Fluid M

Fluid Components
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MDME: MANUFACTURING, DESIGN, MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

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FLUID COMPONENTS
Fluid system components - the hardware for pumping systems, and some for pneumatics and
hydraulics.
Components
Pipes, channels, tubes and ducts, Pipe fittings
Valves - gate, globe, non-return/foot, needle, ball, plug cock, diaphragm, pressure
regulating/reducing, safety
Measurement: Gauges and instruments: Venturi and orifice meters, pitot tube, rotameter,
anemometer
Tanks/vessels
Filters/strainers
Nozzles/spray heads
Pumps/compressors, motors/turbines
Actuators - linear/rotary
Selection of equipment/instruments
http://www.learneasy.info/MDME/MEMmods/MEM23041A-busted/fluid_mech/fluid_co...
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PIPE FITTINGS
(Compiled by Darryn Reid, Wikipedia)
VALVES
Ball valve:
A ball valve is a valve with a spherical disc, the part of the valve which controls the flow through it.
The sphere has a hole, or port, through the middle so that when the port is in line with both ends of the
valve, flow will occur. When the valve is closed, the hole is perpendicular to the ends of the valve,
and flow is blocked. The handle or lever will be inline with the port position letting you "see" the
valve's position. The ball valve, along with the butterfly valve and plug valve, are part of the family of
quarter turn valves.
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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ball_valve
Plug valve:
Plug valves are similar to ball valve but with cylindrical or conically-tapered "plugs" which can be
rotated inside the valve body to control flow through the valve. The plugs in plug valves have one or
more hollow passageways going sideways through the plug, so that fluid can flow through the plug
when the valve is open. Plug valves are simple and often economical, and easier to maintain (rebuild)
than the ball valve - especially in larger sizes. However, it does not give perfect flow (zero head loss)
when open since the hole is not circular.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plug_valve
Butterfly valve:
A butterfly valve is a valve which can be used for isolating or regulating flow. The closing
mechanism takes the form of a disk. Operation is similar to that of a ball valve, which allows for
quick shut off. Butterfly valves are generally favored because they are lower in cost to other valve
designs as well as being lighter in weight, meaning less support is required. The disc is positioned in
the center of the pipe, passing through the disc is a rod connected to an actuator on the outside of the
valve. Rotating the actuator turns the disc either parallel or perpendicular to the flow. Unlike a ball
valve, the disc is always present within the flow, therefore a pressure drop is always induced in the
flow, regardless of valve position
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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Butterfly_valve
Diaphragm valve:
Diaphragm valves (or membrane valves) consists of a valve body with two or more ports, a
diaphragm, and a "saddle" or seat upon which the diaphragm closes the valve. The valve is
constructed from either plastic or steel.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diaphragm_valve
Gate valve:
A gate valve, also known as a sluice valve, is a valve that opens by lifting a round or rectangular
gate/wedge out of the path of the fluid. The distinct feature of a gate valve is the sealing surfaces
between the gate and seats are planar, so gate valves are often used when a straight-line flow of fluid
and minimum restriction is desired.
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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gate_valve
Needle valve:
A needle valve is a type of valve having a small port and a threaded, needle-shaped plunger. It allows
precise regulation of flow, although it is generally only capable of relatively low flow rates
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Needle_valve
Globe valve: (straight)

A globe valve is a type of valve used for regulating flow in a pipeline, consisting of a movable disktype element and a stationary ring seat in a generally spherical body.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Globe_valve
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Y Globe valve:
Globe valves are typically two-port valves, although three port valves are also produced mostly in
straight-flow configuration. Ports are openings in the body for fluid flowing in or out. The two ports
may be oriented straight across from each other on the body,[5] or oriented at an angle such as a 90
angle.[6] Globe valves with ports at such an angle are called angle globe valves. A globe valve can
also have a body in the shape of a "Y".
Globe valve (angle):

