Chapter 2

Chapter 2
Understanding the Components

of the System Units
Pengantar Teknologi Informasi
Aris Haryanto, S.Kom, MM
Learning Outcomes
Pada akhir pertemuan ini, diharapkan mahasiswa
akan mampu :
menjelaskan komponen di dalam sistem

unit komputer
Outline Materi
Processor
Memory
Adapter Cards
Ports and Connectors
The System Unit
What is the system unit?
Case that contains electronic

components of the computer used
to process data
Sometimes called
the chassis
The System Unit
What are common components inside the

system unit?
power supply
Processor
Memory
Adapter cards
drive bays
Sound card
Modem card
Video card
Network card
processor
memory
ports
sound card
Ports
Drive bays
Power supply
network card
modem card
video card
The System Unit
What is the motherboard?

adapter cards
processor chip
Main circuit
board in system
unit
Contains adapter
cards, processor
chips, and
memory chips
Also called
memory chips
system board
memory slots
Expansion
slots for
adapter cards
motherboard
The System Unit
What is a chip?
Small piece of semi-conducting

material on which integrated
circuits are etched
Integrated circuits contain
many microscopic pathways
capable of carrying electrical
current
Chips are packaged so they can
be attached to a circuit board
dual inline
packages (DIP)
holds memory
chips
pin grid
array (PGA)
package
holds processor
chips
Processor
What is the Central Processing Unit (CPU)?

Interprets
and carries
out basic instructions
that operate a computer
Control Unit directs and
coordinates operations in
computer
Arithmetic Logic Unit
(ALU) performs
arithmetic, comparison,
and logical operations
Also
Multi-core
Processor
Processor
Control
Control
Unit
Unit
Instructions
Data
Information
Input
Devices
called the processor

Dual-core
Processor
Quad-core
Processor
Arithmetic
Arithmetic
Logic
Logic Unit
Unit (ALU)
(ALU)
Data
Memory
Information
Output
Devices
Instructions
Data
Information
Storage
Devices
Processor
Which processor should you select?
The faster the processor, the more expensive the computer

Intel Processor
Itanium or Xeon
Pentium family
Desired Clock Speed

1.3 GHz and up
3.0 GHz and up

2.4 GHz to 3.0 GHz
Up to 2.4 GHz
Celeron
2.2 GHz and up
Processor
Which processor should you select?
The faster the processor, the more expensive the computer

The leading manufacturers
of personal computer
processor chips are Intel
and AMD
Processor
Processor for Mobile Computer (SmartPhone/Tablet PC)
Processor
What are heat sinks and heat pipes?
Heat sinkcomponent
with fins that cools
processor
Heat pipe smaller
device for notebook
computers
heat sink fan
heat sink
Processor
A processor chip generates heat that could cause the chip to burn up
Require additional cooling
Heat sinks
Liquid cooling technology
Data Representation
How do computers represent data?
Most computers are digital

Recognize only two
discrete states: on or off
Use a binary system to
recognize two states
Use Number system with
two unique digits: 0 and
1, called bits (short for
binary digits)
Data Representation
What is a byte?
Eight bits grouped together as a unit

Provides enough different combinations of 0s and 1s
to represent 256 individual characters
Numbers
Uppercase
and lowercase
letters
Punctuation
marks
Data Representation
How is a letter converted to binary form

and back?
Step 1.
Step 2.
The user presses

the capital letter D
(shift+D key) on
the keyboard.
An electronic signal for the

capital letter D is sent to the
system unit.
Step 3.
Step 4.
After processing, the binary
code for the capital letter D is
converted to an image, and
displayed on the output device.
The signal for the capital letter D

is converted to its ASCII binary
code (01000100) and is stored in
memory for processing.
Memory
What is memory?
Seat #2B4
Seat #2B3
Electronic components that

store instructions, data, and
results
Consists of one or
more chips on
motherboard or
other circuit board
Each byte stored
in unique location
called an address,
similar to seats
on a passenger train
Memory
Each location in memory has an address
Memory size is measured in kilobytes (KB or K),
megabytes (MB), gigabytes (GB), or terabytes
(TB)
Memory
What is random access memory (RAM)?

Memory chips that can be
read from and written
to by processor
Also called
main memory
or primary
storage
Most RAM is
volatile, it is lost
when computers
power is
turned off
The more RAM a

computer has, the
faster it responds
Memory
Three basic types of RAM chips exist:
Memory
Where does memory

reside?
Resides on small circuit

board called memory
module
Memory slots on
motherboard hold memory
modules
dual inline memory module
memory chip
memory slot
Memory
How much RAM does an application require?
Software package
System Requirements
typically indicates
Windows XP Home Edition/Professional
Intel Pentium processor at 233MHZ or higher
RAM requirements
AMD K6 (Athlon Duron Family processor at 233MHZ or higher
64 MB of RAM
For optimal
performance, you
need more than
minimum specifications
Memory
How much RAM do you need?
Depends on type of applications you intend to run

on your computer
Memory
What is read-only memory (ROM)?

