Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
: Example
Class
: 4 Science 1
Title
Aim
: To find out the end point of titration between sodium hydroxide and
hydrochloric acid as well as between sodium hydroxide and
sulphuric acid.
Problem Statement
Hypothesis
Variables
Manipulated
Responding
Controlled
Apparatus
Materials
Hydrochloric acid
/ Sulphuric Acid
Sodium
hydroxide +
phenolphthalein
Procedure
white
tile
1. Measure 40cm3 of
hydrochloric acid
using a measuring
reading of the
burette.
3. Measure 15 cm3 of sodium hydroxide solution and placed it inside a conical flask.
4. Add a few drops of phenolphthalein into the conical flask.
5. Place the conical flask on the white tile.
6. Start titrating the acid into the conical flask drop-by-drop until the solution changes colour.
7. Record the observation and the final reading of the burette.
8. Repeat the experiment using sulphuric acid
9. Tabulate all data obtained.
Observation
Results
Hydrochloric Acid
Volume of acid
Final reading
Initial reading
Volume of
V1
28.1
16
12.1
V2
28.8
16.6
12.2
V. Average
28.45
16.3
12.15
V1
24.5
15.5
10.0
V2
25.5
14.0
9.5
V. Average
25.0
14.75
9.75
Hydrochloric Acid
3
used ( cm
Sulphuric Acid
Volume of acid
Final reading
Initial reading
Volume of Sulphuric
3
Acid used ( cm
Inference
As stated in the observation that the phenolphthalein turns pink to colourless when acids and
bases are neutralized together by using titration method. Neutralization reaction occurs when
acid and bases are placed to proximity . The phenolphthalein turns from pink to colourless
because the mixture of acid and base has reached the neutral state due to the product of water
in the reaction. A neutral solution has a balanced concentration of hydrogen ion and hydroxide
ion .In general terms, an acid solution has more hydrogen ion than hydroxide ion because
hydrogen ion dissociate from an acid molecule when reacted with water. Meanwhile, a base
solution contains more hydroxide ions than hydrogen ions because hydroxide ions are
dissociated from a base molecule when reacted in water. When both solutions are combined
together the excess hydrogen ions from acid and excess hydroxide ions from the base will join
together to form water molecule. Therefore, the water molecule which is a neutral solution
contribute to the change of colour of the indicator.
Calculation:
NaOH(aq) + HCI(aq)
NaCI (aq) +
H 2 O (l)
Mole Ratio = 1 : 1 : 1 : 1
Average volume of hydrochloric acid used :
2 = 12.15 cm3
(12.1 + 12.2 )
NaOH(aq) + HCI(aq)
M=1.0
M=?
V=15.0
NaCI (aq) +
H2 O
V=12.15
Hence, 14.0 cm
of 0.1 mol
1000
=0.015 mol
Based on the equation above ,1 mole of sodium hydroxide is used to neutralize 1 mole of
hydrochloric acid .
dm
M= 1.25 dm
2NaOH(aq) +
H2
SO 4 (aq)
Na 2
SO 4 (aq) + 2
H 2 O (l)
Mole Ratio = 2 : 1 : 1 : 2
Average volume of sulphuric acid used :
2 = 9.75 cm3
(10.0 + 9.5 )
2NaOH(aq) +
H2
SO 4 (aq)
M=1.0
M=?
V=15.0
V=9.75
Hence, 9.75 cm
Na2
SO 4 (aq) + 2
H 2 O (l)
of 0.1 mol
dm3
1000
=0.015 mol
Based on the equation above ,1 mole of sodium hydroxide is used to neutralise 1 mole of
sulpuric acid .
dm3
Discussion
1. The first experiment which is determining the concentration of sodium hydroxide, NaOH
solution by using titration method and Hydrochloric acid ,HCI as an acid.
a. When hydrochloric acid is added to the conical flask containing sodium
hydroxide, the
ion from
sodium hydroxide.
+
H (aq) +
OH
(aq)
of
OH
amount of
OH ion
+
H ion is equal to the
c. As the indicator become colourless, it indicates that the titration of HCI and
OH
neutralized by H+ ion.
d. The product of neutralisation are sodium chloride and water. The conical flask
Na and CI are
found in the solution.Mobile ions only exist in solution which they are not bound
to be insoluble or in the state of solid.
2. The second experiment which is determining the concentration of sodium hydroxide,
NaOH solution by using titration method and sulphuric acid ,
H2
SO 4 as an acid.
a. When sulphuric acid is added to the conical flask containing sodium hydroxide,
the
hydroxide.
+
H (aq) +
b. As more
OH
(aq)
+
H ion is added, the neutralisation reaction decreases the
concentration of
OH
neutralized by
+
H ion.
OH
d. The product of neutralisation are sodium sulphate and water. The conical flask
2
+
Na and SO 4
Precautions:
The burette should be rinsed off with a small amount of acid to remove water droplets.
II.
This is to ensure that water does not dilute the acid and affect the concentration of acids.
The white tile is placed under the conical flask to enable the change in colour of the
III.
IV.
V.
meniscus.
The end point is the point at which a drop of acid added to the mixture in the conical
flask will change the colour of phenolphthalein from pink to colourless.
4. However,there are errors occur when doing the experiment which are the human error
and measurement error. The human error is we failed to handle the apparatus properly
especially in handling the burette, unsure whether the tap is close or open , this caused
us to waste some amount of acid substance which affect the accuracy of measurement
and data .Next is the measurement error which was contributed by our human error as
stated above. Therefore, the concentration of hydrochloric acid and sulphuric acid
obtained through the calculation is not an accurate and actual answer
Conclusion