population or among populations.
bin d S khc nhau gia nhng c th
trong mt qun th hoc gia cc qun
th.
variegation The occurrence, within a
single tissue, organ or organism, of
mosaicism. Usually referring to plants
showing either both green and albino
colouration in a leaf, or flecks of contrasting
colour in a flower. The origin of variegation
can be through viral infection, nutritional
deficiency, or genetic instability caused
by transposon activity. See also: chimera
bin khm Bin c, bn trong mt m n,
c quan hoc sinh vt, ca hin t-ng
khm. Th-ng lin quan vi cc thc vt
cho thy c mu xanh lc v mu bch
tng trong mt l cy, hoc nhng m
sng mu t-ng phn ca mt hoa. Ngun
gc bin i khm c th qua nhim virut,
thiu ht dinh d-ng, hoc tnh khng n
nh di truyn gy ra bi hot ng gen
nhy. Xem: chimera
variety 1. A naturally occurring subdivision
of a species, with distinct morphological
characters. 2. A defined strain of a crop
plant, selected on the basis of phenotypic
(sometimes genotypic) homogeneity.
th loi 1. S chia nh xy ra t nhin
ca loi, vi cc c tr-ng hnh thi phn
bit. 2. Chng xc nh ca mt ging cy
trng, la chn trn c s di truyn ng
nht kiu hnh (i khi l kiu gen).
vascular Plant tissue specialized for the
conduction of water or nutrients

295
mch M thc vt chuyn dng dn
n-c hoc cht dinh d-ng
vascular bundle A strand of tissue
containing primary xylem and primary
phloem (and procambium if present) and
frequently enclosed by a bundle sheath of
parenchyma or fibres.
b mch Si m cha th g s cp v
libe s cp (v tin t-ng tng nu c) v
th-ng xuyn -c bao bc bi mng bc
xung quanh nhu m hoc si.
vascular cambium In biennials and
perennials, cambium giving rise to
secondary phloem and secondary
xylem.
tng pht sinh mch Trong cc cy hai
nm v cy lu nm, tng pht sinh to ra
libe th cp v th g th cp.
vascular plant Plant species possessing
organized vascular tissues.
thc vt c mch Cc loi thc vt lun
c cc m mch -c t chc.
vascular system 1. A specialized network
of vessels for the circulation of fluids
throughout the body tissue of an animal.
2. The system of vascular tissue in plants.
h mch, h dn 1. Mng ng mch
chuyn dng l-u hnh cc cht lng
qua khp cc m c th ng vt. 2. H
thng m mch ca thc vt.
vector 1. An organism, usually an insect,
that carries and transmits pathogens. 2.
A small DNA molecule (plasmid, virus,
bacteriophage, artificial or cut DNA
molecule) that can be used to deliver DNA
into a cell. Vectors must be capable of
being replicated and contain cloning sites
for the introduction of foreign DNA.
vect 1. Mt sinh vt, th-ng l cn trng
m c mang v truyn dn vt gy bnh.
2. Mt phn t DNA nh (plasmit, virut, th
thc khun, phn t DNA nhn to hoc
ct on) c th dng chuyn giao DNA
cho t bo. Cc vect cn phi c kh
nng xon li v cha cc v tr to dng
nht nh chuyn DNA l.
vegetative propagation sinh sn sinh
d-ng Xem: asexual propagation.

velocity density gradient centrifugation

velocity density gradient centrifugation
A procedure used to separate
macromolecules based on their rate of
movement through a density gradient.
ly tm mc mt vn tc Ph-ng
php dng tch cc i phn t da
vo nhp chuyn ng ca chng thng
qua gradient mt .
velogenetics The combined use of
marker-assisted selection and embryo
technologies such as OPU, IVM and IVF,
in order to increase the rate of genetic
improvement in animal populations.
velogenetic Vic s dng kt hp chn
lc c h tr du chun v cng ngh phi
nh- l OPU, IVM v IVF, tng thm nhp
ci thin gen ca qun th ng vt.
vermiculite Material made from expanded
mica used as a rooting medium and as a
soil additive.
ermiculit Vt cht lm t mica -c m
rng dng lm mi tr-ng -m r v ph
gia t.
vernalization Chilling juvenile plants for a
minimum period in order to induce
flowering. Some plants require
veRNAlization to flower, but others have
no such requirement.

