Example 6 : If l2 = r2 + h2. Solve for h and find the value of h if l = 15 and r = 9.

Solution :
l 2 = r2 + h2
or
2
r + h2 = l2
h2 = l2 r2

h = l2 r 2
h = 152 9 2

(substituting l = 15, r = 9)

h = 225 81
h = 144
or
h = +12
Example 7 : If B =

3.a 2
Solve for a and find the value of a if B = 16
4
3.a 2
4

Solution : B =

h = 12
h = 12

a2 =

4B
3

a =

4B
3

a =

4 16 3/
3/

a = 64
a = + 8

(Substituting B = 16 3 )

, a = 8
or

a = 8

Exercise : 5.1
A.

Classify the following equations into pure and adfected quadratic equation.
1) x2 + 2 = 6
2) a2 + 3 = 2a
3) p (p 3) = 1
4) 2m2 = 72

5) k2 k = 0
127

6) 7y =

35
y

3 .

B.

Solve the equations

1) 5x2 = 125

4)

3
1
x2

= 7
4
4
2

2) m2 1 = 143

3) 4a =

5) (2m 5)2 = 81

6)

81
a

2
( x 4) 2
=
9
18

C.
1)

If A = 2 r 2 Solve for r and find the value of r if A = 77 and =

22
7

2
2) If V = r h Solve for r and find the value of r if V = 176 and h = 14

3) If r2 = l2 + d2 Solve for d and find the value of d if r = 5 and l = 4.

4) If c2 = a2 + b2 Solve for b. If a = 8 and c = 17 and find the value of b.
5) If K = 1/2mv2 Solve for v and find the value of v if K = 100 and m = 2
6) If v2 = u2 + 2as. Solve for v. If u = 0, a = 2 and s = 100, find the value
of v.
2. Solving the adfected quadratic equation by factorization :
Example 1 : Solve the quadratic equation a2 3a + 2 = 0
Solution :
a2 3a + 2 = 0
i. Resolve the expression
a2 2a 1a + 2 = 0
ii. Factorize
a(a 2) 1 (a 2) = 0
If mn = 0, then either
iii. Taking the common factor
(a 2) (a 1) = 0
m = 0 or n = 0
iv. Equate each factor to zero
a 2 = 0 or a 1 = 0
v. The roots are
a=2
or
a=1
Example 2 : Solve the quadratic equation m2 m = 6
Solution :
m2 m = 6
m2 m 6 = 0

m2 3m + 2m 6 = 0
m(m 3) +2 (m 3) = 0
(m 3) (m + 2) = 0
Either (m 3) = 0 or (m + 2) = 0
m = +3 or m = 2
128

Example 3 : Solve the quadratic equation 2x2 3x + 1 = 0

Solution :
2x2 3x + 1 = 0
2x2 2x 1x + 1 = 0
2x (x 1) 1 (x 1) = 0
(x
1) (2x 1) = 0

Either (x 1) = 0 or (2x 1) = 0
1
x = 1 or x = 2
Example 4 : Solve the quadratic equation 4k (3k 1) = 5.
Solution :
4k (3k 1) = 5
12k2 4k 5 = 0

12k2 10k + 6k 5 = 0
2k (6k 5) + 1(6k 5) = 0
(6k 5) (2k + 1) = 0

Either (6k 5) = 0 or (2k + 1) = 0

5
k= 6

or

k =

1
2

Exercise : 5.2
A. Find the roots of the following equations
1) x(x 3) = 0
2) a (a + 5) = 0
3) m2 4m = 0
4) 3k2 + 6k = 0
5) (y + 6) (y + 9) = 0
6) (b 3) (b 5) = 0
7) (2n + 1) (3n 2) = 0 8) (5z 2) (7z + 3) = 0
B.

Solve the quadratic equations

2) a2 5a + 6 = 0
1) x2 + 15x + 50 = 0
5) 30 = b2 b
4) 6 p2 = p
7) 6y2 + y 15 = 0
8) 6a2 + a = 5
10) 0.2t2 0.04t = 0.03

3) y2 = y + 2
6) 2x2 + 5x 12 = 0
9) 13m = 6(m2 + 1)
x2

Consider the equation x2 + 3x + 1 = 0

It cannot be factorised by splitting the middle term.
How do you solve such an equation ?
1x

It can be solved by using Formula.

