Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Contributor
OBJECTIVES
AT THE end of the lesson you should be able to:
1. Describe the role of outstanding male and
female protest leaders.
JAMAICA
ALEXANDER BUSTAMANTE (1884-1977)
Jamaicas modern trade union movement began
with William Alexander Clarke (later Alexander
Bustamante). Bustamante acted as an advocate in
the workers movement in the early 1930s. He
subsequently developed a relationship with St
William Grant, a labour advocate known for holding
regular banyan lectures under the great banyan
trees in Victoria Park. In 1937, Bustamante became
involved in the newly formed Jamaica Tradesmen
and Workers Union (JWTU), giving Busta an arena
to present himself as the representative of the
working class. The JWTU was formed by Coombs
on June 29, 1937. In 1938, he formed the
Bustamante Industrial Trade Union (BITU). He later
formed the Jamaica Labour Party in 1943 and
became prime minister of independent Jamaica in
1962.
GUYANA
CHEDDI JAGAN (1918-1997)
COLINHAMILTON/PHOTOGRAPHER
(From left) Kevan Taylor and Dominic Anderson, top 2012 CAPE students in geometric
and mechanical engineering drawing, Unit 2 at Meadowbrook High School.
SOURCE
Freedoms Won: Caribbean Emancipations,
Ethnicities and Nationhood - Hilary Beckles &
Verene Shepherd. (Chapter 18)
Debbion Hyman teaches at St Hughs High School. Send
questions and comments to
kerry-ann.hepburn@gleanerjm.com
yl:chemistry
IMPORTANT POINTS
When hydrocarbons are burnt they are oxidised to form
carbon dioxide and water. This is called complete combustion.
In incomplete combustion, only a small amount of
oxygen is used, which may not be enough to convert all of the
hydrocarbon present into carbon dioxide. Instead, a toxic gas
called carbon monoxide is formed. In even more limited
oxygen, carbon (or black soot) can be formed.
Carbon monoxide is toxic since it binds to haemoglobin
in your body, preventing the blood from carrying oxygen. This
can cause death.
Particles from fuels help to pollute the air with unburnt
hydrocarbons called particulates. These can cause cancer.
yl:geography
Wave
erosion
MARJORIE HENRY
Contributor
13
yl:biology
Patterns of inheritance
MONACIA WILLIAMS
Contributor
EXAMINATION TIPS
You need to remember that this paper may cover the entire
syllabus, so you must prepare yourself to answer questions from every
topic on the syllabus. Do not select topics to concentrate on, do a
thorough preparation of every topic!
The paper is a lengthy one, so you need to budget your time
carefully. I always suggest that my students use the following
approach to ensure that each question is done well:
- Read through all of the paper first. I know that you think
that you are wasting valuable time when you do this, but it
ensures that you will know ahead the scope of the
questions you will have to answer. Remember that all the
questions are compulsory.
- Begin the paper by answering the first essay question in
Section B.
- Switch to Section A and answer the first structured
question or any of the other question that you feel most
comfortable with.
- Go back to Section B and answer another essay question.
- Continue in this way until you have answered all the
questions.
yl:geography contd
14
ANSWERS
(a) (i)
What is this question asking? What is it saying? What does having
identical genetic make-up mean? Does the term identical genetic
make-up ring a bell? Of course it does! It means that the organisms
have the same genotype! This means that in theory all the plants
should have the same phenotype or look the same, but this is not
always so, is it? Remember that the environment also has an effect on
Material is moved up and down the beach by the swash and backwash of the waves, but an
alongshore drift of beach material may take place if the waves approach the shore obliquely.
When this happens, the swash runs obliquely up the shore carrying material with it. The
backwash returns immediately and directly down slope but the next wave carries the beach
material a little further along the shore, hence a progressive movement is maintained. The
process of transportation is called long shore drift and is responsible for the development of
most coastal features of deposition.
If, along any coast, some obstruction interferes with the transporting power of the waves,
some deposition will occur. These obstructions may result from strong headwinds, rivers
entering the sea, conflicting currents or coastal projections. Marine deposition is normally a
slow, steady process, but over a prolonged period major depositional features may be built.
Although the process of deposition is, in general, a gradual one, actual deposition may be
irregular in its character due to the fact that the power of waves and currents constantly varies.
Topographic features that result from marine deposition are beaches, spits, offshore bars, sand
dunes and marshes. Review these and be able to describe them and account for their
formations. Practise doing diagrams of them as well.
