Modified Architecture For Hybrid Passive
Optical Network
Hariprakash.K.P1 Dr.V.Rajamani2
1
ME Applied Electronics
2
Head of the Department
Dept of ECE, PSNA College of Engg &Tech, Dindigul
Email id: hariprakashkp2@yahoo.co.in.,rajavmani@rediffmail.com
Abstract: In this paper we propose a
modification for the next generation hybrid
WDM/TDM optical access network architecture.
This architecture provides practical migration steps
from current generation time division multiplexing
(TDM) passive optical networks (PONs) to future
wavelength division multiplexing(WDM)optical
access networks. This architecture is backward
compatible for user on existing TDM-PON, while
simultaneously capable of providing upgraded high
bandwidth services to new users on DWDM _PONs
through advanced WDM techniques. The design of
the optical line terminal (OLT), Optical network
unit (ONU) and the Remote Nodes (RNs) minimizes
the system cost considerably. This architecture
provides efficient communication between upstream
and downstream traffic. It reduces the network
complexity and the cost with backward
compatibility, easy upgradeability and
protection/restoration capability. Simulation of an
experimental tested using Photonics CAD support
the feasibility of the proposed architecture.
Keywords: WDM, TDM, PONs, RNs, OLT, ONU,
Bidirectional transmission.
I. INTRODUCTION.
Current congested optical networks including
FTTX can be upgraded to meet the requirements of the
future broadband integrated services. At present TDM
PON architectures are internationally standardized and
are deployed in the field by network service providers.
When the user demand exceeds the existing network
capacity, upgrading optical access network will
become necessary. WDM technology is an ideal
solution to meet the capacity of optical networks
without more changes in the existing fiber
infrastructure. Hybrid PON architectures provides
smooth migration path from TDM PON to WDM PON.
The major objectives are:
• Backward compatibility: To generate the co-
existence of current generation (TDM-PON)
and next generation(WDM-PON) optical
access systems in the same network with only
minimal upgrade on feeder networks while
providing higher bandwidth to users on new
WDM-PONs.
• Easy upgradeability: To provide smooth
migration paths from TDM PON to WDM-
PON.
• Protection/Restoration Capability; To support
both residential and business users on the
same access infrastructure.
II.WAVELENGTH OPTIONS
Regarding the wavelength assignment for
WDM access, coarse WDM (CWDM) and dense
WDM (DWDM) have to be considered. CWDM uses
18 wavelengths from 1270nm to 1610nm with channel
bandwidth of 13nm.CWDM permits cheap
components, such as athermal Array Waveguide
Gratings (AWGs) and uncooled laser sources in the
network due to wide channel spacing of 20 nm.There is
no need to stabilize laser sources or optical filters .But
DWDM achieves greater spectral efficiency with
commercially available fiber based optical amplifiers.
One of the possible network upgrade path is to use
CWDM first for the cost of reason. If more
wavelengths are required, in-service upgrade is
possible by inserting DWDM channels in C-band
without disturbing the existing transmission
wavelength assignment.
The primary disadvantage of CWDM is that
the number of channels is limited, therefore, the
CWDM-PONs lacks in scalability, especially when a
normal single mode fiber with water peak attenuation
range is used. Another disadvantage is that the shorter
wavelength channels experience higher loss thereby
limiting the transmission ratio or splitting ratio.DWDM
has wavelength spacing that is far lesser than that of
3.2 nm, because DWDM has been developed to
transmit many wavelengths in a limited spectrum
region where an Erbium Doped Fiber Amplifier
(EDFA) can be used. A DWDM-PON is expected to be
very useful for providing enough bandwidth to many
subscribers and it is regarded as the ultimate PON
system. In a DWDM-PON, the wavelength of each
optical source and the centre wavelength of the WDM
filter should be monitored and controlled carefully to
avoid cross talk between adjacent channels and hence
DWDM –PON costs more than CWDM-PON.
III.ARCHITECTURE
The proposed architecture provides an
efficient and economical solution for the next
generation access networks, a smooth migration path
and flexibility to fit the need of a specific network
topology and migration scenario. The overall
architecture is shown in Fig.2. At a logic level, there is
a point-to-point connection between each RN and
OLT.A RN has either a passive power splitter or an
AWG inside .If a RN possesses an AWG, each ONU
has its own dedicated wavelength on a DWDM grid to
communicate with OLT.Since the insertion loss of
AWG is roughly 6dB regardless of the number of
ports ,an AWG with more than eight ports will likely
need to be employed to enjoy the better power budget
compared to a passive splitter. The downstream traffic
and upstream traffic belonging
Fig.1.The Overall Architecture of Hybrid PON.
to the same ONU may use the same wavelength ,but
different direction on the same fiber. Tunable
components are employed to reduce the transceiver
counts in the OLT.Tunable lasers generate both
downstream frames and continuous wave(CW) bursts
to be modulated by the ONUs. No extra set of laser
sources is required. This configuration results in a half
duplex communication between ONU and the OLT.
A. Remote Node Design
The basic structure is shown in Fig. 2(a). All
but two output ports of an NXN AWG are connected to
the distribution fibers that link to the ONUs associated
with this RN. Unlike the conventional configuration of
AWG that serves as a1XN multiplexer/ demultiplexer,
where one side connects to OLT and the other connects
to ONUs, this AWG is arranged in a “spider”way.
Since the difference in terms of fabrication process of
and AWG is minuscule, and so is the difference in
terms of cost, this “spider” configuration serves almost
two times the users with the same cost. Since
reconfigurability of wavelength assignment is not the
top priority in the design of access networks, network
architects can predetermine the wavelength assigned
for the ONUs attached to the RN by applying proper
band splitters. Avoiding reconfigurability keeps the
