Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
CALCULATION SHEET
Job No.
BCF 196
Title
Subject
Sheet
1 of 26
Made by
Checked by
Client
1.1
The arrangement of the steel frame for this seven-storey office building is shown
in Figure 1.1 and Figure 1.2. Details of the typical floor plan and glazing
arrangement are shown in Figure 1.3 and Figure 1.4.
The steelwork has been designed for the actions shown in Table 1.1, using the
values of partial factors given by the UK National Annex to EN 1990, as
summarised in Table 1.2.
The beam and column sizes shown in the Figures were determined by
considering the structure as a braced frame with composite floors. The initial
design was carried out at ambient temperature.
Table 1.1
2.78 kN/m2
Self-weight of decking
0.13 kN/m2
0.6 kN/m2
0.9 kN/m2
Variable Actions:
Occupancy Load
2.5 kN/m2
Partitions
0.8 kN/m2
Actions on roof
Permanent Actions
Concrete slab
2.78 kN/m2
Self-weight of decking
0.13 kN/m2
0.30 kN/m2
0.90 kN/m2
Variable Actions
0.6 kN/m2
Imposed load
Table 1.2
Factor
Value
1.35
1.50
Rev
Sheet
2 of 26
Rev
EN 1994-1-2
4.3.4.1.1(1)
305 x 165 x 46 UB
9000
3000
3000
9000
Stairs
4000
6000
9000
6000
9000
356x171x57 UB
457x191x98 UB
356x171x57 UB
356x171x57 UB
457x191x98 UB
356x171x57 UB
356x171x57 UB
9000
457x191x98 UB
356x171x57 UB
356x171x57 UB
457x191x98 UB
Figure 1.1
356x171x57 UB
FMS
WIS
9000
10/12/04
BCF951/03
11766
Stairs
4000
3 of 26
Rev
Figure 1.2
0.0 m
3.93 m
7.65 m
11.37 m
15.09 m
18.81 m
22.53 m
26.25 m
6000
2
9000
3
6000
500
FMS
WIS
08/12/04
BCF951/04
11767
4 of 26
Rev
Figure 1.3
Stairs
9000
6000
9000
6000
9000
C
9000
9000
Compartment walls
90 minutes fire resistance
FMS
WIS
9000
08/12/04
BCF951/02
11769
Stairs
5 of 26
Rev
Figure 1.4
Elevation on gridline 4
9000
900
0.00 m
3.93 m
7.65 m
11.37 m
15.09 m
18.81 m
22.53 m
26.25 m
C
9000
9000
D
9000
FMS
WIS
9000
08/12/04
3030
2820
900
1200
BCF951/01
11768
6 of 26
Rev
1.2
Sheet
7 of 26
Rev
The structure is an office building, without sprinklers. The floor height of the
top storey is 22.53 m above ground level. According to Table A2 of Approved
Document B, a 90 minute minimum period of fire resistance is required.
1.3
1.3.1
Beam size:
Beam spacing:
Beam span:
App. Doc. B
The beam has been designed at ambient temperature. The slab is 130 mm deep,
using ComFlor 51 + deck and normal weight 25/30 concrete. The shear studs
are 19 mm diameter, 95 mm long.
From the manufacturers data, the weight of concrete is 2.78 kN/m2 and the
weight of the deck is 0.13 kN/m2.
1.3.2 Design effects of actions in fire
The effects of actions in fire may be determined from EN 1990. In expression
6.11b of EN 1990, the combination factor to be used with the leading variable
action is given in EN 1991-1-2.
EN 1993-1-2
2.4.2
UK NA to
EN 1991-1-2
UK NA to
EN 1990
NA.2.2.2
EN1990
Expression
6.11(b)
fi
Ed
EN 1991-1-2
2.4.2(2)
Sheet
8 of 26
Rev
The expression for fi depends on which expression in EN 1990 has been used
to calculate the design value of the combination of actions. In this example,
expression 6.10 will be used, and therefore expression 2.5 of EN 1993-1-2 must
be used to calculate fi.
