PART 1

(a) (i)
An optimization problem consists of maximizing or minimizing a real
function by systematically choosing input values from within an allowed set and
computing the value of the function. The generalization of optimization theory
and techniques to other formulations comprises a large area of applied
mathematics. More generally, optimization includes finding "best available"
values of some objective function given a defined domain (or a set of
constraints), including a variety of different types of objective functions and
different types of domains.

Given: a function f : A

R from some set A to the real numbers

Sought: an element x0 in A such that

f(x0) f(x) for all x in A (minimization)

such that f(x0) f(x) for all x in A (maximization)

(a)(ii)
Global (or Absolute) Maximum and Minimum
The maximum or minimum over the entire function is called an "Absolute" or
"Global" maximum or minimum.

There is only one global maximum (and one global minimum) but there can be
more than one local maximum or minimum.

Assuming this function continues downwards to left or right:

The Global Maximum is about 3.7

The Global Minimum is Infinity

(a)(iii)
Local Maximum and Minimum
Functions can have "hills and valleys": places where they reach a minimum or
maximum value.

It may not be the minimum or maximum for the whole function, but locally it
is.

Local Maximum
First we need to choose an interval:

Then we can say that a local maximum is the point where:

The height of the function at "a" is greater than (or equal to) the height
anywhere else in that interval.

Or, more briefly:

f(a) f(x) for all x in the interval
In other words, there is no height greater than f(a).
Note: f(a) should be inside the interval, not at one end or the other.

Local Minimum
Likewise, a local minimum is:
f(a) f(x) for all x in the interval

PART 2
(a)

y
Answer:
4x+2y= 200
2x+y= 100
y= 100-2x

x= -

b
2a

100
2(2)

= 25 m

When x = 25 m, substitute x in y
y = 100-2(25) = 50 m

MAXIMUM AREA =
25m x 50m
= 1250

m2

(b)
30-2h Area= xy

Substitute2

1in

Area= x(100-2x)
= 100x- 2 x
= - 2x

a = -2

+100x

b = 100

30-2h
Volume = L x W x H (length x width x height)
=

(302h)2

xh

biggest volume = maximum value =

2

(900-60h-60h+ 4 h
2

( 4h

isipadu =

4h

-120h+900)h
2

- 120 h

dv
dx

V =

)h

+900h

=0

12 h2 -240h+900 = 0

(302h)2

(h-5)(h-15) = 0
h = 15
h=5
when h = 15,
3

4 (15)

when h = 5,
2

-120 (15)

4 (5)

+ 900(15)

-120 (5)

900(5)
= 0 (minimum)

Largest possible volume : 2000

= 2000

cm

cm 3

(maximum)

PART 3
(a)(i)

10

11

12

24

90

180

270

335

360

335

270

180

90

24

Based on the graph,

(ii) The number of people at 3.30 pm are 3600.

(iii) The number of people in the mall at 7.30 pm

(iv) The time when the people in the mall reaches 2570 are 1:21 pm and 5:39
pm. are 900.

FOREWARD
I am thankful that this Additional Mathematics Project can be done just in
time. For this, I would like to seize the opportunity to express my sincere
gratitude for those who had been helping me during my work.

First and foremost, I would like to say a big thank you to my Additional
Mathematics teacher, Puan Ruslina Binti Ahmad for giving me information about
my project work. We had some difficulties in doing this task, but she taught us patiently
until we knew what to do. She tried and tried to teach us until we understand what we
supposed to do with the project work. On the other hand, I would also like to thank my
principle, Tuan Haji Addenan Bin Osman for give me the permission to carry out
this project.

Also, I would like to thank my parents. They had brought me the things
that I needed during the project work was going on. Not only that, they also
provided me with the nice suggestion on my project work so that I had not meet
the dead and throughout this project.

Lastly, I would like to say thank you to my beloved friends and the modern
access in our daily life. They were helpful that when we combined and discussed
together, we had this task done. All of my relevant information come from my friends
and the internet. I managed to use all these access in our daily life, such as:
computer to finish my Additional Mathematics project.

FOREWARD

I am thankful that this Additional Mathematics Project can be done just in

time. For this, I would like to seize the opportunity to express my sincere
gratitude for those who had been helping me during my work.

First and foremost, I would like to say a big thank you to my Additional
Mathematics teacher, Puan for giving me information about my project work. We
had some difficulties in doing this task, but she taught us patiently until we knew what to do.
She tried and tried to teach us until we understand what we supposed to do with the project
work. On the other hand, I would also like to thank my dear principle, Puan Siti
Dinar for give me the permission to carry out this project.

Also, I would like to thank my parents. They had brought me the things
that I needed during the project work was going on. Not only that, they also
provided me with the nice suggestion on my project work so that I had not meet
the dead and throughout this project.