296
viability The capability to live and develop
normally.
kh nng sinh tn Kh nng sng v
pht trin bnh th-ng.
viability test Assay of the number or
percent of living cells or plants in a
population following a specific treatment.
Often used to describe quality of seed
following long-term storage.
th kh nng sng Th nghim s l-ng
hoc phn trm t bo hoc thc vt sng
trong mt qun th theo mt ph-ng php
ring. Th-ng dng m t cht l-ng
ht ging sau bo qun di hn.
viable Capable of normal completion of life
cycle.
c kh nng sng Kh nng hon thnh
bnh th-ng chu trnh sng.
vibrio Comma-shaped bacterium.
vi khun phy Vi khun c hnh dng du
phy.
vir genes A set of genes on a Ti plasmid
that prepare the T-DNA segment for
transfer into a plant cell.
gen vir Tp hp gen trn mt Ti plasmit
chun b on ct T-DNA chuyn cho
t bo thc vt.

xun ha Thc vt non ch-a pht trin

lm lnh mt giai on ti thiu vi mc
ch thc y ra hoa. Mt s thc vt yu
cu xun ha ra hoa, nh-ng mt s
khc khng c yu cu nh- vy.

viral coat protein A protein present in the

layer surrounding the nucleic acid core
of a virus.
protein ph virut Protein c mt trong lp
xung quanh li axit nucleic ca virut.

vessel A series of xylem elements whose

function is to conduct water and nutrients
in plants.

viral oncogene A viral gene that promotes

tumour development in a host.

ng mch Mt lot cc phn t th g c

chc nng dn n-c v cht dinh d-ng
trong thc vt.
vessel element A type of cell occurring
within the xylem of flowering plants. Many
are water-conducting vessels.
phn t ng mch Mt kiu t bo xut
hin trong mch g ca thc vt ra hoa.
Nhiu phn t ng mch l cc ng dn
n-c.

gen gy ung th- virut Mt gen virut thc

y pht trin khi u trong vt ch.
viral pathogen A disease-causing virus.
vt gy bnh virut Mt virut gy bnh.
viral vaccine Vaccine consisting of live
viruses, genetically engineered to avoid
causing the disease itself.
vacxin virut Vacxin gm c virut sng,
-c k thut gen trnh t gy ra bnh
hi.

virion
virion A complete infectious virus particle.
ht c Ht virut ly nhim hon chnh.
viroid A plant pathogenic agent, composed
of an infectious single-stranded low
molecular weight RNA, and no coat
protein.
th vi rt Tc nhn gy bnh thc vt,
gm c RNA phn t l-ng thp si n
c kh nng ly nhim, v khng c protein
v bc
virulence The degree of ability of an
organism to cause disease. The relative
infectiousness of a bacterium or virus, or
its ability to overcome the resistance of the
host metabolism.
tnh c Mc kh nng ca sinh vt
gy bnh hi. S nhim c t-ng i
ca vi khun hoc virut, hoc kh nng
chin thng tnh khng ca s chuyn ho
vt ch.
virulent phage A phage that destroys its
host bacterium.
thc khun c Mt thc khun th ph
hy vi khun ch.
viruliferous A vector (usually insect)
organism that carries virions and spreads
the virus from host to host by mechanical
means.
cha virut Sinh vt vect (thng th-ng
l cn trng) mang ht c v chuyn virut
t k ch n k ch bng ph-ng php
c hc.
virus An infectious particle composed of
a protein capsule and a nucleic acid core
(DNA or RNA), which is dependent on a
host organism for replication.
vi rt Ht ly nhim gm c mt v bc
protein v mt li axit nucleic (DNA hoc
RNA), n da vo sinh vt ch sao
chp.
virus-free Plant, animal, cell, tissue or
meristem which exhibits no viral
symptoms or contains no identifiable virus
particles.
sch virut Thc vt, ng vt, t bo, m
hoc m phn sinh biu hn nhng triu