REFERENCES:
Certificate Physical and Human Geography - Goh Cheng Leong
Geography for CSEC - Jeanette Ottlet et al
Geography for CSEC - Nelson Thornes
Morphology and Landscape - Harry Robinson
yl:principles of business
Business finance
ANSWER
YVONNE HARVEY
Contributor
money, but you must remember that notes and coins are only
one form of money. So then, the definition of money that is
required must be one that includes all forms of money.
ANSWER
Money is anything that can be used as a medium of
exchange for purchasing goods and services and can also be
used to settle debts.
ANSWER
A commercial bank is a financial institution that has as its
main functions the accepting of deposits from individuals, the
safeguarding of those deposits and the lending of money at
interest. On the other hand, while central banks are also
financial institutions, they have as their main function the
carrying out of governments monetary policies. The central
banks customers are commercial banks and the government
while the commercial banks customers are individuals.
ANSWER
One of the main functions of a commercial bank is that it
lends money to customers who qualify for loans and who can
provide the collateral if required.
One of the main functions of a central bank to issue and
recall from circulation banknotes and bank coins even though
they may not print the notes or mint the coins.
OK, how did you do with this question? I trust you did well.
If not you need to do some more revision and, perhaps, attempt
the question again. Reading from your textbooks will provide
the necessary information that will enable you to write excellent
answers.
PHOTO BY MARCIA ROWE
International Youth Fellowship Dancers perform Psys Gangnam Style during the Liguanea Arts Festival at
Liguanea Plaza on Sunday,April 21.
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yl:english language
SUPPORTING DETAILS
CLEAR
WRITERS INTENTION
CONCISE
SIMPLE
MAIN IDEA
A (corporal)
B (until)
C (sumptuous)
B (personification)
B (occasional)
D (No error)
B (unnoticed)
A (valuable)
15.
ANTONYMS
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
C
B
B
B
A
A
SENTENCE COMPLETION
SYNONYMS
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
A
C
A
C
B
A
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
A
C
B
C
D
A
B
STEPS:
1. Read the passage at least twice - This will
give you the opportunity to identify the general
topic of the passage, as well as the writers
intention.
2. Select the main idea in each paragraph. Do
not attempt to ascertain the main idea as a
whole. When you break the passage down into
parts, you will be better able to understand it.
The main idea is found in the topic sentence of
the paragraph. While the topic sentence is
normally found at the beginning of the
paragraph, it can also be found at the end. Just
remember to look for the sentence which tells the
main point of the paragraph.
3. Decide on the important general information
that supports the main idea and eliminate
unimportant details, examples and illustrations.
4. Combine the main ideas, eliminate all
topics and omit any repetition of ideas and
expressions. Since you are expected to write no
more than 120 words, your summary will be
written as a single, coherent paragraph.
5. Ensure that you use your own words as far
as possible.
Review the steps listed above and be prepared
in next weeks lesson to apply the skills of
summary writing. Do have a blessed week!
Natasha Thomas-Francis teaches at Glenmuir High School.
Send questions and comments to
kerry-ann.hepburn@gleanerjm.com
yl:english literature
17
yl:mathematics
Statistics
HISTOGRAM
CLEMENT RADCLIFFE
Contributor
I HAVE chosen to review statistics with you this week. Statistics, at this level, may be summarised as
follows:
Collection of data
Presentation of data
Analysis of data
COLLECTION OF DATA
The usual methods are:
a) Experiment - measuring or counting
b) Research
c) Interviews
METHODS OF PRESENTATION
The methods which are usually used are listed as follows:
Bar chart
Data is represented by rectangular bars of equal width.
The bars are separated.
The area of each bar is proportional to the quantity represented.
Points to note:
This is used when the data is
presented in terms of frequency.
This information is represented
by vertical bars; all are of equal
width and are joined side by side.
Both axes must be carefully
labeled and the appropriate scales
used. If a scale is given, it must be
used exactly.
The frequency is always
represented on the vertical axis.
The frequency of each
observation or variable is proportional to the height of the bar.
Be sure that you are familiar with the principle of boundary values.
You are urged, when constructing the histogram, to avoid the following common errors:
a) Separating the bars
b) Incorrectly labeling the horizontal axis (scores)
c) Confusing the histogram with other methods of presentation, for example, bar graph or frequency
polygon.
The following is an example of the use of the histogram to represent the results of a math test.
EXAMPLE
Represent the following modes of transportation on a bar graph.
