Penyakit viral penting pada domba

dan kambing
Sri Murtini

Soremouth
Contagious ecthyma, contagious pustular dermatitis, scabby mouth, orf
Common skin disease of sheep and goats.
Caused by a Parapox virus
Virus spreads through direct contact and

contact with contaminated facilities and

tools

Lesions most commonly seen on mouth,

lips, and nostrils, but may also occur on

udder and between toes.

Extremely infectious
Dried scabs harbor virus

Soremouth
Animals that develop the disease usually

develop a strong immunity

May be severe in lambs and kids

Numerous strains incubation period may vary

from 1 to 3 weeks

The disease will clear up in one to four weeks

Soremouth
Treatment not effective on a flock basis
Treat lesions with antibiotic spray or cream (e.g.

vasoline + iodine, Biozide ) Effectiveness

marginal

Ewes with infected teats/udders need to be

watched for mastitis

Lambs/kids may spread the disease to other

ewes/does.

Prevention of Soremouth
Maintain a closed flock
Do not show
Vaccinate (only if you have

had disease)
In a hairless protected
area
Scabs will appear 1 to 3
days after vaccination
6 weeks before show
season

Orf

Sore mouth is

contagious to humans
(painful).
Need to be careful

when working with

infected animals and
when working with live
vaccine.
Wear gloves

Sheep and Goat Pox

Family Poxviridae
Genus Capripoxvirus
Sheep pox and goat pox viruses distinct
But hard to differentiate
Recombination can occur
One serotype, multiple strains
Prolonged survival in environment

Center for Food Security and Public Health, Iowa State

University, 2011

Economic Impact
Presence of disease can

limit:
Trade
Export
Import of new breeds
Development of intensive
livestock production
Center for Food Security and Public Health, Iowa State
University, 2011

History and
Geographic Distribution
1879: Goat pox
Norway
2nd Century AD:
Central and

Africa
Central Asia
The Middle East
Portions of India

Center for Food Security and Public Health, Iowa State

University, 2011

Sheep pox
North

Morbidity/Mortality
Mortality up to 50% in fully susceptible flock
Mortality up to 100% in young animals
Symptoms severe in
Stressed animals
Animals with concurrent infections
Nave animals

Center for Food Security and Public Health, Iowa State

University, 2011

Morbidity/Mortality
European sheep breeds highly

susceptible
Subclinical cases
No chronic carriers
Only sheep and goats affected
Not seen in wild ungulates

Center for Food Security and Public Health, Iowa State

University, 2011

Animal Transmission
Close contact
Inhalation of aerosols
Abraded skin
Fomites
Insects (mechanical)

Infectious virus present in all secretions, excretions, and

scabs
Center for Food Security and Public Health, Iowa State
University, 2011

Clinical Signs
Incubation period: 4 to 21 days
Fever
Conjunctivitis
Depression, anorexia
Dyspnea, nasal or ocular discharge
Secondary bacterial

infections are common

Center for Food Security and Public Health, Iowa State
University, 2011

Clinical Signs
Papules forming into hard scabs
Lesions may cover body or be

restricted to axilla, perineum

and groin, ears, or tail
Death may occur at any stage

Center for Food Security and Public Health, Iowa State

University, 2011

Post Mortem Lesions

Skin macules, papules
Papules may extend into

Mucous membrane necrotic or ulcerated

Nodules in lungs
Up to 5cm diameter

Swollen lymph nodes

Center for Food Security and Public Health, Iowa State

University, 2011

the musculature

Differential Diagnosis
Contagious exthyma

Peste des petits

Bluetongue

ruminants
Parasitic pneumonia
Caseous
lymphadenitis
Insect bites

Mycotic dermatitis

Sheep scab
Mange
Photsensitization

Center for Food Security and Public Health, Iowa State

University, 2011

Sampling
Before collecting or sending any samples, the

proper authorities should be contacted

Samples should only be sent under secure
conditions and to authorized laboratories to
prevent the spread of the disease

Center for Food Security and Public Health, Iowa State

University, 2011

Diagnosis
Clinical
Suspect in animals with characteristic skin

lesions, fever, and lymphadenitis

Laboratory
Virus isolation, electron microscopy
PCR
Viral antigen detection (AGID, ELISA)
Serology
Characteristic histopathologic lesions
Center for Food Security and Public Health, Iowa State
University, 2011