297
chng khng c virut hoc cha nhng ht
virut khng th nhn bit.
virus-tested Description of a organism or
a cell stock certified as being free of certain
specified viruses following recognized
procedures of virus diagnosis.
kim tra virut M t mt sinh vt hoc
mt t t bo -c chng nhn l sch
virut -c ghi chp c th tip theo sau
cc th tc ghi nhn chn on virut.
vitamin Naturally occurring organic
substance required by living organisms in
small amounts to maintain normal health.
vitamin Cht hu c xut hin t nhin do
sinh vt sng yu cu vi s l-ng nh
duy tr sc khe bnh th-ng.
vitrified Cultured tissue having leaves
and sometimes stems with a glassy,
transparent or wet and often swollen
appearance. The process of vitrification is
a general term for a variety of physiological
disorders that lead to shoot tip and leaf
necrosis. Synonym: water soaked.
ho thu tinh M -c nui cy mang l
v i khi l thn c vt trong m, trong
sut hoc m -t v lun xut hin s-ng
phng. Qu trnh ha thy tinh l mt thut
ng chung ch mt dng ri lon sinh l
dn ti chng hoi t nh chi v l non.
T ng ngha: water soaked.
viviparous thuc sinh con (tnh t) Xem:
vivipary.
vivipary 1. A form of reproduction in
animals in which the developing embryo
obtains its nourishment directly from the
mother via a placenta or by other means.
2. A form of asexual reproduction in
certain plants, in which the flower develops
into a bud-like structure that forms a new
plant when detached from the parent. 3.
The development of young plants in the
inflorescence of the parent plant.
sinh con 1. Dng sinh sn ca ng vt
trong phi pht trin hp thu thc n
trc tip t m qua mt rau thai hoc bng
cc ph-ng cch khc. 2. Dng sinh sn
v tnh trong thc vt nht nh, trong

Vmax
hoa pht trin thnh mt cu trc ging
nh- chi n hnh thnh cy mi khi -c
tch khi cy m. 3. Pht trin ca cc
cy non trong hoa ca cy m.
V max The maximal rate of an enzymecatalysed reaction. Vmax is the product of
Eo (the total amount of enzyme) and Kcat
(the catalytic rate constant).

Vmax Tc ti a ca mt phn ng xc
tc enzim. Vmax l sn phm ca Eo

298
(ton b s l-ng enzim)v Kcat (hng
s tc xc tc).
VNTR vit tt ca variable number
tandem repeat.
volatilization The conversion of a solid or
liquid into a gas or vapour.
thng hoa S chuyn i ca cht rn
hoc cht lng thnh kh hoc hi.
VSG Vit tt ca variable surface
glycoprotein.

299

Ww

cng thng n-c Xy ra khi cy trng

khng th ht n-c thay th vic
mt mt do thot hi. Cng thng n-c
nht thi dn ti gim tr-ng n-c (lm
ho). Cng thng ko di dn ti nh ch
sinh tr-ng, v dn dn cy cht.

w/v Abbreviation for weight per volume.

The relative proportions of solid and liquid
in a solution.

wax Water-insoluble esters of long-chain

acids with long-chain alcohols. Waxes form
protective waterproof layers on leaves,
stems, fruits, animal fur and integuments
of insects.

