Instrument and electronics

Instrument:
A tool or device used for a particular purpose; especially : a tool or device designed to do
careful and exact work..
OR
A device that measures something (such as temperature or distance).

Electronics:
The branch of physics and technology concerned with the design of circuits using
transistors and microchips, and with the behaviour and movement of electrons in a
semiconductor, conductor, vacuum, or gas.
OR
circuits or devices using transistors, microchips, and other components.

Electronic devices:
There are a lot of electronic devices now a days because of its great importance.it simple
human efforts.There are some electronic devices name which are given below,
1.Television
2.Laptops/computers
3.I phones
4.Cameras
5.Oven
6.I pad
7.Cell phone
8.Electric lamp
9.Printer
10.Washing machine

Basic electronic components:

The following are the most basic electronic components:
Resistors
Capicitors
LEDs
Transistors
Inductors
Integerated circuits

Resistors:
A resistor is a component that resists the flow of current. It's one of the most basic
components used in electronic circuits. If you put resistors next to a penny, you get an
idea of how small they are.

Resistors come in a variety of resistance values (how much they resist current, measured
in units called ohms and designated by the symbol andpower ratings (how much power
they can handle without burning up, measured in watts).
Lets say you have a 9V battery and you want to turn on a Light-Emitting Diode (LED).
If you connect the battery directly to the LED, LOTS of current will flow through the
LED.
Much more that the LED can handle. So the LED will become very hot and burn out after
a short amount of time.But if you put a resistor in series with the LED, you can control
how much current going through the LED.

In this case we call it a current limiting resistor.

Capacitors:
component in Next to resistors, capacitors are probably the second most commonly used
electronic circuits. A capacitor is a device that can temporarily store an electric charge.

Capacitors come in several different varieties, the two most common beingceramic
disk and electrolytic. The amount of capacitance of a given capacitor is usually measured
in microfarads, abbreviated F.
you can charge and discharge it like a battery.
The capacitors is often introduce a time delay in a circuit
For example to blink a light.
It is commonly used to remove noise,or making the supply voltage more stable.
There are many types of capacitors.Most commonly,we divided it into polarized and nonpolarized capacitors.

Diodes:
A diode is a device that lets current flow in only one direction. A diode has two terminals,
called the anode and the cathode. Current will flow through the diode only when positive
voltage is applied to the anode and negative voltage to the cathode. If these voltages are
reversed, current will not flow.

Light Emitting Diode (LED):

A light-emitting diode (or LED) is a special type of diode that emits light when current
passes through it.
We use LEDs to give a visual feedback from our circuit.
For example to show that the circuit has power. But, you can also used them to make cool
light-show circuits.
We can find these things In our laptop, on our mobile phone, on our camera, in our car +
++.
And we can find many different types of LEDs.
A very common circuit to build as a beginner is the blinking light circuit.

Transistors:

A transistor is a three-terminal device in which a voltage applied to one of the terminals

(called the base) can control current that flows across the other two terminals (called
the collector and the emitter). The transistor is one of the most important devices in
electronics.

This is probably the hardest of the basic electronic components to understand.

But dont worry, its not that hard.
A simple way is to look at the transistor as a switch controlled by an electrical signal.
If you put about 0.7 volts between the base and the emitter, you turn it on.
Note that this is true for NPN transistors. There are also other types, but worry about
these later.
But, instead of having just two states (ON or OFF), it can also be a bit on by
controlling the current that goes through its base.
A bit of current on the base produces a current of maybe 100 times more (depending on
the transistor) through the Collector and Emitter. We can use this effect to
build amplifiers.

Inductors:
An inductor is a passive electronic component that storesenergy in the form of a magnetic
field. In its simplest form, an inductor consistsof a wire loop or coil. The inductance is
directly proportional to the number ofturns in the coil. Inductance also depends on the
radius of the coil and on the type of material around which the coil is wound.

The standard unit of inductance is thehenry, abbreviatedH. This is a large unit. More
common units are the microhenry, abbreviated H (1 H =10-6H) and the millihenry,
abbreviated mH (1 mH =10-3H). Occasionally, the nanohenry (nH) is used (1 nH = 109H).
It is difficult to fabricate inductors onto integratedcircuit (IC) chips. Fortunately,resistors
can be substituted for inductors in most microcircuit applications. In some cases,
inductance can be simulated by simple electronic circuits using transistor
Integrated Circuits:
An integrated circuit is a special component that contains an entire electronic circuit,
complete with transistors, diodes, and other elements, all photographically etched onto a
tiny piece of silicon. Integrated circuits are the building blocks of modern electronic
devices such as computers and cellphones.

