Chapter 2

Elasticity and
Plasticity

Mechanical Testing Machine

Elastic Behavior

Stressstrain curves in an elastic regime. (a) Linear elastic curve , typical for metals, ceramics,
and some polymers. (b) Nonlinear elastic curve, typical for rubber.

Strain Energy
Density

Shear Stress and

Shear Strain

(a) Specimen subjected to shear force.

(b) (b) Strain undergone by small cube in shear region.
(c) (c) Specimen (cylinder) subjected to torsion by a torque T.

Poissons Ratio

(a) Unit cube being extended in direction Ox3. (b) Unit cube
subjected to tridimensional stress; only stresses on the three
exposed faces of the cube are shown. Poissons ratio, , is
the negative ratio of the transverse strain and longitudinal
strain.

Generalized Hooke's Law

Mohr Circle

(a) Biaxial (or bidimensional) state of stress.

(b) Mohr circle construction, general orientation
(c) Mohr circle and construction, principal stresses and
maximum shear stresses (Method I).

Mohr Circle

Pure Shear

Hookes Law for Anisotropic Materials

Relations among Elastic Constants for Isotropic Materials

Elastic Compliance and Stiffness Matrixes

Compliance Matrix for a Cubic System

Relationships Among Elastic Constants

Youngs modulus

1
S11

Shear modulus

1
2( S11 S12 )

Bulk modulus

Poissons ratio

11 22 33
1

1
K
( 11 22 33 )
3

S12
S11

C44

Lame constants

C12

1
1
(C11 C12 )
G
2
S 44

Youngs Modulus of Monocrystalline Cu

Youngs Modulus Monocrystalline Zirconia

Youngs Modulus of Monocrystalline Zirconium

Voigt and Reuss Averages for Polycrystals

Voigt average: isostrain

Reuss average: isostress

1
1

(3F ' 3G ' H ')

E
5
1
F'
( S11 S 22 S32 )
3
1
G'
( S12 S 23 S13 )
3
1
H '
( S 44 S55 S 66 )
3

Effect of Porosity on Youngs Modulus

E E0 (1 f1 f 2 2 )
Watchman and Mackenzie:

f1 1.9, f 2 0.9

Effect of Microcracks on Youngs Modulus

Effect of Microcracks on Youngs Modulus

Salganik model
E
[1 1.63Na 3 ]1
E0

Oconnell & Budiansky model

E
1 1.63 Na 3
E0

Youngs Modulus of Polymers

Youngs Modulus of Polymers as a

Function of Temperature

Viscoelasticity

n = 0: plastic
n = 1: linear viscous (Newtonian)
n 1 : nonlinear

Viscosity and Fluidity

Viscosity

Q
A exp(
)
RT

Fluidity

Viscoelasticity

e e0 exp[i ( t )]

0 exp[i ( t )]
0
0

exp i
(cos i sin )
e

e0

E ' iE "

e0

Viscoelasticity

Tensile storage modulus

Tensile loss modulus

E'

E"

e0

e0

cos
sin

Rubber
Elasticity

nKT [12 11 ]
1

l1
l0

Stress-Strain Behavior of Biological Materials

(a) Stressstrain response of human vena cava: circles-loading;

squares-unloading. (Adapted from Y. C. Fung, Biomechanics (New York:
Springer, 1993),p. 366.)
(b) Representation of mechanical response in terms of tangent modulus (slope
of stressstrain curve) vs. stress. (Adapted from Y. C. Fung. Biomechanics,
New York: Springer,1993), p. 329.)

Residual Stresses in Arteries

Cartilage

Mesostructure of Cartilage

(a) Mesostructure of cartilage (consisting of four zones) showing differences in

structure as a function of distance from surface; the bone attachment is at bottom.
(From G. L. Lucas, F. W. Cooke, and E. A. Friis, A Primer on Biomechanics (New
York: Springer, 1999), p. 273.)
(b) Cross-section of human cartilage showing regions drawn schematically in (a).
(Courtesy of K. D. Jadin and R. I. Sah.)

Mechanical Behavior of Superficial Zone of Cartilage

Stressstrain curve for samples from the superficial zone of articular cartilage. Samples
were cut parallel and perpendicular to collagen fiber orientation. (From G. E. Kempson,
Mechanical Properties of Articular Cartilage. In Adult Articular Cartilage, ed. M. A. R.
Freeman (London: Sir Isaac Pitman and Sons Ltd., 1973), pp. 171228.)

Mechanical Testing of DNA

Force vs. Extension for DNA Molecule

Stresses in a Thin Film

Effect of stresses in a thin film on bending of

substrate; (a) tensile stresses in thin film; (b)
compressive stresses in thin film.

Elastic Constant and Bonding

Two atoms with an imaginary spring between them; (a)

equilibrium position; (b) stretched configuration under
tensile force; (c) compressed configuration under
compressive force.

Attraction and Repulsion between Two Atoms

(a) Interaction energies (attractive and repulsive terms) as a function of

separation;
(b) Force between two atoms as a function of separation; slope
decreases as separation increases.