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Consultant reports
Over the past few years, operators have asked a lot of consultants to do 3G roll-out
analysis reports. Even though this information gets old quickly, these reports might have
some helpful facts.
Government statistics
Government sources can provide statistics of population type and information such as
income, distribution of wealth, taxation, spending habits etc., which are useful to estimate
future mobile usage in different areas.
In a real life all of this information is compressed into the operators request for quote.
This typically calls for an estimation of how many base station locations each network
vendor thinks is required to provide a network. The operator normally asks vendors to
guarantee the level of coverage for a certain load level, using the minimum amount of
base stations and cost. Vendors have to commit to these figures even when most of the
sites are yet to be acquired and some of the performance parameters will be defined later.
Vendors are expected to reply in a very short period of time with limited information, so
it is easy to see why network quality is not the biggest consideration in initial planning.
There is a tendency for operators to use this tactic to get the lowest possible initial quote
from vendors.
An experienced network planner can produce a "quick and dirty" network base station
requirement figure with only a few parameters. The most crucial parameters for the initial
roll-out are:
Capacity requirements - the planned customers and service usage in each area of
the network (with BTS site capacity calculation) should be known in order to get the
required amount of base stations for capacity.
Coverage requirements - the link budget of high data rate services should be
calculated in order to estimate the required base station amount in each network area to
get the amount of base stations for coverage.
In each network area, take the larger number of capacity OR coverage base stations for
that area, then add each area together to get a total. To get the final required number of
base stations, the following formula can be used:
- Add 10% more quality sites to provide special coverage or a dominant server in
difficult or important areas - tunnels, bridges, exhibition and sports venues, shopping
centres, airports, big hotels, high rise buildings, MD's home and CEO sailing and polo
club!
- Add additional 10% more sites to fix holes because not all planned sites can be
acquired.
- By this time the sales team will tell you that your plan is 30% too expensive, so you
need to cut 30% of your base stations (and 40% of your acquisition budget)
The total will tell you how many sites you need to build an initial 3G network. Don't tell
your customer you found the formula on the Internet!
count dramatically. Most network planners agree that overlap should be 20-30 percent,
but that relates directly to build cost. After all that, the base station requirements for the
each type of areas can to be calculated.
Notice how sensitive the site count is to variations of the propagation model and cell
overlap values. High speed 3G network needs a lot of base stations!
3.06 kbits/s
0.61 kbits/s
0.20 kbits/s
Total
If a cell capacity is estimated to be 500 kbits/s, each cell can be dimensioned for about
129 users.
This example was simplified, but please remember when you see capacity estimations
with various traffic mixes, that those are just estimations. Notice how sensitive the
capacity is to variations of download amount, retransmit rate and estimated cell
capacity values. Before UMTS networks are on air and customers start to use high speed
services, network capacity calculations are anybody's guess!
Even when the capacity calculations are done in a very beginning, normally the mobile
networks are initially planned to meet the coverage objectives. Capacity sites and
transceiver upgrades are installed later, once the real traffic load is known. In the early
1990s most of capacity requirements of new 2G networks were initially over-estimated,
partly because operators needed to present (over-) optimistic business plans to secure the
funding and partly because nobody knew how much people would use their phone on
certain price levels. Generally busy hour Erlangs per subscribers were not what was
originally anticipated, and this tendency is likely to continue in 3G.
*) Above formula is just a rough guide. The correct formula for is Effective traffic = User traffic / (1-p),
(where p is the loss probability) considering the fact that retransmissions may take place more than once.
Thanks ke!
If a geographical area is coverage limited, the load on each sector can be reduced until
coverage and capacity requirements match. Reducing the load will cut the link budget
interference margin and increase Node B count. If area is capacity limited, transmitter
diversity can be added or amount of transceivers can be increased.
Operators are normally forced to co-locate their 3G base stations with existing sites or
select new site locations only on buildings known to be owned by friendly site owners.
This limits the cell planning options and may sacrifice the network quality, but it helps to
build networks faster. Forced co-location should be taken in to account in initial capacity
and coverage planning. All variation to standard configuration may need pilot power,
handover, antenna, cable and base station power level modifications.
Some network areas need special attention. Very dense urban area (CBD), open spaces,
in-building areas, water surroundings, hot spots and other special coverage areas need
well planned approach. Out-of-Cell Interference versus soft-handover cell overlap has
also to be considered. Hierarchical systems work with multi-frequency networks, but not
with single-frequency systems (like cdma). If multi-layered is planned, separate
frequencies are needed for different layers.
