The Electronic Library

Adoption of information and communication technology (ICT) in academic libraries: A

strategy for library networking in Nigeria
Okon E. Ani Jacob E. Esin Nkoyo Edem

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Okon E. Ani Jacob E. Esin Nkoyo Edem, (2005),"Adoption of information and communication technology
(ICT) in academic libraries", The Electronic Library, Vol. 23 Iss 6 pp. 701 - 708
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Adoption of information and

communication technology (ICT)
in academic libraries

Adoption of ICT
in academic
libraries

A strategy for library networking in Nigeria

701

Okon E. Ani, Jacob E. Esin and Nkoyo Edem

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Library Department, University of Calabar, Calabar, Nigeria

Abstract
Purpose This study aims to investigate the extent of adoption of information and communication
technology (ICT) in university libraries in Nigeria.
Design/methodology/approach Postal survey was the instrument used for data collection.
Almost 60 per cent of the University Librarians out of the 29 university libraries surveyed completed
their questionnaires.
Findings The results of the survey show that only six university libraries are fully computerized,
nine are about to be computerized; seven of the surveyed libraries have installed local area networks,
five have online public access catalogue and only four libraries provide internet service. The major
obstacles that influence effective adoption of ICT in university libraries are inadequate funds and the
poor state of electricity in Nigeria.
Practical implications The federal government should increase the present level of funding of
Nigerian university to improve the library development fund, which is the major source of funding
available to university libraries. The poor state of electricity in Nigeria should also be improved by the
federal government for sustainable adoption of ICT by university libraries.
Originality/value The paper proposes that computer networking of university libraries is feasible
and recommends the development of the Nigerian university libraries network and academic libraries
network.
Keywords Nigeria, University libraries, Communication technologies, Library networks
Paper type Research paper

Introduction
The academic library environment is in a state of transition in terms of resources and
users; many information sources once available only in print are now available in print,
CD-ROM, online and other sources; other sources may only be available in electronic
form (Abels et al., 1996). The observed transition is apparently necessitated by the
emergence of the modern information and communication technology (ICT) and its
unprecedented impacts on the provision of library services. Therefore, the use of
information technology (computers, telecommunication, reprography, etc.) has a
special role in the modernization of library practices. Hence, with ICT, such things as
electronic cataloguing, electronic online public access catalogues (OPACs), electronic
acquisition and serials control, electronic circulation functions, electronic distribution
of commercial publications, electronic availability of raw data, multimedia information
delivery systems, digitised collections and online textbooks are all now practicable
with a higher degree of user satisfaction (Ajayi, 2002; Abels et al., 1996). The
importance of CD-ROM as a medium of providing information to researchers and

The Electronic Library

Vol. 23 No. 6, 2005
pp. 701-708
q Emerald Group Publishing Limited
0264-0473
DOI 10.1108/02640470510635782

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702

scholars is obvious. One advantage of CD-ROMs is that most of them have search
software with networking capabilities that can allow access to more than one library
users. Similarly, the availability of e-mail and internet facilities in academic libraries
offers a wide range of access to information globally without geographical barrier and
timely too. In view of this, librarians and library users in Nigeria now want to send
e-mails or browse websites on the internet (Omoniwa, 2001).
It is in recognition of this, that universities have begun to developed IT and IS
strategies to deal with the need to respond to rapid changes in technology which affect
content of nearly every course; graduates must be up to date with the latest system and
software if they are to keep pace with the current demands in the knowledge economy
(Gallimore, 1996). The panacea to this problem lies in effective adoption of ICT in
academic libraries. Through ICT libraries users can have access to variety of
information available on computer networks and online services across the globe. Thus
Omoniwa (2001) has posited that in the twenty-first century, globalization of
information and the adoption of information technology will be the hallmark of great
libraries. The size of libraries or their collections may not be the benchmark but rather
accessibility to the major thrust of the library automation. For any library to derive
maximum benefit in this information age, it has to be online.
Networking of academic libraries in Nigeria
The use of library networks to facilitate library cooperation and resource sharing
cannot be overemphasized; hence the need for the adoption and provision of electronic
or computer networks in academic libraries. Gallimore (1996) explained that electronic
networks are vital for the future of information provision in libraries, and that the
networks must be flexible to provide a wide range of services for users and staff.
Accordingly, Hayden (1998) enumerated different reasons of setting up computer
networks in libraries including: increase in efficiency; standardization of policies,
procedures, and practices among network users; bringing together diverse ideas and
issues into forum, where they can be addressed in global fashion rather than in a
haphazard, case-by-case fashion; and ensuring that information is redundant in
other words, that it exists in more than one mind (or computer) at a time.
Such reasons led Okebukola (2002) to propose that, since no single library in Nigeria
can ever be totally sufficient in terms of its acquisition, there is a need for networking
of academic libraries in the country, which will ensure that network members make up
for the short falls from the strength of others. Collections that are not available in a
given library can be accessed from another library having such collections within the
framework of a network. The pooled resources are, therefore, made available
electronically to each library site through ICT. Library networks will also support
remote access, in which Nigerian researchers can potentially access information
resources any where in the world. With the adoption of ICT, World Bank (2002)
commented that it is likely that economic benefit of networking will become even
greater in the future particularly in Nigerian academic environment.
State of ICT in Africa
A number of research studies have been carried out to investigate the state of ICTs in
Africa, Nigeria in particular (Alemna et al., 2000; Omoniwa, 2001; Oketunji et al., 2002;
Alabi, 1985). Alemna et al. (2000) explored the ICT availability in the University of

