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9. Because its a new protocol, can RIP v. 2 hop more than 16 times?
No. It still has many of the same characteristics of RIP v. 1,
including hop
count max of 16.
10. What is the configuration command to start RIP v. 2 running?
Router(config)#router rip
Router(config-router)#version 2
Router (config-router)#network [attached network(s)]
or
Router(config)#router rip ver 2
11. What show commands can you use to ensure that RIP v. 2 has started running?
show ip route
show ip protocols
12. What is the command to flush (clear) the routing table to force an update?
clear ip route *
13. What will you see if you use the debug ip rip command?
Youll see all the RIP updates as they are sent and received by the
router.
14. How do you turn off the debugging function?
Add no to the same command you used to turn it on, or you can
use the
no debug all to turn off all debugging.
15. What are the three (3) ways that routers learn about routes (networks)? Briefly
explain each one.
Static routing - additions to the routing table put in by the
network
administrator
Dynamic routing additions to the routing table are added
automatically as
routers update themselves using protocols
Default routes - default routes added to the routing table by the
network
administrator that indicates the path to take when there is no
known route
to the destination
16. What are the two commands that can be used to enter a default route?
ip route [network no.] [subnet mask] [next hop IP address]
ip default-network [network to use as default]
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17. If you want to use the ip route command to specify a default network, how
would
you enter it?
ip route 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 [next hop IP address]
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INTERNETWORKING III
MODULE 1
VLSM EXERCISE 1
Objective
Create an addressing scheme using variable-length subnet masking (VLSM).
Scenario
You are assigned the Class C address 192.168.10.0 and must support the network shown in the
diagram.
Create an addressing scheme that meets the requirements shown in the diagram above.
INTERNETWORKING III
MODULE 1
VLSM EXERCISE 2
Objective
Create an addressing scheme using VLSM.
Scenario
You are assigned the CIDR address 192.168.30.0 /23 and must support the network shown in the
diagram. Create an addressing scheme that meets the requirements shown in the diagram.
This command can only be used with RIPv2, and not with RIPv1.
Extra: Interface Commands
1. What are the two main ways of classifying dynamic IGP routing protocols?
Distance-vector
Link-state
2. Which ones are also known as shortest path first protocols? Why?
Link-state, because thats exactly what they do: they look for the
shortest
path to the destination (regardless of whether or not this is the
BEST path).
3. Fill in the following table:
Type Protocol(s) Advantages Disadvantages
Distance-Vector RIP v. 1
RIP v. 2
IGRP
Easy to configure
Updates regularly
Takes up significant
bandwidth
Slow to converge
Subject to routing loops
RIP only has 1 metric
Only RIP v. 2 can use
VLSM
Link-State OSPF,
IS-IS
Only sends out
updates as needed
Doesnt use much
bandwidth to maintain
tables
Fast to converge
Not subject to routing
loops
Knows complete
topology of network so
knows all routes
Uses cost metrics
instead of distance
metrics
Can use VLSM and
CIDR
Difficult to configure
correctly
Requires more memory
and more powerful
CPUs in routers
Takes a lot of bandwidth
when first started
4. What are hello packets used for?
Link state protocols use them to make sure a link is still active.
Theyre
very small packets.
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5. What are the five things that link state protocols use to maintain their tables:
Link-state advertisements (LSAs)
A topological database
The shortest path first (SPF) algorithm
The resulting SPF tree
A routing table of paths and ports to each network to determine
the best
paths for packets
6. What is meant by a link when talking about link state protocols?
11. What is a hello packet used for and what is the multicast address used for it?
Why this address?
A hello packet is the way OSPF routers make sure that a link is
still active.
224.0.0.5 is the address used so that all links are checked, not
just DRs and
BDRs.
12. What is the default hello interval?
10 seconds
13. What is the main area of an OSPF network designated?
Area 0 (zero)
14. What is the command used to start OSPF routing on a router?
Router(config)#router ospf [process ID]
15. What is the processor ID?
Its an identifier for the OSPF routing process on the router
16. What is the command used to identify networks on an OSPF router?
21. What is a priority number used for? How can you change it?
If there is more than 1 router in the Area (broadcast multiaccess), then
there must be a DR and maybe a BDR for the Area. The priority
number is
used to determine which routers will be the DR and the BDR.
You can change it with the following command:
Router(config-if)#ip ospf [priority number]
22. Why must you set the bandwidth on an interface running OSPF? What is the
default bandwidth? How can you change it?
