Pakistan Journal of Science (Vol. 62 No.

4 December, 2010)

PHYSICO-CHEMICAL STUDY OF EGYPTIAN AND COMMON WEALTH OF

INDEPENDENT STATES(CIS) LONG STAPLE COTTON AND SPINNING
POTENTIAL EVALUATION AT RING AND COMPACT SPINNING SYSTEMS
UNDER SOME MECHANICAL VARIABLES.
N. Mahmood, M. Q. Tusief, *M. Arshad and M. Azeem
Department of Fibre Technology University of Agriculture Faisalabad
Department of Irrigation and Drainage University of Agriculture Faisalabad

ABSTRACT: Different cotton varieties have different Physico-Chemical properties and play a
significant role in the quality characteristics of end product. Egyptian cotton varieties have better fibre
physical and chemical properties as compared to CIS varieties. Similarly compact spinning system
proved itself better as compared to ring spinning system to improve the strength related properties of
the yarn at low twist and high spindle speeds. Compact spinning produces a new yarn structure, as the
edge fibres are incorporated into the yarn due to the elimination of the spinning triangle, so that the
harmful effects of the spinning triangle on yarn characteristics are eliminated. The compact yarns
possess less hairiness, better strength, better uniformity and lower values of thick & thin places and
neps compared to the conventional ring-spun yarns. The present study was planned to explore the
physico-chemical study of Egyptian and CIS long staple cotton and spinning potential evaluation at
ring and compact spinning systems under some mechanical variables. This paper endeavors to
optimize the application of best combination of Twist multiplier and Spindle speeds at ring and
compact spinning system for Egyptian and CIS cotton varieties
Keywords: Physico-chemical Analysis of Egyptian and CIS cotton varieties, Mechanical Variables.
more fibre loss. However, in compact spinning, the
drafted fibres emerging from the nip line of the front
roller of the drafting arrangement are condensed in a line.
The other advantage of the compact spun system is the
fly and dust reduction in the department. The cleaning requirement is reduced when compared to conventional
ring spinning frames. The compact-spun yarns tenacity
and elongation (%) values are higher than the
conventional ones, but at the high twist level, the
elongation values of compact and conventional ring yarns
were very similar. Yarn hairiness is very important for
the weaving preparation and process, so compact
weaving yarns have more advantages than conventional
ring yarns in terms of yarn hairiness and yarn strength.
(Celik and Kadoglu, 2004).

INTRODUCTION
Egyptian cotton is the world's finest cotton
because it has some noble characteristics which set it
apart from other natural fibers. The length of the fiber
makes it possible to make the finest of yarns without
sacrificing the strength of the yarn. The strength of the
fiber makes yarn and fabric more solid and more resistant
to stress. Its ability to absorb liquids gives fabrics made
of Egyptian cotton deeper, brighter and more resistant
colors. Its softness feels like nothing else in the world.
Egyptian cotton is hand picked which guarantees the
highest levels of purity (Anonymous, 2007). CIS cotton
is grown in fifteen independent states; Uzbekistan is the
major CIS cotton producer having its share about 60
percent of total production and is the second largest
producer. Tajikistan is famous for fine extra-long staple
cotton varieties (Islam, 1995). Along with the good
quality of cotton, different spinning techniques also have
significant impact on the quality of the yarn and fabric.
Compact spinning technology has been gaining much
more interest since its first commercial introduction by
International Textile Market Association (ITMA)-Paris in
1999. It is a modified ring spinning process which has
special advantages and can be used in both short and long
staple yarn spinning areas. In this system the spinning
triangle is reduced to its elimination. Because the high
area of spinning triangle is unfavorable for getting more
and more fibres in the yarn cross section and provide

MATERIAL AND METHODS

The present research work was initiated in the
Department of Fibre Technology, University of
Agriculture, Faisalabad. The chemical tests were carried
out in the Institute of Animal Nutrition and Feed
Technology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad and
Spinning of samples were performed and tested at Nishat
Textile Mills Limited, Sheikhupura Road Faisalabad. The
details of materials used and methods applied to test the
various quality characteristics of the raw material and
ultimate yarn samples are given here under.

