JeffreyNg,SevignePak,HyacinthPercell,SamuelYuen

April21,2015
Ravenclaw

MixingLab

What is included is a very nice start! A

little more organization could help, but
overall it is pretty good. However, this is
clearly unfinished: many results not
discussed, no bibliography, leftover
notes, etc. So, what is here is good, but a
little more work is definitely needed!

Abstract:
Thislabreportexaminestherelationshipsbetweentemperature,volumeanddensityof
liquid.Wemeasuredbothalcoholandwaterusinggraduatedcylinders,mixedthem,andfound
thetemperatureusingtemperatureprobesforeachseparateexperiment.Allofthedatafromour
experimentsisapplicabletotheequationforequilibriumtemperature.Wehaveproventhatour
dataiscorrectbymixingliquidsofdifferenttemperaturesandspecificheatsandexamining
whethertheresultswereaccurateaccordingtotheequation.Wehadanerrorinthemixingof
equalpartsofhotandcoldwaterhowever,themajorityofourdatacorrelatedwithresultsfrom
inputtingitintotheequilibriumtemperatureequation,sothelabwassuccessful.

Intro:

Whenmixingseveralsubstancestogether,severalthingsoccurthataredependentonthe
substancesandtheirproperties,specifically,temperatureandspecificheatandmass,volume,
anddensity.Onemustknownotonlywhataffectstheexperiment,butwhateachcomponentis
andhoweachaffectstheexperiment.
Theconceptofspecificheatandchangesintemperaturedatesbacktothe18thcentury.A
Scottishscientist,bythenameofJosephBlack,discoveredthenaturalphenomenaofspecific
heatwhileconductingstudiesaboutlatentheat.1Whileconducting
twoexperimentswhereinoneheleftabucketoficeinaroomwith
constanttemperatureandanotherwhereheboiledwater,henoticed
thatneitherthebucketoficenorthewatersuccumbedtoan
1

"JosephBlack."ScottishScienceHallofFame.AccessedApril21,2015.

immediatephasechangewhenreachingthepublished
temperaturerequired.2Fromtheseexperiments,Blackcameupon
thetheoryofspecificheat.
UponBlacksdiscoveries,scientistshavedevelopedthemoderndefinitionofspecific
heat:theamountofheatperunitmassrequiredtoraisethetemperaturebyonedegreeCelsius.3
Specificheatrelatestoourexperimentbecauseeachsubstanceusedhasadifferentrateatwhich
itchangestemperatureaffectingtheoverallsystem.Thismustbetakenintoaccountforitwill
changewhatthefinaltemperatureofthemixturewillbe.
Butfirst,wemustknowthedefinitionoftemperaturethemeasureoftheaverage
kineticenergyinasystem.4TemperatureismostcommonlymeasuredinKelvins,degrees
Fahrenheit,ordegreesCelsius.Fromthedefinitionsuppliedabovefortemperatureandprovided
thatheatisenergyintransitfromahightemperatureobjecttoalowertemperatureobject,5
specificheatismeasuredinheatperunitmass,orJoulepergramdegreesCelsius(J/gC).For
example,thespecificheatofaluminumis0.900J/gC.6Thismeansittakesninetenthsofajoule
toraiseonegramofaluminumbyonedegreeCelsius.
Nowthatweknowwhatheat,specificheat,andtemperatureare,wecanexaminethe
processofheattransfer.Thechangeinheatofasubstancewhenitstemperaturechangesis
definedas
Q = mcT ,

"JosephBlack."EncyclopdiaBritannicaOnline.AccessedApril21,2015.