Cost (the default metric of OSPF) uses bandwidth to determine
the best
route. The default is 1.544 Mbps. You can change it with the
command:
Router(config)#interface [type] [number]
Router(config-if)#bandwidth [Kbps]
23. How can OSPF routers authenticate each other?
They exchange passwords that only other OSPF routers will know.
Use the
commands below to set authentication:
Router(config-if)#ip ospf authentication-key [password]
Router(config-router)#area [area-number] authentication
24. What is the difference between default authentication and a message-digest
authentication procedure? What is the command to do the latter?
The default authentication sends the password in plain text;
messagedigest
encrypts the password thats sent.
Router(config-if)#ip ospf authentication message-digest-key [keyid] md5
[encryption-type key]
Router(config-router)#area [area-id] authentication messagedigest
25. What is the relationship between the hello packet interval and the dead
interval? What is meant by the dead interval?
The dead interval is 4 times the hello interval (e.g., hello is 10
seconds, so
dead is 40 seconds).
The dead interval is the time used to determine that a link is
down, or dead.
In other words, if a hello isnt received from a link for the space of
4 times
the normal hello interval, its considered dead.
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26. What would happen if routers in the OSPF network have different hello intervals
configured?
They wouldnt be able to talk to each other, so would be
considered
inactive. Hello intervals must be the same on all the routers in the
network.
27. What is the best way to define a default route on an OSPF router?
Use the quad zero command:
Router(config)#ip route 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 [interface or IP address of
next hop]
28. How can you make sure that this information is propagated to other routers in the
area?
Router(config-router)#default-information originate
29. List some of the show commands you can use to make sure that OSPF is
functioning correctly.
Show ip route
Show ip protocol
Show ip ospf interface
Show ip ospf
Show ip ospf neighbor [detail] (shows neighbor database)
Show ip ospf database (shows topological database)
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address wildcard-mask:
The network address used to define the interfaces on which OSPF runs and to define the area ID for
those interfaces.
The use of the wildcard-mask is the same as with ACLs.
area-id:
Specifies the area to associate with the network address.
For Single Area OSPF, use an area-id of 0.
Loopback and Router Priority Commands
Configuring a Loopback interface for use as an OSPF Router ID
Router(config)#interface loopback number
number:
1 65,535
Extra: If the router-id command is used, this is the RouterID. (New command starting with IOS
12.01).
router ospf 1
router-id ip-address
Highest Loopback interface is Router ID.
If a Loopback interface is not configured, then the highest local active interface IP address is Router
ID.
For broadcast multi-access networks such as Ethernet and non-broadcast multicaccess networks
such as Frame Relay, ATM, X.25, the router with the highest router ID is the DR, second highest is
BDR.
Configuring the OSPF priority of an interface to help determine DR/BDR
Router(configif)#ip ospf priority number
number:
0 255
Highest priority become DR, second highest BDR
Preempts Router-ID
0 = Cannot become DR/BDR
Default = 1
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Configuring OSPF Timers
Configuring the Hello timer
Router(configif)#ip ospf hello-interval seconds
seconds
Must be same on neighboring routers.
Default:
o10 seconds on broadcast networks
o30 seconds on non-broadcast networks
Configuring the Dead timer
Router(configif)#ip ospf dead-interval seconds
seconds
Must be same on neighboring routers.
Default:
o40 seconds on broadcast networks
o120 seconds on non-broadcast networks
Should be 4 times the Hello timer
Propagating a Default Route
Configure a Static Default Route
Router(config)#ip route 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 interface|address
Propagate default route to other OSPF Routers (Configured only on the ASBR)
Router(configrouter)#default-information originate [always]
[always](Optional)
Will propagate a default route to other OSPF routers even if a static route is not configured on the
ASBR.
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6. What is DUAL?
The EIGRP distance vector algorithm is called the Diffusing Update
Algorithm (DUAL). DUAL tracks all the routes advertised by
neighbors.
Composite metrics of each route are used to compare them. DUAL
also
guarantees that each path is loop free. DUAL inserts lowest cost
paths into
the routing table. These primary routes are known as successor
routes. A
copy of the successor routes is also placed in the topology table.
7. What is the difference between a feasible successor route and a :successor
router?
The successor route is the route in the routing table; in other
words, the
route considered the best to the destination. The feasible
successor is the
back-up route, or the next-best route.
8. What makes EIGRP able to support IP, IPX, and AppleTalk?
It uses PDMs (protocol dependent modules). Also, for AppleTalk, it
can
actually act as the primarily protocol and AppleTalk doesnt even
have to
be running.