Pakistan Journal of Science (Vol. 62 No. 4 December, 2010)

Materials : The lint cotton samples of Egyptian cotton
varieties Giza 70, Giza 86, Giza 88 and CIS cotton
varieties Elisa, Sultop and Surex were collected from the
running stock of the mills. Physical characteristics of
cotton fibres i.e. staple length, length uniformity index,
fibre strength; fibre fineness and fibre elongation (%)
were estimated by High Volume Instrument (HVI900SA), A fibre testing system manufactured by M/S
Zellweger Uster Ltd. (Switzerland) according to ASTM
Standards (2008).

All yarn samples were tested for the following

physical properties according to the standard methods
given as under.

FIBRE CHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS

Yarn preparation: The following variables were

selected for making yarn of 80s count.

Yarn Evenness and hairiness: Yarn evenness (U%) and

hairiness were determined by measuring the variation in
capacity occurring as the yarn passes through the
measuring slots according the procedure as given in the
manual of Uster Evenness Tester-4 (UT-4).
YARN CHARACTERISTICS

Cellulose Content:: Cellulose content was estimated by

the method as described by AOAC. (1990). The
Cellulose content of cotton was calculated using the
following formula.

Atmospheric Conditions The testing work was carried

out under the standard laboratory conditions, which were
maintained at (652) % relative humidity and (202) C
temperature.

Cellulose% = Oven dry wt. after treatment - Ash wt. 100

Total Dry Sample weight

Analysis of Data: Completely Randomized Design was

applied in the analysis of variance of data for testing the
differences among various quality characteristics as
suggested by Faqir (2004). Duncans Multiple Range test
was also applied for individual comparison of means
among various quality characters. The data were
subjected to statistical manipulation on computer by
employing M-Stat microcomputer program as devised by
Freed (1992)

Pectin Content: The percentage of pectin was

determined by extraction of pectin substances with 0.05
N HCL and pectin substances were calculated as calcium
pectate, after precipitation from HCL extracted with
calcium oxide. The estimation was made according to the
detail given by Kertesz (1961).
Protein Content: The percentage of protein in raw
cotton was estimated by determining total nitrogen by
Kjeldahls method. In this method, first the percentage of
nitrogen was calculated by the following formula

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF COTTON

N % age =Vol. of acid used 0.0014 Vol. of sample 100

Wt. of sample (gm) 10 ml of diluted sample

Span Length: Egyptian cotton varieties showed

significant differences from each other. The range of
fibre length for the tested varieties was found between
32.77 to 35.56 mm. The highest value of 35.56 was
recorded for Giza-70 followed by Giza-88 and Giza 86
with their mean values as 34.80 and 32.77 mm
respectively. These results were very close with those
recorded by Basu and Chellamani (2006) who noted the
staple length value 34.35 and 32.47 mm for Egyptian
cotton varieties Giza-70 and Giza-86, respectively. The
results also match with El-Sayed and Sanad (2007) who
measured that Giza-70, Giza-86 and Giza-88 have staple
length values, 35.50, 33.00 and 35.20, respectively. He
further stated that Giza-86 falls in the category of long
staple cotton. Among other long staple Egyptian cotton
varieties Giza-86 has the longest fibre length in this
category. CIS cotton varieties showed significant
differences from each other. The range of staple length
for the selected varieties was found between 32.77 to
33.27 mm. The highest value of 33.27 was recorded for
Surex followed by Elisa and Sultop with their mean
values as 33.02 and 32.77 mm, respectively. These
finding are in close agreement with the results of Islam
(1995)who stated that CIS cotton varieties ranged from

Then it was multiplied by 6.25 (constant factor)

to get protein, according to the detail given in AO AC
(1990).
Wax Content: The wax content was estimated by the
method as prescribed by AOAC (1990). The amount of
wax was represented on the basis of original cotton
weight.
Ash Content Ash content was determined by the method
as by adopted and recommended by AOAC (1990). The
amount of ash was calculated on the basis of original
cotton weight.