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Ghana Library (UGL) and the University of Zambia Library (UNZA) and reported that
the introduction of ICT had followed different timing and patterns at UGL and UNZA.
Their study showed the availability of CD-ROM, e-mail and internet services at both
libraries. Omoniwa (2001) traced the attempt to computerize Kashim Ibrahim Library
at Ahmadu Bello University from 1972 to 2001 and discussed the problems that had
militated against the computerization effort. Oketunji et al. (2002) in their research were
concerned in determining the state and future of ICT in libraries and information
services in Nigeria.
This present study is similar to that of Oketunjis but with primary focus on
academic libraries university libraries, in particular. The choice of university
libraries is premeditated by the work of Alabi (1985) whose study focused on seven
university libraries in Nigeria which were using manual circulation systems at the
time, but were contemplating the introduction of automated systems. What is the
current state of computerization activities of these and other university libraries in
Nigeria? is the basic question this current study will attempt to proffer answers to.

Adoption of ICT
in academic
libraries
703

ICT in Nigerian university libraries

The evolution, development and advances in modern ICTs have brought in a dramatic
and an unprecedented revolution in library profession and practice. This study seeks to
answer question bothering on the reaction of academic library environment in Nigeria
to these phenomenal and global changes in the practice of librarianship. In other
words, the study investigates the extent of adoption of ICT in Nigerian university
libraries as modern tools of providing library services to users in the global setting.
The study also explores the sources of fund available for ICT and factors that impede
effective adoption of ICT in these libraries.
A postal survey was the instrument used to collect data from all the 29 university
librarians in both federal and state universities in Nigeria. A total of 17 duly completed
questionnaires (representing 58.62 per cent response rate) were received and used for
data analysis.
Regarding the extent of computerization of university libraries, the results in Table I
show that, out of the 17 responded university libraries, only six of them are fully
computerized (i.e. use ICT to provide traditional library services). These libraries are the
Kenneth Dike Library, University of Ibadan; University of Jos Library; Nnamdi Azikiwe
Library, University of Nigeria, Nsukka; University Library, Federal University of
Technology, Minna; Olabisi Onabanjo University Library, Ogun State; and University
Library, Federal University of Technology, Akure. Of the remainder, nine libraries are
about to be computerized, and two libraries plan to be computerized.
Windows NT and MSDOS are the most commonly used operating systems among
the computerized university libraries while TINLIB is the most popular library
software (Table II).
Extent of computerization
Computerized
Not computerized (i.e. no immediate plan for computerization)
About to be computerized
Planned to be computerized

Response
6
0
9
2

Table I.
Extent of
computerization of
university libraries

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704

In Table III, the results of the survey show that cataloguing of library materials ranks
first among computerized library tasks with all computerized libraries doing it, then
circulation (five libraries) and serials control. There is relative improvement on the
number of university libraries that have computerized their serials control, as Alabi
(1985) had reported only two libraries. The massive computerization of cataloguing,
circulation and serials control vividly explains the need to have effective and efficient
bibliographic control of available materials in these libraries. The observed results
particularly emphasized the importance of cataloguing in the practice of librarianship.
Other tasks that are also computerized as specified by the respondents include
reference services and reserved books collection.
The results of the extent of IT-based library services provided by the surveyed
university libraries for their users are shown in Table IV. The results show that the
major IT-based service provided by these libraries is the CD-ROM search; ten
university libraries provide this access. This is followed by reprographic
(photocopying) service (nine) before the OPAC which is provided by five university