9. What is RTP? What does it do?
Reliable Transport Protocol is a transport-layer protocol that can
guarantee
ordered delivery of EIGRP packets to all neighbors. This means
EIGRP
does not rely on TCP/IP to exchange routing information the way
that RIP,
IGRP, and OSPF do. To stay independent of IP, EIGRP uses RTP as
its own
proprietary transport-layer protocol to guarantee delivery of
routing
information.
10. What are the five EIGRP packet types? Briefly describe each one.
Hello - discover, verify, and rediscover neighbor routers
Acknowledgement - to indicate receipt of any EIGRP packet
during a
reliable exchange
Update - used when a router discovers a new neighbor. An EIGRP
router
sends unicast update packets to that new neighbor, so that it can
add to its
topology table
Query
11. What are the commands used to start EIGRP running on a router?
router(config)# router eigrp [autonomous-system-number]
router(config-router)# network [network number]
router(config)#int [type] [number]
router(config-if)# bandwidth [kilobits]
router(config-if)# eigrp log-neighbor-changes
12. If you do not want to summarize routes, what is the command to turn it off? Why
might you not want to summarize (aggregate) routes?
router(config-router)#no auto-summary
If you have discontiguous subnets (subnets not right beside each
other in
the numbering scheme), route summarization probably wont
work right.
13. List some of the show commands you can use to verify that EIGRP is running
correctly.
show ip route
show ip eigrp
show ip protocol
show ip eigrp neighbor [details]
show ip eigrp interface
show ip eigrp topology
show ip eigrp traffic
14. Which table built by EIGRP is considered the most important? List the fields of
information contained in this table and briefly describe each one.
The neighbor table.
Neighbor address network layer address of the neighbor router
Hold time interval to wait without receiving anything from a
neighbor
before considering the link unavailable. Originally, the expected
packet was
a hello packet, but in current Cisco IOS software releases, any
EIGRP
packets received after the first hello will reset the timer.
Smooth Round-Trip Timer (SRTT) average time that it takes to
send and
receive packets from a neighbor; used to determine the
retransmit interval
(RTO).
Queue count (Q Cnt) number of packets waiting in a queue to be
sent.
Sequence Number (Seq No) number of the last packet received
from that
15. What is the most common problem that keeps RIP tables from updating?
The use of VLSM and RIP v. 1, which doesnt support it.
16. What is the most common type of networking problem?
Layer 1 issues (cabling is the most prevalent)
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Packets 3
Frames 2
Data segments 4
Repeater 1
5. What is the most common LAN architecture used today?
Ethernet
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6. Explain CSMA/CD. What does it stand for and how does it apply to Ethernet
networks?
Carrier Sense Multiple Access/Collision Detect: this is the
technology that
Ethernet is built on. Since Ethernet devices can transmit at will,
CSMA/CD
has been built into them so that they will listen to the media first
to see if
there is any traffic on it before transmitting. This is how Ethernet
tries to
avoid collisions. However, if a collision occurs, it is detected very
quickly
and all devices are told not to transmit for the back-off time to
avoid more
collisions.
7. What is meant by half-duplex technology?
A device can either transmit or receive, but not both at the same
time.
8. What does the term latency mean?
It is the delay the time a frame or a packet takes to travel from
the source
station to the final destination. Latecncy is is inherent in different
types of
networks and networking devices.
9. What are the three sources of latency on an Ethernet network?
First, there is the time it takes the source NIC to place voltage
pulses on
the wire and the time it takes the receiving NIC to interpret these
pulses.
This is sometimes called NIC delay, typically around 1 microsecond
for a
10BASE-T NIC.
Second, there is the actual propagation delay as the signal takes
time to
actually travel along the cable. Typically, this is about .556
microseconds
per 100 m for Cat 5 UTP. Longer cable and slower nominal velocity
of
propagation (NVP) results in more propagation delay.
Third,
11. What is meant by the term attenuation when talking about data networks? What
causes it?
Attenuation means that the signal weakens as it travels through
the
network. The resistance in the cable or medium through which the
signal
travels causes the loss of signal strength.
12. What is meant by full duplex technology? Which Ethernet connections can take
advantage of it? What does it take in order to create a full duplex network?
It means that a device can both send and receive at the same
time.
Ethernet 10BASE-T, 100BASE-TX, or 1000BASE-Fx can use full
duplex.
A dedicated port on a switch that can support full duplex is
required for
each node
13. How many wires does it take to make a full-duplex cable? How much of the
bandwidth is available on a full-duplex network?
it takes two pairs for full duplex. 100% of the bandwidth in both
directions
is available on full duplex because there is one pair of wires for
sending
and another for receiving data.
