9-16

9.14 This problem asks that we determine the phase mass fractions for the alloys and temperatures in
Problem 9.8.

(a)
W =

C C0
98 15
=
= 0.89
98 5
C C

W =

C 0 C
15 5
=
= 0.11
C C
98 5

(b) W = 1.0

(c)
W =

C 0 CL

C CL

85 77
= 0.53
92 77

WL =

C C0
92 85
=
= 0.47
92 77
C CL

W =

C C0
58 55
=
= 0.43
58 51
C C

(d)

W =

C 0 C
C C

55 51
= 0.57
58 51

(e) W = 1.0
(f) WL = 1.0

(g)

CL C0
94 93
WMg Pb =
=
= 0.08
2
94 81
CL C Mg Pb
2

WL =

C0 CMg Pb
2
CL CMg Pb
2

93 81
= 0.92
94 81

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9-17

(h)
W =

WL =

CL C0
45 30.8
=
= 0.38
CL C
45 8
C 0 C

CL C

30.8 8
= 0.62
45 8

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9-42

9.35 Schematic sketches of the microstructures that would be observed for an 64 wt% Zn-36 wt% Cu alloy
at temperatures of 900C, 820C, 750C, and 600C are shown below. The phase compositions are also indicated.
(Note: it was necessary to use the Cu-Zn phase diagram, Figure 9.19, in constructing these sketches.)

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9-43

9.36 Schematic sketches of the microstructures that would be observed for a 76 wt% Pb-24 wt% Mg alloy
at temperatures of 575C, 500C, 450C, and 300C are shown below. The phase compositions are also indicated.
(Note: it was necessary to use the Mg-Pb phase diagram, Figure 9.20, in constructing these sketches.)

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9-44

9.37 Schematic sketches of the microstructures that would be observed for a 52 wt% Zn-48 wt% Cu alloy
at temperatures of 950C, 860C, 800C, and 600C are shown below. The phase compositions are also indicated.
(Note: it was necessary to use the Cu-Zn phase diagram, Figure 9.19, in constructing these sketches.)

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9-60

9.50 This problem asks us to consider various aspects of 3.5 kg of austenite containing 0.95 wt% C that is
cooled to below the eutectoid.
(a) The proeutectoid phase will be Fe3C since 0.95 wt% C is greater than the eutectoid composition (0.76
wt% C).
(b) For this portion of the problem, we are asked to determine how much total ferrite and cementite form.
Application of the appropriate lever rule expression yields

W =

C Fe C C 0
3

C Fe C C
3

6.70 0.95
= 0.86
6.70 0.022

which, when multiplied by the total mass of the alloy, gives (0.86)(3.5 kg) = 3.01 kg of total ferrite.
Similarly, for total cementite,
C 0 C
0.95 0.022
=
= 0.14
WFe C =
3
6.70 0.022
C Fe C C
3

And the mass of total cementite that forms is (0.14)(3.5 kg) = 0.49 kg.
(c) Now we are asked to calculate how much pearlite and the proeutectoid phase (cementite) form.
Applying Equation 9.22, in which C1' = 0.95 wt% C

Wp =

6.70 C 1'
6.70 0.95
=
= 0.97
6.70 0.76 6.70 0.76

which corresponds to a mass of (0.97)(3.5 kg) = 3.4 kg. Likewise, from Equation 9.23

WFe C' =
3

C1' 0.76
5.94

0.95 0.76
= 0.03
5.94

which is equivalent to (0.03)(3.5 kg) = 0.11 kg of the total 3.5 kg mass.

(d) Schematically, the microstructure would appear as:

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9-61

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9-73

9.61 This problem asks whether or not it is possible to determine the composition of an iron-carbon alloy
for which the mass fraction of eutectoid cementite is 0.109; and if so, to calculate the composition. Yes, it is
possible to determine the alloy composition; and, in fact, there are two possible answers. For the first, the eutectoid
cementite exists in addition to proeutectoid cementite. For this case the mass fraction of eutectoid cementite
(WFe C'') is just the difference between total cementite and proeutectoid cementite mass fractions; that is
3

WFe C'' = WFe C WFe C'

3
3
3
Now, it is possible to write expressions for WFe C (of the form of Equation 9.12) and WFe C' (Equation 9.23) in
3
3
terms of C0, the alloy composition. Thus,
C 0 C
C 0.76
0
WFe C" =
3
C Fe C C
5.94
3

C 0 0.022

6.70 0.022

C0 0.76
5.94

= 0.109

And, solving for C0 yields C0 = 0.84 wt% C.

For the second possibility, we have a hypoeutectoid alloy wherein all of the cementite is eutectoid
cementite. Thus, it is necessary to set up a lever rule expression wherein the mass fraction of total cementite is
0.109. Therefore,
C 0 C
C 0.022
WFe C =
= 0
= 0.109
3
C Fe C C
6.70 0.022
3

And, solving for C0 yields C0 = 0.75 wt% C.

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10-28

10.19 Below is shown the isothermal transformation diagram for a eutectoid iron-carbon alloy, with timetemperature paths that will yield (a) 100% coarse pearlite; (b) 50% martensite and 50% austenite; and (c) 50%
coarse pearlite, 25% bainite, and 25% martensite.

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10-29

10.20 We are asked to determine which microconstituents are present in a 1.13 wt% C iron-carbon alloy
that has been subjected to various isothermal heat treatments. These microconstituents are as follows:
(a) Martensite
(b) Proeutectoid cementite and martensite
(c) Bainite
(d) Spheroidite
(e) Cementite, medium pearlite, bainite, and martensite
(f) Bainite and martensite
(g) Proeutectoid cementite, pearlite, and martensite
(h) Proeutectoid cementite and fine pearlite

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10-30

10.21 This problem asks us to determine the approximate percentages of the microconstituents that form
for five of the heat treatments described in Problem 10.20.
(a) 100% martensite
(c) 100% bainite
(d) 100% spheroidite
(f) 60% bainite and 40% martensite
(h) After holding for 7 s at 600C, the specimen has completely transformed to proeutectoid cementite and
fine pearlite; no further reaction will occur at 450C. Therefore, we can calculate the mass fractions using the
appropriate lever rule expressions, Equations 9.22 and 9.23, as follows:

WFe C' =
3

Wp =

C1' 0.76
5.94

1.13 0.76
= 0.062 or 6.2%
5.94

6.70 C1'
6.70 1.13
=
= 0.938 or 93.8%
5.94
5.94

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10-37

10.28 This problem asks that we briefly describe the simplest continuous cooling heat treatment procedure
that would be used in converting a 4340 steel from one microstructure to another. Solutions to this problem require
the use of Figure 10.28.
(a) In order to convert from (martensite + ferrite + bainite) to (martensite + ferrite + pearlite + bainite) it is
necessary to heat above about 720C, allow complete austenitization, then cool to room temperature at a rate
between 0.02 and 0.006C/s.
(b) To convert from (martensite + ferrite + bainite) to spheroidite the alloy must be heated to about 700C
for several hours.
(c) In order to convert from (martensite + bainite + ferrite) to tempered martensite it is necessary to heat to
above about 720C, allow complete austenitization, then cool to room temperature at a rate greater than 8.3C/s, and
finally isothermally heat treat the alloy at a temperature between about 400 and 550C (Figure 10.34) for about one
hour.

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