THEVENINS THEOREM

Aim: To verify Thevenins theorem practically.

Apparatus: Resistors (1k, 330, 220, & 100), Ammeter, Regulated Power Supply
(0 30V), Multimeter, Bread Board, and Connecting wires.
Statement: Any two terminal linear network containing energy sources and resistances
can be replaced with an equivalent circuit containing a single voltage source E th in
series with resistance Rth. Eth is the open circuit voltage measured across the two
terminals and Rth is the resistance measured between the two terminals with all energy
sources can be replaced by their internal resistances.
Circuit diagrams:

Formulae:
IL = Vs R2 / R1R2 + (R1+R2) RL

R1R2 = R1R2+R2R3+R3R1

Rth = R3 + R1R2 / (R1 + R2)

IL = Vth / Rth + RL
Vth = VsR2 / R1 + R2
S.No

Vs

Vth (volts)

IL(mA)

(volts)

Theoretical

Practical

Theoretical

Practical

Tabular forms:
Table 1:
Table 2:

S.No

Vs
(volts)
Theoretical

IL(mA)
Practical

Procedure:
Step-1: Connect the circuit as shown in the fig:
Step-2: By varying the voltage source Vs and set to the voltage.
Step-3: Measure IL in the load resistor RL and tabulate the readings in table-1.
Step-4: Repeat the steps 2 & 3 for different values of Vs.
Step-5: Connect the next circuit as shown in fig:
Step-6: Set the voltage Vs and measure the voltage Vth by the voltmeter and tabulate
reading in table-1.
Step-7: Repeat the step-6 for different values of Vs.

Step-8: Connect the next circuit as shown in fig:

Step-9: Measure the value of Rth using Ohm-meter.
Step-10: Connect the next circuit as shown in fig:
Step-11: Set the Vth to a value such that the voltage of Vs and measure the IL and
tabulate the reading in table-2.
Step-12: Repeat the step-11 for different values of Vth.
Precautions:
1. Connect the circuit as shown fig: perfectly
2. Loose connections are avoided.
3. Shot circuits are avoided.
4.
While measuring voltages and currents the range of the Multimeter should be
altered.
Result:
Hence the Thevenins theorem verified practically.

NORTONS THEOREM

Aim: To verify Nortons theorem practically.

Apparatus: Resistors (100k, 1k, 330, 220, & 100), Ammeter, Regulated Power
Supply (0 30V), Multimeter, Bread Board, and Connecting wires.
Statement: Any two terminal linear network containing energy sources and resistances
can be replaced with an equivalent circuit containing a single current I N in parallel with
a resistance RN. IN is the shot circuit current and R N is the resistance measured between
the two terminals with all energy sources can be replaced by their internal resistances.
Circuit diagrams:

Formulae:
IL = Vs R2 / R1R2 + (R1+R2) RL
RN = R3 + R1R2 / (R1 + R2)
IL = IN RN / RN + RL
IN = Vs R2 / R1R2+R2R3+R3R1

R1R2 = R1R2+R2R3+R3R1

Tabular forms:
S.No

Vs
(volts)

IN (mA)
Theoretical
Practical

IL(mA)
Theoretical
Practical

Table-1:

S.No

IN
(mA)

Table-2:

l
L

I (mA)
Theoretical

Practical

Procedure:
Step-1: Connect the circuit as shown in the fig:
Step-2: By varying the voltage source Vs and set to the voltage.
Step-3: Measure IL in the load resistor RL and tabulate the readings in table-1.
Step-4: Repeat the steps 2 & 3 for different values of Vs.
Step-5: Connect the next circuit as shown in fig:
Step-6: Set the voltage Vs and measure the current in the ammeter IN and tabulate
reading in table-1.

Step-7: Repeat the step-6 for different values of Vs.

Step-8: Connect the next circuit as shown in fig:
Step-9: Measure the value of RN using Ohm-meter.
Step-10: Connect the next circuit as shown in fig:
Step-11: Set the IN to a value such that the voltage of Vs and measure the IL and tabulate
the reading in table-2.
Step-12: Repeat the step-11 for different values of IN.
Precautions:
1. Connect the circuit as shown fig: perfectly
2.
Loose connections are avoided.
3.
Shot circuits are avoided.
4.
While measuring voltages and currents the range of the Multimeter should
be altered.
Result:
Hence the Nortons theorem verified practically.

MAXIMUM POWER TRANSFER THEOREM

Aim: To verify Maximum power transfer theorem practically.

Apparatus: Resistors (470, 220, & 100), Variable resistance box, Regulated Power
Supply (0 30V), Multimeter, Bread Board, and Connecting wires.
Statement: A load will receive maximum power from a linear bilateral dc network
when its total resistance value is exactly equal to the thevenins resistance of the
network as seen by the load RL = Rth.
Circuit diagram:

Model graph:

PLl
Power PL
(mwatts)

RLl
Load resistance (RL)

Formula:
RTh = R3 + R1 R2 / (R1 + R2)

S.No

Load Resistance
RL

Voltage Across ( RL )
VL ( volts )

PL = VL2/RL (mw)