14. Is there an advantage of segmenting a network using switches instead of routers?
Disadvantages?
Yes, switches introduce less latency onto the network. They only
add 1030% latency; routers add 20-30% latency. However, switches only
can
segment at Layer 2 to create separate collision domains; routers
can
segment at Layer 3 (networks) and can subnet in separate
networks.
15. What is the main reason for LAN segmentation?
18. What type of circuits does a switched LAN create? What is one advantage of
using
switches on a LAN?
virtual circuits. Switches create many small collision domains so
collisions
are almost totally avoided, thus speeding up transmission.
19. What is the difference between a symmetric and asymmetric switch?
symmetric switches switch between like media (same bandwidth);
asymmetric switches switch between unlike media (different
bandwidths).
20. Where does a switch store destination and transmission data? Describe the
difference between the two main types.
In memory buffers in queues. In port-based memory buffering,
packets are
stored in queues that are linked to specific incoming ports.
Shared memory
buffering deposits all packets into a common memory buffer which
all the
ports on the switch share.
21. What are the two switching methods? What are the main differences between the
two?
store-and-forward switching, cut-through switching. The main
difference is
that store-and-forward waits until the entire frame has been
received before
it sends it on its way; cut-through switching reads the destination
MAC
address on the incoming frame and immediately begins sending it
on
through (before the entire frame is received).
22. What are the two sub-types of cut-through switching?
Fast Forward only reads the destination MAC address and
immediately
31. What are the three ways of communicating on a data network? Briefly describe
each
one.
Unicast one transmitter tries to reach one receiver
Multicast one transmitter tries to reach only a subset, or group,
of the
entire segment broadcasting
Broadcast one transmitter tries to reach all the receivers in the
network.
The server station sends out one message and everyone on that
segment
receives the message.
32. What is the MAC address for a broadcast message?
FF:FF:FF:FF:FF:FF
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34. To maximize bandwidth and availability of resources, what should you consider
when designing a LAN?
The function and placement of servers
Collision detection issues
Segmentation issues
Broadcast domain issues
35. What are the two main groups of servers? Give some examples of each would do
and would be located.
Enterprise DNS, e-mail, DHCP; located in Distribution Facilities
(either
MDF or IDFs)
Application applications used by workers (Word, Excel,
Accounting, etc.);
located close to the users
36. What are the steps you should follow in order to create a successful network
design?
Gather requirements and expectations
Analyze requirements and gathered data
Design the Layer 1, 2, and 3 LAN structure, or topology
Document the logical and physical network implementation
37. What is meant by availability? Give some examples.
Availability measures the usefulness of the network; it includes
throughput, response time, and access to resources
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38. What layers of the OSI model are you primarily working with when youre
designing
a network? What is involved at each layer?
Layer 1 what type of media will be used in the network
Layer 2 how will the network be segmented at this layer; where
will
switches be placed in the network?
Layer 3 how will the network be subnetted (or will it be) and
how
should those subnets be allowed to communicate; where should
routers be injected into the network?
39. What are MDFs and IDFs? What would you find in them?
They are wiring rooms (telecommunication rooms/distribution
facilities).
This is where all the networking devices (routers, switches, hubs,
patch
panels, telephone connections, etc.) should be located. This is the
endpoint
of your horizontal cabling.
40. What is the difference between horizontal cabling and vertical cabling?
42. What is the hierarchical design model? Why would you want to use it? What are
the
three layers of this design model? Briefly describe each one.
It is a design model that breaks a network into three distinct
layers. It is a
good idea to use a hierarchical design because this will make it
easier to
make changes to the network as the organization grows. The
three layers
are:
The Access Layer provides users in workgroups access to the
network
The Distribution Layer provides policy based connectivity
The Core layer provides optimal transport between sites. The
core layer
is often referred to as the backbone
43. What layer of the OSI model do access switches run at? What are they designed
to
4. What kind of cable is required to access the console port on a switch or router?
Which port do you use? How do you know whats going on on the device?
Roll over cable into the console port. You normally use a
HyperTerminal or
Telnet session from a PC to see what is happening on the device.
5. Where is the power switch on a Cisco switch?
There is none. You simply plug in the switch to the power source.
6. What does CLI stand for? How does it differ on a Cisco switch from a router?
Command line interface. It doesnt differ very muchthey both
use the
Cisco IOS; the only thing thats a little different is the particular
command
set available on each.