129

1x

3. Solving quadratic equation by formula method

General form of a quadratic equation
Divide by a
Transpose the constant term to R.H.S.
2

b
Add to both the sides
2a

ax2 + bx + c = 0
x 2 bxx c
ax
+
+ =0
a
a a
x2 +

bxx
c
=
a
a
2

bxx b
c b
+ = +
x +
a 2a
a 2a

b
c b2

x + = + 2
2a
a 4a

4ac + b 2
b

x + =
2a
4a 2

b
b 2 4ac

x + =
2a
4a 2

Simplify

Taking square root

Roots are
x=

b + b 2 4ac
2a

or

b 2 4 ac
4a 2

x+

b
=
2a

x+

b
b 2 4 ac
=
2a
2a

x =

2a

b 2 4 ac
2a

x=

b b 2 4ac
2a

x=

b b 2 4ac
2a

b b 2 4ac
Roots of the equation ax + bx + c = 0 are x =
2a
2
Note : The roots of the equation ax + bx + c = 0 can also be found using
Sridharas method.
2

130

Example 1 :

Solve the equation

consider

x2 7x + 12 = 0
x2 7x + 12 = 0

This is in the form

ax2 + bx + c = 0

the coefficients are

The roots are given by
Substituting the values

Simplify

Roots are

a = 1, b = 7 & c = 12

b b 2 4ac
2a
a = 1, b = 7 and c = 12

x =

x=

(7) (7) 2 4(1)(12)

2 x1

x=

7 49 48
2

x =

7 1
2

x =

7 +1
2

or

x =

7 1
2

x =

8
2

or

x =

6
2

x = 4

or

x = 3

Example 2 : Solve the equation 2p2 p = 15

Consider 2p2 p = 15
2p2 p 15 = 0
This is in the form ax2 + bx + c = 0
The coefficients are
The roots are given by
Substituting the values

a = 2, b = 1 and c = 15
x=

b b 2 4ac
2a

a = 2, b = 1 and c = 15
(1) (1) 2 4(2)(15)
p =
2(2)
131

p =

+ 1 1 + 120
4

p =

1 121
4

p =

1 11
4

p =

1+ 11
4

or

p =

1 11
4

p =

12
4

or

p =

10
4

or

p =

5
2

p = 3

Example 3 :

Solve the equation

Consider
This is in the form
The coefficients are

The roots are given by

Substituting the values

2k2 2k 5 = 0
2k2 2k 5 = 0
ax2 + bx + c = 0
a = 2, b = 2 and c = 5
x =

a = 2, b = 2 and c = 5
k =

k =

The roots are

b b 2 4ac
2a

( 2) ( 2) 2 4( 2)( 5)
2( 2)
2

4 + 40
4

k =

2 2 11
4

k =

1+ 11
2

132

=
or

44
4

2 1 11
4

k =

1 11
2

Example 4 : Solve the equation m2 2m = 2

Consider
m2 2m = 2
m2 2m 2 = 0
This is in the form
ax2 + bx + c = 0
Comparing the coefficients
a = 1, b = 2 and c = 2
The roots are given by

x =

b b 2 4ac
2a

( 2) ( 2) 2 4(1)( 2)
m =
2(1)
m =

+2 4+8
2

m =

2 12
2

m =

2 1 3
2

m = 1+ 3

)
or

m = 1 3

Exercise : 5.3
Solve the following equations by using formula
1) a2 2a 4 = 0
2) x2 8x + 1 = 0
3) m2 2m + 2 = 0
5) 2y2 + 6y = 3
6) 8r2 = r + 2
7) p = 5 2p2
4) k2 6k = 1
8) 2z2 + 7z + 4 = 0 9) 3b2 + 2b = 2
10) a2 = 4a + 6
4.
Equations reducible to the form ax2 + bx + c = 0
Example 1 : Solve the equation (x + 6) (x + 2) = x
Solution :(x + 6) (x + 2) = x
x2 + 6x + 2x + 12 = x
x2 + 8x + 12 x = 0
x2 + 7x + 12 = 0
x2 + 4x + 3x + 12 = 0
x(x + 4) + 3 (x + 4) = 0
(x + 4) (x + 3) = 0
Either
(x + 4) = 0 or
(x + 3) = 0
x = 4 or
x = 3
133