Cotton variety (C)

Egyptian
cotton
C1= Giza70
C2 = Giza86
C3= Giz 88

CIS
cotton
C4 = Elisa
C5=Sultop
C6= Surex

Twist
multiplier
T.M (T)

Spindle
speed (S)

Spinning
system
(M)

T1 = 3.6
T2 = 3.7
T3 = 3.8

S1= 20000
S2 = 21000
S3 = 22000

M1=Ring
M2=Compa
ct

Pakistan Journal of Science (Vol. 62 No. 4 December, 2010)

32.50 to 34.00 mm. Fibre length is the principle character
of cotton, which has a close correlation with other
properties and due to its natural behavior it varies not
only between verities but with in the same boll .

for fibre strength, CIS cotton varieties differed

significantly from each other. The range of fibre strength
for the selected varieties was found between 35.80 to
36.50 g /tex. The highest value of 36.50 was recorded for
Sultop followed by Elisa and Surex with their mean
values as 36.10 and 35.80 g/tex respectively. Different
findings have been reported about fibre strength by some
researchers, Malik and Hussain (2007) discussed that the
range of fibre strength for CIS cotton varieties lies
between 32.30 to 36.80 g /tex. The fibre strength is
positively correlated to fibre fineness value as koo and
Suh(2005) resulted that micronaire showed strong
positive correlation with single fibre strength,
independently of the diameter and negative correlation
with single fibre elongation at the end of each spinning
process. That is why Egyptian cotton has more fibre
strength as compared to that of CIS varieties as shown in
table 1.

Length Uniformity Index: Egyptian cotton varieties

showed non-significant differences from each other. The
range of length uniformity index for the selected varieties
was found between 86.70 to 88.00 percent. The highest
value of 88.00 was recorded for Giza-88 followed by
Giza-70 and Giza-86 with their mean values as 87.90 and
86.70 percent, respectively. These results stood close to
those of El-Sayed and Sanad (2007) who reported that
length uniformity index values for Giza-70, Giza-86 and
Giza-88 were 87.0, 87.0 and 86.7, respectively. Similarly,
Elshakankery et al. (2008) reported that extra long staple
cotton varieties Giza-70 and Giza-88 have uniformity (%)
values as 87.5 and 88.0, respectively. While CIS cotton
varieties differed significantly from each other in aspect
of length uniformity index. The range of length
uniformity index for the selected varieties was found
between 84.90 to 85.80 percent. The highest value of
85.80 was recorded for Sultop followed by Elisa and
Surex with their mean values as 85.0 and 84.90 percent
respectively. These results stand close to those of
Grigoryev (2003) who found that length uniformity
value, while comparing different cotton varieties, were
between 82.8 to 87.8 %. Similarly, Malik and Hussain
(2007) measured the length uniformity value as 83.50 and
85.30 for CIS (Elisa) and CIS (Sultop). Uniformity index
is closely related to the staple length of cotton fibre as;
Tayyab (2001) explained that uniformity index increased
significantly with the increase of staple length. Lower
micronaire values yielded the less uniformity index and
the highest value of fibre length showed best uniformity
index. Hence Egyptian cotton, having more fibre length
as shown in Table1, has more uniformity index as
compared to that of CIS varities.

Fibre Fineness: The analysis of data regarding fibre

fineness of cotton varieties for Egyptian viz., Giza 70,
Giza 86, Giza 88 and CIS viz., Elisa, Sultop and Surex
presented in table-1 revealed that the differences between
the samples of these varieties studied for fibre fineness
were non-significant. On further comparison of
individual mean values as given in table-1 for fibre
fineness, Egyptian cotton varieties differed nonsignificantly from each other. The range of fibre fineness
for the selected varieties was found between 4.10 to 4.50
g/inch. The highest value of 4.50 was recorded for Giza86 followed by Giza-70 and Giza-88 with their mean
values as 4.30 and 4.10 g/inch respectively. The present
results for fibre fineness were closer to Mohamed et al.
(2003) who stated that Egyptian cotton variety Giza-88 is
characterized by its extra long staple with 35.0-36.1 mm
at 2.5% span length and 17.2-18.8 mm at 50% mean
length and 4.3-4.5 micronaire reading. On further
comparison of individual mean values as given in table-1
for fibre fineness, CIS cotton varieties differed
significantly from each other. The range of fibre fineness
for the selected varieties was found 4.20 to 4.60. The
fineness value of 4.60 was recorded for Sultop followed
by Elisa and Surex with their mean values as 4.30 and
4.20 g/inch respectively. The present results were
supported by the findings of Grigoryev (2003) who
confirmed that the micronaire value for Russian cotton
varieties ranged from 3.7 to 5.1 g/inch. Similarly, Liu et
al. (2001) mentioned that fibre fineness is the most
essential cotton fibre quality parameter, which determines
quality of the product and market value of yarn. Fibre
strength is positively correlated to fibre fineness values
and maturity, as well diameter of the fibre. This all
predicts the better characteristics of the end product.

