Lab

oratorium Bahan Galian

Sie. Petrologi
2015
ARTIKEL 1 :
Definition:
As metamorphic rocks change under heat and pressure, their ingredients
recombine into new minerals that are suited to the conditions. The concept
of metamorphic facies is a systematic way to look at the mineral suites in
rocks and deduce the pressure and temperature (P/T) conditions that
made them. There are seven widely recognized metamorphic facies,
ranging from the zeolite facies at low P and T to eclogite at very high P
and T. Geologists determine a facies in the lab after examining many
specimens under the microscope and doing bulk chemistry analyses.
Metamorphic facies is not obvious in a given field specimen. To sum up, a
metamorphic facies is the set of minerals found in a rock of a given
composition. That mineral suite is taken as a sign of the pressure and
temperature that made it. Here are the typical minerals in rocks that are
derived from sediments (pelitic rocks). That is, these will be found in slate,
schist and gneiss. The minerals shown in parentheses are "optional" and
don't always appear, but they can be essential for identifying a facies.
ARTIKEL 2 :
Definition:
Just as index fossils are pointers to a specific period of geologic time,
index minerals are minerals that point to particular conditions of
temperature and pressure. Index minerals are essential to studies of
metamorphic rocks.
The concept of index minerals relies on the chemical stability of minerals.
Most minerals are actually metastable at the Earth's surface, ready to be
degraded by the processes ofweathering and turn into a small number
of surface minerals.
Index minerals mark the reverse process, appearing at a particular
minimum of pressure and/or temperature as sediments are turned into

Nama : Reynara Davin Chen

Nim : 111140107
Plug : 13

Lab
oratorium Bahan Galian
Sie. Petrologi
2015
rock

by lithification and

then

further

transformed

by diagenesis and

metamorphism to become metamorphic rocks.

The

most

widely

used

index

minerals

are biotite, chlorite, garnet, glaucophane,hornblende, prehnite, sillimanite,

staurolite,

and the

pressure/temperature,

zeolites.

In

they

zeolites,

are

rough

ascending

chlorite,

order

prehnite,

of

biotite,

hornblende, garnet, staurolite, sillimanite, glaucophane. But which index

mineral appears also depends on the composition of the protolith, or
original source rock. For instance, glaucophane is found only in
metamorphosed mafic rocks like basalt, and sillimanite appears only in
metasedimentary rocks. There are dozens of additional minerals that
supplement the major ones, and all of them together produce typical
assemblages, or metamorphic facies.
Index minerals are generally used to mark the lower end of a metamorphic
facies; that is, we look for rocks that have undergone a simple upward
progression in pressure and temperature.
Many index minerals are stable well above the conditions where they first
form, so their value is limited only to marking the point where they first
appeared. Garnet is an example: once it forms, it remains throughout all
higher stages of metamorphism. The calcite found in limestone has no
value as an index mineral because it never changes. The opposite casean
index mineral that exists exclusively in one metamorphic faciesis called a
critical mineral. Retrograde metamorphismchanges in minerals that
happen as pressure and temperature decreasemay add confusion by
changing some high-grade minerals while leaving others in a metastable
state.

ARTIKEL 3:

Nama : Reynara Davin Chen

Nim : 111140107
Plug : 13

Lab
oratorium Bahan Galian
Sie. Petrologi
2015

Observe across the top of the chart the ranges of the rocks slate, phyllite,
schist, and gneiss. But note that with a few exceptions (e.g. chlorite,
garnet) the minerals composing these rocks are not the same as for a
mafic parent. The chemistry of the parent rocks are different, so the
metamorphic minerals that can be produced are different.
Chlorite is the one common mineral for the greenschist facies (low
grade), but after that the mineralogies are different. Quartz, feldspar, and
muscovite are relatively universal minerals, and so can not tell us much
about
the
intensity
of
metamorphism.
Other minerals produced during the metamorphism are special
however, because they each form at a specific set of
temperature/pressure conditions, which we know, and are thus index
minerals (red in the above chart). They are index minerals because they
index when, during the metamorphic processes, a particular set of
temperature and pressure conditions have been achieved, and they appear
in a set order: Chlorite, Biotite, Garnet, Staurolite, Kyanite, and sillimanite.
And because they each form at a higher temperature and pressure, when
we first find one of the index minerals in the rock we know a particualr
temperature/pressure
condition
has
been
achieved.
Imagine walking across a country side where metamorphic rocks are
exposed. As you walk you begin in a shale, but bit by bit the texture of
the rocks changes into slate, phyllite, schist, and finally gneiss. At the
same time the mineralogy is changing, so as we walk we notice the first
presence of the index mineral chlorite. The chlorite tells us that
metamorphism
has
begun
at
this
point.
So, we keep walking, and soon the index mineral biotite appears; now
we know the metamorphic grade has reached the biotite grade. If we
were drawing a map as we went we would mark on the map this first
appearance of biotite. In fact, we would wander around finding the first
appearance of biotite everywhere, and plotting the points on the map. A
line connecting all these first appearances of biotite is an isograd (equal
grade), and tells us where in this country side, this big body of
metamorphic rock, the temperature and pressure finally reached biotite
grade.
Nama : Reynara Davin Chen
Nim : 111140107
Plug : 13

Lab
oratorium Bahan Galian
Sie. Petrologi
2015

We continue this process for each index mineral - garnet, staurolite,

kyanite, sillimanite - plotting out the isograd concentric circles that close
in tighter and tighter onto the source of the heat causing the
metamorphism.
Note on the chart that the ranges of the index minreals overlap, so it is
possible to have more than one of these in a rock at the same time. But it
is always the higher temperature/pressure index mineral we want
because it tells us the highest grade of metamorphism the rock has
reached.
Mineral Indeks Batuan Metamorf
Batuan metamorf merupakan batuan yang terbentuk akibat batuan asal
mengalami perubahan suhu dan tekanan. Perubahan suhu dan tekanan yang terjadi
pada batuan metamorf, memberikan pengaruh kepada mineral dari batuan asal
sehingga mineral berubah menjadi mineral baru yang juga stabil dan ideal pada
kondisi barunya.
Melalui konsep fasies batuan metamorf dapat diketahui mineral-mineral
hasil dari perubahan batuan asal dan pada suhu berapa mineral tersebut
terubahkan menjadi mineral baru. Mineral indeks menjadi penanda batas bawah
dari suatu fasies metamorphism.
Dalam pengertian sederhana mineral indeks batuan metamorf berarti
mineral yang menjadi penanda untuk kondisi suhu dan tekanan mineral tersebut
terbentuk pada batuan metamorf. Mineral indeks terbentuk pada satuan suhu dan
tekanan tertentu. Sehingga, ketika kita menemukan mineral indeks tersebut pada
batuan metamorf dapat diketahui suhu dan tekanan yang membentuk batuan
tersebut.

Nama : Reynara Davin Chen

Nim : 111140107
Plug : 13

Lab
oratorium Bahan Galian
Sie. Petrologi
2015

Mineral-mineral indeks itu sendiri antara lain sebagai berikut berdasarkan

urutan dari suhu dan tekanan yang rendah hingga suhu dan tekanan yang paling
tinggi:
Zeolites

1. Chlorite

2. Prehnite

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Lab
oratorium Bahan Galian
Sie. Petrologi
2015

3. Biotite

4. Hornblende

5. Garnet

6. Staurolite

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Lab
oratorium Bahan Galian
Sie. Petrologi
2015

7. Sillimanite

8. Glaucophane

Nama : Reynara Davin Chen

Nim : 111140107
Plug : 13