"SpecificHeat."SpecificHeat.AccessedApril20,2015.
4

"Temperature."WolframResearch.AccessedApril20,2015.
5

"Heat."HyperPhysics.AccessedApril20,2015.
6

"SpecificHeatCapacityTable."AccessedApril21,2015.
3

Thisequationonlyapplieswhenthereisnophasechangeofthesubstance.Thisisforone
substance.Whenmixingtwoormoresubstances,specificallyfluidsinourcase,youfindthe
totalchangeinheattofindtheequilibriumtemperature.Equilibriumtemperatureisthe
temperatureatwhichallthesubstancessettleatandmaintainafterbeingmixedandgiven
enoughtimetoequalize.Inordertofindthisequilibriumtemperature,webeginbysayingthat
thechangeinheatofeachobject(twoareusedinthederivation,butmorecanbeadded)isequal
tothefinalchangeinheat,
Qf = Q1 + Q2 .
Expandingthechangeinheatofeachobject,weget
Qf = m1c1T 1 + m2c2T 2 .
Then,expandingthechangeinheatofthesystem,weget
m1c1T f + m2c2T f = m1c1T 1o + m2c2T 2o .
Factoringout
T
f,orthefinaltemperature,weget

T f (m1c1 + m2c2) = m1c!T 1o + m2c2T 2o .

Finally,isolating
T
bydividingbothsides,wereceivetheequationtofindequilibrium

f
temperature
T f =

m1c1T 1o+m2c2T 2o
m1c1+m2c2

= T EQ .

Again,thisequationtofindequilibriumtemperatureonlyapplieswhennophasechangesoccur.
Anothersignificantareathatweareconcernedwithisthepropertiesofliquids.The
temperatureofaliquidbothaffectsandisaffectedbydensity.Densityisdefinedmassover
volume.Astemperatureincreases,thedensityofaliquiddecreasesandastheformerincreases,
thelatterdecreases.Thisisimportantbecausewhenmixingliquidstogether,thetemperature

changewillnotbeexactlyequaltotheequilibriumtemperaturegivenbytheequation,although
thedifferenceshouldbeminor.Astrangebehaviorofwateris
thatwaterisactuallymostdensebetween0Cand4C.This
temperaturerangeisthatofwaterbeforeitchangesintoasolid
andthedensitywilldirectlyinfluencetheequilibrium
temperaturewhenmixedwithothersubstances.Thevolumeof
aliquidanditsmeniscusarecloselyrelated.Ameniscusis
the
curveduppersurfaceofacolumnofliquid.7Whenthevolume
ofaliquidismeasuredinagraduatedacylinder,ameniscus
caneasilybemisread.

"JosephBlack."ScottishScienceHallofFame.AccessedApril21,2015.
.
http://digital.nls.uk/scientists/biographies/josephblack/discoveries.html

"JosephBlack."EncyclopdiaBritannicaOnline.AccessedApril21,2015.
http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/67460/JosephBlack/260684/Heatresearch
.

"SpecificHeat."SpecificHeat.AccessedApril20,2015.
http://hyperphysics.phyastr.gsu.edu/hbase/thermo/spht.html
.

"Temperature."WolframResearch.AccessedApril20,2015.
http://scienceworld.wolfram.com/physics/Temperature.html
.

"Heat."HyperPhysics.AccessedApril20,2015.
http://hyperphysics.phyastr.gsu.edu/hbase/thermo/heat.html
.

JosephBlackpic:
7

"Meniscus."MerriamWebster.AccessedApril21,2015.

http://www.bbc.co.uk/arts/yourpaintings/paintings/professorjosephblack17281799

"SpecificHeatCapacityTable."AccessedApril21,2015.
http://www2.ucdsb.on.ca/tiss/stretton/database/Specific_Heat_Capacity_Table.html
.

"Meniscus."MerriamWebster.AccessedApril21,2015.
http://www.merriamwebster.com/dictionary/meniscus
.

MeniscusPic:
https://www.cpib.ac.uk/labfab/theproblemofthemeniscus/

Explain:
temperature
specificheat
howtemperatureaffectsthevolumeanddensityofwater

EquilibriumTemperatureDerivation

Q = mcT

Qf = Q1 + Q2

Qf = m1c1T 1 + m2c2T 2

m1c1T f + m2c2T f = m1c1T 1o + m2c2T 2o

T f (m1c1 + m2c2) = m1c!T 1o + m2c2T 2o

T f =

m1c1T 1o+m2c2T 2o

m1c1+m2c2

Procedure:
oushouldmentionhowyoumeasuredoutthewateroralcohol,theamountsused,howyougatheredtemperaturedata,
andhowyoufoundthemassofthewater/alcohol.