EXAMPLE
Mode of Transportation
Bus
Private
Other
TOTAL
Number of Persons
840
320
1,560
2,720
The following scores, out of 10, were obtained by 40 students who sat a maths test. Use a histogram to
represent the results.
5,4,0,1,6,5,7,5,9,2,1,8,4,4,3,2,7,8,5,5,4,7,4,6,3,1,3,4,5,7,6,5,8,3,5,7,3,9,4,6
The above data should be summarised in the frequency table as follows:
PIE CHART
The circle is divided into sectors, the size of each sector being proportional to the quantities
represented.
EXAMPLE
Represent the modes of transportation given above on a pie chart.
Clement Radcliffe is an independent contributor. Send questions and comments to kerry-ann.hepburn@gleanerjm.com
18
yl:office administration
Practise,
practise
HYACINTH TUGMAN
Contributor
AS YOU do your final preparation before your examination, I will share some questions with
you and ask that you read and practise as much as possible.
1. Communication is the transmission of information from one person to another, hence a
sender and a recipient of the message.
(a) State four reasons for good communication in a business.
(b) List three methods of communication.
(c) Use the table below to complete the characteristics of good communication.
3(a) Name six qualities that would make an applicant suitable for the position of receptionist.
(b) List the items of information that are entered on a personal record sheet for use in the
human resource office and why they should be kept confidential.
(c) How would you as a receptionist
(i) Carry out your duties when dealing with visitors to your company?
(ii) Create a good impression of your company?
4. (a) Name four characteristics of a good filing system.
(b) What do the following terms mean:
(i) Retention, (ii) Microfilming and (iii) Chronological order
(c) Place the following in alphabetical order:
Kirk L Harvey, Mrs Yvonne Blagrove, Dr Neville Green, C. D. Reid & Co Ltd, The
Bridgeview Country Club, Sir Patrick Bourke
5. What is meant by the following - standing order, credit card, money order,
bank drafts, direct debits, travellers cheques
6.(a) What are some services offered by the travel agencies?
(b) Give three reasons for preparing a travel folder when making travel
arrangements.
7. As the secretary of your organisation you are required to do the preparation for the
next annual general meeting.
Make a checklist of things to be done
(a) before the meeting
(b) on the day of the meeting
(c) after the meeting
(d) write a Notice of a Meeting for this meeting.
8.(a) List three duties of a clerk in the purchasing department.
(b) Give the names of the documents used in the purchasing department and give the
sequential order in which they are used.
Next week, I will provide you with possible answers to these questions.
2. Assume that you are Ren Brackett of 234 Bellevue Heights, Kingston 10. Write a letter of
application in response to the following advertisement that appeared in The Gleaner on Tuesday,
April 9, 2013.
AP PHOTO
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yl:information technology
topologies. The most commonly used topologies are Bus, Star and
Ring.
EXAMPLE 1
You are required to write a program that will read two numbers, find
the sum product and difference of the two numbers then output the
respective results.
Six sub-problems can be identified here:
1. Sub-problem 1: read two numbers
2. Sub-problem 2: find the sum of two numbers
3. Sub-problem 3: find the product of two numbers
4. Sub-problem 4: find the difference of two numbers
5. Sub-problem 5: output the results
The hierarchy chart for the modules above would look something
like this:
ADVANTAGES
Data Communication this is the process of transmitting data and
information over a communication medium such as telephone line,
coaxial cable, fibre-optic cable or microwave, from a computer to a
user or from a user to another.
As you may have observe with the diagram above, there is a major
problem which has been broken down into two sub-problems. The
sub-problems are then broken down into respective tasks of which
certain specified action(s) will be carried out.
A sub-problem is a set of related tasks. A task is a set of related
actions. An action is a basic instruction that needs no further
refinement. For example, an action might be a simple instruction such
as subtract two numbers. The process of dividing the problem into
sub-problems or modules and breaking them down into smaller units
is called stepwise refinement (see example 1).
One advantage of modular programming is that when a problem has
been decomposed into smaller sub-problems, each sub-problem can
be solved as a single entity. However, the solution of each individual
sub-problem does not necessarily solve the larger problem. There
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TYPES OF NETWORKS
Local Area Network (LAN) A LAN describes a group of
microcomputers or other workstations connected on one site, such as
a school or a block of offices, for the exchange of information.
Generally, one or more computers act as a server for the purpose of
sharing peripherals such as hard disks, printers, tape back-up, etc.
