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lndian Standard
VI
DETERMINATION
OF SHRINKAGE
FACTORS
( First Revision )
Fifth Reprint
UDC
AUGUST
624131434
0 copyrrght
BUREAU
MANAK
Gr 3
OF
BHAVAN.
1993
INDIAN
1972
STANDARDS
9 BAHADUR
SHAH
NEW DELHI 110002
ZAFAR
MARG
July 1972
Indian Standard
METHODS OF TEST FOR SOILS
PART VI
DETERMINATION
OF SHRINKAGE
FACTORS
(First Revision J
Soil Engineering
Sectional Committee,
BDC 23
Reprtscnling
Chairman
Cen~o~rk~~ilding
Research
Inrtitute
( CSIR ),
Members
SHRI D. R. NARAHARI ( Altcrnalc to
Prof Dinesh Mohan )
University of Jodhpur, Jodhpur
PROF ALAM SINGU
Cementation
Co Ltd. Bombay
DR A. BANERJEE
SHRI S GUPTA ( Alkrnatc!
Land Reclamation,
Irrigation
& Power Research
SHRI B. B. L. BHATNACJA~
Institute, Amritsar
SHRI K. N. DADINA
In personal capacity (P-820, &ew A&arc, Calcutta 53)
Hindustan Construction
Co Ltd. Bombay
SHRI A. G. DASTIDAR
Bihar Institute
of Hydraulic
& Allied
Researcn,
S~nr R. L. DEW_\N
Khagaul, Patna
Indian Geotechnical
Society, New Delhi
13~ G. S. DHILLON
PROF R. N. Do~:R.*
Indian Institute of Technology,
New Delhi
SHRI
S. I(. GULHATI ( Allernote )
JOIST DIRECTOR RESEARCEI ( FE ), Railway Board ( Ministry of Railways )
KDSO
DEPUTY DIRECTOR RESEARCH
( SOIL MECHAXICS ), RDSO
( Alternate )
Engineer-in-Chiefs
Branch, Army Headquarters
SHRI S. S. JOSHI
SWRI S. V~RAD~RAJA ( Alternate )
Central Board of Irrigation & Power, New Delhi
SHRI I. P. K.XPILA
Rodio Foundation
Engineering
Ltd; and Hazarat &
SHRI G. KUECKELJIANN
Co, Bombay
SHRI A. H. DIVANJI ( A!lcmote j
Pllblic Works Department.
Government
of Punjab
SHRI 0. P. XIALHWRA
Concrete Association of India, Bombay
SHHr 11. A. hleH.rA
SHRI T. hi. hfENoN (,~~lcmale)
BUREAU
MANAK
OF
BHAVAN.
INDIAN
STANDARDS
9 BAHADU.R
SHAH
NEW DELHI 110002
ZAFAR
MARG
Memberz
Representing
SHRI R. S. MF:LI;UTE
Central Water & Power Commission,
New Delhi
DEPUTY DIRECTOR ( CBNTRAL
SOIL MIWXANICS RESEARCH
STA.I.<ON ) (Alternate)
Sam T. li. NATAHAJAN
Central
Road Research
Institute
( CSIR ), New
Delhi
SHRI RAVIND~R LAL
National Buildings Organization,
New Delhi
SHRI S. H. BALACAANDANI ( Alrernate )
Buildings & Roads Research
Laboratory,
Public
RESEARCH OEFICER
Works Department,
Government of Punjab
RESEARCH OFFICER
Engineering Research Laboratory,
Hydcrabad
Da SHAMSEER PRAKASH
University
of Roorkee, Roorkee
SHRI H. D. SHARMA
Irrigation Research Institute, Roorkee
Roads Wing ( IMinistry of Shipping & Transport)
SHRI S. N. SINHA
SHRI
A. S. BISHNOI ( Ahmafc )
SUPERINTENDINQ
E N o I N E E R Concrete & Soil Research Laboratory,
Public Works
(PLANNINCI AND DESIGN CIRCLE)
Department,
Government
of Tamil Nadu
EXECUTIVE
ENGINEER
SOIL
(Ixon~nox,
MECHANICS & RESEARCE~
DIVISION ) (Alternate)
Institution
of Engineers ( India ), Calcutta
SHRI C. G. SWAMINATHAN
All India Instruments
Manufacturers
& Dealers
SHRI H. C. VERMA
Association,
Bombay
SHRI S. R. TALPADE (Alternate)
Public Works Department,
Government
of Uttar
SERI H. C. VERMA
Pradesh
SRRI D. C. CAATURVEDX ( A~tcrnate )
Director General, IS1 ( fi-oficio Member)
SHRI D. AJITHA SIAXHA,
Director ( Civ Engg )
Secretary
Deputy
Soi1 Testing
Procedures
SHRI G. RAGMAN
Director ( Civ Engg )
and
Equipment
, IS1
Subcommittee,
BDC 23 : 3
Convener
PROF ALAM SINCR
University
of Jodhpur,
Jodhpur
Members
DR R. K. BHANDARI
Central
Road Research
Institute
Delhi
Roads Wing ( Ministry of Shipping
(CSIR),
New
& Transport )
SHRI T. N. BHAR~AVA
SHRI A. S. BISriNOI ( Alternate )
Bihar Institute
of Hydraulic
8t Allied
Research,
SRRI R. L. DEWAN
Khagaul, Patna
Geologists Syndicate Private Ltd, Calcutta
SHtiT II. K. GUHA
SHRI N. N. BKATTACHARYYA
( Alternate )
( Continued on page 12 )
Indian Standard
METHODS OF TEST FOR SOILS
PART VI
DETERMINATION
OF SHRINKAGE
FACTORS
( First Revision )
0.