Inourlab,ourgroupconductedseveralexperimentsinwhichtwoliquidsofdifferent
temperaturesweremixedandanequilibriumtemperaturewasrecorded.Foreachexperiment,we
firstmeasuredthemassofourequipment,namelybeakersandgraduatedcylinders,usingan
OhausTripleBeamBalance(700/800Series).Forthreeoftheexperiments,wethenmeasured
thetemperatureofthehotandcoldwaterusingVerniersStainlessSteelTemperatureProbes
thatwerehookeduptoVerniersLoggerProusingaVernierLabPro(Image#1).

Image1:Temperatureprobesetup

Foroursecondexperiment,wedidthesameinsteadofmixingwaterofdifferent
temperatures,however,wemixed91%isopropylalcohol(Image#2)andhotwater(Image#3).


Image2:IsopropylAlcoholweused Image3:Warmingsetup

Oncewehadrecordedthetemperaturesofthetwoliquids,wepouredthemindividually
intograduatedcylinders,withwhichwemeasuredthevolume.Tofindthemassofeachamount
ofwater(Image#4),weagainusedtheOhausTripleBeamBalance(700/800Series)the
previouslymeasuredmassoftheequipmentwasthensubtractedfromthecombinedmass.

Image4:MassingtheLiquids

Afterthetwosubstancesweremixed,wemeasuredtheequilibriumtemperatureofthe
combinedliquids,aswellasthetotalmassandvolume,usingthesamemethodsaswereusedfor
theindividualamounts.
Forthefirstexperiment,wemixed200mLofhotwaterand200mLofcoldwater.Forthe
second,400mLofcoldwaterwasmixedwith200mLofhotwater.Forthethirdexperiment,400
mLofhotwaterwasmixedwith200mLofcoldwater.Finally,wemixed200mLofhotwater
and200mLofalcohol.Thecalculationsbehindourexperimentareexplainedinthesection
below.

DataandAnalysis:
Asagroup,weperformedfourdifferentexperiments,withthreeinvolvinghotandcold
water,andoneinvolvingcoldalcoholandhotwater.Forthethreewithhotandcoldwater,we
variedtheproportionsofeachtypeofwater.Inordertomeasurethemassofthewater,we
neededacontainertoholdthewater.Asaresult,weneededtoknowthemassesofthe
containerssothatwecancalculatethemassoftheliquidbysubtractingthemassofthecontainer
fromtheircombinedweight.

Container

Mass(g)

100mLBeaker

104.5

250mLGraduatedCylinder

87.7

600mLBeaker

217.9

1000mLBeaker

394.1

Table1:Massesofvariouscontainersusedintheexperiment

Forthefirstexperiment,wemixedequalamountsofhotandcoldwaterinabeaker.The
tablebelowshowstheresultsforthatexperiment.

Temp(
C)

Mass(g)

Volume(mL) Density

SpecificHeat

(g/mL)

(J/g
C
)

Cold

4.3

195.8

200

0.979

4.207

Hot

83.7

197.4

200

0.987

4.203

Room

25

Mixed

36.8

387.6

400

0.969

4.178

Table2:Equalamountsofhotandcoldwater

Thedensityofthemixedliquidisinteresting,becauseifyousimplyaddthetwomassesofthe
liquidstogether,themasswouldbe393.2g,whichmeanswehavelostmasssomewhere,butnot
volume.Becauseofthis,theremustbesomesourceoferror,explainedbelow.
ApplyingtheEquilibriumFormulaontheresultsofexperimentone,wecandetermineifour
resultscoincidewiththeresultsprovidedbytheformula:
T f =
T f =

m1c1T !+m2c2T 2
m1c1+m2c2

(195.8)(4.207)(4.3)+(197.4)(4.203)(83.7)
(195.8)(4.207)+(197.4)(4.203)