Memory chips that store
permanent data
and instructions
Nonvolatile memory, it is not

lost when computers
power is turned off
EEPROM
(electrically
Three types:
erasable programmable
read-only memory)
Firmware
Type of PROM
Manufactured with
containing microcode
PROM
permanently written
programmer
data, instructions, (programmable
can erase
read-only
or information
memory)
Blank ROM
chip onto which
a programmer
can write permanently
Memory
What is flash memory?
Nonvolatile memory that can be erased electronically and

reprogrammed
Used with PDAs, digital cameras, digital cellular phones, music players,
digital voice recorders, printers, Internet receivers, and pagers
Step 3.
Step 1.
Purchase and download MP3 music tracks
from a Web site. With one end of a special
cable connected to the system unit, connect
the other end into the MP3 player.
Flash memory chip
To headphones
Plug the headphones into the MP3

player, push a button on the MP3
player, and listen to the music
through the headphones.
From computer
Flash memory card
Step 2.
Instruct the computer to copy the MP3 music track
to the flash memory chip in the MP3 player.
MP3 Player
Memory
What is CMOS?
Complementary
metal-oxide
semiconductor
memory
Uses battery
power to retain
information when
other power is
turned off
Used in some
RAM chips, flash
memory chips, and
other types of
memory chips
Stores date,
time, and
computers
startup
information
Memory
CMOS Battery
CMOS
Memory
What is access time?
Amount of time it takes processor

to read data from memory
Measured in nanoseconds (ns),
one billionth of a second
It takes 1/10 of a second to blink
your eye; a computer can perform
up to 10 million operations in same amount of
time
Term
Millisecond
Microsecond
Nanosecond
Picosecond
Speed
One-thousandth of a second
One-millionth of a second
One-billionth of a second
One-trillionth of a second
Expansion Slots and Adapter Cards
What is an adapter card?
Types of Adapter Cards
Enhances system unit or

provides connections to
external devices called
peripherals
Also called an expansion card
Expansion Slots and Adapter Cards
What is an expansion slot?
An opening, or socket,
on the motherboard
that can hold an
adapter card
With Plug and Play,
the computer
automatically
configures cards
and other devices
as you install them
What are ports and connectors?
Port connects external devices to system unit

Connector joins cable to peripheral
Available in one of two genders: male and female

On a notebook computer, the ports are on the
back, front, and/or sides

A USB port can connect up to 127 different peripherals
together with a single connector
You can attach multiple peripherals using a single
USB port with a USB hub
Power Supply
What is a power supply?

Converts
AC Power
into
DC Power
Fan keeps
system unit
components
cool
External peripherals
might use an AC
adapter, which is an
external power supply
Power Supply
Source : Shelly, Gary B. Discovering

Computers (2004/2005/2006). Thomson
Course Technology. PPT for Chapter 4.

Chapter 2 - Understanding System Unit

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Understanding the Components

Pengantar Teknologi Informasi

Aris Haryanto, S.Kom, MM

menjelaskan komponen di dalam sistem

Pengantar Teknologi Informasi

Aris Haryanto, S.Kom, MM

Pengantar Teknologi Informasi

Aris Haryanto, S.Kom, MM

The System Unit

What is the system unit?

Case that contains electronic

Pengantar Teknologi Informasi

Aris Haryanto, S.Kom, MM

The System Unit

What are common components inside the

Pengantar Teknologi Informasi

Aris Haryanto, S.Kom, MM

The System Unit

What is the motherboard?

Pengantar Teknologi Informasi

Aris Haryanto, S.Kom, MM

The System Unit

Small piece of semi-conducting

Pengantar Teknologi Informasi

Aris Haryanto, S.Kom, MM

What is the Central Processing Unit (CPU)?

called the processor

Pengantar Teknologi Informasi

Which processor should you select?

The faster the processor, the more expensive the computer

Desired Clock Speed

3.0 GHz and up

2.2 GHz and up

Pengantar Teknologi Informasi

Aris Haryanto, S.Kom, MM

Which processor should you select?

The faster the processor, the more expensive the computer

Pengantar Teknologi Informasi

Aris Haryanto, S.Kom, MM

Processor for Mobile Computer (SmartPhone/Tablet PC)

Pengantar Teknologi Informasi

Aris Haryanto, S.Kom, MM

What are heat sinks and heat pipes?

heat sink fan

Pengantar Teknologi Informasi

Aris Haryanto, S.Kom, MM

Pengantar Teknologi Informasi

Aris Haryanto, S.Kom, MM

Most computers are digital

Pengantar Teknologi Informasi

Aris Haryanto, S.Kom, MM

Eight bits grouped together as a unit

Pengantar Teknologi Informasi

Aris Haryanto, S.Kom, MM

How is a letter converted to binary form

The user presses

An electronic signal for the

Pengantar Teknologi Informasi

The signal for the capital letter D

Aris Haryanto, S.Kom, MM

Electronic components that

Aris Haryanto, S.Kom, MM

Pengantar Teknologi Informasi