Introduction

India is a country where many big kingdom

formed or destroyed.one of these kingdom was
Delhi sultanate and Mughal empire. These
kingdoms were formed in the medevial
period. The agriculture was the basic
occupation and contribute 1/3 of the kings
treasurary.
During this period gold coins along with
silver are used. Science and technology also
improve along with the society.Like others
indian kingdoms king(sultan) has the ultimate
power. Wazir was the head of government.
We have several monuments like Qutumb minar
and city like Tuglakabad. From Mughal period
monuments like itmat uddalla and agra fort.

Acknowledgement
I would like to express my special thanks of
gratitude to my teacher Ms Vaijayanti
Banerjee who gave me the golden
opportunity to do this wonderful project on
the topic (Write which also helped me in
doing a lot of Research and i came to know
about so many new things I am really
thankful to them.
Secondly i would also like to thank my
parents and friends who helped me a lot in

finalizing this project within the limited time

frame.

Delhi
sultanate
(12061526)
The also able to conquer most of central India, but both fail
ed to
unite the Indian subcontinent. Delhi sultanate is also noted
for being one of the few states to repel an attack from the
Mongol Empire. Delhi Sultanate reached its peak in terms
of geographical reach, during the Tughlaq dynasty, coverin
g most of Indian subcontinent.The Delhi Sultanate
declined thereafter, with continuing Hindu-Muslim wars,
and kingdoms such as Vijayanagara Empire reasserting
their independence as well as new Muslim sultanates such
as Bengal Sultanate breaking off.
Delhi Sultanate was a Muslim kingdom based mostlyin Del
hi that stretched over large parts of the Indian
subcontinent for 320 years (12061526). Five dynasties
ruled over Delhi Sultanate sequentially, the first four of
which were of Turkic origin and the last was the Afghan
Lodi. The Lodi dynasty was replaced by the Mughal
dynasty. The five dynasties were the Mamluk dynasty
(120690); the Khilji dynasty (12901320); the Tughlaq
dynasty (13201414); the Sayyid dynasty (141451); and
the Afghan Lodi dynasty (14511526). Qutbuddin Aibak, a former slave of Muhammad Ghori,
was the first sultan of Delhi and his dynasty conquered larg
e areas of northern India. Afterwards the Khilji dynasty was
formed.

BACKGROUND

By 962 AD, Hindu and Buddhist kingdoms in South Asia were

under a wave of raids from Muslim armies from Central Asia
and Persia.Among them was Mahmud of Ghazni, who Raide
d and plundered kingdoms in north India from east of the
Indus river to west of Yamuna river seventeen times b/w
Between 1997 and 1030.
Mahmud of Ghazni raided the treasuries But retracted each
time, only extending Islamic rule into western Punjab.
Mu'izz al Din was assassinated in 1206, by Ismaili Shia
Muslims insome accounts or by Hindu Khokhars in others.A
fterthe
assassinationone of Muizz slaves (or Mamluk, Arabic:),
the Turkic Qutbu l-Din Aibak, assumed power, becoming
the first Sultan of Delhi.

Slave Dynasty(12061290)
Qutubuddin Aibak was a slave of Mu'izz al Din,
whose reign began
the Delhi Sultanate. Aibak was of CumanKipchak origin,
and due to his lineage, his dynasty is known as
the Mamluk (slave) Dynasty
Aibak reigned as the Sultan of Delhi for four years.
Qutubuddin Aibak ruled for only four years, from 12
June 1206 to 1210 AD . He died while
playing polo in Lahore. His horse fell and he was impaled
on the pommel of his saddle

OTHER RULERS

 Shams ud din Iltutmish (12111236), son in law of Qutbuddin Aibak

Rukn ud din Firuz (1236), son of Iltutmish
Raziyyatuddin Sultana (12361240), daughter of Iltutmish
Muiz ud din Bahram (12401242), son of Iltutmish
Ala ud din Masud (12421246), son of Ruknuddin
Nasir ud din Mahmud (12461266), son of Iltutmish