T f = 3542.041+69443.563
823.731+829.672
T f =

72985.604
1653.403

T f = 44.143 C
Theresultof 44.143
Cdoesnotmatchwithourresultof36.8C.Thissuggeststhat
therecouldbeotherfactorsinvolvedthatarenotincludedintheEquilibriumFormula.Fromthe
experimentaldata,wecanseethattheheatgainedandlostinourexperimentisnottheaverage,
asshownintable3.Thisisalsoshownbytheequilibriumformula.

Temp(
C)

FinalTemp(
C)

HeatGain/Loss(
C)

Cold

4.3

36.8

+32.5

Hot

83.7

36.8

46.9

Table3:Heatlossesforexperiment1

Thismeanswehaveanerror,andbelowisthepercenterrorforexperiment1.

ExperimentalValue
(
C)

ValueEstimatedwith %Error
Formula(
C)

Experiment1Equal
valuesofhot&cold
water

36.8

44.143

16.63%

Table4:PercentErrorforExperiment1

Thereweretwomaintypesofpossibleerrorsinthisexperiment.Measurementerrors
andsourcesthatarenotaccountedforineithertheexperiment.Anexampleofameasurement
errorcouldbethefactthatthebeakerhassuchalargediameter,andthelargerthediameter,the
lessaccurateaninstrumentis.Thisisthereasonwhythebeakerssay 5% atthetopofthe
scales,simplybecauseitisnotthataccurate.Anotherpossiblemeasurementerrorcouldbe
forgettingtomeasurethetemperatureofthewaterbeforeeveryexperiment,andassumingthat
thewaterwouldnotcooldown,orheatup.Thefactis,thetemperaturesofthewaterandthe
tablewillslowlybuteventuallyequalize.Adifferenttypeoferrorisheatlossduetounknown
sources.Thetemperaturethatweobservedwaslowerthanexpectedinallofourexperiments.
Thiscouldbebecauseoftheroomtemperature,theinitialtemperatureofthebeaker,and/orthe
temperatureofthetable.
Experiment4haddrasticallydifferentresults,likelyduetothefactthatalcoholwasused
intheplaceofcoldwater.Ourexperimentalresultwas23.4
C,andtheresultweobtainedformthe
EquilibriumFormulawas
46.079
C.Theseareverydifferentnumbers,andbelowtheheatgain/loss
forthetwosubstancesisdisplayed.

Temp(
C)

FinalTemp(
C)

HeatGain/Loss(
C)

ColdAlcohol

23.4

+18.4

HotWater

66.3

23.4

32.9

Table5:Heatgain/lossforExperiment4

Thesenumbersreallyshowhowthetemperaturedidnotcompletelyaverageout,butinsteadwas
muchcolderthanexpected.Thiscouldbebecauseofamultitudeoffactors,includingthe
specificheatofalcohol,whichwouldaffectitsabilitytochangeheat.
Todeterminethespecificheatofalcohol,weusetheformula
c1 =

m2c2(T fT 2)
m1(T fT 1)

WhichisderivedinAppendixC.Toderivespecificheat,wesimplyisolatethevariable c1 inthe
equilibriumformula.
Inputtingourdataresultsin:
c1 = (197.3)(2.55)(23.466.3)

(159.5)(23.45)
c1 = 21583.63
C
2934.8 = 7.354 J/g
Thisshowsthatyouneedtoaddalotofheattowarmalcohol,whichpossiblyexplains
whythefinaltemperatureissocold.However,thiscouldalsobebecauseofareactionbetween
alcoholandwater,
Thereisaphysicalchangewhichshowsthat,insteadofwaterandalcoholmixingand
beingnonreactivetowardseachother,theyactuallyreactandformanewmolecule