Treatment
Antibiotics for secondary infection
Good nursing care

Center for Food Security and Public Health, Iowa State

University, 2011

Public Health Significance

No conclusive evidence of infection in humans
Anecdotal reports of sheep or goat pox lesions in humans in

India and Sweden

Not verified by virus isolation

Center for Food Security and Public Health, Iowa State

University, 2011

Prevention
Non-endemic areas
Infected animals, fomites, and animal products may introduce

disease
Keep free with import restrictions

Center for Food Security and Public Health, Iowa State

University, 2011

Control and Eradication

Endemic areas
Vaccinate
Outbreak in endemic area, small scale
Quarantine, slaughter infected and exposed, clean and disinfect

Ring vaccination

Outbreak in endemic area, large scale

Massive vaccination
Movement restrictions

Center for Food Security and Public Health, Iowa State

University, 2011

Control and Eradication

Outbreak in non-endemic area
Quarantine, slaughter infected and exposed, clean and disinfect
Ring vaccination

No carrier state

Isolate infected herds and sick animals for at least 45 days

after recovery

Center for Food Security and Public Health, Iowa State

University, 2011

Disinfection
Sodium hypochlorite
Phenol 2% for
Detergents

Virus can survive

For 3 months in wool
For 6 months in the environment
For many years in dried scabs

Center for Food Security and Public Health, Iowa State

University, 2011

15 minutes

Vaccination
Vaccination can provide effective control in endemic areas
Killed vaccines do not provide long lasting immunity
Attenuated virus vaccines give immunity up to 2 years

Center for Food Security and Public Health, Iowa State

University, 2011

Bluetongue Virus
Family Reoviridae
Genus Orbivirus

24 serotypes worldwide
6 serotypes isolated in the U.S.

Non-contagious
Insect-borne viral disease
Ruminants: Primary host is sheep

Others infected: Cattle, goats, deer

Center for Food Security and Public Health, Iowa State

University, 2011

History
First described in South Africa
Broad distribution worldwide

Mediterranean outbreak, 1997-2002

Center for Food Security and Public Health, Iowa State

University, 2011

Economic Impact
Trade restrictions
Imposed by BTV-free countries
Animals and animal products

Cost to U.S.
Greater impact on cattle industry
Reservoir for virus
$125 million per year
Lost trade and animal testing

Center for Food Security and Public Health, Iowa State

University, 2011

Morbidity/Mortality: Sheep
Sheep
Severity of disease varies
Breed
Strain of virus
Environmental stress
Morbidity: as high as 100%
Mortality: usually 0 to 30%

Center for Food Security and Public Health, Iowa State

University, 2011

Morbidity/Mortality:
Other Species
Cattle, goats
Morbidity: up to 5%
Death is rare

Deer, antelope
Severe infection
Morbidity: up to 100%
Mortality: 80 to 90%

Lasting effects

Center for Food Security and Public Health, Iowa State

University, 2011

Animal Transmission
Biting midges
Genus Culicoides
Principal vector (U.S.)
C. variipennis var. sonorensis

Ticks, sheep keds

In utero
Mechanical

Venereal?

Center for Food Security and Public Health, Iowa State

University, 2011

Clinical Signs: Sheep

Incubation period: 5 to 10 days
Most asymptomatic
Oral erosions and ulcerations
Tongue
Swollen, protruding
Cyanotic

= blue-tongue
Reproductive failure

Center for Food Security and Public Health, Iowa State

University, 2011

Clinical Signs: Sheep

Coronitis
Inflammation of
coronary band

Center for Food Security and Public Health, Iowa State

University, 2011

Lameness
Painful hooves

Clinical Signs
Cattle and goats
Usually subclinical
Erosions, crusts around
Coronitis

Reproductive failure

Antelope and deer

Hemorrhage, death

Center for Food Security and Public Health, Iowa State

University, 2011

nose and teats

Post Mortem Lesions

Sheep
Face and ears edematous
Dry, crusty exudate on nostrils
Coronary bands hyperemic
Internal hemorrhaging
Hydranencephaly, cerebellar dysplasia
Cattle
Skin: edematous, ulcerated, dry, thick folds
Mouth: vesicles, ulcers, necrosis
Center for Food Security and Public Health, Iowa State
University, 2011