Fibre Strength: The analysis of data regarding fibre

strength of cotton varieties for Egyptian viz., Giza 70,
Giza 86, Giza 88 and CIS viz., Elisa, Sultop and Surex
presented in table-1 revealed that the differences between
the samples of these varieties studied for fibre strength
were highly significant. On further comparison of
individual mean values for fibre strength, Egyptian cotton
varieties differed significantly from each other. The range
of fibre strength for the selected varieties was found
between 40.0 to 41.0 g/tex. The highest value of 41.0 was
recorded for Giza-88 followed by Giza-86 and Giza-70
with their mean values as 40.30 and 40.0 g/tex,
respectively. The results are very close to those
investigated by El-Sayed and Sanad (2007) who
investigated that the range of fibre strength for Egyptian
long stapled cotton varieties varies between 35.0 to 45.0
g/tex, while for extra long staple cotton it varies between
45.0 to 47.0 g/tex. The mean values as given in table-1

Fibre Elongation (%): The analysis of data regarding

fibre elongation (%) of cotton varieties for Egyptian viz.,

Pakistan Journal of Science (Vol. 62 No. 4 December, 2010)

Giza 70, Giza 86, Giza 88 and CIS viz., Elisa, Sultop and
Surex presented in table-1 revealed that the differences
between the samples of these varieties studied for fibre
elongation (%) were highly significant. On further
comparison of individual mean values as given in table-1
for fibre elongation (%), Egyptian cotton varieties
differed significantly from each other. The range of fibre
elongation (%) for the selected varieties was found
between 5.10 to 6.70 %. The highest value of 6.70 was
recorded for Giza-86 followed by Giza-70 and Giza-88
with their mean values as 5.50 and 5.10 % respectively.

89.35 to 90.00 percent. The highest value of 90.00 was

recorded for Sultop followed by Elisa and Surex with
their mean values as 89.50 and 89.35 percent
respectively. It was because of large percentage of
cellulose that cotton is such a versatile and widely used
material. From table 2, it is clear that Egyptian cotton
varieties showed better cellulose content as compared to
that of CIS varieties. Because of this Egyptian Cotton
varieties Showed better results in respect of span length,
fibre uniformity index and fibre finess as stated by Khan(
1994).

The results are aggregating with El-Sayed and

Sanad (2007) noted the range for Extra long stapled
Egyptian cotton was 5.40 to 5.80 and for long staple
Egyptian cotton varieties it was between 6.40 to 7.80.
The results were also confirmed by Malik and Hussain
(2007) who found that Egypt (Giza 88) has lowest
elongation % and also it was found to have very good
fibre strength. The influence of fibre elongation on yarn
quality and weaving performance is well known. On
further comparison of individual mean values as given in
table-1 for fibre elongation (%), CIS cotton varieties
differed significantly from each other. The range of fibre
elongation for the selected varieties was found between
5.90 to 7.10 %. The highest value of 7.10 was recorded
for Sultop followed by Surex and Elisa with their mean
values as 6.40 and 5.90 % respectively. The results are
aggregating with Grigoryev (2003) who expressed that
fibre elongation (%) for Russian cotton varieties ranged
from 5.80 to 6.70. Similarly, Malik and Hussain (2007)
resulted that CIS cotton has a fibre elongation (%) range
as 5.60 to 7.60 among which CIS (Sultop) has a very
good elongation %.