Ghiyas ud din Balban (12661286), exslave, soninlaw of Sultan Nasir

ud din Mahmud

Muiz ud din Qaiqabad (12861290), grandson of Balban and Nasiruddin

KHILJI
DYNASTY(12901320)
Jalal Ud Din Firuz Khalji

The first ruler of Khilji dynasty was Jalal-ud-din Firoz Shah

Khilji. He came to power in 1290 after killing
the last ruler of the
Mamluk dynasty, Muiz ud din Qaiqabad, at the behest of Turki
c, Afghan, and Persianamirs.
Jalaluddin Firoz Shah Khilji was of TurkoAfghan origin, and
ruled for 6 years before he wasmurdered in 1296 by his nephe
w
Juna Khan, who was also his son in law. Juna Khan later came
to beknown as Ala aldin Khilji.
OTHER RULERS
Jalal ud din Firuz Khalji (12901296)
Alauddin Khalji (12961316)
Umar Khan Khilji (1316)
Qutb ud din Mubarak Shah (13161320)
Khusro Khan (1320)

TUGHLUQ DYNASTY(13201414)
Jalaluddin Firoz Shah Khilji

The first ruler of Khilji dynasty was Jalaluddin Firoz Shah

Khilji. He came to power in 1290 after killingthe last ruler of the
Mamluk dynasty, Muiz ud din Qaiqabad, at the behest of Turkic,
Afghan, and Persianamirs. Jalaluddin Firoz Shah Khilji was of
TurkoAfghan origin, and ruled for 6 years before he
wasmurdered in 1296 by his nephew Juna Khan, who was also h
is soninlaw. Juna Khan later came to be

known as Ala aldin Khilji.

OTHER RULERS:

Ghiyath alDin Tughluq (13201325)

Muhammad bin Tughluq (13251351)
Mahmud Ibn Muhammad (March 1351)
Firuz Shah Tughluq (13511388)
GhiyasudDin Tughlaq II (13881389)
Abu Bakr Shah (13891390)
Nasir ud din Muhammad Shah III (13901393)
Sikander Shah I (March April 1393)
NasirudDin Mahmud Shah Tughluq (Sultan Mahmud II) at Delhi (1
3931413), son of Nasir ud-din
Muhammad, controlled the east from Delhi
Nasiruddin Nusrat Shah Tughluq (13941414), grandson of Firuz
Shah Tughluq,

Sayyid Dynasty(1415-1451)
The Sayyid dynasty was a Turkic dynasty. It ruled Delhi Sultanate
from 1415 to 1451.The Timurinvasion and plunder had left Delhi S
ultanate in shambles, and little is known about the rule by Sayyidd
ynasty. According to historian William Hunter, the Delhi Sultanate
had an effective control of only afew miles around Delhi. Schimme
l notes Sayyid Khizr Khan as the first ruler of Sayyid dynasty, who
assumed power by claiming to be representing Timur. His authorit
y was questioned even by those nearDelhi. His successor was Mub
arak Khan, who rechristened himself as Mubarak Shah, and tried to
regainlost territories in Punjab. He was unsuccessful.With Sayyid d
ynastys failing powers, Islams history in Indian subcontinent und
erwent a profound change,according to Schimmel.The previously d
ominant Sunni sect of Islam became diluted, alternate Muslimsects
such as Shia rose, and new competing centers of Islamic culture to
ok roots beyond Delhi.

OTHER RULERS:

Khizr Khan (14141421)

Mubarak Shah (14211434)
Muhammad Shah (14341445)
Alam Shah (14451451)

LODI DYNASTY(1451-1526)
BAHULAL LODI
The Lodi dynasty had its origins in the Afghan Lodi tribe.BahlolLodi (or

Bahlul Lodi) was the first Afghan, Pathan, to rule Delhi

Sultanate and the one
who started the dynasty. Bahlol Lodi beganhis reign by attacking the Muslim
controlled Kingdom of Jaunpur to
expand the influence of Delhi Sultanate, and
was partially successful through a treaty. Thereafter, the region from Delhi
to Benares (then at the border of Bengal province), was back under
influence of
Delhi Sultanate.

