Non Destructive Test

UNIVERSIDAD TECNOLGICA DE ALTAMIRA
Organismo Pblico Descentralizado de la Administracin Pblica Estatal
NON DESTRUCTIVE TEST
VISUAL TEST
Members:
Balboa Garca Maximiliano
Enrquez Arano Aarn
Gallardo Cruz Leonardo
Professor:
Francisco Estrada Casttillo
Group and grade: IMI-10 A
Altamira, Tamaulipas.

VISUAL INSPECTION
Visual inspection is the oldest technique among the non-destructive testing, and also
the most used by its versatility and low cost.
It used as a main instrument, the human eye, which is often supplemented with
magnification, lighting and measuring instruments.
This technique is, and has always been a complement to all other non-destructive
testing, since often the final evaluation is done by visual inspection.
Visual inspection is a sequence of operations that are performed throughout the
productive process, and which aims to ensure the quality of welded joints. It starts with
the receipt of materials in the warehouse, continues during the whole process of
welding and ends when the inspector examines and marks, if required, the areas repair
and complete the 'inspection report'.
Consists in
a. Measurement of the dimensions of welded joints.
b. Detection of possible cracks or surface discontinuities of the welding.
c. Register and mark the positions of defects for repair, or discontinuities that
require further inspection and verification by other techniques of the E.N.D.
TERMINOLOGY
Discontinuity: Any interruption or local variation of continuity or normal physical
configuration of material.
A: discontinuity can be any change in geometry, holes, cracks, composition, structure
or properties. Some discontinuities, such as holes or shapes of surfaces, are
considered as intentional in design and do not require to be inspected.
Volumetric discontinuity: Described because they have three dimensions or volume.
Discontinuities Planar: Described because they are thin in one dimension and in the
other two dimensions.
Relevant discontinuities: Are those that for some of their characteristics (size, shape,
etc.) must be interpreted, evaluated and reported.

Not relevant discontinuities: Are those who for some of its features are interpreted
but not evaluated, and that they should be registered.
Linear discontinuities: Are those with one length greater than three times its width.
Round: Are those of elliptical or circular form that have a length equal to or less than
three times its width.
Default: Is a discontinuity exceeding the established acceptance criteria, or that could
lead to material or equipment fails when it is put in service or during operation.
Porosity: Discontinuity of the type of cavity formed by gas trapped in the weld metal
solidification.
Fusion, incomplete (lack of fusion): Two-dimensional discontinuity caused by the
lack of union between weld and base metal cords, or between the weld beads. It is the
result of techniques, preparation of the base metal, or design of the inappropriate
Board.
Cracks: Occur in the base metal and metal contribution, when the localized stresses
exceed the resistance of the material. Most of the rules used in ANCAP considered that
the cracks are, regardless of their length, defects and therefore once detected must be
removed, disposed of.
(a) cracks in hot: developed during solidification and its propagation is intergranular
(between grains).
(b) cracks in cold: develops after solidification, they are commonly associated with
precariousness by hydrogen. They spread among and through the grains (inter and
transgranular). According to its form, the cracks can also be classified in:
1 longitudinal fissures: are parallel to the axis of the weld. Submerged arc welding, they
are commonly associated with high speeds and are sometimes related to problems of
porosity, which are not displayed on the surface.
2 transverse cracks: usually are the result of efforts due to contractions longitudinal
acting on low ductility welding metals.
3 craters: occurs when the arc is incorrectly terminated. They usually have a star. They
are superficial, are hot and usually form networks with star-shaped.