w/v Vit tt ca khi l-ng/th tch.T l

t-ng i ca cht rn so vi cht lng
trong mt dung dch.
walking ko di xem: chromosome
walking; primer walking.
wall pressure Pressure that a cell wall
exerts against the turgor of the cell
contents. Wall pressure is equal and
opposite to the turgor potential.
p sut vch Sc p vch t bo dng
chng li s tr-ng phng ca cc thnh
phn t bo. p sut vch cn bng v
ng-c chiu vi kh nng tr-ng phng.
wash-out The loss of the slower growing
micro-organism when two organisms are
being grown together.
ra sch Lm mt vi sinh vt sinh tr-ng
chm hn khi hai sinh vt ang cng sinh
tr-ng.
water potential The pressure gradient that
induces the flow of water, particularly with
reference to plant water uptake from the
soil, comprising the net effects of suction,
solutes and matric forces.
tim lc n-c Gradien p sut thc y
lung n-c, c bit c lin quan mch
n-c thc vt bt ngun t t, bao gm
cc hiu ng thun ca s ht, ho tan v
lc mao dn.
water soaked sc n-c xem: vitrified.
water stress Occurs when plants are
unable to absorb enough water to replace
that lost by transpiration. Short-term water
stress leads to turgor loss (wilting).
Prolonged stress leads to cessation of
growth, and eventually plant death.

sp Cc ester khng tan trong n-c kt

hp gia a-xt chui di vi r-u chui di.
Cc lp sp hnh thnh lp bo v chng
thm n-c trn l, thn, qu, lng th vt
v vy cnh cn trng.
weed A plant growing where it is not
wanted. Generally used to describe plants
which colonize readily, and can compete
for resources with a planted crop.
c di Thc vt sinh tr-ng ni n khng
-c mong mun. Th-ng m t thc
vt d xm ln, v c th cnh tranh ti
nguyn vi thc vt canh tc.
weediness The ability of a plant to
colonize a disturbed habitat and compete
with cultivated species.
ho c di Kh nng ca thc vt xm
ln mi tr-ng sng b tn ph v cnh
tranh vi nhng loi canh tc.
western blot A technique whereby a
complex mixture of size-separated
proteins is fixed to a solid support, and
then probed with a labelled antibody.
Useful, for example, for the measurement
of levels of production of a specific protein
in a particular tissue or at particular
developmental stage.
du vt Ty Mt k thut cho mt hn
hp phc tp ca cc protein phn tch
kch c -c c nh vi cht h tr rn,
v sau -c thm d vi khng th nh
du. Rt hu ch, v d, cho vic o c
cc mc sn xut protein ch r trong
mt m ring bit hoc ti giai on pht
trin ring bit.
wet weight khi l-ng t-i xem: fresh
weight.

wetting agent
wetting agent A substance (usually a
detergent) that improves the contact of a
liquid to a solid surface by reducing its
surface tension.
tc nhn lm m Mt cht (th-ng l
thuc ty) lm tng tip xc ca cht
lng vi b mt rn do vic gim sc cng
b mt.
wild type The most frequent allele or
genotype found in nature, or a specified
organism against which mutants are
defined.
kiu di Dng alen hoc kiu gen thng
th-ng nht c trong t nhin, hoc mt
sinh vt ring bit chng li cc t bin
-c xc nh.
wilt Drooping of stems and foliage due to
loss of cell turgor. May be caused by water
stress or by disease.
ho r Lm r ho thn cy v tn l do
mt tr-ng n-c t bo. C th do cng
thng n-c hoc bnh hi gy ra.
wilting point The moisture content of soil

300
soil at which plants start to wilt, but not to
the extent that they fail to recover when
placed in a humid atmosphere. See:
permanent wilting point.
im ho m ca t m n mc thc
vt bt u ho, nh-ng khng ti phm vi
chng khng th phc hi khi -c t
vo ni c khng kh m. Xem: permanent
wilting point.
wobble hypothesis An explanation of how
one tRNA may recognize more than one
codon. The first two bases of the mRNA
codon and anticodon pair properly, but the
third base in the anticodon has some
flexibility that permits it to pair with either
the expected base or an alternative.
gi thuyt linh hot Cch gii thch v
vic mt tRNA c th nhn bit nhiu hn
mt cm m. Hai ba z u tin ca cm
m mRNA v thuc tnh cp i cm i
m, nh-ng ba z th ba ca cm i m
c mt s tnh linh hot no cho php
cp i vi hoc ba z mong mun hoc
mt ba z thay th.

