Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
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Topics:
Secondary Consolidation
Immediate Settlement
Total Settlement & Change of Settlement with Time
Mechanical Properties
Shear Strength
Degree of Permeability
Elastic Constants
Blow Count
Examples
Bearing Capacity Summary
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Secondary Compression Settlement "Secondary (compression) settlement is more important in organic and highly compressible inorganic soils.
In overconsolidated inorganic clays, the secondary consolidation index is very small and of less practical
importance."
Braja M. Das
Principles of Geotechnical Engineering
**Marine soils are generally overconsolidated clays or sands
"Soil disturbance decreases the coefficient of secondary compression in the range of virgin compression.
Evaluation of settlement caused by secondary compression has often not been reliable."
USACE
Settlement Analysis
Secondary Compression Settlement is generally only a concern for highly organic
material (e.g. peat)
Calculation Method
t
et C log
t
p
et
H
1 ep
H = layer thickness
1 2
I ,
E
i = immediate settlement
= surcharge (added load) at the surface
B = width or diameter of foundation
E = modulus of elasticity of soil
= Poisson's ratio
I = nondimensional influence factor
Tables from Das (1994)
Influence Factor (I) for rigid foundations
m = (length of foundation)/(width of foundation)
Circle
Rectangle
m
1
1.5
2
3
5
10
0.79
0.88 1.07 1.21 1.42 1.70 2.10
I
Modulus of Elasticity (E)
Modulus of Elasticity (E)
Type of Soil
(psi)
Soft clay
250-500
Hard clay
850-2000
Loose sand
1500-4000
Dense sand
5000-10,000
Poisson's ratio ()
Type of Soil
Loose sand
Medium sand
Dense sand
Silty sand
Soft clay
Poisson's ratio ()
0.2-0.4
0.25-0.4
0.3-0.45
0.2-0.4
0.15-0.25
20
2.46
50
3.0
100
3.43
Medium clay
0.2-0.5
Total Settlement & Change of Settlement with Time
ST(t) = St + Sst + i , ST = total settlement, St = primary consolidation settlement (function
of time), Sst = secondary compression settlement, i = immediate settlement
*** For (most) marine soils and construction, neglect secondary compression settlement
and immediate settlement
Primary Consolidation Settlement as a function of time
St
100 , U = degree of consolidation (%), S = ultimate primary
S
consolidation settlement, St = primary consolidation settlement at time t
Recall: U
= shear strength
c = cohesion strength (undrained shear strength)
' = effective stress, u H
= angle of internal friction (angle of repose)
from Das (1994)
Soil Type
Loose sand
Medium sand
Dense sand
Gravel with some sand
silt
(degrees)
27-35
30-40
35-45
34-48
26-35
hard
>8
Degree of Permeability
Degree of permeability
High
Medium
Low
Very low
Practically impermeable
> 766
k (cm/s)
> 10-1
10-3 - 10-1
10-5 - 10-3
10-7 - 10-5
< 10-7
Very loose
Loose
Medium
Dense
Very dense
0-4
4-10
10-30
30-50
>50
<2
2-4
4-8
8-15
15-30
>30
Clay
Undrained Compressive
strength (T/m2)
<2.5
Very soft
2.5-5.0
Soft
5.0-10.0
Medium
10-20
Stiff
20-40
Very stiff
>40
hard
(t = metric ton)
qc, qq, q = load contributions from cohesion, soil weight and surcharge
Nc, Nq, N = bearing capacity factors for cohesion, soil weight and surcharge
c = cohesion strength of soil
q = soil weight
G 1
w )
1 e
N 2 N q 1 tan
N c N q 1 cot , > 0
N c 2 5.14 , = 0, clay
qu
, essentially the allowable load of the structure
FS
Layered profiles will require calculating an effective B for each layer and ultimate
and allowable bearing capacities for each layer
(more later)