4. of throat: are longitudinal fissures located on the face of the weld. Usually, but not
always, cracks in hot.
5. from the edge: are usually cracked in cold. They are initiated and propagated from
the edge of the welding, where contraction is concentrating. They start at right angles
to the surface of the base metal.These fissures are usually the result of contraction
thermal heat acting in the affected area (ZAT).
6. from root: longitudinal, are at the root of the weld or on the surface of it. They can be
hot or cold cracks. Under the lace fissures and cracks in the ZAT: are usually cracks in
cold formed in the base metal ZAT. They are usually short, but they can be joined to
form a continuous fissure. Which are given under the cord can become a serious
problem when present: hydrogen, little ductile microstructure and high waste
efforts. Both can be hot or cold cracks. They are found at regular intervals under the
welding and also by the outline of the ZAT where waste efforts are maximum.
Undercut: Usually associated with excessive currents and/or improper welding
techniques. The undercut is a notch or gutter or Groove located on the edges of the
weld; It is a hub of tensions and also decreases the thickness of the plates or pipes, all
of which are detrimental.
Overlap: Is the portion that protrudes from the metal welding beyond the limit of the
welding or its root.
Misalignment: This discontinuity occurs when welded joints butt presents the surfaces
that should be parallel misalignment; can also occur when welded two pipes that have
been presented eccentrically, or possess ovalizaciones.
Excessive penetration: In a simple welding from one side only (typically welds of
pipes), this discontinuity represents an excess of metal produced at the root of welding
that leads to descolgaduras of molten metal.
APPLICATIONS
Visual inspection is the first step in any evaluation. In general, the evidence does not
Destructivas establish as a prerequisite perform a visual inspection, normally the first
thing we say is "Let me see how it is (the appearance)".

For many objects, the visual inspection is used to determine the amount, size, shape or
configuration, surface finish, reflectivity (reflection), features color, adjustment,
functional characteristics and the presence of surface discontinuities.
In general, inspections with light energy are used primarily for two purposes:
1) the inspection of surfaces exposed or accessible objects opaque to (including most
partial assemblies or finished products), and
(2) the inspection of the interior of transparent objects (such as glass, quartz, some
plastics, liquids and gases).
The power, petrochemical industry, transport and infrastructure, where there are
corrosive environments, temperature or where is contained pressure, required visual
checks.
For example, the energy industry relies considerably on transfer, Exchange and
accumulation of heat through several States of water, liquid or gas. First, manufactured
pipe or pipes and containers to contain pressure. They are then subject to conditions
such as fatigue, corrosion and erosion that may cause failure during its useful life.
Therefore, the visual check of the raw material, before manufacturing, during
manufacture and during exams scheduled periodically during the life of the product, is
considered appropriate.
Also, the discontinuities of manufacture, during the welding process, are very
important. Whether during the process of the material or service life, the discontinuities
can be prevented or removed. During the service, the inspector must differentiate
between deficiencies in manufacturing, such as porosity, slag, undermined, etc. and
failures of service, such as wear, cracks, erosion, corrosion, etc.
The petrochemical industry has the same considerations, but with greater emphasis on
corrosion which causes wear and tear on tanks, containers subject to pressure, pipe or
tubing.
In the transportation industry, there is one greater emphasis on change, from contained
pressure
and
corrosive
environments
to
efforts
by
loads
and
fatigue
of
components. While the hydraulic fluid, Corrosives, such as saltpeter environments, etc.
are a concern, the use of aluminum, manganese, tungsten, etc. emphasize cracks by
fatigue and wear.
Infrastructure, including buildings, bridges, tunnels, monorails, etc., are more focused
on the structural integrity of support columns, beams, walls and the obstruction of ducts
(duct or pipe) fluid transfer systems or culverts.

Applications in the steel industry require research inherent failures and losses in
dimensions, based on a large volume. The practical visual testing looks for general
attributes on the surface. But due to the large volumes, optics, laser and computers are
the support of the inspector.
Within the extensive range of visual inspection of industry application, include the
following areas:
Visual inspection of welding in manufacturing (quality control of finish, shape and

size).
Mechanical inspection of all types of pipe in the mounting and the operation supports.
Inspection service of equipment and components, hardware heat exchangers.
Detection of leaks in piping systems and flanged joints.
Detection of corrosion, erosion or degradation of the service in pumps, valves, piping,

structures, etc.
Control of finishing of components during manufacture: surface condition, absence of

defects, Assembly, packing, etc.
Detection of foreign objects inside equipment and components that may affect its
function.
Visual inspection using non-destructive testing personnel have remote viewing
equipment type Videoendoscopio Techno PackTM X (probe 8mm in diameter and 4.5
meters in length).
WITH RULES
UNE-EN-ISO: 6520-1:2009 classification of geometric imperfections.
Part of the ISO6520 standard is the basis for a classification precise description of the
imperfections of welding, with the goal of avoiding confusion, the types of imperfections
are
defined
with
explanations
and
illustrations
as
necessary. Metallurgical
imperfections are not included.