There is no need for plan channelisation codes as those are managed by the RNC. Unlike
the channelisation codes, the scrambling codes need to be planned. The number of
scrambling codes is so great that the planning is a quite trivial task.
The uplink scrambling code for each user is allocated by the RNC. Every RNC has a pool
of codes that are unique to it. Allocation of uplink scrambling codes to RNCs is a simple
task, due to the huge number of available codes.
Downlink scrambling codes planning is an important issue in the border areas between
countries. There is a minimum separation that should be used between cells using the
same scrambling code, but in practice the maximum separation will be planned.
Codes
Uplink
Downlink
Scrambling codes
Different users
Different Node B's
Channelisation codes
Channels from the same user
Different users
RAN Planning
Planning the UMTS RAN and core network side is basically selecting the desired
network layout, future expansion approach, calculating the required hardware, deciding
software features and dimensioning all interfaces.
Radio Access Network has several interfaces, which need to be configured and
dimensioned. This dimensioning is out of the scope of this page, but these are the RAN
interfaces that need to be configured:
Iu: Interface between the RNC and the Core Network (MSC or SGSN).
- Iucs: Iu circuit switched (voice from/to MSC)
- Iups: Iu packet switched (data from/to SGSN)
Iub: Interface between the RNC and the Node B.
Iur: Interface between two RNCs.
Node B amount is derived form air interface capacity and coverage calculations, but
Node Bs also have to be configured. Hardware configuration is vendor specific, but here
is a general list of things that need to be considered when configuring Node Bs:
The RNC planning is done after the air interface dimensioning and network interfaces
planning. After those are prepared, the bandwidth of each RNC link is known. RNC
dimensioning is to calculate the number RNCs and configuration of RNCs needed to
support the radio access network requirements. Any network side equipment will have
the trade-offs in configuration selection. Network can be designed for maximising the
ease of future expansion or for minimising the total cost. Usually RNC locations are fixed
based on network operator's main site locations and transmission costs will determine the
most cost effective RNC configurations. RNC Hardware configuration is also vendor
specific, but here is a general list of things that need to be considered when dimensioning
RNCs:
Expansion possibilities
Number of Subscribers
Number of PDP Contexts
Service Activation Rate
Peak Traffic amount and overheads (bits/s or packets/s)
Number of required links
Number of RNC in served area
The Core Network hardware configuration is also vendor specific. Network vendors have
very extensive documentation how to design all aspects of core network starting from the
room environmental requirements up to the post integration system quality audit. Here is
a general list of things that need to be considered when dimensioning MSCs:
Number of Subscribers
Average call lengths
Call mix
Total CS traffic (Erlangs)
System features
Interconnection to other equipment
MSC software features
Required redundancies (e.g. 2N, N+1)
Total traffic and signaling loads
Iu-cs and other interface dimensioning
Type of transmission interfaces
Expansion possibilities
MSC capacity and configuration options
Most cost effective deployment method
Number of RNC in served area
All other network equipment will be designed in a similar way. Once the main
components are designed, the rest is easy!
Other core network plans:
Numbering plan
Traffic and interconnectivity routing plan
Signalling network plan
Synchronisation plan
Expansion plan
Logical and physical node dimentioning
PS and CS network plan
Network security plan
Transmission Planning
Most of the 3G network license holders have an existing 2G license and will face great
transmission planning challenges when upgrading a network from 2G to 3G:
IP = Internet Protocol
PDH = Plesiochronous Digital Hierarchy; point-to-point, time division multiplexing, n * 2 Mbits/s
(Europe)
SDH = Synchronous Digital Hierarchy; typically 2/34/140 Mbits/s, n * 155Mbits/s, SONET in the USA
ATM = Asynchronous Transfer Mode; 155Mbits/s, 622.Mbits/s
The Summary
The goal of the network planning is not only to define the initial network roll-out targets,
but also to provide moving targets to the continuous process that takes the whole life time
of the network. Before the 3G network is launched, all the work is focused on estimating
how the network should look like. After the network launch customer intake and
behaviour will decide the network development direction.
The most demanding tasks are to gather all the required information for the planning
work and making the network roll-out decisions based on all these estimations, operator
demands and assumptions of future costs. Cost estimations are usually very sensitive to
the changes in basic assumptions and it is crucial that all assumptions are recorded to the
network roll-out plan.
Picture below show the issues that vendors and operators face in the beginning of the
network roll-out.