The computers are usually connected by cables using one of a given
DISADVANTAGE
Heavy and bulky
CONTINUED ON PAGE 22
YOUTHLINK MAGAZINE | APRIL 30-MAY 6, 2013
yl:social studies
OBJECTIVES:
1. OUTLINE THE factors that promote
regional integration.
2. Analyse the benefits of regional
integration.
3. Describe the factors that hinder regional
integration.
BENEFITS OF REGIONAL
INTEGRATION
There is strength in unity. The Caribbean
must take this literally if we are to promote and
benefit from regional integration.
a. It will increase necessary cooperation
among island-states as we venture more
into the 21st century.
b. As a group, the countries will be better
able to negotiate among the worlds most
powerful nations.
c. Integration will further help them to
compete internationally as a united group.
d. This venture will also help them to reduce
the negative effects that are presumed to be
associated with issues such as
globalisation. It should, therefore, help us to
be better able to respond to economic
implications of globalisation and trade
liberalisation.
e, There will be an improvement in the
quality of life of the population as a result of
access to a variety of goods and services.
f. Each individual island will have many
more persons to whom goods can be sold,
apart from those within its own immediate
borders.
g. The development of various groups,
institutions and organisations that will
respond to the needs of each island.
h. It seeks to promote the freedom of travel
among islands and the ability to find work,
which should decrease unemployment and
underemployment.
i. Most of all it should see the improvement
in the quality of life and the reduction in the
inequality of wealth distribution.
j. The improved levels of international
competitiveness of the region will
undoubtedly see the expansion of trade on
the world market.
k. There should be strength in unity as the
increased cooperation among member
states will make us more world-renown.
BARRIERS TO REGIONAL
INTEGRATION
Barriers, problems, challenges are many,
far-reaching and intertwined as the Caribbean,
in its endeavour to promote growth through
regional integration, faces an uphill task on
many occasions. Why is this so?
1. The islands are all at different stages of
development, which does not promote a
willingness to actively work together.
2. No two islands in the Caribbean follow
the same economic policies.
3. There is patriotism to island homes as
there is conflict between territorial and
regional demands.
ACTIVITIES
1. State three reasons regional integration
is so crucial to the Caribbean region.
2. Suggest three reasons Caribbean
integration is facing problems and state how
it may be best solved.
3. Can Caribbean countries work together
effectively? Give reasons for your answer.
NOTE
Your examination is on May 31, 2013.
Paper TWO: 9 a.m. (2 hours and 40 mins)
Paper ONE and THREE: 1 p.m.
Maureen Campbell teaches at Glenmuir High School.
Send questions and comments to
kerry-ann.hepburn@gleanerjm.com
21
yl:principles of accounts
A. The accounting equation is used:
To calculate the resources of the business.
By the owners to see the value of the assets, the liabilities, capital, the profit made after
payment of liabilities.
Revision
ROXANNE WRIGHT
Contributor
Accounting is divided into three separate subdivisions and they continuously interconnect.
Bookkeeping is the making of records of business transactions. The record of business transactions is
useful since:
- Most individuals keep a note of the amount in their bank books.
- It is the information used from the formal accounting statements of profit and loss and it makes
it easy for capital to be extracted.
Profit and loss accounting allows for the measuring of the business over a given period of time (e.g.
month or half-year or financial year).
Management accounting is a processing system to assist managers to plan and make decisions. It is
not subjected to external regulations and is not particularly concerned with objectivity.
Q. What are transactions?
A. Transactions are the economic events relating to the business that are recorded by accountants. The
two types of transactions that exist are:
DISADVANTAGES
Expensive
Hard to install and modify
TWISTED PAIR
This is two insulated copper wires twisted around each other to reduce induction (thus interference)
from one wire to the other. The twists or lays are varied in length to reduce the potential for signal
interference between pairs. They are cheap and relatively slow, so they are usually used where the volume
of data transmitted is small or where speed is not critical.
ADVANTAGES
The telephone network links the entire world, therefore, data can be transmitted to almost any place in
the world.
Cheap
DISADVANTAGE
Subject to interference
Q. What is capital?
A. Capital is any resource used to start up the business by the owner. The owner can also inject
additional capital even when the business is in operation.
We have come to the end of this lesson. See you next week, when we will continue to look at data
communications and networks. Remember, if you fail to prepare, be prepared to fail.
Natalee A. Johnson teaches at Ardenne High School. Send questions and comments to kerry-ann.hepburn@gleanerjm.com
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