FOREWORD
Standard
( Part VI) ( First Revision ) was adopted
by
the Indian
Standards
Institution
on 25 February
1972, after the draft
finalized by the Soil Engineering
Sectional Committee had been approved
by the Civil Engineering
Division Council.
0.2 With a view to establish uniform procedures for the determination
of
different
characteristics
of soils and also for facilitating
a comparative
study of the results, the Indian
Standards
Institution
is bringing
out
this Indian
Standard
methods of test for soils (IS : 2720) which is
being published
in parts.
Thirty-three
parts of this series have been
published
so far.
0.3 This part, first published in 1964, deals with the methods of test for
the determination
of shrinkage
factors for soils.
Factors, such as the
shrinkage limit, shrinkage ratio, shrinkage index and volumetric
shrinkage
may be. .etermined
from the results of the test described.
The method
for determining
the value of linear shrinkage on the basis of results of test
conducted
for obtaining
the shrinkage limit has been found unsatisfactory
and a direct method for determining
this property
has been covered in
IS : 2720 ( Part XX )-1966*.
Hence reference to linear
shrinkage
has
As weight measurements
can be made
been deleted from this revision.
more accurately
than volume measurements,
the former method has been
specified in this revision for the determination
of the volume of the soil
pat.
The inside edge of the shrinkage dish has been rounded so that air
entrapped
during the measurement
of the volume of the pat is minimized.
Recently
it has been recognized
that shrinkage
upon drying is also
indicative
of the structure
of the soil.
The greater the shrinkage
the
more dispersed
the strcture.
It is possible,
therefore,
to study the
shrinkage behaviour of undisturbed
soil of natural or man-made
deposits
In this revision the term shrinkage limit
and get an idea of its structure.
( undisturbed
soil) has been introduced
to define this property
and a
Consequently,
the term originally
method included for its determination.
known as shrinkage
limit has been re-designated
as shrinkage
limit
( remoulded
soil ).
- ~_..
*Methods of teat for soils: Part XX Determination of linear shrinkage.
3
1. SCOPE
1.1 This standard ( Part VI ) lays down the method of test for obtaining
data
from
which
the shrinkage
factors,
namely
shrinkage
limit
( remoulded
soil ), shrinkage
limit ( undisturbed
soil ), shrinkage
ratio,
shrinkage index and volumetric shrinkage of soils may be calculated.
2.
TERMINOLOGY
of terms
not
given
limit
numerical
difference
(remoulded
soil ).
between
the
(jirsf revision ).
two, porcelain,
about 12 cm in diameter with
the diameter of flat bottom, being not less
a pour out and flat bottom,
than 55 mm or an enamel iron tray with pour out.
3.2
Spatula-
flexible,
Straight Edge -
steel,
about
15 cm in length.
the
BEFORE
SHRINKAGE
GLASS
PLATE
WITH
PRONGS
L*OP
OF GLASS CUP
GROUND
SURFACE)
DETAIL
OF GLASS
PLATE WITH PRONGS
1 DRY
SOIL PAT
/ MERCURY
DISPLACED
BY SOIL PAT
METHOD OF OBTAINING
DISPLACED
MERCURY
All dimensions
FIG.
AFTER
SHRINKAGE
in millimetres.
