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Chapter 7
7.1 Kinetic-molecular theory: states that particles in gases, liquids and solids are in
constant motion, and that there is no attraction between molecules of gases.
For a gas, the average speed = 1600 km / hour. Though this is fast, the particles are
bouncing around, and changing directions all the time, so they do not have unimpeded
paths of travel.
7.3 Pressure
Gas pressure is the result of the collisions of the particles on the walls of the container.
Pressure of a gas is measured in mm Hg. 760 mm Hg = 1 atmosphere . So, 1
atmosphere is the amount of pressure required to support 760 mm Hg.
STP (standard temp and pressure) = a temp of 0 degrees Celsius (or 273 K) and a
pressure of 1 atm (760 mm Hg).
7.4 Avogadro's Hypothesis: Equal volumes of gases at the same temp and pressure
contain equal numbers of particles.
At STP, 1 mol of any gas has 6.02 x 1023 particles, and occupies 22.4 Liters. The
latter is the molar volume of a gas at STP.
7.5 Diffusion: the spread of a gas through space or through another gas.
This formula:
(v) of a body.
KE = 1/2 mv2 relates kinetic energy (KE) to the mass (m) and velocity
Effect of changing the size of the container = reducing container size increases
pressure; increasing container size reduces pressure.
Dalton's law of partial pressures: this says that, at a constant volume and temp,
the total pressure of a mixture of gases is equal to the sums of the partial pressure
of each individual gas in the mixture.
Memorize the combined gas law. Boyle's Law and Charles's Law come from this,
so if you know the combined gas law you won't need to memorize the other two.
The combined gas law is:
The combined gas law is modified for the ideal gas law to include n = moles of
gas.
A constant R is obtained from this equation. R is called the ideal gas constant
and = 0.0821 (L x atm) / (K x mol)
The form then to use for the ideal gas law is: P x V = n x R x T
7.9 Liquids
When T is raised, the KE of the liquid is raised so that more particles can jump up
and become gas. So raising T increases vapor pressure.
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