RNs passive. A band splitter is a three-port passive
device made of a thin-film filter that performs add/drop
functionality. The first band splitter on the left-hand
side (LHS) of AWG performs add/drop for the ONU
on the right-hand side (RHS), and vice versa for the
second band splitter. Note that the groups of
wavelengths being added/dropped by the two-band
splitters in the RN must be different. Due to the cyclic
property of AWG, each ONU will obtain its own
unique wavelength.
If we desire full-duplex transmission with upstream
and downstream on different wavelengths, we can use
band splitters that add/drop 2N-1 wavelengths instead
of N-1. The upstream and downstream traffic will be
separated apart by N+∆λ, where ∆λ, is
Fig.2a.RN contains An AWG that supports DWDM.
the channel spacing of the AWG device.
Fig.3b shows the variation of the RN for full-duplex
transmission. First, the AWG is replaced with an
passive power splitter (coupler). The band splitter in
this case is a cascade of a CWDM add/drop thin-film
filter and a channel add/drop thin-film filter in either a
1490- or 1550-nm band; a specially designed thin-film
filter that performs the same functionality can be used
instead. Downstream wavelengths reside on DWDM
grids either on a 1490- or 1550-nm band and are
broadcasted to all ONUs, while upstream wavelengths
reside on CWDM grids and are collected by the power
splitter. In this case, the existing ONUs do not see any
difference between this configuration and conventional
TDM-PON.
B. ONU Design
Since there are optical filters and AWGs on the light
path, a relatively stringent specification of the stability
of the upstream wavelength is required. The most
straightforward way of
Fig.2b.RN contains a passive optical splitter that
supports CWDM.
implementing the ONU transmitter is using a stabilized
laser source. However, stabilizing the emitting
wavelength of a laser requires bulky optics and power-
hungry electronics. Using a laser source at the ONUs
therefore has a considerable impact on the cost of
network deployment and management. There are
several alternatives to do this. First, employ a tunable
laser (without wavelength stabilization) at the ONU but
have wavelength monitoring functionality in the OLT.
In this case, however, an expensive tunable laser is still
needed in each ONU. Second, use a broadband light
source such as light emitting diode (LED) and let the
AWGs perform spectral slicing. The benefit of this
approach is its low system cost. However, the
transmitting power after spectral slicing is significantly
low, and thus link reach can be seriously limited.
A third option is to provide the ONUs with
external light wave generated by OLT. No wavelength
stabilization is required in ONU. If a semiconductor
optical amplifier (SOA) is used as a modulator at the
ONU, the signal can be amplified to increase
transmission quality. Fig. 4 shows possible
configurations of the optical front end of the ONUs. In
Fig. 3(a), a SOA can be used as both a modulator and a
preamplifier for the receiver during half-duplex
operation. Fig. 4(b) demonstrates the possibility of
using vertical cavity semiconductor optical amplifiers
Fig.3.Possible designs of ONU
(VCSOAs) in the ONUs of optical access networks.
VCSOA has the advantage of easy on-wafer testing and
lower polarization dependence with a gain of more than
10 dB. This last configuration suggests possible
integration of the whole optical front-end of the ONU.
C. OLT Design
Fig. 4(a) shows the basic structure of the
optical front-end of OLT. A WDM coupler separates
the upstream band to band CWDM channels from the
band and band DWDM channels. A CWDM
demultiplexer made by thin-film filters is used to
demultiplex the upstream traffic. Tunable components,
such as fast tunable lasers and tunable filters are
employed for the DWDMchannels. Given the fact that
the average load of the network, in practical situations,
is generally low [17], tunable components can be used
to minimize transceiver counts, thus minimizing total
system cost. Another benefit of using tunable
components is to allow multiple ISPs to coexist on the
same network. With tunable optical components, ISPs
will be able to bundle and unbundle packets in the
optical domain. Each ISP
may use different MAC protocols if necessary and
security of the network is strengthened. The outputs of
transmitters (downstream traffic) in DWDM channels
are boosted by optical amplifiers and injected into
port1 of the circulator. The downstream data then pass
through port2 of the circulator and WDM coupler to
enter the network. Upstream traffic in DWDM
channels passes through the WDMcoupler, into port 2
of the circulator, and out of port 3 of the circulator. An
optical preamplifier may be used to increase receiver
sensitivity. In general; there are three options to
implement the receiver structure for DWDM upstream
traffic at OLT, as follows: 1) demux followed by a
receiver array; 2) fast-tunable single-channel add/drop
filters; 3) multiple-channel add/drop filters.
Fig.4.Possible design of OLT
IV. TEST BED AND EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS
Constructing the testbed serves to demonstrate
the feasibility of unidirectional transmission with
reasonable transmission quality.
verified and found similar to the transmitted signal
wavelength.
V.CONCLUSION
The proposed architecture provides a practical
and scalable migration path for current-generation
optical access network from TDM to WDM.This
architecture is capable of providing protection and
restoration capability by replacing the existing feeder
networks with a new collector ring and semi passive
RNs.State-of-the- art optical components are used in an
efficient way for the economical deployment of the
networks. For example the use of tunable components
at OLT can not only decrease the total power but also
provide gradual upgrade path to higher bandwidth by
simply adding more transceivers as user demand
increases. Also NXN AWG is configured so that it can
serve about two times more ONUs compared to
conventional use of 1XN AWG MUX/DEMUX.The
experimental results from the testbed using Photonics
CAD also demonstrate the feasibility of the
architecture showing high quality and efficient
packetized transmission.