Pectin Content The analysis of data regarding pectin

content of cotton varieties for Egyptian viz., Giza 70,
Giza 86, Giza 88 and CIS viz., Elisa, Sultop and Surex
presented in table-2 revealed that the differences between
the samples of these varieties studied for pectin content
were highly significant. The range of pectin content for
the selected varieties was found between 1.15 to 1.29
percent. The highest value of 1.29 was recorded for Giza88 followed by Giza-70 and Giza-86 with their mean
values as 1.24 and 1.15 percent respectively. The present
results matched with those of Anwar (2001) reported that
averages values for pectin substances range between 1.25
to 1.55 % for cotton fibres. On further comparison of
individual mean values as given in table-2 for pectin
content, CIS cotton varieties differed significantly from
each other. The range of pectin content for the selected
varieties was found between 1.35 to 1.40 percent. The
highest value of 1.40 was recorded for Surex followed by
Elisa and Sultop with their mean values as 1.38 and 1.35
percent respectively. The findings of present study
partially matched with those of Haq (1993) who narrated
that the variations in pectin content may be due to genetic
soil fertility, agronomic treatments, etc.

Fibre chemical characteristics

Protein Content The analysis of data regarding protein

content of cotton varieties for Egyptian viz., Giza 70,
Giza 86, Giza 88 and CIS viz., Elisa, Sultop and Surex
presented in table-2 revealed that the differences between
the samples of these varieties studied for protein content
were highly significant. Egyptian cotton varieties differed
significantly from each other. The range of protein
content for the selected varieties was found between 1.31
to 1.39 percent. The highest value of 1.39 was recorded
for Giza-88 followed by Giza-70 and Giza-86 with their
mean values as 1.35 and 1.31 percent respectively. The
results of present investigation were in approximately
agreement with the results reported by Wakelyn (1975)
who stated that only a very small part of cotton fibre is
protein (typical value, 1.30percent). On further
comparison of individual mean values as given in table-2
for protein content, CIS cotton varieties differed
significantly from each other. The range of protein
content for the selected varieties was found between 1.47
to 1.60 percent. The highest value of 1.60 was recorded
for Surex followed by Elisa and Sultop with their mean

Cellulose content The analysis of data regarding

cellulose content of cotton varieties for Egyptian viz.,
Giza 70, Giza 86, Giza 88 and CIS viz., Elisa, Sultop and
Surex presented in table-2 revealed that the differences
between the samples of these varieties studied for
cellulose content were significant. On further comparison
of individual mean values for cellulose content, Egyptian
cotton varieties differed significantly from each other.
The range of cellulose content for the selected varieties
was found between 90.65 to 92.00 percent. The highest
value of 92.00 was recorded for Giza-86 followed by
Giza-70 and Giza-88 with their mean values as 91.05 and
90.65 percent respectively. The present results were also
partially agreed with the results given by Naeem (1982)
who recorded that cellulose content for different varieties
of cotton ranged from 89.36 to 93.65 percent. On further
comparison of individual mean values as given in table-2
for cellulose content, CIS cotton varieties differed
significantly from each other. The range of cellulose
content for the selected varieties was found between

Pakistan Journal of Science (Vol. 62 No. 4 December, 2010)

values as 1.55 and 1.47 percent respectively. The findings
of present study partially matched with those of Cook
(1993) who stated that cotton fibre, as it was picked from
the plant and contained about 1 to1.5 percent protein.
Further narrated that protein increased with increasing
immaturity of the fibre.

results of present study matched with the findings of

Strang (1967) stated that the cotton with extremely low
ash proved the most undesirable with the highest end
breakage. He further reported that the best spinning
cotton had an ash between 0.95 and 1.2 percent. On
further comparison of individual mean values as given in
table-2 for ash content, CIS cotton varieties differed
significantly from each other. The range of ash content
for the selected varieties was found from1.19 to 1.30. The
highest value of 1.30 was recorded for Surex followed by
Elisa and Sultop with their mean values as 1.27 and 1.19
percent respectively. The ash content results of selected
varieties were in approximate agreement with the
recordings of Naeem (1982) who presented the range of
ash contents as 1.39 to 1.526 percent. Similarly,
Brushwood (2003) observed that wax, reducing sugar,
extractible alcohol, ash residue and total light metal
concentrations were all micronaire dependent. As
micronaire increased their concentration tended to
decrease.