Operating system/library software

Table II.
Operating system/library
software used by
computerized libraries

No. of libraries that use it

Windows NT
MSDOS
LINUX
TINLIB
GLASS
X-LIB

3
3
1
4
2
2

Library task

Table III.
Computerization of
library tasks among the
six computerized libraries

Acquisition
Cataloguing
Circulation
Serials control
Administration
Other (specify)

IT-based library service

Table IV.
IT-based library services

Response

CD-ROM databases
OPAC
E-mail
Internet
Facsimile (fax)
Reprography
Other (specify)

4
6
5
5
2
2

Computerized library
6
3
2
1
0
3
0

Response
About to be computerized library
4
2
2
3
1
6
0

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libraries, namely Olabisi Onabanjo University Library, University of Jos Library;

Jos; and University Library, Federal University of Technology, Akure; others are
Bayero University Library, Kano and University Library, Abubakar Tafawa Balewa
University, Bauchi. Internet services are provided by only four university libraries:
University of Jos Library; Bayero University Library, Kano; University Library,
Abubakar Tafawa Balewa University, Bauchi and University of Calabar Library,
Calabar, respectively. The result of the study is consistent with that of Omoniwa (2001)
who found out that discussion within the university libraries in Nigeria have for
sometime been pointing to the direction of linking to the internet, and that Kenneth
Dike Library Ibadan provides a good example of places where efforts are geared
towards this goal though many university libraries are yet to join the internet and
the information superhighway. However, the present study shows that arrangements
are in the pipeline to provide internet and e-mail services at Kenneth Dike Library.
Apparently facsimile (fax) is the least IT-based service which is not patronized by the
surveyed university libraries except Bayero University Library, Kano.
The respondents were asked if they have installed computer networks (such as local
area network LAN) in their libraries. The findings show that installation of LAN is a
common feature and practice among the six computerized libraries except one: Olabisi
Onabanjo University Library, Ogun State. In addition, two other libraries that are
about to be computerized: Bayero University Library, Kano and University Library,
Abubakar Tafawa Balewa, Bauchi have also installed LANs. The availability of
computer networks in Nigerian university libraries explains the appreciation of ICT
in information dissemination and resource sharing, besides increased in staff
productivity. It is cost effective because library management can provide (for instance)
central printing system through LAN amongst other benefits derivable from
networking such as easy communication between staff and management, which
further enhances effective decision-making. When different units (acquisition,
cataloging, circulation, etc. have a common computerized and bibliographic
database) in a particular library through networking, the benefits can, therefore, be
better imagined (Hayden, 1998).

Adoption of ICT
in academic
libraries
705

Sources of funding for ICT in university libraries

Table V shows different sources of funds available for the adoption of ICT in
university libraries in Nigeria, and the common available source is the university
library fund (LDF). The second major source of funding is the special grant by federal
government/National University Commission (NUC)/education tax fund (ETF) to
different university libraries while the special grant by well-placed individuals/alumni
Source of fund
LDF
Special fund/grant by the university management
Special grant by federal government/NUC/ETF
Special grant by international organization (e.g. UNESCO)
Special grant by well placed individuals/alumni
Special grant by corporate organizations/companies (e.g. Mobil)
Other (specify)

Response
13
3
6
3
1
2
2

Table V.
Sources of funds for
adoption of ICT in
university libraries

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has the least ranking. Respondents specifically remark on ETF as one of their major
sources of funding library computerization. The survey finding is plausible and
consistent with a Osunde and Obayuwana (2002) report that, the University of Benin
has embarked on a N57million expansion of its central library just as it began a
gradual computerization of its library services; that the fund for the expansion is being
provided by the ETF.

706

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Factors influencing effective adoption of ICT in university libraries

The study results in Table VI show that the major factors militating against effective
adoption of ICT in Nigerian university libraries is inadequate funding This is obvious
because these libraries basically depend on library funds LDF, which prescribes 10 per
cent of the recurrent expenditures of Nigerian universities be expended on the upkeep
of the university library as stipulated by the NUC (Salisu, 2001). The poor funding of
Nigerian universities by governments in recent times has, therefore, rendered the LDF
quite insufficient. There is also the issue of misappropriation and misapplication of the
LDF by the university managements across the country due to their limited finances,
and thus frustrating the efforts of university librarians to make effective use of LDF in
financing ICT related projects in the libraries. Another prominent factor that impedes
effective adoption of ICT in these libraries is frequent power outage. This perennial
power problem in Nigeria (Alabi, 1985; Ani and Esin, 2001) generally affects effective
adoption of ICT in university libraries. Lack of trained personnel and negative attitude
of university management on IT are important factors that also militate against
effective adoption of ICT in university libraries in Nigeria. The least ranked obstacles
are lack of awareness of IT potentials by users and the poor attitude of staff towards
library automation.
Conclusion and recommendations
The recent advances in ICTs have strengthened further the link between knowledge
and broad based development and the knowledge revolution provides an opportunity
to foster access to basic library services and improved education outcomes. Thus
effective adoption of ICT in academic libraries in Nigeria will accelerate the level of
knowledge acquisition and consequently improve national development. Notably, the
study results have confirmed the World Bank (2002) report that the majority of people
in developing countries (such as Nigeria) have no or little access to basic information
and communications networks let alone the new technology of the internet. This is
evidence by the fact that ICT is not extensively adopted among the 17 surveyed
university libraries: six are fully computerized; seven have installed computer
Factor

