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Education beats poverty: one extra year of schooling increases a persons earnings by up to 10%. 171
million people could be lifted out of poverty if all students in low-income countries left school with basic reading skills.
Education promotes gender equality by helping women control how many children they have. In Mali,
women with secondary education or higher have an average of three children, while those with no education have an
average of seven children.
Education reduces child mortality: a child born to a mother who can read is 50% more likely to survive past
age five. In Indonesia, child vaccination rates are 19% when mothers have no education and 68% when mothers have
at least secondary school education.
Education contributes to improved maternal health:women with higher levels of education are most likely
to delay and space out pregnancies, and to seek health care and support.
Education helps combat HIV, malaria and other preventable diseases. In addition, it facilitates access to
treatment and fights against stigma and discrimination.
Education encourages environmental sustainability. It allows people make decisions that meet the needs
of the present without compromising those of future generations. The UN Decade of Education for Sustainable
Development (DESD), launched in 2005, urges countries to rethink education, curricula and teaching practice in ways
that complement the drive to achieve EFA.
Education helps global development. An estimated $16 billion in aid is needed annually to reach the EFA
goals in poor countries. However, in 2008 poor countries received only $2 billion in aid for basic education. The
worldwide military expenditure for 2009 was $1.5 trillion.
As data on academic achievement and other student outcomes are disaggregated and analyzed,
one sees high comparable performance for all identifiable groups of learners, and achievement
and performance gaps are virtually non-existent.
Goal 2: Equitable access and inclusion
The unobstructed entrance into, involvement of and full participation of learners in schools,
programs and activities within those schools.
Goal 3: Equitable treatment
Patterns of interaction between individuals and within an environment characterized by
acceptance, valuing, respect, support, safety and security such that students feel challenged to
become invested in the pursuits of learning and excellence without fear of threat, humiliation,
danger or disregard.
Goal 4: Equitable opportunity to learn
At minimum, the creation of learning opportunities so that every child, regardless of
characteristics and identified needs, is presented with the challenge to reach high standards and
are given the requisite pedagogical, social, emotional and psychological supports to achieve the
high standards of excellence that are established.
Goal 5: Equitable resources
Funding, staffing and other resources for equity-based excellence that are manifested in the
existence of equitably assigned qualified staff, appropriate facilities, other environmental learning
spaces, instructional hardware and software, instructional materials and equipment, and all other
instructional supports, are distributed in an equitable and fair manner such that the notion that all
diverse learners must achieve high academic standards and other school outcomes become
possible.
Goal 6: Accountability
The assurance that all education stakeholders accept responsibility and hold themselves and each
other responsible for every learner having full access to quality education, qualified teachers,
challenging curriculum, full opportunity to learn, and appropriate, sufficient support for learning
so they can achieve at excellent levels in academic and other student outcomes.
In order to evaluate each country's progress with regards to the EFA's goals set in the Dakar Framework for Action,
UNESCO has developed the Education for All Development Index (EDI). The EDI measures four of the six EFA
goals, selected on the basis of data availability. Each of the four goals is evaluated using a specific indicator, and
each of those components is then assigned an equal weight in the overall index.
The EDI value for a given country is thus the arithmetic mean of the four indicators. Since they are all expressed as
percentages, the EDI value can vary from 0 to 100% or, when expressed as a ratio, from 0 to 1. The higher the EDI
value, the closer the country is to achieving Education For All as a whole.
The four goals measured in the EDI and their corresponding indicators are:
Goal 1: Expand early childhood care and education - The indicator selected to measure progress towards
this goal is the total primary net enrolment ratio (NER), which measures the percentage of primary-school-age
children who are enrolled in either primary or secondary school. Its value varies from 0 to 100%. Therefore, a
NER of 100% means that all eligible children are enrolled in school.
Goal 4: Increase adult literacy by 50 percent - Although existing data on literacy are not entirely satisfactory,
the adult literacy rate for those aged 15 and above is used here as a proxy to measure progress.