Wax Content: The analysis of data regarding wax

content of cotton varieties for Egyptian viz., Giza 70,
Giza 86, Giza 88 and CIS viz., Elisa, Sultop and Surex
presented in table-2 revealed that the differences between
the samples of these varieties studied for wax content
were highly significant.
On further comparison of individual mean
values as given in table-2 for wax content, Egyptian
cotton varieties differed significantly from each other.
The range of wax content for the selected varieties was
found between 0.40 to 0.58 percent. The highest value of
0.58 was recorded for Giza-88 followed by Giza-70 and
Giza-86 with their mean values as 0.53 and 0.40 percent
respectively.
The results of present study for wax content
were in agreement with the results observed by Anwar
(2001) who observed the range of wax as 0.40 to 0.65
percent. Similarly, Brushwood (2005) observed that yarn
ends down increased in ring spinning as alcohol
extractable, wax, and total light metal content increased.
Evenness, neps, thin and thick places decreased as
alcohol extractable, wax content, and total metal content
increased. On further comparison of individual mean
values as given in table-2 for wax content, CIS cotton
varieties differed significantly from each other. The range
of wax content for the selected varieties was found
between 0.50 to 0.65 percent. The highest value of 0.65
was recorded for Surex followed by Elisa and Sultop with
their mean values as 0.62 and 0.50 percent respectively.
The results of present study with respect to wax content
approximately matched with the results recorded by
Pandey and Iyengar (1970) who declared that wax
content of different cotton varieties for all species was
about 0.61 percent. They further reported that for the
same wax content, even the cotton from the same specie
showed different degree of strength.

YARN CHARACTERISTICS
Yarn Evenness (U %): The statistical analysis of
variance and comparison of individual means for yarn
evenness (U %) are given in Table 3. The results indicate
that the effect of cotton varieties (C), twist multiplier (T)
and spinning system (M), spindle speed (s) were highly
significant. The individual comparison of mean values
given in table 3 regarding to U % value for CIS cotton
varieties Elisa, Sultop and Surex and Egyptian cotton
varieties Giza-70, Giza-86 and Giza-88 showed the
significant difference with respect to each other. The
more unevenness value was obtained by CIS cotton
varieties Elisa, Surex and Sultop as 12.022, 11.993 and
11.856 respectively, followed by Egyptian cotton Giza70, Giza-86 and Giza-88 as 10.773, 10.759 and 10.742
respectively. The results of evenness in present
investigation are close in range than the findings of
Ureyen and Gurkan (2008) who concluded that fibre
strength has the greatest effect on yarn unevenness.
Higher strength prevented the fibres from rupture.
Therefore, decrease in fibre rupture increased the
evenness of yarn, as verified by Ureyen and Kadoglu
(2006) who analyzed that yarn unevenness was mainly
affected by yarn count and roving unevenness. Among
fibre properties, strength has the greatest effect on the
yarn unevenness and higher fibre strength lead to a better
yarn evenness value. Comparison of individual means of
yarn evenness due to spinning systems M1 and M2
presented in table 3 showed significant differences with
respect to each other. The highest value of yarn
unevenness is obtained at conventional machine (M 1) as
11.510 percent followed by the modified machine (M2) as
11.206 percent. The present research gets full support
from the findings of Strumillo et al. (2007) who stated
that yarns manufactured by the EliTe compact spinning

Ash Content: The analysis of data regarding ash content

of cotton varieties for Egyptian viz., Giza 70, Giza 86,
Giza 88 and CIS viz., Elisa, Sultop and Surex presented
in table-2 revealed that the differences between the
average values of these varieties for ash content were
highly significant.
The comparison of individual mean values as
given in table-2 for ash content, Egyptian cotton varieties
differed significantly from each other. The range of ash
content for the selected varieties was found between 0.95
to 1.25 percent. The highest value of 1.25 was recorded
for Giza-88 followed by Giza-70 and Giza-86 with their
mean values as 1.14 and 0.95 percent respectively. The
6