APPARATUSFOR DETERMINING
VOLUMETRIC
CHANQE
5
IS :272Q (PartVI)-1972
thermostatically
controlled
to maintain
3.7 Ovenbetween 105 and 1 lOC, with interior of non-corroding
-
425-micron
3.9 Balances
3.8 Sieve
-sensitive
3.10
Mercury
3.11
Desiccator
4. SOIL
IS Sieves.
to 0.1 g and 0.01 g (see IS : 1433-1965*
clean,
sufficient
-with
SAMPLE
the temperature
material.
any desiccating
FOR
).
acid.
TEST
Shrinkage
Index
( Undisturbed
Soil
) Test
FOR DETERMINATION
SOIL)
AND OTHER
OF SHRINKAGE
LIMIT
ALLIED
PROPERTIES
5.1 Preparation
of Soil PastePlace about 30 g of the soil sample
obtained in 4.1 in the evaporating
dish and thoroughly mix with distilled
water in an amount sufficient to fill the soil voids completely and to make
the soil pasty enough to be readily worked into the shrinkage dish without
air bubbles.
In the case of friable soils the amount
of
entrapping
water required
to obtain the desired consistency
is equal to or slightly
greater than the liquid limit; in the case of plastic soils it may exceed the
liquid limit by as much as 10 percent.
5.2 Weight
and Volume
of the Shrinkage
DishDetermine
the
weight of the clean empty shrinkage dish and record.
Determine
the
capacity
of the shrinkage dish in cubic centimetres,
which is also the
volume of the wet soil pat, by filling the shrinkage dish to overflowing
with mercury, removing the excess by pressing the plain glass plate firmly
over the top of the shrinkage dish in such a way that the plate is flush
xvith the top of the dish and no air is entrapped, weighing the mercury
held in the shrinkage dish to an accuracy of 0.1 g and dividing this weight
by the unit weight of mercury to obtain the volume.
Record this volume
as the volume of the wet soil pat, v.
*Specification
for beam scales irevirrd).
tMc=thndsof test for zoils: Part I Preparation
( Jrsl
revirion ).
of
dry
soil samp!es
lor various
tests
FOR
DETERMINING
SOIL )
the specimen
as prepared
SHRINKAGE
in 4.2 in a suitable
7
LIMIT
the volume
6.3 Determine
the specific
IS : 2720 ( Part III )-1964.
gravity
of
specimen
the
soil
in
of 6.1 as described
accordance
with
7. CALCULATIONS
the moisture content
of wet
7.1 Moisture Content
( w ) - Calculate
soil pat ( see 5 ) as a percentage
of the dry weight of the soil as follows:
11 zp)=--
IV,
x 100
Mo
where
w = moisture
content
by subtracting
the weight
dish from the weight of the dish and wet
,,=,-(
y,
( wB) -
Calculate
the
100
where
ws = shrinkage
w = moisture
limit in percent,
content
lhlethods
weight
the specific
gravity
soil pat in g.
of thesoil
is known
the shrinkage
of specific
gravity.
.?.
.
by
the
following
formula
+_&)
in 5.4 is not
100
where
w8 = shrinkage
limit
in percent,
R = shrinkage
ratio
G = specific gravity
ance with IS
7.3 Shrinkage
Index
following formula:
in accord-
I,)-
the
Is = Ip -
shrinkage
index
using
in
accordance
shrinkage
ratio
the
ws
where
index
[ determined
Ip = plasticity
IS: 2720 ( Part V)-19707
1.
7.4 Shrinkage Ratio
following formula:
R )-
Calculate
the
with
using
the
iufl
R--
Y.
where
W, = weight
of oven-dry
Y0 = volume
of oven-dry
pat in g, and
soil pat in ml.
7.5 Volumetric
Shrinkage ( Volumetric
the volumetric
shrinkage using the following
Change ) ( Y8 ) formula:
Calculate
Y, = ( ZLJ~
- ws ) R
where
WI = given
moisture
content
in percent,
ws = shrinkage
R = shrinkage
7.6 Shrinkage
Limit
( Undisturbed
Soil ) ( wsu ) - Calculate
the
shrinkage limit ( undisturbed
soil ) using the following formula ( of sample
referred in 6 ):
1
Y
100
wall =
Ml,,
G )
where
(--%_--
limit
( undisturbed
*Methods
of test for soils: Part III
tMethods
of test for soils: Part
(first reviszon ) .
