Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

September 2, 2015

CHAPTER 1
There is no sequence or link between the
topics

Chapter 1
Computer Abstractions
and Technology
Lecture01

Its just an introduction to the concepts that

you will need throughout the Course.
Moreover, its to produce the motivation for
the Course

Slides have been modified by Shaukat Wasi

Chapter 1 Computer Abstractions and Technology 2

What You Will Learn

How programs are translated into the machine

language

Why to Learn All these? [previous slide]

And how the hardware executes them

The hardware/software interface

What determines program performance

An doctor needs to understand the Body..

A car driver MUST be a DRVIER cum MECHANIC:

WHY?
Being a C programmer, we are the car driver

And how it can be improved

COAL is going to make us a MECHANIC

Softwares with bad performance are not acceptable..

You must know, how the performance will be improved..

How hardware designers improve performance

A computer scientist needs to understand Computer

What effects performance??? NEXT SLIDE

Chapter 1 Computer Abstractions and Technology 3

Understanding Performance

Algorithm

A BOX

Determine number of machine instructions executed

per operation

Computing

Processor and memory system

What is Computer?

Determines number of operations executed

Programming language, compiler, architecture

Chapter 1 Computer Abstractions and Technology 4

Determine how fast instructions are executed

I/O system (including OS)

Determines how fast I/O operations are executed

Chapter 1 Computer Abstractions and Technology 5

Slides have been modified by Shaukat Wasi

Processing data

Processor
Storage
I/O

Communication

Chapter 1 Computer Abstractions and Technology 6

Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

Data Path
+
Control
= Processor
(CPU)

Where CO lies???
The Answer will complete by the END of this Course

Application software

System software

Written in high-level language

Compiler: translates HLL code to
machine code
Operating System: service code

Processor, memory, I/O controllers

Chapter 1 Computer Abstractions and Technology 7

Its almost same

CO See the Architecture from Users point of view

What features are there in the car to accelerate performance?

How is the environment inside the car Bonnet?

1.2 Below Your Program

Will be clear to you by the time you have passed COAL+CA

Chapter 1 Computer Abstractions and Technology 8

Where AL lies???

CA See the Architecture from Designers point of

view

How the performance related features are implemented?

How the environment is implemented?

High-level language

Level of abstraction closer

to problem domain
Provides for productivity
and portability

Assembly language
Textual representation of
instructions

Hardware representation

Binary digits (bits)

Encoded instructions and
data

Chapter 1 Computer Abstractions and Technology 9

Abstraction Levels: Where we stand?

Chapter 1 Computer Abstractions and Technology 10

Abstraction Levels: Where we stand???

To understand, how do COMOUTER works, We need to

understand Abstractions such as:
Application Software
Systems Software
Assembly Language
Machine Language
Architectural Issues; i.e. Caches, VM, Pipelining
Sequential logic
Combinational Logic
Boolean Logic
Transistors used to implement Boolean Logic
Semiconductors/Silicon chips used to implement transistors
Properties of atoms, electrons, quantum dynamics
Chapter 1 Computer Abstractions and Technology 11

Slides have been modified by Shaukat Wasi

Handling input/output
Managing memory and storage
Scheduling tasks & sharing resources

Hardware

CO vs CA

1.2 Below Your Program

The BIG Picture

1.3 Under the Covers

Organization of a Computer

September 2, 2015

Application
Operating
System

Compiler

Instruction Set
Architecture
Implementation

Processor

Memory I/O system

Computer
Architecture

Digital Design
Circuit Design

Chapter 1 Computer Abstractions and Technology 12

Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

September 2, 2015

Where ISA lies???

What Includes ISA?

Sticking with
Example
the sameofIS..
Common
ISA
Does it limits
with
intel different
from
implementatio
Innovation???
ns???

Do we need to
NO!!!
core
writeThe
different
cant
be changed..
programs
for
But
IS
can
be
INTEL and
extended..v
AMD???

How is the memory going to be addressed?

What are the addressing modes?

What are the allowed operations?

The types of operands?

How are instructions encoded?

Chapter 1 Computer Abstractions and Technology 13

General ISA Design Aspects

1.

2.

MIPS ISA

Everything about h/w that is visible to the s/w and can be manipulated by it
via basic machine instructions.
Example: Registers: How many? What size?
Memory: How to access contents?
The set of basic machine instructions:
A.
B.
C.

What they are

How they change the system state
How they are encoded in binary

Chapter 1 Computer Abstractions and Technology 14

Where
the data
can be
kept

What we
can DO
with the
data?

CPU
Memory
How
should
the
insructio
ns look
like?

Bank of registers:
Small and fast storage location

15

Abstractions

Chapter 1 Computer Abstractions and Technology 16

Opening the Box

The BIG Picture

Abstraction helps us deal with complexity

Instruction set architecture (ISA)

The hardware/software interface

Application binary interface

Hide lower-level detail

The ISA plus system software interface

Implementation

The details underlying an interface

Chapter 1 Computer Abstractions and Technology 17

Slides have been modified by Shaukat Wasi

Chapter 1 Computer Abstractions and Technology 18

Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

September 2, 2015

Inside the Processor

Chapter 1 Computer Abstractions and Technology 19

Slides have been modified by Shaukat Wasi

AMD Barcelona: 4 processor cores

Chapter 1 Computer Abstractions and Technology 20