Example 2 : Solve the equation (a 3)2 + (a + 1)2 = 16

Solution : (a 3)2 + (a + 1)2 = 16
Using (a + b)2 = a2 + 2ab + b2
(a b)2 = a 2ab + b2
[(a)2 2(a)(3) + 32] + [a2 + 2 (a) (1) + 12] = 16
a2 6a + 9 + a2 + 2a + 1 16 = 0
2a2 4a 6 = 0
a2 2a 3 = 0
a2 3a + 1a 3 = 0
a(a 3) + 1 (a 3) = 0
(a 3) (a + 1) = 0
Either (a 3) = 0 or
(a + 1) = 0
a = 3 or a = 1
Example 3 : Solve 5(p 2)2 + 6 = 13 (p 2)
Solution : 5(p 2)2 + 6 = 13 (p 2)
Let

p2=b

then

5b 2 + 6 = 13b
5b2 13b + 6 = 0
5b2 10b 3b + 6 = 0
5b (b 2) 3 (b 2) = 0
(b 2) (5b 3) = 0

Either

(b 2) = 0

or

(5b 3) = 0

b=2

or

3
b= 5

p2=2

or

3
p2= 5

p=2+2

or

3
2
p= 5 +
1

p=4

or

p=

134

13
5

( b = p 2)

3k + 2 k + 1
=
2k + 5 k 1

Example 4 : Solve the equation

Consider
Cross multiplying

On simplification
This is in form of
The co-efficients are

3k + 2 k + 1
=
2k + 5 k 1
(3k + 2) (k 1) = (2k + 5) (k + 1)
3k2 + 2k 3k 2 = 2k2 + 5k + 2k + 5
3k2 1k 2 2k2 7k 5 = 0
3k2 1k 2 2k2 7k 5 = 0
k2 8k 7 = 0
ax2 + bx + c = 0
a = 1, b = 8, c = 7

x=

The roots of the equation

b + ( b) 2 4ac
2a

(8) (8) 2 4(1)(7)

k =
2 x1
k =

+ 8 64 + 28
2

k =

8 92
2

k =

8 2 23
2

k = 4 23
Example 5 : Solve the equation
Consider

Taking L.C.M.
By cross multiplication

y 3

=1
4 2y
y 3

=1
4 2y
y2 6
=1
4y
y2 6 = 4y
y2 4y 6 = 0
135

2 4 23
2

2) If roots are distinct

> 0
m2 16 > 0
m2 > 16
m2 > 16
m > 4
Example 4 : Determine the value of k for which the equation kx2 + 6x + 1 = 0 has
equal roots.
kx2 + 6x + 1 = 0
ax2 + bx + c = 0
a = k, b = 6, c = 1

Consider the equation

This is in the form
the co-efficients are

= b2 4ac

b2 4ac = 0
(6)2 4(k)(1) = 0
36 4k = 0
4k = 36

since the roots are equal,

( = 0)

36
= 9
4
k=9

k =

Example 5 : Find the value of p for which the equation x2 (p + 2) x + 4 = 0 has

equal roots.
x2 (p + 2) x + 4 = 0
ax2 + bx + c = 0
a = 1, b = (p + 2), c = 4

Consider the equation

This is in the form
Coefficients are

=0
b2 4ac = 0
[(p + 2)]2 4(1)(4) = 0
(p + 2)2 16 = 0

since the roots are equal

p + 2 = 16
p+2= 4
p + 2 = + 4 or
p = 4 2 or
or
p=2
145

p + 2 = 4
p = 4 2
p = 6

Exercise : 5.6
A.

Discuss the nature of roots of the following equations

2) x2 2x + 3 = 0
3) 2n2 + 5n 1 = 0
1) y2 7y + 2 = 0
4) a2 + 4a + 4 = 0
5) x2 + 3x 4 = 0
6) 3d2 2d + 1 = 0

B.