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Xx
x The basic number of chromosomes in a
polyploid series, monoploid/haploid = x;
diploid = 2x; triploid = 3x; etc.
c s x C s nhim sc th trong mt
dy a bi, th n bi = x; th l-ng bi
= 2 x; th tam bi = 3 x; vn vn.
xanthophyll A yellow oxygen-containing
carotenoid, present in chloroplasts.
dip hong t Mt loi carotenoit c cha
oxygen mu vng, c trong lc lp.
X-chromosome See: sex chromosome.
nhim sc th X xem: sex chromosome.
xenia The immediate effect of pollen on
some characters of the endosperm.
S nh h-ng nht thi ca phn hoa n
mt s c tr-ng ca ni phi nh.
xenobiotic A chemical compound that is
not produced by, and often cannot be
degraded by, living organisms.
d sinh Mt hp cht ha hc m khng
-c sn sinh do cc sinh vt cn sng,
v th-ng khng -c phn hu do chng.
xenogeneic Refers to organs, genetically
engineered (humanized) to decrease the
chance of rejection, that have been grown
in an animal of another species for
potential transplant to humans.
gen l cp n cc c quan, ( nhn
bn) -c k thut gen lm suy yu c

hi loi b, -c sinh tr-ng trong mt

ng vt ca loi khc cy truyn tim
n cho con ng-i.
xenotransplantation The transplantation
of tissue or organs from one species to
another species, typically from pigs to
humans. Zoonoses are an important
issue.
cy truyn ngoi lai S cy ghp m
hoc nhng c quan ca mt loi ny cho
loi khc, in hnh ca ln cho con ng-i.
Cc bnh ng vt ly sang con ng-i l
mt vn ht sc nghim trng.
xerophyte A plant very resistant to
drought, typically adapted to extremely dry
environments.
cy chu kh hn Mt loi thc vt rt
chi kh hn, c tnh thch nghi vi cc
mi tr-ng rt kh hn.
X-linked The presence of a gene on the
X-chromosome.
lin kt X S c mt ca mt gen trn
nhim sc th X.
X-linked disease A genetic disease
caused by an allele at a locus on the Xchromosome.
bnh lin kt X Mt bnh di truyn gy
ra do mt alen ti mt gen trn nhim
sc th X.
xylem A complex tissue specialized for
the conduction of water and mineral
nutrients in solution. Xylem may also
function as a supporting tissue, particularly
secondary xylem.
mch g Mt loi m phc tp chuyn
truyn dn n-c v cc cht dinh d-ng
khong trong dung dch. Mch g c th
cng chc nng nh- m chng , c
bit mch g th cp.

302

Yy
YAC Vit tt ca: yeast artificial
chromosome.
Y-chromosome nhim sc th Y xem:
sex chromosome.
yeast A unicellular ascomycete fungus,
commonly found as a contaminant in plant
tissue culture.
nm men Mt loi nm ascomycete n
bo, th-ng nh thy nh- mt cht gy
nhim trong cy m thc vt.
yeast
artificial
chromosome
(Abbreviation: YAC). A vector which can
be propagated in budding yeast
(Saccharamyces pombe), consisting of the
minimal elements required for a
chromosome to replicate, and allowing for

the cloning of large DNA fragments

(hundreds of kilobase pairs).
nhim sc th nhn to nm men (vit
tt: YAC). Mt vect m c th -c truyn
lan trong nm men ny chi
(Saccharamyces pombe), gm c nhng
phn t ti thiu cn thit mt nhim
sc th sao chp, v cho php to dng
nhng on DNA ln (hng trm cp i
kilobaz).
yeast episomal vector (Abbreviation:
YEp). A cloning plasmid vector for the
yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae
maintained as an extrachromosomal
nuclear DNA molecule.
vc t ngoi nm men (vit tt: YEp). Mt
vect plasmit nhn dng nm men
Saccharomyces cerevisiae -c duy tr
nh- mt phn t DNA nhn ngoi nhim
sc th.
yeast extract A mixture of substances
from yeast. See: organic complex..
chit xut nm men Mt hn hp cc cht
ca nm men. xem: organic complex.