UNE-EN-ISO: 8596:2010 visual acuity test.
It gives a series of optotipos Landolt ring and describes a method to measure the
distance of the visual acuity in daylight for the purpose of certification conditions or
license. It is not designed for the use of clinical measurements or the certification of
blindness or visual impairment.

UNE-EN: 13927:2003 non-destructive testing. Visual essay. Teams.

Describes general requirements for equipment used in visual inspection. The use of
equipment is required in visual inspection when:
Objects, whether by themselves or taking into account environmental factors

visually inaccessible, should become accessible for viewing.
The sensitivity of the test is insufficient.
An image registration is required.
This European standard also includes the verification of the equipment.

UNE-EN-ISO: 17637:2011 non-destructive testing of welded joints. Visual
examination of fusion-welded joints.
Visual inspection for fusion welding of metallic materials. You can also apply to visual
inspection of the union prior to welding.
UNE-EN: 1370:2012 Foundry. Examination of the surface State.
Specifies methods for the examination of surface condition (roughness and surface
discontinuities) of casting parts.
UNE-EN-ISO: 5817:2014 welding. Levels of quality for imperfections.
Levels of quality, are set so that it allows their application to a wide range of welded
constructions. They are designated by the letters B, C and D. the level of quality B
corresponds to the highest requirement on after welding
UNE-EN:
13018:2001
non-destructive
testing. Visual
inspection. General
principles.
Describes the General principles for the direct, indirect and visual control, when it is
used to determine if a product meets the specified requirements (e.g.: State of the
surface of the workpiece, alignment of the surface point, forms part). This standard is
not applicable to visual examination related to the interpretation of the results of any
other method of destructive testing or not destructive.

REQUIREMENTS AND CONDITIONS

REQUIREMENTS FOR VISUAL INSPECTION
1. Visual acuity. The inspector must have sufficient visual acuity to perform a
proper inspection.
2. Team. Visual inspection may require the use of special tools or equipment
3. Experience and instruction. Visual inspector must have sufficient knowledge
and ability to perform the test.
PREREQUISITES FOR VISUAL INSPECTION
1. Procedures. The development of uniform test methodology should cover the
procedures and criteria of acceptance, which have resulted in consistency and
certainty.
2. The certification programs. It is desirable to have the visual inspection staff
formally certified.
3. Security. Visual inspectors should receive training in welding safety practices.
CONDITIONS AND EXCEPTIONS

Basic characteristics of the human eye
The optical instrument commonly used in visual and optical inspection systems is the
human eye. The eye is an optical instrument that has a variety of automatic settings,
which allow you to adapt and provide a defined vision, even varying intensities of
illumination.
The eye can be compared with a radiation detector, performs a frequency analysis and
measured amount and direction. The light is invisible until it finds
The components of the human eye, with its main functions for vision, can be compared
to the parts of a camera.
The limits of the vision are: intensity threshold, contrast, viewing angle and threshold
time.
Threshold intensity is the level lower than of brilliance that the eye can see. It
depends on recent exposure to light.
The contrast is the difference in the degree of brilliance. The eye is sensitive to the
percentage rather than absolute changes in brightness.

The viewing angle. It is the size of the angle formed by the ends of the object you are
viewing. The smallest angle, is the most difficult to see.
The threshold time. It is the minimum time that a picture should be exposed so that
the eye can see it. It varies with the size of the object.
Eye fatigue is accelerated by efforts to do with intensities of light in very low or very
high levels, and for their efforts to see wavelengths of light outside of the optimal
frequency range.
Conditions that affect the visual inspection
Mentioned that an important environmental factor that affects the Visual inspections is
the "lighting". Frequently, the emphasis is placed on variables of equipments such as
the angle of view of a borescope or the degree of amplification lighting is incorrect, the
amplification
Other conditions, such as processes experience and health contribute to the accuracy
of a visual inspection or cause discomfort and fatigue of the inspector.
Attributes of parts that can affect visual inspection
The Act of seeing depends on the amount of light entering the eye. Visual inspections,
the amount of light can be affected by distance, reflection, brilliance, shape of the
inspected object.
Cleaning
Cleaning is a basic requirement for a good visual inspection. It is impossible to get
Visual data through layers of opaque dirt, unless cleaning; under discussion Cleaning
can typically be done using mechanical or chemical means or both. Cleaning avoids
the risk that discontinuities are not detected and improves customer satisfaction.
Color changes
The critical evaluation of color and color change is one of the basic principles of the
majority of Visual inspections.
Corrosion or oxidation of metals or organic materials deterioration is often
accompanied by a change in color, imperceptible to the eye.
Condition
Grinding, milling, lapping, chemical attack, cleaning with sand, grit, etc., and forms
turned, are all possible surface conditions affecting the ability to see it. There are
finished surface comparators, showing various conditions.

