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Name

: Example

Class

: 4 Science 1

Title

: The neutralization between sodium hydroxide solution with hydrochloric


acid and sulphuric acid using titration method.

Aim

: To find out the end point of titration between sodium hydroxide and
hydrochloric acid as well as between sodium hydroxide and

sulphuric acid.
Problem Statement

:What is the concentration of hydrochloric acid and sulphuric acid used


by using titration method?

Hypothesis

: The concentration of hydrochloric acid and sulphuric acid can be


determined by using titration method.

Variables

Manipulated

: Volume of hydrochloric acid and sulphuric acid


used.

Responding

: The concentration of hydrochloric acid and


sulphuric acid needed to neutralize sodium
hydroxide.

Controlled
Apparatus

: Volume of sodium hydroxide solution


: 250 ml conical flask, beaker, burette, filter funnel, measuring cylinder,
retort stand, white tile

Materials

: 1.0 M hydrochloric acid, HCl; 1.0M sulphuric acid,H2SO4 and 1.0M


sodium hydroxide solution, NaOH, phenolphthalein indicator.

Hydrochloric acid
/ Sulphuric Acid

Sodium
hydroxide +
phenolphthalein

Procedure

white
tile

1. Measure 40cm3 of

hydrochloric acid

using a measuring

cylinder and placed it

inside the burette.


2. Record the initial

reading of the

burette.
3. Measure 15 cm3 of sodium hydroxide solution and placed it inside a conical flask.
4. Add a few drops of phenolphthalein into the conical flask.
5. Place the conical flask on the white tile.
6. Start titrating the acid into the conical flask drop-by-drop until the solution changes colour.
7. Record the observation and the final reading of the burette.
8. Repeat the experiment using sulphuric acid
9. Tabulate all data obtained.
Observation

1. Observation of neutralization between sodium hydroxide and hydrochloric acid:


The phenolphthalein in the mixture of sodium hydroxide and hydrochloric acids turns from pink
to colourless.
2. Observation of neutralization between sodium hydroxide and sulphuric acid :
The phenolphthalein in the mixture of sodium hydroxide and sulphuric acid turns from pink to
colourless.

Results

Hydrochloric Acid
Volume of acid
Final reading
Initial reading
Volume of

V1
28.1
16
12.1

V2
28.8
16.6
12.2

V. Average
28.45
16.3
12.15

V1
24.5
15.5
10.0

V2
25.5
14.0
9.5

V. Average
25.0
14.75
9.75

Hydrochloric Acid
3

used ( cm

Sulphuric Acid
Volume of acid
Final reading
Initial reading
Volume of Sulphuric
3

Acid used ( cm

Inference

As stated in the observation that the phenolphthalein turns pink to colourless when acids and
bases are neutralized together by using titration method. Neutralization reaction occurs when
acid and bases are placed to proximity . The phenolphthalein turns from pink to colourless
because the mixture of acid and base has reached the neutral state due to the product of water
in the reaction. A neutral solution has a balanced concentration of hydrogen ion and hydroxide
ion .In general terms, an acid solution has more hydrogen ion than hydroxide ion because
hydrogen ion dissociate from an acid molecule when reacted with water. Meanwhile, a base
solution contains more hydroxide ions than hydrogen ions because hydroxide ions are
dissociated from a base molecule when reacted in water. When both solutions are combined
together the excess hydrogen ions from acid and excess hydroxide ions from the base will join

together to form water molecule. Therefore, the water molecule which is a neutral solution
contribute to the change of colour of the indicator.
Calculation:
NaOH(aq) + HCI(aq)

NaCI (aq) +

H 2 O (l)

Mole Ratio = 1 : 1 : 1 : 1
Average volume of hydrochloric acid used :

2 = 12.15 cm3

(12.1 + 12.2 )

NaOH(aq) + HCI(aq)
M=1.0
M=?
V=15.0

NaCI (aq) +

H2 O

V=12.15

Hence, 14.0 cm

of hydrochloric acid(HCI) is neutralized by 15.0 cm

of 0.1 mol

sodium hydroxide solution ( NaOH )


Number of moles NaOH = MV
1000
= (1.0 x 15.0)

1000

=0.015 mol
Based on the equation above ,1 mole of sodium hydroxide is used to neutralize 1 mole of
hydrochloric acid .