Determination
V Determination
wslc = shrinkage
soil ) in percent,
of specific gravity.
of liquid
and
plastic
limits
.?,
,.*
:,
specimen
specimen
in ml ( see 6.2 ),
in g (see 6.1),
and
in accordance
with
8. REPORT
and results
8.2 The tests shall be repeated at least three times for each soil sample
an< the average of the results thus obtained reported.
If any individual
value varies from the average by more than f 2 percent, it shall be
discarded and the test repeated.
APPENDIX
( Clause 8.1 )
PRO
a)
FORMA
Shrinkage Limit
FOR REC,oRD
OF TEST
RESULTS
( Remoulded Soil )
Project:
Name
of work:
Laboratory
number
Description
of soil sample:
Soil fraction
Bore/Trial
Location
Depth
Pit No.
Determination
No.
Shrinkage
dish No.
Weight of shrinkage
dish in g
i: Weight of shrinkage dish + wet
soil pat in g
dish + dry
5. Weighr. of shrinkage
soil pat in g
soil pat
6. Weight of oven-dry
CW, I in e
7. iVeight of water in 4
(w ) of soil
8. hfoisti~re content
pat, percent
dish No. (dish into
9. Evaooratine
which mercury
filling shrinkage
dish is transferred
for weighing)
in g
filling shrinkage
10. Weight of mercury
dish + weight of evapfxating
dish
Weight of eoapo,xting
dish
II.~...__-.-___--_
taken
of sample:
for the test:
Test
::
l,\Iethoc!s
,1
III
Determination
10
of specific
gravity.
No.
19.
20.
(w--q)
soil )
100
21.
Shrinkzge ratio R -7
22.
b)
T-
100
Shrinkage limit ( remoulded
uI*=
Z:
I-
Project:
Laboratory
Name of work:
Location
1.
::
;:
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
Bore/Trial
Pit No.
Determination No.
Dish No.
Weight of ,dish + oven-dry
soil specimen in g
Weight of dish in g
Weight of oven-dry soil
specimen W,, in g
Evaporating dish No.
Weight of mercury displaced
by the oven-dry specimen -t
weight of evaporating dish in g
Weight of evaporating dish in g
Weight of mercury displaced by the
oven-dry soil specimen in g
Volume of the oven-dry soil
specimen V,, in ml
0,
w,,
Specific
11
number of sample:
Depth
Test No.
Members
SFIRI S. K. G~LHATC
Sum S. S. JORHI
SHRI 0. P. MALHOTRA
DR I. S. UPPAL ( Alfern& )
Central Water & Power Commission, New Delhi
SHRI R. S. MELKOTE
DEPUTY DIKECTOR (CENTRAL
SOIL MYCHANICS RESE.ZRCK
STATIOX ) ( Alternafc)
Central Building
Research
Institute
( CSIR ),
SHRI D. R. NARAHAKI
Roorkee
SIlRI G. S. J.41~ (Alfern&)
United Technical Consultants Pvt Ltd, New Delhi
DR V. V. S. RAO
SHRI K. K. GUPTA ( Allcrnate )
Public Works Department,
Government
of Uttar
REPRESENT-UTILE
Pradesh
Associated Instrument Manufacturers ( India ) Pvt
SHRI H. C. VERXA
Ltd, New Delhi
SHRI M. N. BALICA ( tlllcrnofe )
12
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OF
INDIAN
STANDARDS
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lndlr
AMENDMENT
NO. 1
DECEMBER
1982
TO
VI
DETERMINATION
( First
OF SHRINKAGE
Revision
OF TEST
FACTORS
Alterations
the following
( Page 5, clauses 3.1 to 3.6 ) - Substitute
ting clauses and re-number
the subsequent
clauses:
3.1 The evaporating
dish, spatula, shrinkage
cup, prong plate, plain plate and measuring
IS : 10077-1982*.
( Page 5, Fig. 1 ) -
Delete.
( Page 8, clause 6.3; page 9, clause 7.2; and page 10, cluus~ 7.6 ) - Substitute IS : 2720( Part III/Set
2 )r1980* for IS : 2720( Part III )-1964*
wherever appearing.
( Pages 8,9 and 10, foot-note
for the existing foot-note:
with * mark ) -
Substitute
of specific gravity,
the following
Section 2 Fine,
Addenda
( Page 5 ) -Add
tSpecification
the following
foot-note
at the bottom:
of shrinkage factors.
(BDC23)
Printed at Slmco Prlntlno Press. Delhi. lndla