Pakistan Journal of Science (Vol. 62 No. 4 December, 2010)

frame in comparison with yarns manufactured by the
conventional ring spinning frame are characterized by
higher tenacity, smaller unevenness of their linear density
measured on short segments. Also, Celik and Kadoglu
(2004) concluded that the compact yarns possess less
hairiness, better strength, better uniformity and lower
values of thick & thin places and neps compared to the
ring yarn. As regard to the twist multiplier results
revealed that the highest value of yarn evenness 11.499
percent is recorded for T3 (3.8) followed by 11.332 and
11.241 percent are recorded for T2 (3.7) and T1 (3.6)
respectively, which shows significant effect on yarn
evenness. These results are supported by Sanaullah
(2008) who concluded that for twist multiplier the
maximum twist showed best results for yarn strength
parameters, yarn elongation and yarn hairiness, whereas
lowest twist appeared well in cases of yarn imperfections
and yarn evenness. Moreover, Basu et al. (2009) who
concluded that the mean unevenness value (U %)
increased with increase in yarn fineness. The comparison
of individual means concerning to single yarn strength
due to spindle speed (S) is represented in table3. The
highest value of U percent 11.464 is recorded for S3
(22000 rpm) followed by 11.359 and 11.250 for S2
(21000 rpm) and S1 (20000 rpm) respectively. The results
have significant differences with respect to each other.
These results are supported by Chaudhuri (2003) who
stated that at the higher spindle speed, the drafting force
becomes higher. So, at the higher drafting force the
average fibre tension at the front roller will cause an
increase in the dragging out of the sliver into the front
roller-nip. This dragging out of undrafted sliver into the
nip of the front roller and if subsequent retreat under the
action of internal elastic force would cause an increase in
the irregularity that would offset the randomization effect
of the speed.

twist multiplier (T) and all the other interactions were

non-significant.
The individual comparison of mean values given
in table 4 regarding to hairiness value for CIS cotton
varieties Elisa, Sultop and Surex and Egyptian cotton
varieties Giza-70, Giza-86 and Giza-88 show the
significant difference with respect to each other. More
hairiness is obtained by CIS cotton varieties Elisa, Surex
and Sultop as 2.664, 2.646 and 2.640 respectively,
followed by Egyptian cotton Giza-86, Giza-88 and Giza70 as 2.545, 2.491 and 2.459 respectively. CIS cotton
produces more hairy yarn than Egyptian cotton.
The results of present study relating to yarn
hairiness are supported by Altas and kadoglu (2006) who
noted that fineness has the maximum effect on yarn
hairiness among the fibre properties, followed by fibre
length, whereas maturity contributes very little towards
hairiness. Fineness, length and long-fibre percentage
jointly influence the formation of yarn hairiness to a considerable extent.
The comparison of individual mean values for
yarn hairiness due to spinning systems M1 and M2
presented in table 4 shows that values have significant
difference with each other. The highest mean values of
hairiness in yarn is obtained for conventional ring
spinning system (M1) as 2.816 followed by modified
compact spinning machine (M2) as 2.333. Thus it can be
stated that modified machine (M2) performed better for
yarn hairiness than conventional machine (M1). The
present research gets full confirmation from the findings
of Nikolic et al. (2003) who observed that a lower value
of Uster hairiness was determined in compact yarn
produced on the Suessen spinning machine in comparison
with conventional spinning machine. Likewise, Beltran et
al. (2007) postulated that one of the advantages of the
compact spinning system over traditional ring spun yarns
is a substantial reduction in yarn hairiness.
The analysis of data regarding to twist multiplier
indicates the highest value of yarn hairiness percentage is
2.577 for T2 (3.7) followed by 2.575 and 2.571 percent
for T1 (3.6) and T3 (3.8) respectively. The values have
non-significant difference with respect to one another.