Goal 5: Achieve gender parity by 2005, gender equality by 2015: The indicator selected to measure progress
towards this goal is the gender-specific EFA index, the GEI, which is itself a simple average of the three gender
parity indexes (GPI) for primary education, secondary education and adult literacy, with each being weighted
equally. Therefore it encompasses the two sub-goals of the original EFA goal: gender parity (achieving equal
participation of girls and boys in primary and secondary education) and gender equality (ensuring that
educational equality exists between boys and girls) proxied by the GPI for adult literacy
Goal 6: Improve the quality of education - The survival rate to Grade 5 was selected for as being the best
available proxy for assessing the quality component of EDI, as comparable data are available for a large
number of countries.[8]
as boys - go to school and finish primary education. This should happen by 2015 at the latest. Primary schooling must be
entirely free of charge and be compulsory for every child. Some groups of children need special attention, for instance
those who belong to minority groups and those whose circumstances are particularly difficult.
In a World Context
The average net enrolment ratios for developing countries have continued to increase since Dakar. Sub-Saharan Africa
raised its average net enrolment ratio from 54 to 70 per cent between 1999 and 2006, for an annual increase six times
greater than during the decade before Dakar. The increase in South and West Asia was also impressive, rising from 75
per cent to 86 per cent. In 2006, some 75 million children, 55 per cent girls, were not in school, almost half in sub-Saharan
Africa. On current trends, millions of children will still be out of school in 2015 the target date for universal primary
education. Projections for 134 countries accounting for some two-thirds of out-of-school children in 2006 suggest that
some 29 million children will be out of school in 2015 in these countries alone. (EFA Global Monitoring Report 2009)
Goal 3 Promote learning, skills for young people and adults
This goal places the emphasis on the learning needs of young people and adults in the context of lifelong learning. It calls
for equitable access to learning programmes that are appropriate, and mentions life skills particularly. We should note too
that EFA Goal 6 also refers to essential life skills as a desirable outcome of quality basic education.
In a World Context
Governments are not giving priority to youth and adult learning needs in their education policies. Meeting the lifelong
needs of youth and adults needs stronger political commitment and more public funding. It will also require more clearly
defined concepts and better data for effective monitoring. (EFA Global Monitoring Report 2009)
Goal 4 Increase adult literacy by 50 per cent
This goal calls for a certain level of improvement in adult literacy by 2015 it says that it should be 50 per cent better than
it was in 2000. The needs of women should receive particular attention. In addition, all adults should have opportunities to
go on learning throughout their lives.
In a World Context
An estimated 776 million adults or 16 per cent of the worlds adult population lack basic literacy skills. About two-thirds
are women. Most countries have made little progress in recent years. If current trends continue, there will be over 700
million adults lacking literacy skills in 2015. Between 19851994 and 20002006, the global adult literacy rate increased
from 76 per cent to 84 per cent. However, forty-five countries have adult literacy rates below the developing country
average of 79 per cent, mostly in sub-Saharan Africa, and South and West Asia. Nearly all of them are off track to meet
the adult literacy target by 2015. Nineteen of these countries have literacy rates of less than 55 per cent. (EFA Global
Monitoring Report 2009)
Goal 5 Achieve gender parity by 2005, gender equality by 2015
This goal calls for an equal number of girls and boys to be enrolled in primary and secondary school by 2005 this is
what gender parity means (even though not all girls and boys may be enrolled at this stage). It further aims to achieve
gender equality in education by 2015. This is a more ambitious goal, meaning that all girls and boys have equal
opportunity to enjoy basic education of high quality, achieve at equal levels and enjoy equal benefits from education.
Where the World Stands
In 2006, of the 176 countries with data, 59 had achieved gender parity in both primary and secondary education 20
countries more than in 1999. At the primary level, about two-thirds of countries had achieved parity. However, more than
half the countries in sub-Saharan Africa, South and West Asia and the Arab States had not reached the target. Only 37
per cent of countries worldwide had achieved gender parity at secondary level. (EFA Global Monitoring Report 2009)