OTHER RULERS:
Bahulal Lodi (14511489)
Sikandar Lodi (14891517)

Ibrahim Lodi (15171526), defeated by Babur in the First Battle of Pan

ipat

ADMINISTRATION IN DELHI SULTANATE

Sultan Head of the Sultanate Administration:

The real head of the administration of Delhi Sultanate was the king or Sultan hims
elf.
The Sultan was the independent sovereign and allpowerful man. His will was the l
aw of the
country. The Sultan at his death bed could also nominate his heirs and that was rec
ognized
by all other nobles. There was no hereditary principle of succession
Judicial Administration of Delhi Sultanate:

The Sultan was the highest judicial authority of Delhi Sultanate. He was a perfect
autocrat
with wide powers and unfettered authority. His power was based on two pillars
religion and
military. As long as he was upholding the Quranic law he enjoyed enormous and s
upreme
power. Of course, the entire matter depended on the personality and military streng
th of
Sultan himself. Nobody dared to challenge the powerful sultans like AlauddinKhilji and
MuhammadBinTughluq. In fact there were no constitutional devices to remove a S
ultan
from the throne peacefully. The only way to remove him was rebellion and civil w

ar. The
Sultans of Delhi were not only the kings, they were also the religious head of the
Muslim.
Military Administration of Delhi Sultanate:

The Sultan was also the head of the Military Administration of Delhi Sultanate. He
was the
commanderinchief of the army as well. The Sultan of Delhi was thus a military de
spot
having all powers of the State concentrated in his hands.
Central Administration of Delhi Sultanate:

The Sultanate government was essentially a centralized one though it had the origi
nal
democratic nature of an Islamic State. In fact, the circumstances had forced them t
o becoa centralizd one.The Sultan in his administration had to keep a good number
of ministers the member ofwhich varied from time to time. During the rule of the s
lave dynasty there were four ministers

1.
2.
3.
4.

The Wazir,
The WrizIMamalik,
The WiwanIInsha
The DiwanIRasalat

Diwan-i-ariz or diwan-i-arz or the army master:

The post of Diwaniariz was next to the Wazir. He was the controller general of the
military
establishment. It was his duty to recruit troops and to maintain the descriptive roll
s of men
and horses. He was also to arrange to held review in order to inspect the forces. Th
e Sultan
was the commanderinchief of the army. So the Arizimamalik was not to command
the army.
Diwan-i-insha or the in-charge of royal correspondence:

Diwaniinsha was the third important minister. He was in charge of the royal
correspondence. A member of Dabir (writers) assisted him. They were all masters
of style.
This department used to make all correspondences, even of the confidential matter
s made
between the Sultan and the rulers of other states or of the important vassals and off
icials of
the kingdom. They drafted the important royal orders and sent to the Sultan for his
sanction.
They were then copied, registered and dispatched.
Diwan-i-risalat or the minister for foreign affairs:

The diwanirasala was an important officer as all theSultans of Delhi were always e
ager to
maintain diplomatic relations with the Central Asian.

Sadr-us-Sudur or Minister of the department of religions:

The Sadrus
Sudur was the minister of the department of religion, religious endowment and
charity. It was the duty of the chief Sadr (SadrusSudur) to enforce the Islamic rules
and
regulations and to look after that the Muslims strictly follow those regulations in t
heir daily
life.
Diwan-i-Qaza or the Chief Qazi:

The chief Qazi was the head of the judicial department. He supervised the adminis
tration of
justice in the kingdom. Very often, only one man was appointed to carry on the wo
rks of
both
the departments of the religious endowment and charity and the department of just
ice.

Provincial Administration
Provincial administration was run by Muqti, Iqtadars and other government officia
ls.
Iqtadars
were the landholders. It was the responsibility of the Muqtis and Iqtadars to
provide the
Sultans with troops. Each province was divided into a number of parganas.
Each parganas
was further divided into several villagers.The Sultanate of Delhi was never
divided into homogeneous provinces with uniformadministrative system. The Sult
anate of Delhi was a centralized monarchy and no Sultan ofDelhi ever thought of r
earranging the provinces on a uniform basis.
During the thirteenth century, the entire Sultanate was consisted of military comm
ands.
These were known as the Iqtas. Iqta means part or share of a land and land revenu
e given to
a person by the ruler, the Sultan. The system was introduced by Sultan Iltutmish w
ho had
distributed Iqtas in a wide scale among his Turkish followers. Each Iqta was under
a
powerful military officer known as Muqti.
During the time of the socalled slave kings of Delhi, the important Iqtas were Man
dawar,
Amraha, Sambhal, Badaun, Baran (Bulandshahr), Koli (Aligarh), Awadh, Kara, M
anikpur,

Bayana, Gwalior, Nagpur, Hansi, Multan, Uch, Lahore, Samana, Sunam, Kluhram,
Bhatinda
and Sanhind.