Size
If the object is larger than the light beam, will be required multiple steps.
Temperature
Excessive heat obstructs the view, this is due to the distortion of the heat wave. Given
a desert environment and water in a reactor vessel, both can produce distortion due to
heat wave.
Environmental factors
Reflections and shadows of walls, ceiling, furniture, and equipment must be c or room
will be too dark to make it practical. The values of 40 to 60%; floors not less than
20%; desks, benches and team d
Physiological factors
Effects of fatigue
Seeing is not the passive formation of an image, it is an active process in which the
observer keeps tracking personal actions through a type of news feed, so perceived
things can be altered by the actions of the observer.
UTENSILS
GAUGES OF WELDING - BRIDGE CAM
FEATURES
With this instrument, it is possible to make the following measurements, either in inches or mm:
Preparation 0 to 60 angle
Excess weld metal (capeo size)
Depth of cut
Depth of holes
Size of fillet weld
Length of fillet weld

Desaliniamento (high-low) measures General linear up to 60 mm or 2 inches.
GAUGES OF WELDING - HI / LO
TECHNICAL CHARACTERISTICS
It allows to measure the internal alignment of 2 pipes
Cut radiographic rejections after alignment tests
It measures the internal misalignment of pipe before and after the tracking
Graduated in English units on one side and metric on the opposite side
New slim design, is 30% lighter and made of stainless steel
It quickly measures the internal alignment in four steps
It quickly measures the external alignment in four steps
Effective measurement in internal spaces
FILLET WELD GAUGE
FEATURES
Measurement of solder fillets used to be a complicated process and not very effective gauges, it
already does.
This meter uses an adjustable arm, which slides at a 45 angle to the measurement of the
length of the weld.

Simply adjust the arm until it touches the bottom of the vertical leg. The meter is calibrated to
32avos, with metric equivalents given settings, to obtain more accurate readings.
WELDING - V-WAC GAUGE
V-WAC - welding gauges measure the depth of the lower court, the porosity of comparison, the
amount
of
porosity
for
every
inch
linear
and
height
of
the
Crown.
V-WAC - welding gauges can be purchased separately or as part of a complete set of 7 welding
gauges, which allow them to confirm if your welds conform to the required specifications.
Depth gauge of Hole
Measuring range 0 '' - 10 ''
Graduations of 0.001 "
Precision which meets or exceeds the Federal specifications for USA
Cover continuous for golf of 1/2 inch
RPM counter
Even pressure throughout the trip from the measurement araves
It has 6 extensions of roll in moulded case
Microprobes for.062 small diameter holes -.025

Exchangeable bases
Available in English system
PITTING CORROSION GAUGE
Range of 0 to 1/2 '' increments from 1/64 "and 0.020"
The arm can be set anywhere to any dimension
Built in stainless steel
Compact since it fits in shirt bag and comes with a pocket protector
It has useful formulas on the front and its equivalent decimal on the back
DIMENSIONS
Inspection of the 100%-full examination of all the weld bead specified.
Specimen of 300 mm x 300 mm x 2.5 mm
Lace size: 300mm
Average of the width of the lace 21mm