For what positive values of m roots of the following equations are

1) equal 2) distinct 3) imaginary
2) x2 mx + 9 = 0
1)
a2 ma + 1 = 0
3)
r2 (m + 1) r + 4 = 0
4) mk2 3k + 1 = 0

C.

Find the value of p for which the quadratic equations have equal roots.
1) x2 px + 9 = 0
2) 2a2 + 3a + p = 0
3) pk2 12k + 9 = 0
5) (p + 1) n2 + 2(p + 3) n + (p + 8) = 0
4) 2y2 py + 1 = 0
6) (3p + 1)c2 + 2 (p + 1) c + p = 0

7.

Relationship between the roots and co-efficient of the terms of the quadratic
equation.
If m and n are the roots of the quadratic equation ax2 + bx + c = 0 then
b + b2 4ac
m =
,
2a

b + b2 4ac
+
2a

m+n =

m + n =

b b2 4ac
2a

b + b 2 4ac b b 2 4ac
2a

m + n =

m + n =

2b
2a

( b) 2

If m and n are the roots of the

quadratic equation

-b
a

ax2 + bx + c = 0

b + b2 4ac

mn =

2
a

mn =

b b2 4ac
n =
2a

b b2 4ac

2
a

( b 4ac )
2

4a 2

146

Sum of the roots =

Product of roots =

b
a
+c
a

Exercise : 5.8
A. Form the equation whose roots are
1) 3 and 5

2) 6 and 5

3) 2 and

5) 2 + 3 and 2 3

3
2

4)

2
3
and
3
2

6) 3 + 2 5 and 3 2 5

B.
1) If m and n are the roots of the equation x2 6x + 2 = 0 find the value of
i) (m + n) mn

ii)

1
1
+
m
n

2) If a and b are the roots of the equation 3m2 = 6m + 5 find the value of
i)

a b
+
b a

ii) (a + 2b) (2a + b)

3) If p and q are the roots of the equation 2a2 4a + 1 = 0 Find the value of
i) (p + q)2 + 4pq

ii) p3 + q3

4) Form a quadratic equation whose roots are

p
q
and
q
p

5) Find the value of k so that the equation x2 + 4x + (k + 2) = 0 has one root equal
to zero.
6) Find the value of q so that the equation 2x2 3qx + 5q = 0 has one root which
is twice the other.
7) Find the value of p so that the equation 4x2 8px + 9 = 0 has roots whose
difference is 4.
8) If one root of the equation x2 + px + q = 0 is 3 times the other prove that 3p2 = 16q
Graphical method of solving a Quadratic Equation
Let us solve the equation x2 4 = 0 graphically,
x2 4 = 0
x2 = 4
let y = x2 = 4
y = x2

and y = 4
153

Step 1: Form table of

corresponding values
of x and y

y = x2
x=0
x=1
x=2
x = 1
x = 2

Satisfying the equation

y = x2
Step 2: Choose the scale on
x axis, 1 cm = 1 unit
y axis, 1 cm = 1 unit.

y = 02
y = 12
y = 22
y = (1)2
y = (2)2

y=0
y=1
y=4
y=1
y=4

Step 3: Plot the points (0, 0);

(1, 1); (1, 1); (2, 4)
and (2, 4) on graph
sheet.
Step 4: Join the points by a
smooth curve.
Step 5: Draw the straight line
y = 4 Parallel to x-axis
Step 6: From the intersecting
points of the curve and
the line y = 4, draw
perpendiculars to the
x axis
Step 7: Roots of the equations are

x = +2

or

x = 2

The graph of a quadratic polynomial is a curve called parabola

Example 1 : Draw a graph of y = 2x2 and find the value of 3 , using the graph.
Step 1: Form the table of
corresponding values of
x and y satisfying the
equation y = 2x2
x
0
1
1
2
2
3
Step 2: Choose the scale on x
y
0
2
2
8
8
6
axis, 1 cm = 1 unit and
(x, y) (0, 0) (1, 2)
(1, 2) (2, 8) (2, 8) ( 3 ,6)
y axis, 1 cm = 1 unit
Step 3: Plot the points (0, 0);
(1, 2) (1, 2); (2, 8) and
(2, 8) on graph sheet.
154

