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INTRODUCTION

Paper:- Paper is a random network of cellulosic fiber.


Paper is a thin material produced by pressing together
moist fibers, typically cellulose pulp derived from wood,
rags or grasses, and drying them into flexible sheets.
Paper is a cellulosic fiber mat, irregularly interlocked in
the form of plain sheet from an aqueous fibrous
suspension.

HISTORY OF PAPER
The Name paper comes from papyrus, a Latin word of
roman catholic language spoken by the Spanish,
Portuguese & Italians.
Papyrus is a product of reed (water grass). It is found
along the banks of Nile River in Egypt. Layers of the reed
were laid side by side over a stone slab.
SCOPE & SIGNIFICANCE
The significance of paper and paper products in modern
life is obvious to everyone. Paper provides the mean of
recording storage and dissemination of information
virtually and writing & printing is done on paper. It is the
most widely used wrapping and packing material and is
important for structural application.
THE CHARACTERISTICS OF PAPER

The characteristics of paper can be classified as physical


optical, chemical, electrical or microscopical. The physical
characteristics include the common strength tests of
tensile, burst, tear, and fold as well as such tests as
stiffness, hardness, softness, density, weight and
thickness etc.
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF PAPER
Paper is a self supporting, structural material. It is not an
end in itself, since nearly all paper is used as a base for
coating or printing or used as a warping or packaging
material.
Physical Properties are:1. Thickness

10. Weight (Basis weight)

2. Density

11 Hardness & Compressibility

3. Stiffness

12. Tensile Strength

4. Smoothness

13 Tearing Strength

5. Folding Endurance

14. Impact Strength

6. Softness
7. Dimensional Stability
8. Bursting Strength
9. Cobb Test (water absorbancy)
Cobb Test (Cobb60)

AIM: To find out the average value of cobb60 test of


given sample of paper in the laboratory.
Apparatus: Cobb Tester, Analytical Balance, blotting
paper, solid brass roller.
Scope & Significance: this method describes a
procedure for determining the quantity of water
absorbed by paper and paperboard in a specified time
under. Standardized conditions. This method is generally
applicable and sized paper board.
Definition: The surface water absorption over 60
seconds, expressed in g/sq.m. measured by cobb test.
The procedural standards are explained in TTAPPI T441
Units of Cobb = g/sq.m

CONCLUSION
The overage value of Cobb60 of bottom side is greater
than top side. It means sizing of paper at top side is
better than at bottom side

CONCLUSION
We Concluded that there is some error found in
calculating the basis weight by quadrant scale
STIFFNESS OF PAPER SAMPLE
Aim: To determine the stiffness of paper sample.
Apparatus : Stiffness tester, stiffness sample cutter (Taber
cutter), scale, conditioning chamber.
Definition: Stiffness is the blending moment in gram
antimatter necessary to deflect the free and of a 38mm
wide vertically clamped specimen 15 from its centre line.
Significance: The economic value of paper board
depends upon its stiffness and because this property is
closely related to the amount of fiber in the board and
hence its cost. Stiffness of paper relates to a number of
end use application including wrapping printing etc.
Unit of stiffness = Taber

CONCLUSION

STIFFNESS OF THE PAPER SAMPLE IS MORE THAN IN


MACHINE DIRECTION AS COMPARED TO CROSS
DIRECTION
THE

BREAKING STRENGTH
Aim: To determine tensile breaking strength of paper.
Apparatus used: Tensile Testing machine, clamps from
to 2 inch wide, conditioning chamber.

Definition: The maximum tensile force per unit of width


developed in a test specimen at rupture or break under
prescribed conditions.
Significance: Tensile strength is indicative of the service
ability of many papers. Such as web printing, wrapping
and bag and crapped paper such as cable wrapping,
tissue and toweling, which are subjected to direct tensile
force.
Unit of stiffness = Unit of Tensile Index= Nm/g
Breaking strength N

Conclusion
trength of Paper sample is more in machine direction as
compare to Cross direction

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