1/27/2015

EE110, S15, Circuits & Systems: Lec 02

Prof. Ping Hsu
-

Signal Models
Waveform Synthesis
Signals Power & Energy

2013 National Technology and Science Press. All rights reserved

Periodic Signals
2

The fundamental period T0 is the smallest

shift that yields x(t) = x(t+T0)
The fundamental frequency f0 =1/T0 (Hz),
or 0 =2/T0 (rad/s)

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1/27/2015

Unit Step Function u(t)

3

- Ideal Unit Step Function

- Limit of a Realistic Unit Step Function

- Time-Shifted Unit Step Function

u(t T ) 1 for t T
0 for t T
- Reflected and Time-Shifted Unit Step Function

2013 National Technology and Science Press. All rights reserved

Unit Ramp Function r(t)

4

r (t )
Slope = 1

Example: A shifted & scaled ramp function y(t)=3r(t-1)

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1/27/2015

Unit Ramp Function r(t)

5

Note that u(t) and r(t) are related

t

r(t) u( )d

dr(t) / dt u(t)

u (t )

r (t )

2013 National Technology and Science Press. All rights reserved

Waveform Synthesis
6

Adding signals yields a signal whose value at

any given t equal to the sum of values of the
added signal components at the same t. Same
for multiplying signals.

Equivalently:

2013 National Technology and Science Press. All rights reserved

1/27/2015

2013 National Technology and Science Press. All rights reserved

MIT 6.003

2013 National Technology and Science Press. All rights reserved

1/27/2015

(t) 0, t 0
(t) , t 0

(t)dt area for 0 1

(t)dt 1

MIT 6.003

2013 National Technology and Science Press. All rights reserved

1 du(t) / dt (t)
0

Integration from 0 to t
(an integrator)
10

MIT 6.003

2013 National Technology and Science Press. All rights reserved

1/27/2015

2013 National Technology and Science Press. All rights reserved

Shifted Unit Impulse

11

Relationship to u(t)

Three Properties of (t)

12

1)Sampling Property

x(T)

x(t)

x(t) (t T ) x(T ) (t T )

T
(t-T)

2) Sifting Property

t
1
t

x (t ) (t T )dt x (T )

x(T)

x(t)(t-T)

the value of x(t) at the

location of the delta-fn
is sifted out

called the strength of

(the area under) the

3) Scaling Property
resultant delta-function
1
(at)
(t), where a is any scalar constant
|a|
scaling changes the strength of (the area under)
the delta-function, but not its location

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1/27/2015

Properties of (t)
13

Example:

t 2 (t 5)dt 5 25
2

t 2 (t 5)dt 0

t 2 (2t )dt

1 2
25
t (t )dt
12.5

2
2

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Exponential Signal
14

x(t) A e t /
A=
x( ) A e1

x( ) A e1

(in seconds) is called the time constant

small , fast decaying signal
large , slowly decaying signal
- is the slope of x(t) at t = 0

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1/27/2015

15

/2

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Signal Power and Energy

16

Instantaneous Power of x(t) is x2(t)

x(t)

x 2 (t )
p(t )
x 2 (t )
R

If x(t) is the voltage across an 1 resistor, x2(t) is the instantaneous

power delivered to the resistor.
When x(t) is a time varying signal, it is often more meaningful to
consider its averaged power instead of its instantaneous power. For
example, a 100W light bulb dissipates 100W in average. Its
instantaneous power changes constantly (a 120Hz period function).
2013 National Technology and Science Press. All rights reserved

1/27/2015

Signal Power and Energy

17

Signal: x(t)
Power of x (t ) is x 2 (t ).
Averge Power of x (t ) is
Pav

1
T

x 2 (t )dt

Energy of x (t ) is the TOTAL area under x 2 ( t ), i.e,

If E=, x(t) is a power signal.

If E, x(t) is an energy signal.

x 2 ( t ) dt

- ALL periodic signals

are power signals.

2013 National Technology and Science Press. All rights reserved