A.Testbed Setup

Fig.6 shows the testbed configuration. For

WDM transmission 2 different wavelengths of 1.55um,
1.5508um, are used. For the TDM transmission
wavelengths of 1.5532um, 1.5540um, 1.5548um,
1.5556um are transmitted with a time difference os 30
seconds each. Downstream data and CW bursts are
generated by a electrical signal generator and
modulated with Mach-Zehnder modulators. The
channel spacing of AWG is 100GHz.The receiver at
the OLT side has an ERBA as pre amplifier.

The TDM and WDM signals are multiplexed using

4X1mux.This multiplexed signals are transmitted
through a single mode fiber having a distance of
10km.ERBA amplifiers with a gain of 15dB to
preamplify the signal. The experimental set up is
shown in Fig.5.

B.Experimental Results.

Fig.7. shows the eight transmitted multiplexed

signal received at ONU.The centre wavelength
corresponds to the transmitted signal wavelength and
the simulation results in the Photonics CAD are
Fig.5&6.Hybrid PON experimental set up and output VI . REFERENCES
results.
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Research Issues
[2]DavidGutierrez,F.T.An,L.G.Kazovsky,SUCCESS-
HPON: A next generation optical Access architecture
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[3] Amithabah Banerjee et.al., “ WDM –PON
technologies for broadband access” Journal of optical
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[4].F.T An,K.S.Kim ,L.G.Kazovsky et.al .,
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optical access network architecture”Journal of light
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