SUBMITTED BY:-

+2 NON MED.
ROLL NO. 2

ON

SUBMITTED TO:-

CHEMISTRY
TEACHER

SACRED
HEART
SR.
SEC.
SCHOOL
MANDI GOBINDGARH

SESSION 2009AJAY
2010

PROJECT REPORT

REPORT

OF SOAPS
CAPACITY
THE FOAMING
[Type
TO STUDY
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PROJECT

This is to certificate that AJAY KUMAR

of +2 NON MEDICAL of SACRED
HEART R. SEC. School has
successfully completed practical
study of class 12th chemistry on the
topic To Study The Foaming Capacity
of Soap. It further certificate that is
his original work

I greatful acknowledge the help i

recived
from
my
teacher

also

thankful

to

my

. I am
school

for use of refrence books in library

from
where
I
gained
valuable
material, Ncert book was also very
helpful. I also thanks to our worthy

principal
providing me all facilities required for
the project

Soaps are sodium or potassium salts of higher fatty acid. The

higher fatty acids may be such as stearic acid (C17H35COOH),
palmitic acid (C15H31COOH). A soap molecule has liophilic (oil
soluble) part and a hydrophilic (water soluble) part. When
soaps is a shaken with water it produces foam which is
responsible for removal of dirt. A soap which produce more
foam is more affective in cleansing.
The cleansing action of soap can be explained keeping in mind
that a soap molecule contain a non-polar liophilic gp &a polar
hydrophilic gp. When soap is applied, the non-polar alkyl gp
dissolve in oil droplet while the polar (COO -)gp remain dissolve
in water in this way each oil droplet is surrounded by a
negative charge. These oil droplet containing dirt particle can
be washed away with water.
Washing or cleansing action of a soap dec. in hard water. Hard
water
contain
Ca2+
&
Mg2+
which interact with soap to form curdy ppt of Ca & Mg salt of
higher fatty acid.

2C17H35COONa + Ca2+ (C17H35COO)2Ca + 2Na+

2C17H35COONa + Mg2+ (C17H35COO)2Mg +
2Na+
The hardness of the water can be removed by adding washing
soda(Na2CO3) where by calcium and magnesium ions gets
precipitated as their carbonates.

Ca2+ + Na2CO3 CaCO3 + 2Na+

Mg2+ + Na2CO3 MgCO3 + 2Na+

1.The objective of this project is to compare

the foaming capacities of diff. samples of
soaps & to study the effect addition of
washing soda (Na2CO3) on the foaming
capacity of soap.
2.Study the effect of addition of sod.
Carbonate (washing soda) on the foaming
capacity of soap.

Compare the foaming capacity of diff. sample of soap.

REQUIREMENTS:
100ml conical flask with corks, 20ml test tubes, 100ml
measuring cyl., test tube stand, weight box & stop
watch and diff. samples of soaps & distilled water.
THEORY:
There is no quantitative method for the determination
of foaming capacity of soaps. Solution of diff. soaps
are prepared by dissolving their equal weight & vol.
of distilled water. These sol. r shaken vigorously to
produce foam & then they r allowed to stand longer
the time taken for the dissapearence of foaming in a
given sample of, greater is it foaming capacity.
PROCEDURE:
Weigh 0.5 g of each of the diff. sample of soap
provided to you.
Dissolve each of these weigh sample in 50ml of
distilled water separately, in diff. conical flask.
Label the sol. obt. 1,2,3,.
Take 20ml test tube & add 100ml distilled water to
each of them. Then add 1ml of diFf. Soap sol.
separately in diff. test tube and correspondingly
mark the test tube as 1,2,3.

 Cork test tube no.1 tightly & shake it vigorously for

1 minute. Place the test tube stand & starts the
stop watch immideatly. Note time in which foam
just disappear.
Similarly, note the time for the dissapearence of
foam in the order test tube & record the
observation.
OBSERVATION:
Weight of the each sample taken = 0.5 g.
Vol. of distilled water taken for preparing sol. of each
sample = 50ml.
Test
no.
1
2
3
4

tube Brand name

the soap
LUX
HAMAN
DETTOL
FENA

of Time
taken
dissapearence of foam
210 MINUTES
205 MINUTES
190 MINUTES
150 MINUTES

CONCLUSION:
The soap for which time taken for dissapearence of
foam is max. has max. foaming capacity & is best
quality soap among the soap tested.

LUX > HAMAN

DETTOL > FENA

>

of

Study the effect of addition of sod. Carbonate (washing soda)

on the foaming capacity of soap.
REQUIREMENTS:
100ml conical flask with corks, 20ml test tubes, 100ml
measuring cylinder, test tube stand, weight box & stop watch
and diff. samples of soaps & distilled water.
THEORY:
Ca & Mg ion present in the tap water interfere in the foaming
capacity of the soap. These ion combine with soap & form the
insoluble salt which get precipitated.
2C17H35COONa + Ca2+ (C17H35COO)2Ca + 2Na+
therefore, in the presence of these ions the foaming capacity
of soap dec.
When sod. Carbonate is added to tap water, Ca & Mg ions get
precipitated as their carbonate. Therefore, in the presence of
sod. carbonate
Ca2+ + Na2CO3 CaCO3 + 2Na+
Mg2+ + Na2 CO3 MgCO3 + 2Na+
Foaming capacity of water increases. In order to demonstrate
this the foaming capacity of the given sample of soap will be
determine, first in distilled water then in tap water & finally in
tap water containing sod. Carbonate.
PROCEDURE:

Weigh 0.5g of the given sample of soap & dissolve it in 50ml

of distilled water taken in a conical flask.

Take three test tube and label them as 1,2,3 .To the first
tube add 10ml of distilled water, to the second add 10ml of
tap water & to the third add 5ml of tap water & 5ml of M|10
Na2CO3 sol.

To each of the test three tube add 1ml of soap sol.

Cork the test tube no.1 tightly & shake vigorously for 1
minute. Place the test tube in test tube stand & start the
stop watch immediately. Note the time in which the foam
just disappear.

Similarly, note the time for the dissapearence of foam in the

remaining two test tube & record the observation.

OBSERVATION:
Weight of soap taken= 0.5g
Vol. of distilled water taken for preparing solution = 50ml.

Test
tube
no.
1
2
3

Water used

Vol.
of Time
taken
soap sol. dissapearence
soap
distilled 0.5 G
195 MINUTES

10ml
water
10ml tap water
0.5 G
5ml tap water + 0.5 G
5ml Na2CO3 sol.

210 MINUTES
250 MINUTES

CONCLUSION:
Foaming capacity of soap is max. in distilled water.
The foaming capacity of tap water inc. on the addition
of sod. Carbonate.

of
of

1.Comprehensive practical chemistry

Dr. N.K. Verma

B.K. Vermani
Dr. Neera Verma
K.K. Rehani

2.Pradeep practicle chemistry