Differential Diagnosis
Foot-and-mouth disease

Infectious bovine rhinotracheitis

Vesicular stomatitis

Parainfluenza-3 infection

Peste de petits ruminants

Sheep pox

Malignant catarrhal fever

Foot rot

Bovine virus diarrhea

Actinobacillosis

Contagious pustular dermatitis

Oestrus ovis infestation

Plant photosensitization

Center for Food Security and Public Health, Iowa State

University, 2011

Sampling
Before collecting or sending any samples, the

proper authorities should be contacted

Samples should only be sent under secure

conditions and to authorized laboratories to

prevent the spread of the disease

Center for Food Security and Public Health, Iowa State

University, 2011

Diagnosis
Clinical signs
History
Insect activity
Wasting or foot rot

Laboratory
Virus isolation
ELISA, IFA, VN
PCR
Serology, complement fixation
Examination of proteins
Center for Food Security and Public Health, Iowa State
University, 2011

www.usda.gov

Treatment
No specific treatment
Supportive therapy
Protection from the elements
Fluids and electrolytes
Antibiotics
Control of vectors by insecticide
Reduce transmission
Protect susceptible animals

Center for Food Security and Public Health, Iowa State

University, 2011

Bluetongue in Humans
Not a significant threat to humans
One human infection documented
Reasonable precautions should be taken

Disease in humans is not fatal

Treatment is supportive care

Center for Food Security and Public Health, Iowa State

University, 2011

Quarantine
Quarantine and movement controls
Prevent spread of virus

Confine animals indoors (i.e., barn)

When vectors are active

Center for Food Security and Public Health, Iowa State

University, 2011

Disinfection
Does not stop virus
Cleaning the premises
Sodium hypochlorite (bleach)
3% Sodium hydroxide (lye)

Insect control
Pyrethroids
Organophosphates

Center for Food Security and Public Health, Iowa State

University, 2011

transmission

Vaccination
Available
Serotype specific

Adverse effects
Fetal malformations

Recombination
New strains of virus

Center for Food Security and Public Health, Iowa State

University, 2011

Scrapie
Sheep and goat disease
Recognized 250 years ago
Great Britain and W. Europe
1947 diagnosed in the U.S.

More than 1,000 flocks; mostly Suffolk

Scrapie: Ovine Slaughter Surveillance Study (SOSS)
Overall national prevalence 0.2%
Higher in black-faced sheep

Center for Food Security and Public Health Iowa State

University - 2004

Incubation Period
Scrapie: Sheep 2-5 years
BSE: Cattle 2-8 years
CWD: Deer and elk 18 months
TME: Mink 7+ months
FSE: Feline unknown, most 4-9 years of age

Center for Food Security and Public Health Iowa State

University - 2004

Clinical Signs: BSE,

Scrapie, CWD

Initial clinical signs subtle, mainly behavioral

Increased excitability, nervousness, aggressiveness, and

increased sensitivity to noise

Pruritus and rubbing
Sheep

Center for Food Security and Public Health Iowa State

University - 2004

Clinical Signs: BSE, Scrapie, CWD

Terminal state
Hypokinesis, hypermetria, falling and general paresis
Tremors and muscle fasciculations
Neck and face
Wasting despite good appetite
PU/PD in deer and elk

Center for Food Security and Public Health Iowa State

University - 2004

Diagnosis
Post mortem: detection of prion

Microscopic examination of brain tissue at necropsy

Live animal tests:
Tonsillar biopsy in deer

Time consuming and expensive

3rd eyelid test in sheep
Blood tests

Center for Food Security and Public Health Iowa State

University - 2004

Prevention and Control

 1989: Import restrictions

Live ruminants and

ruminant products
From countries known
to have BSE
1997
Import restrictions expanded
to include all European countries
FDA animal feed rule
Banned most mammalian proteins as food
source for ruminants
Center for Food Security and Public Health Iowa State
University - 2004

Prevention and Control

Scrapie Flock Certification Program
Voluntary
Producers-industry-states-APHIS
Certify origin in scrapie-free flock
National Accelerated Scrapie Eradication Program
Live animal testing and active slaughter
Animal tracing/animal identification
Clean-up strategies including genotyping

Center for Food Security and Public Health Iowa State

University - 2004