Yarn Hairiness: The statistical analysis of variance and

comparison of individual means for yarn hairiness are
given in Table 4. The results indicate that the effect of
cotton varieties (C), spinning system (M), spindle speed
(S) and interaction CXT were highly significant while

Table1.Comparison of individual mean values of fibre Physical properties of Egyptian and CIS cotton varieties
fibre
Mean values having different letters, differ significantly at 0.05 level of probability
Cotton varieties
Mean values of Fibre Physical properties
Egyptian Cotton
Span Length
Length Uniformity
Fibre Strength
Fibre Fineness
Fibre
(mm)
Index (%)
(g/tex)
(mike)
Elongation (%)
C1= Giza-70
35.56a
87.90
40.00a
4.30
5.50d
C2= Giza-86
32.77b
86.70
40.30a
4.50
6.70b
C3= Giza-88
34.80a
88.00
41.00a
4.10
5.10e
CIS Cotton
C4= Elisa
33.02b
85.00
36.10b
4.30
5.90c
C5= Sultop
32.77b
85.80
36.50b
4.60
7.10a
C6= Surex
33.27b
84.90
35.80b
4.20
6.40b

Pakistan Journal of Science (Vol. 62 No. 4 December, 2010)

Table.2 Comparison of individual mean values of Chemical properties of Egyptian and CIS cotton Varieties
Cotton varieties
Egyptian Cotton

Cellulose content
(%)
91.05ab
92.00a
90.65ab

Mean values of Fibre Chemical properties

Pectin content%
Protein content Wax content %
%
1.24c
1.35cd
0.53d
1.15d
1.31d
0.40f
1.29bc
1.39c
0.58c

C1=Giza-70
C2=Giza-86
C3=Giza-88
CIS Cotton
C4= Elisa
89.50b
1.38a
1.55a
C5= Sultop
90.00b
1.35ab
1.47b
C6= Surex
89.35b
1.40a
1.60a
Mean values having different letters, differ significantly at 0.05 level of probability.

0.62b
0.50e
0.65a

Ash content %
1.14c
0.95d
1.25ab
1.27a
1.19bc
1.30a

Table.3 Comparison of individual treatment Means for yarn Evenness

Cotton variety (C)
Twist multiplier T.M (T)
Spindle speed (S)
Egyptian cotton
CIS cotton
C1 =10.773c
C4 = 12.022a
T1 = 11.241c
S1 = 1.250c
C2 =10.759c
C5 = 11.856b
T2 = 11.332b
S2=11.359b
C3 = 0.742c
C6 = 11.993a
T3 = 11.499a
S3= 1.464a
Mean values having different letters differ significantly at 5% level of significance.

Spinning system (M)

M1= 11.510a
M2= 11.206b

Table.4 Comparison of individual treatment means for Yarn Hairiness.

Cotton variety (C)
Twist multiplier T.M (T)
Spindle speed (S)
Egyptian cotton
CIS cotton
C1 = 2.459d
C4 = 2.664a
T1 = 2.575
S1 = 2.523c
C2 = 2.545b
C5 = 2.640a
T2 = 2.577
S2 = 2.574b
C3 = 2.491c
C6 = 2.646a
T3 = 2.571
S3 = 2.626a
Mean values having different letters differ significantly at 5% level of significance
The comparison of individual means concerning to yarn
hairiness due to spindle speed (S) is represented by table
4 the highest value of yarn hairiness 2.626 percent is
recorded for S3 (22000 rpm) followed by 2.574 and 2.523
for S2 (21000 rpm) and S1 (20000 rpm) respectively. The
results have significant differences with respect to each
other. The present results are very close to the findings of
Chaudhuri (2003) who stated that Yarn irregularity shows
a trend of variation with increases in spindle speed. Yarn
hairiness also increases with the increase in spindle
speed. Moreover, Srinivasan and Balamurugan (2009)
stated that yarn hairiness is greatly influenced by the
increased tension created by the balloon. Higher spindle
speed exerts higher load on the yarn, which increases
hairiness. Also, Tang et al. (2006) resulted that the effect
of yarn hairiness on skin friction coefficient on the
surface of a rotating yarn package was inversely
proportional to spindle speed.

Spinning system (M)

M1= 2.816a
M2= 2.333b

strength property. Egyptian cotton has greater fibre

strength and greater cellulose content and less pectin and
protein content than CIS cotton. Egyptian cotton varieties
generated better results for yarn evenness and yarn
hairiness as compared to CIS cotton yarn. Giza-88 and
Sultop overall performs better from the Egyptian and CIS
cotton categories respectively.

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