According to expression 6.10, the design value of the combination of actions is
given by:
Ed
EN 1990
Expression 6.10
and fi =
Gk fiQk,1
G Gk Q,1Qk,1
EN 1993-1-2
2.4.2(2)
Expression 2.5
In this instance, the two alternative approaches to determine the design load in
fire produce the same result.
The design value of the point load applied by the secondary beams at the mid
span of the primary beam is given by:
6.1 3 9 = 164.7 kN
Design bending moment at mid span of the primary beam:
MEd
= 164.7 /2
= 82.4 kN
a,cr
= 39.19 ln
0 .9674 0
3.833
EN 1993-1-2
4.2.4(2)
1 + 482
E fi, d
R fi, d,0
EN 1993-1-2
4.2.4(3)
0 fi
M,fi
M0
EN 1993-1-2
4.2.4(4)
Sheet
9 of 26
Rev
EN 1993-1-2
2.3(2)
UK NA to
EN 1993-1-1
a,cr
1 + 482 = 567C
= 39.19 ln
3.833
0 .9674 0 .556
a,t
p Ap / V g, t a, t
10
t e 1 g, t
d p ca a 1 / 3
where:
cp p
ca a
d p Ap / V
where:
p
Ap
dp
cp
g, t
a, t
g, t
interval t
Note that EN 1994-1-2 presents expression 4.27 from EN 1993-1-2 as
expression 4.8, in a slightly different format, with modified nomenclature. The
results from the expressions are identical.
EN 1993-1-2
4.2.5.2
Expression 4.27
Sheet
10 of 26
Rev
For this fire protection board selected, the manufacturer provided the
following data:
Thermal conductivity
= 0.2 W/mK
Thickness
dp
= 20 mm
Density
= 850 kg/m3
Specific heat
cp
= 1700 J/kgK
Ap
V
EN 1993-1-2
4.2.5.2(4)
10
EN 1994-1-2
4.3.4.2.2(10)
Figure 1.5
1.4
Sheet
11 of 26
Rev
EN 1994-1-2
4.2.4.1.3
Clause E.4 recommends that clause 6.2.2 of EN 1994-1-1 is used to check the
vertical shear resistance of a composite section, replacing Ea, fay, and a with
Ea,, fay,, and M,fi,a respectively.
EN 1994-1-2
E.4(1)
EN 1994-1-2
Table 3.2
Ea,
= kE, Ea
fay,
= ky, fay
= 0.345
ky,
= 0.507
EN 1994-1-1
6.2.2.2(2)
The shear resistance at ambient temperature may therefore be taken from P363,
P363
Vc,Rd
= 501 kN
11
Sheet
12 of 26
Rev
The resistance (254 kN) exceeds the design effect (82.4 kN), so the shear
resistance at 90 minutes is satisfactory.
1.5
The temperature of the steel beam has already been calculated as 588C at
90 minutes. Because the member has box protection, a uniform temperature
maybe assumed over the height of the steel beam, as Ap/V has been used in the
earlier calculation of the temperature.