Step 4: Join the points by a

smooth curve
Step 5: Draw the straight line
y = 6 Parallel to x-axis.
Step 6: From the intersecting
points of the curve and
the line y = 6, draw
perpendiculars to the
x-axis.
Step 7: Value of

3 = 1.7
x = 1.7

or

x = + 1.7

Example 2 : Draw a graph of y = x2 and y = 2-x and hence solve the equation
x2 + x 2 = 0
Step 1: Form the table of
corresponding values of
x and y satisfying the
equation y = x2

(0, 0)

(1, 1)

(1, 1)

(2, 4)

(2, 4)

Step 2: Form the table of

corresponding values of
x and y satisfying the
equation y = 2 x.

(0, 2)

(1, 1)

(1, 3)

(2, 0)

(2, 4)

(x, y)

(x, y)

Step 3: Choose the scale on x

axis 1 cm = 1 unit and
y axis, 1 cm = 1 unit.
Step 4: Plot the points (0, 0);
(1, 1); (1, 1); (2, 4)
and (2, 4) on the graph
sheet.
Step 5: Join the points by a
smooth curve.
Step 6: Plot the points (0, 2) ;
(1, 1); (1, 3); (2, 0)
and (2, 4) on graph
sheet
155

Step 7: Join the points to get a line.

Step 8: From the intersecting
Curve and the line, draw
perpendiculars to the
x-axis
Step 9: Roots of the equation are

x = 1

Example 3 : Solve the equation

Method I : x2 x 2 = 0
Split the equation
y = x2 and y = 2 + x
Step 1: Form the table of
corresponding values x
and y satisfying the
equation y = x2
Step 2: Form the table of
corresponding values x
and y satisfying the
equation y = 2 + x
Step 3: Choose the scale on
x axis, 1 cm = 1 unit
y axis, 1 cm = 1 unit
Step 4: Plot the points (0, 0);
(1, 1); (1, 1); (2, 4)
and (2, 4) on the graph
sheet.
Step 5: Join the points by a
smooth curve
Step 6: Plot the points (0, 2);
(1, 3) (2, 4); (1, 1) and
(2, 0) on the graph
sheet.
Step 7: Join the points to get a
straight line
Step 8: From the intersecting
points of Curve and the
line, draw the perpendiculars to the x-axis.
Step 9: Roots of the equation are

x = 2

(0, 0)

(1, 1)

(1, 1)

(2, 4)

(2, 4)

(0, 2)

(1, 3)

(2, 4)

(x, y)

(x, y)

x = 1
156

or

or

(1, 1) (2, 0)

x = 2

Method II :

Step 1: Form the table of

corresponding values of
x and y satisfying
equation y = x2 x 2.

(x, y)

(0, 2) (1, 2) (1, 0)

(2, 0) (2, 4)

Step 2: Choose the scale on x

axis 1 cm = 1 unit and
y axis 1 cm = 1 unit.
Step 3: Plot the points (0, 2);
(1 2); (1, 0); (2, 0)
and (2, 4) on the graph
sheet.
Step 4: Join the points to form
a smooth curve
Step 5: Mark the intersecting
points of the curve and
the x axis.
Step 6: Roots of the equations are

x = 1

or

x = 2

Exercise : 5.9
A.

B.

1)

Draw the graph of y = x2 and find the value of

2)

Draw the graph of y = 2x2 and find the value of

3)

Draw the graph of y =

1)

Draw the graph of y = x2 and y = 2x + 3 and hence solve the equation

x2 2x 3 = 0
Draw the graph of y = 2x2 and y = 3 x and hence solve the equation
2x2 + x 3 = 0
Draw the graph of y = 2x2 and y = 3 + x and hence solve the equation
2x2 x 3 = 0

2)
3)
C.

Solve graphically
1) x2 + x 12 = 0
4) x2 + x 6 = 0

7
3

1 2
x and find the value of 10
2

2) x2 5x + 6 = 0
5) 2x2 3x 5 = 0

157

3) x2 + 2x 8 = 0
6) 2x2 + 3x 5 = 0