Globe valves are typically two-port valves, although three port valves are also produced mostly in
straight-flow configuration. Ports are openings in the body for fluid flowing in or out. The two ports
may be oriented straight across from each other on the body,[5] or oriented at an angle such as a 90
angle.[6] Globe valves with ports at such an angle are called angle globe valves. A globe valve can
also have a body in the shape of a "Y".
Check Valves
A check valve, clack valve, non-return valve or one-way valve is a mechanical device, a valve,
which normally allows fluid (liquid or gas) to flow through it in only one direction
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Swing check valve
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Check_valve
Lift check valve
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Check_valve
Ball check valve and other examples.
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Relief valve:
The relief valve (RV) is a type of valve used to control or limit the pressure in a system (or vessel)
which can build up by some sort of fault. (Incorrect setup or operation, or an instrument or equipment
failure).
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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relief_valve
Regulator valve:
A pressure regulator is a valve that automatically cuts off the flow of a liquid or gas at a certain
pressure. Regulators are used to allow high-pressure fluid supply lines or tanks to be reduced to safe
and/or usable pressures for various applications
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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pressure_regulator
PUMPS
Rotodynamic pump: (Relatively high flow, low pressure)
A rotodynamic pump is a kinetic machine in which energy is continuously imparted to the pumped
fluid by means of a rotating impeller, propeller, or rotor, in contrast to a positive displacement pump
in which a fluid is moved by trapping a fixed amount of fluid and forcing the trapped volume into the
pump's discharge.[1] Examples of rotodynamic pumps include adding kinetic energy to a fluid such as
by using a centrifugal pump to increase fluid velocity or pressure.[2][
Some types of rotodynamic pump include:
Centrifugal pump: This is the classic pump for pumping water. (Fire pumps, irrigation etc). The
design can be modified for "pumping" air - which we usually call "blowing". (e.g. vacuum cleaner,
furnace blower, leaf blower)
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Water
pump
To increase the pressure of a centrifugal pump, you could;
Increase the RPM (to the square of the RPM, because Fc = mrw^2)
Increase the diameter
Increase the fluid density.
If a centrifugal pump running at rated load is blocked, the pressure up a little but power will go
DOWN. They do not have a fixed pressure or flowrate, but the pump curve gives the ratio of flow to
pressure. Every pump has it's own pump curve (for a certain RPM and fluid - e.g. water)
The example below shows pump curves for centrifugal pumps running at 1470 RPM, with impellor
diameters from 274 to 342mm.
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From these curves, an example duty point (operating flowrate & head or pressure) could be:
308 mm impeller at 100 L/s giving 25 m head.
Check: Power = P*V = (1000*9.81*25) * (0.100) = 24.525 kW. Using the efficiency curves, we
expect around 79.5%, so input power (shaft power) = 30.8 kW. This matches the dotted lines
representing power - where 30kW was just below this duty point.
More about this later!
(Note NPSHR = Net Positive Suction Head Required in order to avoid cavitation)
See also: Pump_curves.pdf
Video Lectures on Centrifugal Pumps:
Basics of pumps and pump curves
Geoff Brown, Applications Consultant, Drives & Motors, ABB
Part 1: Basic Terminology
Part 2: Pump Curves
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Part 3: The Affinity Laws

Part 4: Parallel Pumps
Positive displacement pump: (Relatively high pressure, lower flowrate)