EN 1994-1-2
4.3.4.2.2(11)
Concrete temperature
UK NA to
EN 1994-1-2
NA.3
EN 1994-1-2
4.3.4.2.5(2)
EN 1994-1-2
Table 3.2
UK NA to
EN 1994-1-2
NA.2.5
12
EN 1994-1-2
4.3.4.2.5(1)
Sheet
13 of 26
where
fu
d
Rev
EN 1994-1-1
6.6.3.1
0.8 f u d 2 4
UK NA to
EN 1994-1-1
NA.2.3
Then PRd
0.8 450 19 2 4
10 3 = 81.7 kN
1.25
0.29d 2 f ck Ecm
=
V
0.6
EN 1994-1-1
6.6.4.1(2)
bo hsc
1 but 1.0
hp hp
where
bo
hp
hsc
Then k l 0.6
110 95
1 = 1.11, but limited to 1.0
51 51
Pfi,Rd
EN 1994-1-2
4.3.4.2.5(1)
EN 1994-1-2
4.3.4.2.5(2)
EN 1994-1-2
Table 3.2
Sheet
14 of 26
Rev
0.8 450 19 2 4
10 3 = 69.1 kN
Thus Pfi,Rd = 0.8 0.846
1.0
0.29 1 19 2 25 30500
10 3 = 83.5 kN
1.0
1.6
UK NA to
EN 1994-1-2
NA.3
PN005c-GB
Table 3.2
Expressions for the concrete temperature for normal weight concrete and
re-entrant deck are given in Equations 10, 11 and 12, covering up to 51 mm
from the soffit within the ribs, at other locations within the ribs and at locations
not in the rib.
Within a rib, up to 51 mm from the soffit, the concrete temperature is given by:
PN005c-GB
Table 2.9
= 0.0162.4 6.31.1 + 51
14
PN005c-GB
Table 2.10
Sheet
15 of 26
Rev
where:
250
d slab
0.5
51
PN005c-GB
Table 2.11
where:
dp
is the height of the profile, in this instance 51 mm
The graph of these expressions is shown in Figure 1.6.
ConcreteSlabTemperatures
90Minutes,NormalWeightConcrete
1200
ConcreteTemperature(0C)
1000
Withinrib
Otherlocations
800
600
400
200
0
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
Distancefromsoffit(mm)
Figure 1.6
15
EN 1994-1-2
3.2.2(4)
Table 3.3
Sheet
16 of 26
Rev
Datum (mm)
(from top surface)
Concrete temperature
(C)
(See Figure 1.6)
0 10 mm
188
1.0
10 20 mm
15
232
1.0
20 30 mm
25
283
0.867
30 40 mm
35
343
0.807
40 50 mm
45
410
0.734
50 60 mm
55
486
0.621
60 70 mm
65
570
0.496
70 80 mm
75
661
0.358
1.6.2
Effective width
EN 1994-1-1
5.4.1.2(5)
EN 1994-1-2
4.3.1(4)
Aj
kc,,j
For example, the resistance of the strip between 50 and 60 mm is given by:
0.85 10 1500 0.621 25 10-3 / 1.0 = 198 kN
The resistance of each strip, based on an effective width of 1500 mm, is shown
in Table 1.4.
Table 1.4
Resistance (kN)
0 10 mm
318.8
318.8
10 20 mm
318.8
637.5
20 30 mm
276.3
913.8
30 40 mm
257.3
1171.1
In this example, only 33.8 mm of the concrete slab is required to equate to the
tension force previously determined as 1012 kN.
Thus the plastic neutral axis is at 33.8 mm from the top surface of the slab.
The design moment resistance of the composite beam at elevated temperature is EN 1994-1-2
given by the summation of the design forces, multiplied by their lever arms, as 4.3.1(5)
shown in Figure 1.7.
16
Sheet
17 of 26
33.8mm
275.2 mm
1012 kN
Figure 1.7
Most of the required information has been determined for the primary beam,
which is utilised within the following verification of a secondary beam.
2.1.1
Beam size:
Beam spacing:
3.0 m
Beam span:
9.0 m
From Section 1.3.2, the design value of actions in fire is 6.1 kN/m2.
The design bending moment is therefore (6.1 3) 92/8 = 185.3 kNm
The design shear force is (6.1 3) 9 / 2 = 82.4 kN
17
Rev
18 of 26
Sheet
Rev
Following the pattern of Sections 1.3.2 and 1.3.4, an incremental process may be
used to determine the temperature of the steel beam after 90 minutes. Like the
primary beams, 20 mm of identical fire protection has been assumed. The results
of this incremental process are shown in Figure 2.1. At 90 minutes, the
temperature of the steel beam is 606C.