Lastly, I would like to say thank you to my friends and the modern access
in our daily life. They were helpful that when we combined and discussed together, we
had this task done. All of my relevant information come from my friends and the
internet. I managed to use all these access in our daily life, such as: computer to
finish my Additional Mathematics project.

CONCLUSION
After doing research, answering question, drawing graph, making
conjecture, conclusion and some problem solving, I realize that Additional
Mathematics is very important in daily life. This project also helped expose the
techniques of application of additional mathematics in real life situations. While
conducting this project, a lot of information that I found.
About this project, overall, is quite joyful and interesting because I need to
plan it carefully and systematic because it is about my future. Apart from that,
this project encourages the student to work together and share their knowledge.
It is also encourage student to gather information from the internet,
improve thinking skills and promote effective mathematical communication. In
fact, the further exploration is a good session because it can open my mind
about linear programming and quadratic function.
In a nutshell, I can apply the concept and skills that I had in solving
problems in Additional Mathematics, I think this project is very beneficial for all
students. Last but not least, I proposed this project should be continue because it
brings a lot of moral values to the student and also test the students
understanding in Additional Mathematics.

CONTENTS
BIL.
1

CONTENTS
OBJECTIVE

2
3

FOREWARD
INTRODUCTION

PART 1

PART 2

PART 3

FURTHER

EXPLORATION
8
9

REFLECTION
CONCLUSION

OBJECTIVES
The aims of carrying out this project work are :

# to apply and adapt a variety of problem-solving strategies to

solve problems;
# to improve thinking skills;

# to promote effective mathematical communication;

# to develop mathematical knowledge through problem solving in

a way that increases students interest and confidence;

# to use the language of mathematics to express mathematical

ideas precisely;

# to provide learning environment that stimulates and enhances

effective learning;

#to develop positive attitude towards mathematics.

FURTHER EXPLORATION
(a)

Linear programming was developed as a discipline in the 1940's,motivated

initially by the need to solve complex planning problems in wartime operations.

Its development accelerated rapidly in the postwar period as many industries
found valuable uses for linear programming. The founders of the subject are
generally regarded as George B. Dantzig, who devised the simplex method in
1947, and John von Neumann, who established the theory of duality that same
year. The Nobel prize in economics was awarded in 1975 to the mathematician
Leonid Kantorovich (USSR) and he economist Tjalling Koopmans (USA) for their
contributions to the theory of optimal allocation of resources, in which linear
programming played a key role. Many industries use linear programming as a
standard tool, e.g. to allocate a finite set of resources in an optimal way.
Examples of important application areas include airline crew scheduling, shipping
or telecommunication networks, oil refining and blending, and stock and bond
portfolio selection.

Linear programming can be applied to various fields of study. It is used in

business and economics, but can also be utilized for some engineering
problems. Industries that use linear programming models include
transportation, energy, telecommunications, and manufacturing.

The simplex method. The simplex method has been the standard
technique for solving a linear program since the 1940's. In brief, the simplex
method passes from vertex to vertex on the boundary of the feasible polyhedron,
repeatedly increasing the objective function until either an optimal solution is
found, or it is established that no solution exists. In principle, the time required
might be an exponential function of the number of variables, and this can
happen in some contrived cases. In practice, however, the method is highly
efficient, typically requiring a number of steps which is just a small multiple of
the number of variables. Linear programs in thousands or even millions of
variables are routinely solved using the simplex method on modern computers.

Efficient, highly sophisticated implementations are available in the form of

computer software packages.

Interior-point methods. In 1979, Leonid Khaciyan presented the

ellipsoid method, guaranteed to solve any linear program in a number of steps
which is a polynomial function of the amount of data defining the linear program.
Consequently, the ellipsoid method is faster than the simplex method in
contrived cases where the simplex method performs poorly. In practice, however,
the simplex method is far superior to the ellipsoid method. In 1984, Narendra
Karmarkar introduced an interior-point method for linear programming,
combining the desirable theoretical properties of the ellipsoid method and
practical advantages of the simplex method. Its success initiated an explosion in
the development of interior-point methods. These do not pass from vertex to
vertex, but pass only through the interior of the feasible region. Though this
property is easy to state, the analysis of interior-point methods is a subtle
subject which is much less easily understood than the behaviour of the simplex
method. Interior-point methods are now generally considered competitive with
the simplex method in most, though not all, applications, and sophisticated
software packages implementing them are now available. Whether they will
ultimately replace the simplex method in industrial applications is not clear.

An essential component of both the simplex and interior-point methods is

the solution of systems of linear equations, which use techniques developed by
C.F. Gauss and A. Cholesky in the 18th and 19th centuries. Important
generalizations of linear programming include integer programming, quadratic
programming, nonlinear programming and stochastic programming.