7. List (in order) the EXEC modes on the Cisco switch.
User EXEC
Enable/privileged EXEC
Global configuration EXEC
Particular configuration EXEC (e.g., interface, line, etc.)
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8. What are the steps you should follow in order to completely configure a switch that
may already have a configuration on it?
Remove any existing VLAN information by deleting the VLAN
database file
VLAN.dat from the flash directory
Erase the back up configuration file startup-config
Reload the switch
9. List some of the things you should configure on a switch to ensure it is secure, yet
easy to access for those authorized to do so.
switch should be given a hostname
passwords should be set on the console and vty lines
IP addresses and a default gateway should be set
In a switch-based network, all internetworking devices should be
in VLAN
1, the management VLAN
10. Identify what the following commands will do on the switch:
Command Purpose
Switch#show mac-address-table Displays the MAC table
Switch#clear mac-address-table Clears all entries out of the MAC table
and forces it to rebuild itself
Switch(config)#mac-address-table static
[mac address of host] interface
[type][number] vlan [number or name]
To set a static MAC address in the MAC
table
Switch#show port security Display switch security on ports
Each
6. What are the four elements that must exist on every switch in a spanned, switched
network?
One root bridge per network
One root port per non root bridge
One designated port per segment
Non designated ports are unused
7. Which switch will become the root bridge in a network running STP?
The switch with the smallest BID (bridge ID) number.
8. How often are BPDUs sent out by default?
Every 2 seconds
9. What are the five STP states? Briefly describe each one.
blocking state - ports can only receive BPDUs; data frames are
discarded
and no addresses can be learned
listening state - switches determine if there are any other paths
to the root
bridge (called the forward delay)
learning state - user data is not forwarded, but MAC addresses
are learned
from any traffic that is seen (also called the forward delay)
forwarding state - user data is forwarded and MAC addresses
continue to
be learned; BPDUs are still processed
disabled state - occurs when an administrator shuts down the
port or the
port fails
10. What is the definition of a converged switched internetwork?
When all the switch and bridge ports are in either the forwarding
or blocked
state
11. What does the 802.1w standard define?
Rapid Spanning Tree Protocol
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7. What happens to the frame header when using any of the above models?
A VLAN ID is inserted into it before the frame is transmitted onto
the link
between the VLANs.
8. What is the most used frame tagging option used in switching? What is special
about this?
Inter-Switch Link (ISL); its a Cisco-proprietary protocol that
maintains
VLAN information as traffic flows between switches and routers.
9. How can you make an ATM network look like an Ethernet network?
Catalyst switch.
Command Purpose
Switch#show version Displays the version of IOS running on the
switch
Switch#vlan database Enter the VLAN configuration mode
Switch(vlan)#vlan [vlan number] Assign a number to the VLAN to create
Switch(config)#interface [type] [port] Identify which interface to assign
VLAN to
Switch(config-if)#switchport access vlan
[vlan number]
Assign VLAN to one or more interfaces
Switch#show vlan [brief] Verify VLAN assignment(s)
Switch#show vlan id [vlan number] Verify VLAN assignment
Switch#show running-config Display the switchs configuration file
Switch(vlan)#no vlan [vlan number] Delete a VLAN
Switch#show spanning-tree Display the spanning tree topology known
to the router
Switch#debug sw-vlan packets Display general information about VLAN
packets that the router received but is not
configured to support
16. What are the steps you should follow to troubleshoot problems with your VLANs?
1. Check the physical indications, such as LED status.
2. Start with a single configuration on a switch and work outward.
3. Check the Layer 1 link.
4. Check the Layer 2 link.
5. Troubleshoot VLANs that span several switches.
17. What is a broadcast storm?
A broadcast storm occurs when a large number of broadcast
packets are
received on a port. Forwarding these packets can cause the
network to
slow down or to time out. Storm control is configured for the
switch as a
whole, but operates on a per-port basis. By default, storm control
is
disabled.
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16. Can VLANs communicate directly with one another? Why or why not?
No, they must still go through a router to communicate. Routers
are
designed to connect networks, which is what VLANs are.
17. What is meant by a router on a stick?
A trunk line, which can support multiple VLANs, is the physical
connection
to a router. This topology is called a router on a stick because
there is a
single connection to the router. However, there are really multiple
logical
connections between the router and the switch, based on how
many
VLANs run through the trunk.
18. What is a subinterface? How are they used on a switch?
The logical division of a physical interface into several logical
interfaces.
Each subinterface of a port can support a separate VLAN and is
assigned a
different IP address.