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Zz
Z-DNA A form of DNA, in which the double
helix is wound in a left-hand, instead of a
right-hand, manner. DNA adopts the Z
conformation when purines and
pyrimidines alternate on each strand, e.g.
5CGCGCGCG 3' or 3GCGCGCGC5'.
Synonym: zig-zag DNA.
Z-DNA Mt dng DNA, Trong chui
xon kp -c quay theo mt cch no
h-ng tri, thay v h-ng phi, DNA
chp nhn hnh thi Z khi cc purin v
pyrimiin xen k trn tng si, v d 5'
CGCGCGCG 3' hoc 3' GCGCGCGC5'.T
ng ngha: zi- zag DNA.
zig - zag DNA xem: Z - DNA.
zinc finger A DNA-binding protein motif,
characterized by two closely spaced
cysteine and two histidine residues that
serve as ligands for a single Zn2+ ion.
When bound, the structure takes on a
conformation in which amino acid side
chains protrude in a way that allows
interaction with the DNA major groove.
In vt km Mt kiu protein lin kt DNA,
-c c tr-ng bi hai gc cysteine st
gn vi hai histidin phc v lm cc phi
t cho mt ion Zn2+ n. Khi -c b li,
cu trc to ra mt hnh thi trong cc
chui bn amino acid ko di theo mt
cch cho php t-ng tc vi khe ln
DNA.
zone of elongation The section of the
young root or shoot just behind the apical
meristem, in which the cells are enlarging
and elongating rapidly.
vng ko di Phn chia thnh khu vc
ca r hoc chi non ngay sau m phn
sinh nh, trong cc t bo phnh to v
ko di nhanh chng.

zoo blot Hybridization of cloned DNA from

one species to DNA from a range of other
organisms to determine the extent to which
the cloned DNA is evolutionarily
conserved.
du vt v-n th K thut lai DNA -c
to dng t mt loi vi DNA t mt lot
sinh vt khc xc nh phm vi ti
DNA nhn dng -c bo tn tin ho.
zoo FISH Fluorescence in situ
hybridization technique, probing
metaphase chromosomes of one species
with DNA from another species. The
technique allows inferences to be made
regarding the evolutionary relationships
between species. See: Fluorescence in
situ hybridization.
zoo FISH k thut lai ging ti ch hunh
quang, d bt cc nhim sc th k gia
ca mt loi vi DNA t nhng loi khc.
K thut cho php suy din to s lin
h vi mi lin quan tin ha gia cc loi.
Xem: Fluorescence in situ hybridization.
zoonosis A disease that is communicable
from animals to humans.
bnh ng vt truyn sang ng-i Mt
loi bnh m c th giao tip t ng vt
sang ng-i.
zoospore A spore that possesses flagella
and is therefore motile.
bo t ng vt Mt bo t c lng roi
v v vy c ng d dng.
zygonema Stage of meiotic prophase
during which chromosome synapsis
occurs.
si ging i Giai on ca k u gim
phn khi tip hp nhim sc th xy ra.
zygospore A thick-walled resistant spore
developing from a zygote resulting from
the fusion of gametes in the course of
isogamy.
hp bo t Bo t khng vch -c
lm dy pht trin t mt hp t bt ngun
t dung hp cc giao t trong qu trnh
ng giao phi.
zygote The diploid cell formed by the
fusion of two haploid gametes during

zygotene
fertilization in eukaryotic organisms with
sexual reproduction.
hp t T bo l-ng bi hnh thnh do
dung hp hai giao t n bi qu trnh th
tinh ca sinh vt c nhn v sinh sn hu
tnh.
zygotene k hip ty (tnh t) xem:

304
zygonema.
zymogen Inactive enzyme precursor that
after secretion is chemically altered to the
active form of the enzyme.
cht gy men Tin cht men khng hot
ng sau khi phn tit -c bin i
ha hc thnh dng hot ng ca enzim.