An integrated Circuit (IC) consist of many basic electronic components.

It is nothing mysterious or magical.
It is just an electronic circuit that has been shrunk to fit inside a chip.
It could be an amplifier,it could be a microprocessor,it could ba a USB to a serial
converter..it could be anything.
There is a data sheet of IC through which we can find which IC is for which specific
work..

Telephone:
A system for transmitting voices over a distance using wire or radio, by converting
acoustic vibrations to electrical signals.
OR
an apparatus, system, or process for transmission of sound or speechto a distant point, esp
ecially by an electric device.

Phone system:
A phone system comprises multiple telephones used in an interconnected fashion that
allows for advanced telephony features such as call handling and transferring, conference
calling, call metering and accounting, private and shared voice message boxes, and so on.
A telephone system can range from just a few telephones in a home or small business up
to a complex private branch exchange(PBX) system used by mid-sized and large
businesses.
Phone systems can function over the Public Switched Telephone Network (PSTN), over
the Internet (Internet telephony or VoIP), or over a combination of the two. Business
telephone systems can also be delivered as a hosted service (typically referred to as
acentrex), which can free companies from having to invest in costly equipment.

Types of telephones:
There are two main types of telephones.
1.VoIP phones
2.Analogue phones

VoIP phones:
1140E this is the standard desk phone at RMIT. This multi-line phone provides
enhanced communication capabilities including a large high resolution graphical
grayscale display, the ability to use multiple extension numbers, flexible programming,
and the labelling of feature keys.

1150E this phone is designed for high call volume users, such as contact
centres. It has a large graphical grayscale display, specialised call processing
feature keys, the ability to use multiple extension numbers, and dual USB headset
connection to allow monitoring and training.

1120E this intermediate-level phone is commonly used as a wall-phone and in

waiting areas. It has a graphical display, the ability to use multiple extension
numbers, flexible programming, and labelling of feature keys.

KEM Key Expansion Module. This module adds 18 self-programmable feature

keys to the 1120E, 1140E, and the 1150E VoIP desk phones.

2033 IP Conference phone - this phone is commonly used in medium or large

sized conference rooms. It is an IP-based conference phone, delivering access to
most VoIP system features. The conference phones audio is full-duplex, handsfree, provides 360 coverage, and it also comes with two external microphones for
additional voice pick-up.

Analogue phones:

IQ560E this is the standard analogue desk phone. This phone provides access
to telephone system features such as transfer conference and handsfree to campus
locations where the RMIT network and VoIP phones are not available.

IQ50C this is the standard analogue wall-phone. This phone is installed in

wall-phone locations where only analogue telephone lines are available.

Telephone network:
A telephone network is a telecommunications network used for telephone calls between
two or more parties.
There are a number of different types of telephone network:
A landline network where the telephones must be directly wired into a single telephone
exchange. This is known as the public switched telephone network or PSTN.
A wireless network where the telephones are mobile and can move around anywhere
within the coverage area.
A private network where a closed group of telephones are connected primarily to each
other and use a gateway to reach the outside world. This is usually used
insidecompanies and call centres and is called a private branch exchange (PBX).

Telephone exchanges:
A telephone exchange is a telecommunications system used in the public switched
telephone network or in large enterprises. An exchange consists of electronic components
and in older systems also human operators that interconnect (switch) telephone subscriber
lines or virtual circuits of digital systems to establish telephone calls between subscribers.
In the public telecommunication networks a telephone exchange is located in a central
office (CO), typically a building used to house the inside plant equipment of potentially
several telephone exchanges, each serving a certain geographical exchange area. Central
office locations are often identified in North America as wire centers, designating a
facility from which a telephone obtains dial tone.[1]For business and billing purposes,

telephony carriers also define rate centers, which in larger cities may be clusters of
central offices, to define specified geographical locations for determining distance
measurements.
In the United States and Canada, the Bell System established in the 1940s a uniform
system of identifying each telephone exchange with a three-digit exchange code, or
central office code, that was used as a prefix to subscriber telephone numbers. All
exchanges within a larger region, typically aggregated by state, were assigned a
common area code. With the development of international and transoceanic telephone
trunks, especially driven by direct customer dialing, similar efforts of systematic
organization of the telephone networks occurred in many countries in the mid-20th
century.