Positive displacement pumps, unlike centrifugal or roto-dynamic pumps, will produce the same flow
at a given speed (RPM) no matter what the discharge pressure. Thus, positive displacement pumps are
"constant flow machines".
If the flow of a positive displacement pump is blocked, the pressure will spike dangerously high. So
these types of pumps usually have a pressure relief valve to avoid damage by over-pressurizing. This
is typical for hydraulic circuits. An air compressor also has a relief valve, although with air the
pressure does not spike so suddenly as hydraulics does).
The main types of positive displacement pump use the method of piston, gear, vane or screw. There
are variations on these - such as swash plate to drive pistons, internal gear, balanced vane etc, lobe
pumps with same principle as gear pump, and various screw-type pumps (e.g. mono pump).
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Positive_displacement_pump#Positive_displacement_pump
Example Piston Pump arrangments. (Common in air compressors)
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MEASUREMENT
Piezometor:
A piezometer is either a device used to measure static liquid pressure in a system by measuring the
height to which a column of the liquid rises against gravity
Similar to a manometer seen below.
Gauges:
Pressure/Vacuum gauges:
A vacuum gauge is used to measure the pressure in a vacuumwhich is further divided into two
subcategories, high and low vacuum (and sometimes ultra-high vacuum). The applicable pressure
range of many of the techniques used to measure vacuums have an overlap. Hence, by combining
several different types of gauge, it is possible to measure system pressure continuously from 10 mbar
down to 10.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pressure_gauge
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Measurement
Pressure: There are many ways to measure pressure. The classic pressure gauge is a Bourdon gauge,
where a flattened tube tends to unravel under pressure - driving the needle to give the pressure
reading.
This can be done electronically with a Piezoelectric sensor (nothing to do with piezometer, except
they both measure pressure) turns a pressure change into an electric signal. They are made from a
ceramic material (there are some polymers that do this too). Common uses include a Piezo buzzer,
piezo lighter, and piezo guitar pickup, and.... pressure sensors.
Pressure is a very useful measurement. For example, in hydraulics it can be used to check the
condition of the pump, or detect a dirty filter (pressure is too high = filter in getting blocked), or
determine the load on a cylinder (F=PA).
Temperature is also measured using various methods. A thermocouple is a very simple device where
a pair of wires of different metals are welded together. When the temperature changes a voltage is
created at the metal junction, this is processed by a circuit to read in degrees. Various combinations of
metal compositions give various temperature ranges. Electrical resistance devices simply measure the
resistance of a metal (which increases with temperature for most metals). Semiconductor devices that
measure temperature can be based on simple silicon chips or a combination of mechanical
deformation and semiconductor transducers and circuitry. Circuits are required on most
semiconductor circuits because sensitivity to all parameters (pressure, temperature, capacitance,
inductance, magnetism etc) is common to most chips - so special circuity is needed to REMOVE the
unwanted effects.
Flowrate can be measured using hot wire anamometer (electricity heats up a wire, airflow cools down
the wire, hence we know the speed of the air). Another method is a simple propellor (fan) that spins
and measures RPM to git fluid speed. A third method, often used in permanent flow situations is the
rotometer (below), where the "float" (that doesn't actually float - it sinks) rises as the flowrate
increases - and the flowrate is read off the scale. Typically made of glass or plastic, so the float is
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visible. The "roto" part is only refering to the design where the float is made to spin a little to keep it
more stable.
Rotometer for measuring flowrate
Questions
Homework Assignment: Kinksy new edition
Do all questions; Chapter 9: Basic Properties of Fluids
8.1 to 8.16 (page 186-188)
Do all questions.
Relevant pages in MDME
Web Links
Google search: Fluid Mechanics is a little tricky to search on the web. You will probably find
most sites are highly technical, usually requiring advanced Engineering Mathematics. We are
studying Fluid Mechanics at a level somewhere in between the mechanical trades
(Hydraulics/Pneumatics/Fluid Power) and Engineering (Fluid Mechanics).
http://www.lightmypump.com/pump_glossary.htm Information on Pumps
http://www.valvias.com/basic.php Information on Valves
www.learneasy.info
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Fluid Components

MDME: MANUFACTURING, DESIGN, MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

(Compiled by Darryn Reid, Wikipedia)

Globe valve: (straight)

Globe valve (angle):

Swing check valve

Part 3: The Affinity Laws

Positive displacement pump: (Relatively high pressure, lower flowrate)

Rotometer for measuring flowrate

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