Cabinets

Cost

Area,

100 x

0.6

0.8

200

0.8

1.2

X
Y

0
7

x+ 2 y 14

1
y 7 x
2
8
3

4
5

X
y

0
9

III. 0.6 x+ 0.8 y 7.2

Volume,

100

+ 200 y 1400

i) a) Linear Inequalities

II.

3
y 9 x
4
8
3

4
6

ii) Method 1 :

0.8 x+1.2 y=m

0.8 x+1.2 y=12

1.2 y =0.8 x +12

y=

2
x+10
3

X
Y

3
8

9
4

Maximum point (8,3)

0.8(8) + 1.2(3) = 10 m

Method 2 :
Coordinate (4,5)
0.8(4) + 1.2(5) = 9.2 m

Coordinate (8,3)
0.8(8) + 1.2(3) = 10 m

Hence, coordinate (8,3) have a

maximum storage volume.

iii)
Combination
s
Cabinet X

Cabinet Y

9.2

8.8

9.6

9.2

10

9.6

6.4

6.2

6.8

6.6

7.2

7.0

1400

1300

1400

1300

1400

1300

Space, m
Area,

Cost, RM

Combination b (5,4)

Combination a (4,5)

Space, 0.8(4)+1.2(5) = 9.2 m

Space, 0.8(5)+1.2(4) = 8.8

m3
Area, 0.6(4) + 0.8(5) = 6.4 m

Area, 0.6(5) + 0.8(4) = 6.2

Cost, 100(4) + 200(5) = RM1400

RM1300

Cost, 100(5) + 200(4) =

Combination d (7,3)

Combination c(6,4)
Space, 0.8(6)+1.2(4) = 9.6 m

Space, 0.8(7)+1.2(3) =9.2

m3
Area, 0.6(6) + 0.8(4) = 6.8 m

Area, 0.6(7) + 0.8(3) = 6.6

m2
Cost, 100(6) + 200(4) = RM1400
RM1300

Combination e(8,3)

Cost, 100(7) + 200(3) =

Combination f (9,2)

Space, 0.8(8)+1.2(3) = 10 m

Space, 0.8(9)+1.2(2) = 9.6

Area, 0.6(8) + 0.8(3) = 7.2 m

Area, 0.6(9) + 0.8(2) = 7

.0 m2
Cost, 100(8) + 200(3) = RM1400

Cost, 100(9) + 200(2) = RM1300

i Based on the table, I choose combination e which is cabinet x = 8 and

3

cabinet y = 3 because it has larger space than others with 10 m , larger area
than others with 7.2 m
1400.

and an allocation of the cost is enough which is RM

REFLECTION
From this project, I learnt the importance of perseverance as time had
been invested to ensure the completion and excellence of this project. Similarly, I
learnt the virtue of working together as I have helped and received help from my
fellow peers in the production of this project as sharing knowledge is vital in
achieving a single goal. Also, I learnt to be thankful and appreciative. This is
because, I able to apply my mathematical knowledge in daily life and appreciate
the beauty of mathematics. All and all, I have spent countless hours doing this
project. I realized that this subject is a compulsory to me. Without it, I cant fulfill
my big dreams and wishes.
It always makes me wonder why
This subject is so difficult for me
I always tried to love every part of it..It always an absolute obstacle for me..
Throughout the day and night
I sacrified precious time to have fun
And even the weekend that I always looking
Forward to go out with my family
I had spent to do my project..
But, when I have completed it..
I found that Additional Mathematics is interesting..
So, from now on,
I will do my best on every second
That I will learn
Additional Mathematics

SEKOLAH BERASRAMA PENUH

INTEGRASI RAWANG

ADDITIONAL MATHEMATICSS
PROJECT 2015
Name

: Aina Zafirah Binti

Radzuan
Class :5

Jannatul Khuldi
IC Number : 980126-08-5924
Teachers Name : Puan Ruslina Binti
Ahmad

SEKOLAH MENENGAH SAINS HULU

SELANGOR

Additional Mathematicss
Project 2015
Name: Muhammad Aqishrey Qayyim bin
Karmizi
Class : 5 Ehsan
IC Number : 980429-10-6307
Teachers Name :

INTRODUCTION
In mathematics, the maximum and minimum of function, known
collectively as extrema are the largest and smallest value that the function
takes at a point either within a given neighbourhood (local or relative
extremum). Pierre de Fermat was one of the first mathematicians to
propose a general technique (called adequality) for finding maxima and
minima. To locate extreme values is the basic objectives of optimization.
In Linear Programming, or sometimes is known as Linear Optimization is a
method to achieve the best outcomes (maximum and minimum) in a
mathematical model whose requirements are represented by linear
relationships.