Table VI.
Factors that influence
effective adoption of ICT
in university libraries

Inadequate funds
Lack of trained personnel on IT
Frequent power outage
Lack of awareness of IT potentials by users
Poor attitude of staff towards library automation
Negative attitude of university management on IT
Other (specify)

Response
13
6
12
5
4
6
0

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networks LANs; five provide access to OPACs; and only four of the libraries provide
access to internet.
Libraries must give priority to ICT if they are to continue in the business of
providing information to the public and remain as the main point of access for
researchers/students this means then that the provision of OPACs at all service
points and access to the internet and the world wide web are vitally imperative.
The acquisition of computer networks, specifically LANs, in most of the
computerized libraries surveyed is a positive development towards the establishment
of effective regional and national academic libraries computer networks in the country.
This apparently will ensure standardization of policies, procedures and library
practices among the network users; besides, the dire need to communicate, share data,
share applications, etc. at the regional and national levels. The federal and state
governments, NUC in consultation with all university managements in Nigeria should,
therefore, initiate and formulate policies that will see to the emergence of a Nigerian
university library network (NULINET). NULINET will then be the foundation of
academic libraries network in Nigeria (ACALIBNET), which will eventually integrate
all academic libraries in the country. ACALIBNET will then provide a national link of
all academic resources to the internet. It is also very necessary to encourage the
emergence of regional library networks in the country. For instance, University of
Lagos Library, Lagos; University of Ibadan Library, Ibadan and Obafemi Awolowo
University, Ile-Ife with other universities in the west can form regional library
cooperation and develop relevant library networks for easy electronic resource sharing
among the participating university libraries.
However, it is encouraging to see that most of the responding university libraries
are either about to or planning to adopt ICT in the provision of library services. It is,
therefore, hopeful that the majority of university libraries in Nigeria would have
effectively computerized their library services by 2020 at the latest for the provision of
efficient library services to the academic environment. Though, this could only be
realized if the major obstacle against library computerization in the country, which
apparently is inadequate funding is effectively tackled and addressed by the major
stakeholders, particularly the federal and state governments. The federal/state
governments should generally increase the present level of funding universities in
Nigeria, as this will correspondingly improve the LDF, as most libraries depend
principally on this source for their ICT adoption. Besides, this will also help university
managements in Nigeria to minimize misapplication of LDF. The NUC should not only
review upward the LDF, but also give special grant to each university library to
supplement its ICT financial needs. Though it is obvious that most university
managements have negative attitudes toward adoption of ICT in their respective
libraries, the NUC should organize national seminars and workshops for all
vice chancellors to address this issue. These negative attitudes by university
vice chancellors must give way to positive ones to enhance rapid adoption of ICT in our
university libraries. On their part, library management in our universities should
intensify efforts to source for extra funds from corporate organizations/companies,
international organizations/agencies, individuals/alumni, etc. That only one university
library has obtained funding from individuals/alumnis to fund ICT shows that much
still need to be done in this direction by the university librarians.

Adoption of ICT
in academic
libraries
707

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(Okon E. Ani is a Librarian II in the University of Calabar Library, Calabar, Nigeria. He holds a
BSc in Physics and a MSc in Geophysics from University of Calabar, Calabar and a Master in
Information Science (MInfSc) from the University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria. He can be contacted
at: Okon Bassey, E-mail: anioedet@yahoo.com
Jacob E. Esin is a Librarian II in the University of Calabar Library, Calabar, Nigeria. He holds
a BSc in Zoology from University of Calabar, Calabar and Master in Library Science (MLS) from
the University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria.
Nkoyo Edem is a Librarian II in the University of Calabar Library, Calabar, Nigeria. She holds
a BSc in Fisheries from University of Uyo, Uyo, Nigeria and a Master in Library Science (MLS)
from University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria and currently a doctoral student at University of Uyo,
Uyo. She can be contacted at: E-mail: nkyedem@yahoo.com)

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