This is higher than the critical temperature calculated in Section 1.3.3 as 567C
and would indicate that the chosen protection is not adequate. However, the
critical temperature approach is conservative, and this example continues in
order to demonstrate that the calculated resistance of the composite beam with
the selected protection system is adequate.
1200
Gastemperature
Steeltemperature
1000
GasandSteeltemperatures(oC)
Requiredfireperiod
800
600
400
200
0
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Minutes
Figure 2.1
2.2
2.3
2.3.1
18
EN 1994-1-2
Table 3.2
P363
2.3.2
Sheet
19 of 26
Rev
Following the calculation process in Section 1.5.3, the basic stud resistances are EN 1994-1-2
4.3.4.2.5(1)
identical (81.7 kN and 73.1 kN from expression 6.18 and 6.19 respectively)
When the decking is transverse to the span, the calculated resistances must be
multiplied by the reduction factor kt, as given by:
kt
EN 1994-1-1
6.6.4.2
0.7 bo hsc
1
nr hp hp
where:
nr
is the number of studs in one rib (assumed here to be 1)
bo
hsc
hp
Then k t
0.7 110 95
1 = 1.3
1 51 51
kt is also limited by the maximum value given in Table 6.2, and for the deck
(assumed to be less than 1 mm thick), for through-deck welding, the maximum
value is 0.85
EN 1994-1-1
Table 6.2
EN 1994-1-2
4.3.4.2.5(2)
EN 1994-1-2
Table 3.2
EN 1994-1-2
4.3.4.2.5(1)
EN 1994-1-2
Table 3.3
Sheet
20 of 26
Rev
Thus the maximum force in the concrete is the minimum of 1639 kN and
959 kN.
Therefore the force in the concrete = 959 kN
2.4
The calculations to determine the temperature in the concrete and the reduction
factors are identical to the process described in Section 1.6. The concrete
temperatures and reduction factors are given in Table 1.3.
EN 1994-1-1
5.4.1.2(5)
Resistance (kN)
0 10 mm
478.1
478.1
10 20 mm
478.1
956.3
20 30 mm
414.5
1370.7
20 mm
263.3 mm
959 kN
Figure 2.2
20
Sheet
21 of 26
Rev
2.5
Gk
= 1751 kN
Qk
= 1377 kN
EN 1990
Partial factors
from UK NA to
EN 1990
P363
This may be verified by inspecting the n limit given on page D-200 of P363.
The selected column section is at least Class 2 at all levels of axial load, and
therefore the resistance is based on the gross area.
Design resistance of the cross-section:
Nc,Rd
therefore OK
= A fy /M1
The length of the bottom storey column is estimated to be 4430 mm. Assuming
a buckling length of 1.0 system length, the buckling resistance (interpolated
from P363) is 4930 kN
Nb,Rd
2.5.2
EN 1993-1-1
6.2.4
P363
EN 1993-1-1
6.3.1.1
P363
therefore OK
= fi NEd
EN 1993-1-2
2.4.2(2)
21
Sheet
22 of 26
The reduction factor for design load level in the fire situation is given by:
fi
Gk fiQk,1
G Gk Q,1Qk,1
fi
= 1,1 = 0.5
fi
1751 0 .5 1377
1 .35 1751 1 .5 1377
Rev
EN 1993-1-2
2.4.2(3)
Expression 2.5
UK NA to
EN 1991-1-2
NA.2.7
UK NA to
EN 1990
Table NA.A1.1
= 0.55
Hence:
Nfi,Ed
2.6
EN 1993-1-2
4.2.3.2(1)
The UK National Annex to EN 1993-1-2 suggests the use of the value for partial NA to
EN 1993-1-2
factors for materials at elevated temperature recommended in EN 1993-1-2
NA.2.3
clause 2.3. Therefore:
Mfi
fy
= 1.0
= 345 N/mm2 (as tf > 16 mm)
EN 1993-1-2
2.3(2)
ky,
is the reduction factor for effective yield strength from Table 3.1 of
EN 1993-1-2
EN 1993-1-2
Table 3.1
Section classification
fy
Thus 0.85
235
235
0.85
0.7 (fy = 345 N/mm2, since 16 < tf < 40)
fy
345
P363
22
EN 1993-1-1
Table 5.2
Sheet
23 of 26
Rev
P363
EN 1993-1-1
Table 5.2
P363
For intermediate storeys of a braced frame with separate fire compartments, the
buckling length may be taken as lfi = 0.5L. Therefore:
EN 1993-1-2
4.2.3.2(5)
Lcr 1
i 1
EN 1993-1-1
6.3.1.3
where:
k y, / k E,
EN 1993-1-2
4.2.3.2(2)
0.5
Reduction factor fi
The reduction factor for buckling at elevated temperature, fi, is given by:
fi
For this section, with the same buckling length and restraint conditions in both
axis, it is clear by inspection that buckling in the minor axis will be critical and
only this axis needs to be considered. To determine the reduction factor:
1. The non-dimensional slenderness is calculated (at ambient temperature).
2. The reduction factors ky, and kE, are determined from Table 3.1 of
EN 1993-1-2.
3. The non-dimensional slenderness at elevated temperature is calculated:
z, z k y, / k E , 0.5
4. is calculated, given by:
=
1
2
fi
2 2
23
EN 1993-1-2
4.2.3.2
Sheet
24 of 26
Rev
Steel temperature
a,t
= ksh
EN 1993-1-2
4.2.5.1
Am / V
hnet t
ca a
Am
V
Am
V
is the box value of the section factor (the value for a rectangular box
1840
91.5 m1
20.1
Am
V
b
ksh
2b 2h = 2 327.1 2 311.2
A
20.1
= 63.5 m-1
= 0.9[Am/V]b/[Am/V]
EN 1993-1-2
4.2.5.1(2)
24
Sheet
25 of 26
Rev
1200
6000
1000
5000
800
4000
600
3000
Gastemperature
Steeltemperature
400
Designresistance(kN)
GasandSteeltemperatures(0C)
2000
Pointoffailure
Criticaltemperature
Designresistance(kN)
200
1000
Fireload(kN)
0
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Minutes
Figure 2.3
2.7
Variation of gas temperature, steel temperature and design resistance with time
unprotected column
p Ap / V g,t a, t
e 10 1
g,t
=
d p ca a 1 / 3
where:
cp p
ca a
dp Ap/V
= 0.2 W/mK
Thickness
dp
= 15 mm
Density
= 800 kg/m3
Specific heat
cp
= 1700 J/kgK
25
EN 1993-1-2
4.2.5.2
Expression 4.27
Sheet
26 of 26
Rev
In this instance, Ap/V is equal to the box value of the section factor = 63.5 m1.
An incremental procedure must be followed to determine the gas temperature at
time t and therefore the temperature of the protected steelwork. Once the steel
temperature is calculated, the resistance calculations follow the same process
described for the unprotected column.
The incremental calculation procedure demonstrates that at the required fire
resistance period of 90 minutes, the resistance of the column is 3716 kN. The
steel temperature at 90 minutes is 534C, less than the critical temperature of
608C.
As shown in Figure 2.4, the resistance of the protected column only reduces
after 70 minutes. Note in Figure 2.4, the resistance has been limited to 4930 kN,
the design resistance at ambient temperature.
1200
6000
1000
5000
800
4000
600
3000
Gastemperature
400
2000
Steeltemperature
Temperatureat90minutes
Requiredfireperiod
200
1000
Designresistance(kN)
Designload(kN)
0
0
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Minutes
Figure 2.4
Variation of gas temperature, steel temperature and design resistance with time
unprotected column
26
Designresistance(kN)
GasandSteeltemperatures(oC)
As the design resistance (3716 kN) exceeds the design effect (2436 kN) the
selected solution is satisfactory.