MUGHAL DYNASTY
This empire is formed by babur in 1526 with defeat of
ibhraim lodi. Before that babur invade india 5 times and looted
the kingdom which he visited and in last with the invitation of
daullat khan lodi and ranna sanghaa of mewar he invade delhi
and finally defeat lbhraim lodi who have the biggest army
in india. Babur was a born fighter and in the age of 22 he
become king of farganna(Persia). His father name was ummer
seikh. From 1526-30 he just fight battle and defeat several
afgan general in the battle of ghaghra and ranna sangha. The
Mughal belong to throne of ganjesh khan who spread all over
asia so they are good warrior and administraters

List of Mughal kings :

Emperor

Birth

Reign
Period

Death

Babur

23
February
1483

1526
1530

26
December
1530

Humayun

6 March
1508

1530
1540

Jan 1556

Humayun

6 March
1508

1555
1556

Jan 1556

Akbar

14
November
1542

1556
1605

27 October
1605

Jahangir

Oct 1569

1605
1627

1627

Shah Jahan

5 January
1592

1627
1658

1666

Aurangzeb

21 October
1618

1658
1707

3 March
1707

Bahadur Shah I

14 October
1643

1707
1712

Feb 1712

Jahandar Shah

1664

1712
1713

Feb 1713

Furrukhsiyar

1683

1713
1719

1719

Rafi Ul-Darjat

Unknown

1719

1719

Rafi Ud-Daulat

Unknown

1719

1719

Nikusiyar

Unknown

1719

1743

Muhammad
Ibrahim

Unknown

1720

1744

Muhammad
Shah

1702

1719
1720,
1720
1748

1748

Ahmad Shah
Bahadur

1725

1748
54

1775

Alamgir II

1699

1754
1759

1759

Shah Jahan III

Unknown

In
1759

1772

Shah Alam II

1728

1759
1806

1806

Akbar Shah II

1760

1806
1837

1837

Bahadur Shah II 1775

1837
1857

1862

MUGHAL ADMINISTRATION
Mansabdari System:
The Mansabdari System was yet another achievement of Mughal Administration S
ystem.

During the rule of the Mughals, every activity of the state administration was centr
ed round
the emperor. The Mughals developed nobility (mansabdars) to look after adminis
tration, butook steps to ensure that there was always an element of insecurity in th
eir position, so thathe monarch could control them. The emperor alone could confe
r, decrease, increase and resume the mansabs.

Territorial Divisions:
Akbar divided the empire into convenient units for collection of revenue, and for t
he
administration of justice. The Mughal Revenue Administration is also praiseworth
y. There
were 12 provinces or subahs (subsequently raised to 18 and finally to 20 in Aurang
zebs
time). These were further divided into sarkars (districts) and parganas (subdistricts). Several
villages made up a pargana

Subah:
The provincial government was designed on the lines of the central government. T
he
subahdar was the governor of the province appointed by the emperor for overall su
pervision
in all matters: executive, defense, law and order, criminal justice and economic im
provemet.
Along with the imperial farman appointing him, were a set of instructions detailin
g his
responsibilities, methods of work and code of conduct

Sarkar:
At the next level of administration, that is the sarkar, there was an executive head c
alled
faujdar to look after the defense of the territory and to help other officers to collect
taxes.
amil was expected by the government to establish direct relations with the agricult
urists

Pargana:
The next level of administration was the pargana headed by a person called shiqda
r who
combined in him the duties of revenue, justice and magistracy. He supervised the a
mil and
qanungo who attended to the survey, assessment and collection of revenue.

Village Administration:
Several villages made up a pargana. The village during the Mughal Peirod was rec
ognized as a selfgoverning unit with rights and responsibilities. It had its council that is the

panchayat
which settled disputes, performed relief work and collected revenue. The village
headman
controlled the village pat wan who maintained records relating to holdings, types
of crops and so on