INSPECTION PROCEDURE
a. cleaning:
Escobillado manual, with carbon steel brush. Then clean with solvent (spray, or with
damp cloth that is free of lint). Finally dries to the environment; According to the
standard ASTM E-165 annex A1.Respective drying and cleaning are carried out on
each side of the weld bead, at a distance of 2 "from the center of lace of welding for
both sides.
b. Note:
Method: direct.
To the naked eye or with Magnifier (Loupe).
Natural and artificial light of Lantern. 15fc (1000 lux) on the observed surface
minimum intensity.
Inspection distance: 30cm (12 ") maximum.
Inspection, greater than 30 angle.
c. evaluation:
The evaluation will be done in accordance with AWS D1.1 - 2004 section 6
THEORETICAL FOUNDATION
Types of light
The sources of light for visual and optical inspection can be divided into four
categories: incandescent, Luminescent, polarized and coherent.
Incandescent light
Incandescence is the emission of light due to thermal excitation of atoms or
molecules. Incandescent light sources include filament lamps, gas mantles, lamps,
Luminescent piro and carbon arc lamps lamps.

Luminescent light
The luminescence is a simple Valence electron excitation. Luminescent light is more
monochromatic than the incandescent light.
Luminescent light sources include the discharge gas, laser, LEDs (LED) lamps
Polarized light
Polarization is a phenomenon in which a ray of light is altered through a medium or to
be reflected vibrating in all directions surrounding his career, only makes it in parallel to
a flat plane called privileged directions of polarization.
Coherent light
Coherent light, such as that produced by a laser, is visible light or radiant energy with a
high degree of phase coherence. While the light produced by the majority of light
sources has a wide spectrum and produce a divergent lit area, laser light or phase it is
aligned.

According to the instruments that are used as an aid to vision, and the distance (or
access) having between the inspector and the object of study, the Visual inspection can
be divided into two groups:
Inspeccion direct Visual
Inspeccion remote Visual
The first inspection is done at a short distance from the object, taking full advantage of
the natural visual ability of the inspector. Magnifiers, microscopes, lamps or lanterns
are used, and frequently measuring instruments such as calipers, micrometers and
gauges are used to measure and classify the conditions encountered.
Remote visual inspection is used in those cases in which has no direct access to the
components to inspect, or in those parts in which, by its design, it is very difficult to gain
access to its internal cavities.
This type of inspection is widely used in the industry to check the internal state of the
reciprocal engines, stationary turbines, compressors, pipes of boilers, heat exchangers,
internal solders, tanks and valves among others.
Remote visual inspection is widely used for internal inspection of Jet engines in the
aeronautical industry. The State of the combustion chambers, the stages of
compression and turbine stages can be diagnosed through this inspection, without
making big you destapes or disassembly.
Rigid or flexible borescopes and videoscopes fiberscopes (optical fiber), are used with
which, through a tube adapted to a digital camera, you can reach most internal cavities
and places inaccessible to the inspector.
Although it is not a rule, some rules as the ASME and the AWS, they require a
qualification and certification of personnel responsible for performing the test of Visual

inspection, where takes into account hours of experience of the individual to certify and
visual acuity (corrected or natural) that this can be certified.
Personnel certification standards that involve this essay include the ISO-9712 and the
ANSI/ASNT CP-189.
ADVANTAGES AND LIMITATIONS

Advantages
The main advantages of the visual and optical inspection are:
-
Almost everything can be inspected, to some degree.
It can be very inexpensive.
It may be relatively simple equipment.
It requires a minimum of training.
Far-reaching uses and benefits
Limitations
The main limitations of the visual and optical inspection are:
-
Only surface conditions can be assessed.
Effective supply of lighting is required,
Necessary access to the surface that needs to be inspected.
CONCLUSIONS
The non-destructive testing allow to know before one piece fails, possible defects or
imperfections present.
The importance and advantage of the non-destructive testing is that it allows testing
without impairing or mistreat the piece and throwing valuable information from your
state.
Within the welding such tests, practiced much since they allow very accurately to
assess the subsurface and surface finishes and find defects in the process.
The END require qualified and experienced, it is not possible to perform these tests
only having availability of equipment.
Visual inspection is far from being simple 'Watch' of finished welds to assess its quality
as he is commonly thought.

Visual inspection is a sequence of operations that is intended to ensure the quality of

welded joints executed and which covers all stages of the project.

Non Destructive Test

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UNIVERSIDAD TECNOLGICA DE ALTAMIRA

Organismo Pblico Descentralizado de la Administracin Pblica Estatal