0.015mole of hydrochloric acid is needed neutralise 0.015mole of sodium hydroxide


Concentration of hydrochloric acid :
Mol = MV
1000

dm

0.015 mol = M (12.0 cm


1000

M= (0.015 x 1000) 12.0


3

M= 1.25 dm

2NaOH(aq) +

H2

SO 4 (aq)

Na 2

SO 4 (aq) + 2

H 2 O (l)
Mole Ratio = 2 : 1 : 1 : 2
Average volume of sulphuric acid used :

2 = 9.75 cm3

(10.0 + 9.5 )

2NaOH(aq) +

H2

SO 4 (aq)

M=1.0

M=?

V=15.0

V=9.75

Hence, 9.75 cm

Na2

SO 4 (aq) + 2

of sulphuric acid(HCI) is neutralized by 15.0 cm

H 2 O (l)

of 0.1 mol

dm3

sodium hydroxide solution ( NaOH )


Number of moles NaOH = MV
1000
= (1.0 x 15.0)

1000

=0.015 mol
Based on the equation above ,1 mole of sodium hydroxide is used to neutralise 1 mole of
sulpuric acid .

0.0075mole of sulphuric acid is needed neutralise 0.015 mole of sodium hydroxide

0.015 x 1 = 0.0075 mol


2
Concentration of sulphuric acid :
Mol = MV
1000

0.0075 mol = M (9.75 cm


1000

M= (0.0075 x 1000) 9.75


M= 0.7692

dm3

Discussion

1. The first experiment which is determining the concentration of sodium hydroxide, NaOH
solution by using titration method and Hydrochloric acid ,HCI as an acid.
a. When hydrochloric acid is added to the conical flask containing sodium

hydroxide, the

H ion from hydrochloric acid neutralize the OH


H2

ion from

sodium hydroxide.

+
H (aq) +

OH

(aq)

b. As more H+ ion is added, the neutralisation reaction decreases the concentration

of

OH

ion in the conical flask.Hence, the intensity of the colour of

phenolphthalein indicator decreases as the colour become paler indicating that it

is reaching the neutral point where the concentration of

amount of

OH ion

+
H ion is equal to the

c. As the indicator become colourless, it indicates that the titration of HCI and

NaOH has reached the end point which all

OH

ion in the conical flask are

neutralized by H+ ion.
d. The product of neutralisation are sodium chloride and water. The conical flask

contains aqueous sodium chloride. Mobile ions such as

Na and CI are

found in the solution.Mobile ions only exist in solution which they are not bound
to be insoluble or in the state of solid.
2. The second experiment which is determining the concentration of sodium hydroxide,
NaOH solution by using titration method and sulphuric acid ,

H2

SO 4 as an acid.

a. When sulphuric acid is added to the conical flask containing sodium hydroxide,

the

H ion from hydrochloric acid neutralize the OH ion from sodium


H2

hydroxide.

+
H (aq) +

b. As more

OH

(aq)

+
H ion is added, the neutralisation reaction decreases the

concentration of

OH

ion in the conical flask.Hence, the intensity of the colour

of phenolphthalein indicator decreases as the colour become paler.


c. As the indicator become colourless, it indicates that the titration of H2SO4 and

NaOH has reached the end point which all

neutralized by

+
H ion.

OH

ion in the conical flask are

d. The product of neutralisation are sodium sulphate and water. The conical flask

contains aqueous sodium chloride. Mobile ions such as

2
+
Na and SO 4

are found in the solution.


3. Acid and bases combine together to create salt and water which also mean it is at the
neutral state, pH=7 where the concentration of acid and bases reached its equilibrium.
I.

Precautions:
The burette should be rinsed off with a small amount of acid to remove water droplets.

II.

This is to ensure that water does not dilute the acid and affect the concentration of acids.
The white tile is placed under the conical flask to enable the change in colour of the

III.

solution to be seen clearly.


The burette should be clamped at the degree of 90 and must be parallel to the retort

IV.

stand to ensure an accurate reading.


The reading of the burette has to be taken with the eye placed at the same level as the

V.

meniscus.
The end point is the point at which a drop of acid added to the mixture in the conical
flask will change the colour of phenolphthalein from pink to colourless.

4. However,there are errors occur when doing the experiment which are the human error
and measurement error. The human error is we failed to handle the apparatus properly
especially in handling the burette, unsure whether the tap is close or open , this caused
us to waste some amount of acid substance which affect the accuracy of measurement
and data .Next is the measurement error which was contributed by our human error as
stated above. Therefore, the concentration of hydrochloric acid and sulphuric acid
obtained through the calculation is not an accurate and actual answer
Conclusion

: The concentration of sodium hydroxide can be determined by titration


method. Therefore hypothesis is proposed.

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