Specificheatofwater:http://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/waterthermalpropertiesd_162.html
Conclusion:
Inconclusion,thepurposeofthislabwastodistinguishindividualcomponentsthatare
dependentonsubstancesandtheirintrinsicpropertiesespecially,temperature,specificheat,
mass,volume,anddensity.Inthislab,welearnedthatmass,temperature,andvolumeare
dependentoneachotherwhenmixed.However,thereweresmallerrorsmadeincompletingour
lab.Someofthedatacollectionswereredonebecauseerrorsinmasswerefoundhowever,the
massesonthedatashownarecorrect.Thesimpleerrorsinourdatawerepossiblydueto
interpretationmistakesofthemeniscuslineusedtomeasuretheliquidvolumeinthegraduated
cylinder,orbypartialsubmersionofthetemperatureprobesinthefluid.Furthermore,the

individualdisparatetemperaturesofthegraduatedcylindersandbeakersmayhavecausederrors
aswell.

AppendixA:EquilibriumTemperatureResults

Temp(
C)

Mass(g)

Volume(mL) Density

SpecificHeat

(g/mL)

(J/g
C
)

Cold

5.2

398.2

400

0.995

4.204

Hot

86.7

199.1

200

0.995

4.203

Room

25

Mixed

26.8

590.5

600

0.984

4.181

Table4:Twiceasmuchcoldwaterashotwater

Fromtheequilibriumformula,
T f = 32.362C

Temp(
C)

Mass(g)

Volume(mL) Density

SpecificHeat

(g/mL)

(J/g
C
)

Cold

6.2

195.8

200

0.979

4.204

Hot

73.6

394.8

400

0.987

4.194

Room

22.1

Mixed

43.9

583.6

590

0.989

4.181

Table5:Twiceasmuchhotwaterascoldwater

Fromtheequilibriumformula,

T f = 51.219C

Temp(
C)

Mass(g)

Volume(mL) Density

SpecificHeat

(g/mL)

(J/g
C
)

Alcohol

159.5

200

0.798*

7.354**

Hot

66.3

197.3

200

0.987

4.188

Room

25

Mixed

23.4

344.6

400

0.862

Table6:EqualamountsofHotwaterandcoldalcohol
*Derivedfromtheequation = mv
**Derivedbelow

Fromtheequilibriumformula,
T f = 46.079C

Temp(
C)

Mass(g)

Volume(mL) Density

Specific

(g/mL)

Heat(J/g
C
)

Alcohol

8.5

196.1

200

0.981

2.55

Hot

69.5

279.6

200

1.398

4.194

Mixed

36

382.6

392

0.976

Table7:Peerdataforequalamountsofhotwaterandcoldalcohol

Youcannotfindthespecificheatsimplybyaveragingthespecificheatsofthetwoobjects,due
toamultitudeoffactors.Firstandforemost,whenyoumixalcoholandwater,itdoesntsimply
mixtogether,butinsteaditbecomes
Fromtheequilibriumformula,
T f = 51.264C

AppendixB:PercentErrorfromExperimentalandEstimatedtemperatures

ExperimentalValue
(
C)

ValueEstimatedwith %Error
Formula(
C)

Experiment2Twice 26.8
asmuchcoldwater
ashotwater

32.362

17.19%

Experiment3Twice 43.9
asmuchhotwateras
coldwater

51.219

14.29%

Experiment4Equal 23.4
amountsofhotwater
andcoldalcohol

46.079

49.22%

Experiment5Peer
36
dataforhotwaterand
coldalcohol

51.264

29.78%

AppendixC:DerivingSpecificHeat

T f =

m1c1T 1o+m2c2T 2o

m1c1+m2c2

T f (m1c1 + m2c2) = m1c1T 1o + m2c2T 2o

T f m1c1 + T f m2c2 = m1c1T 1o + m2c2T 2o
T f m1c1 m1c1T 1o = m2c2T 2o T f m2c2
m1c1(T f T 1o) = m2c2T 2o T f m2c2
c1 =

m2c2(T fT 2)
m1(T fT 1)

AppendixD:PicturesoftheSetup


Bibliography: